波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那(Bosna i Hercegovina/Босна и Херцеговина,简称波黑),巴尔干半岛西部的多山国家。其为组成前南斯拉夫的六个联邦单位之一,首都为萨拉热窝。此国是在1990年代期间,南斯拉夫战争时独立,并且根据《岱顿协定》,它目前是国际社会的受保护地区,由欧洲议会所选出的高级代表所管理。该国在行政及管理上被分成两个实体,其一为波斯尼亚和赫塞哥维那联邦(又译穆克联邦),另一为塞族共和国。2000年处于国际监护的布尔奇科镇成为波斯尼亚第三个政治实体——布尔奇科特区。
根据1995年11月21日所签署的岱顿协定,波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那区分为两个政治实体:波黑联邦(Federacija Bosne i Hercegovine, BiH)与塞族共和国(Republika Srpska, RS),双方各自统领一半的国土,拥有自己的首都、政府组织、旗帜、臂章、领导人、议会等。
Bosnia and Herzegovina (pronounced /ˈbɒzni.ə ænd hɜrtsɨˈɡoʊvɨnə/ (Speaker Icon.svg listen) or /ˈbɑzni.ə ænd hɛrtsəgoʊˈvinə/ (Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian Latin: Bosna i Hercegovina; Serbian Cyrillic: Босна и Херцеговина) is a country in South-East Europe, on the Balkan Peninsula. Bordered by Croatia to the north, west and south, Serbia to the east, and Montenegro to the south, Bosnia and Herzegovina is almost landlocked, except for 26 kilometres of Adriatic Sea coastline, centered on the town of Neum. The interior of the country is mountainous in the center and south, hilly in the northwest, and flat in the northeast. Bosnia is the larger geographic region of the modern state with a moderate continental climate, marked by hot summers and cold, snowy winters. Smaller Herzegovina is at the southern tip of the country, with a Mediterranean climate and topography. Bosnia and Herzegovina's natural resources are highly abundant.
The country is home to three ethnic "constituent peoples": Bosniaks, the largest population group of three, with Serbs in second and Croats in third. Regardless of ethnicity, a citizen of Bosnia and Herzegovina is often identified in English as a Bosnian. In Bosnia and Herzegovina, the distinction between a Bosnian and a Herzegovinian is maintained as a regional, rather than an ethnic distinction. The country is politically decentralized and comprises two governing entities, the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Republika Srpska, with District Brčko as a de facto third entity.
Formerly one of the six federal units constituting the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Bosnia and Herzegovina gained its independence during the Yugoslav wars of the 1990s. Bosnia and Herzegovina can be described as a federal democratic republic that is transforming its economy into a market-oriented system, and it is a potential candidate for membership in the European Union and NATO. Additionally, Bosnia and Herzegovina has been a member of the Council of Europe since April 24, 2002 and a founding member of the Mediterranean Union upon its establishment on July 13, 2008.