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悲惨世界 Les Misérables
作者: 维克多·雨果 Victor Hugo
  由于悲惨世界这部小说对法国而言简直就像中国人对三国演义那样熟悉,所以在改编时许多枝枝节节都已删除,採重要片段串成带状故事,起自冉阿让的假释与领悟,终於充满希望的追寻光明,十分动人。以下是按著时间的顺序来介绍这部巨作:
  
  序曲:1815年·笛涅(Digne)
  
  冉阿让,罪犯24601身陷牢狱与手铐脚镣相伴十九年之后,终于获得一纸假释令,得以离开不见天日的生活,然而这张黄色的自由状纸,并未让他在社会上取自由,反而处处引来歧视,使他流浪街头,只有笛涅的主教米礼爱好心收留了他。夜半时分,多年来穷困的习惯让他故态復萌,偷走了主教家的一只银烛台,不料半途被抓到,警方把他带到主教的面前对质,令他讶异的是主教非但没有揭发,反倒为他撒谎说是他赠送的,警方悻悻然走後,冉阿让跪求原谅,主教只要他宣誓将灵魂交付上帝,自此重新做人,并将另一只烛台也送给他。冉阿让感受到慈悲的力量,撕毁假释令,决心再创新生。
  
  1823年·近海的蒙特里(Montreuil- sur-mer)
  
  八年过去了,冉阿让的确履行了当年的誓言,彻底改头换面,不但易名为麦道临,并且成了蒙特里受人爱戴的市长兼工厂厂长,以慈善闻名。这时,在他工厂里的一名女工芳婷正遭受著凄惨的际遇,她年轻因一时热情,怀了个女孩,岂知负心郎一走了之,留下她们母女,为了小小珂赛特,只有把她寄养一途了;把女儿安顿在汤乃第家之后,芳婷放心的上巴黎去做女工,对珂赛特的思念给了她无尽的力量,挣来的钱都寄回汤家,只盼女儿生活过得宽裕,那儿知道汤家在信上所说生病一事都是假的,所有的钱都进了汤家的口袋和他们的艾潘妮嘴里,现在芳婷又再次接到这样一封讨钱信,一不小心落入同事手里,人人鄙夷她,联合工头将她赶走,不知情的冉阿让签下公文,芳婷就此流浪街头。芳婷一心只想到女儿的药钱,在卖了项上的项鍊盒和一头长髮之後,走投无路的困境下,她加入了码头区的妓女行列,痛苦地贩卖灵肉,直到有一天她因拒绝一位无礼的客人,和他发生拉扯,恰好新上任的警长贾维到任,不分青红皂白就定她的罪,目睹此景的市长出言制止,命贾维放走了芳婷,并送她到医院休养。
  
  当贾维欲与市长争论职责时,街上有位老人被松脱的马车压住,冉阿让立即冲上前顶起了车子,异常的力气勾起贾维对编号24601罪犯犟烈的记忆,他已经追缉 24601多年始终无功,但怀疑一位人见人爱的市长显然不正当,这使他非常困惑,想不到警方不知去那儿抓了一位无辜的铁匠来定罪,贾维以为自己错怪市长还向冉阿让致歉,正直的冉阿让不能容忍自己的懦弱造成平民的委屈,于是来到法庭坦承自己的身分─犯人24601。贾维立刻就想逮捕他,但冉阿让心繫芳婷的病体,情急之下打昏贾维逃逸。
  
  在病榻上,芳婷充满感激的将珂赛特的未来交给冉阿让,他也一一允诺,芳婷悲哀的一生在对珂赛特的思念中结束之後,身负责任的冉阿让即刻马不停蹄赶向芳婷所说的小镇蒙佛梅,去解救她可怜的遗孤。
  
  1823年·蒙佛梅(Monfermei)
  
  小珂赛特已经在经营酒馆的汤乃第家寄养了五年,她一直以来不断受到可怕的虐待,成天像女佣般被来去差使,同年的酒馆老闆女儿艾潘妮,却受尽宠爱,两个女孩的生活如天渊之别,但珂赛特并未养成怨天尤人的个性,她只默默期待梦中的母亲有一天能来接她回家。冉阿让来到汤家时,她正吃力地在黑暗中打水,他当下决定??狠敲诈了一番,珂赛特终於能脱离苦痛,真正享受起一个孩子应享的快乐生活。冉阿让把她带回巴黎,以父爱呵护她长大,天伦之乐带给这两个曾受命运折磨的人莫大的满足,然而贾维的阴影依旧笼罩在冉阿让身上,挥之不去……
  
  1832年‧巴黎(Paris)
  
  九年过后的巴黎,充满着动盪的气氛,以往的首善之都已然与地狱无异,政府里惟一关怀穷人的将军拉马克(Lamarque)又病危,人民的前途堪虞,社会涌动著一股革命的暗潮。小加夫罗契是一群妓女和市区乞丐中的中坚分子,连汤乃第夫妇也沦入丐帮生活,有一回还抢上冉阿让父女,因此还让贾维和万犟见上一面,只不过贾维当时没有认出来,发现之後气愤极了,再度立誓拘捕冉阿让。
  
  这时的艾潘妮已是青春少女,她暗自喜欢著同学马里欧,可是马里欧的心思已经全部放在街上撞见的珂赛特身上了,无奈的艾潘妮答应要去打听珂赛特的消息。
  
  革命青年们,包括马里欧,经常在一家ABC咖啡馆集会,他们的理想高昂,计画在拉马克将军过世那一天爆发革命,人人都在为这一天而兴奋著,陷入恋爱的马里欧却格外的迷失、脆弱,毕竟在动乱中的每一个明天都是希望,也都是迷惑。这一天,很快的来临了。加夫罗契冲进店里,宣布将军的死讯,青年一齐涌上街头,寻求大众的支持。
  
  亭亭玉立的珂赛特也为了对马里欧的相思而苦,冉阿让逐渐能感受到女儿的转变,但他依然不愿透露她的身世,珂赛特对此不甚谅解;另一方面,由於马里欧为情所苦,艾潘妮不忍心只好带他来找珂赛特,两人终於能互诉衷曲,艾潘妮在旁边忍受著悲伤,还阻止了丐帮的抢劫,著实是个坚犟的女孩。此时冉阿让考量革命的乱象和贾维的威胁,决心带珂赛特离开巴黎,这对恋人就生生地分离了,对他们而言,这革命的前夕显得多么晦暗哪!情人害怕永别,暗恋者痛失希望,逃亡者冀求安全,惟一能有一丝丝愉快的,大概只有像汤乃第这种等著捡死人便宜的人吧。
  
  革命的工作一步步的进展,学生开始建筑防御工事,艾潘妮决心陪伴马里欧到底,所以加入了青年们的工作,马里欧看到她喜出望外,派她送信给珂赛特,却落入为父的手里,为了女儿的幸福,他想要去劝阻马里欧参加起义,却发现冒充同志的贾维被加夫罗契认出,而捆绑在地,他自愿料理贾维,其实是故意的放走他。
  
  革命爆发,领袖恩佐拉在枪林弹雨中丧命,加夫罗契为收集弹药中弹而亡,同志也大都牺牲殆尽,马里欧也受伤昏厥,幸而有犟壮的冉阿让救了他。在下水道里,冉阿让先後遇见汤乃第和贾维,他恳求贾维放他走,受了他高尚人格的感动,贾维让出路来,可是一生的坚持并不容易扭转,他内心受到极度的煎熬,终於无法自解,投河自尽。
  
  马里欧逐渐康復,他并不了解是谁救了他一命,只好把一切归功于珂赛特的照料,冉阿让将他的过去对马里欧坦白,并表示为了不妨碍他们的未来,他宁愿独居终老。在婚礼上,汤乃第夫妇带来一项他们自认是丑闻的消息:冉阿让在下水道盗过尸。并取出一只金戒指,马里欧立刻认出是他的,随即了解到自己一向误解的岳父就是神秘的救命恩人,夫妻俩赶到冉阿让处时,只剩下那一对银烛台陪伴著他,两个年轻人在微光中了解了自己的身世。老人终於走了,他的灵魂和芳婷、艾潘妮、和所有在革命中死去的人相聚,庇护著一对爱人,迎向光明的明天。
  
  人物简介
  
  冉阿让(Jean Valjean)
  
  因为偷一条面包救济外甥而坐牢十九年的囚犯,原本只判五年徒刑,但由於他并不信任法律,屡屡越狱以致罪刑加重,他倔犟不惧犟权的个性使探长贾维对他深恶痛绝,他过人的气力也使贾维对他印象深刻,两人遂结下一生相互追逐之缘。假释後他受神父启发向上,改名当上市长,为人慈悲,帮助女工芳婷抚养女儿珂赛特,救了女儿的情人─革命青年马里欧,在女儿有了好归宿之後,带著赎罪的爱离开了人间。
  
  芳婷(Fantine)
  
  冉阿让工厂里的一名女工,她有段坎坷的青春,在怀了男友的骨肉之後却被恶意遗弃,为了女儿的生活,只好忍下心把她寄养在蒙佛梅一位酒馆老闆的家里,自己来到巴黎谋生并定时寄钱回去,但由於她有私生女的事被同事揭发,被赶出工厂,只好卖了首饰、长髮,甚至灵肉,幸好遇见冉阿让,托付了女儿的未来才安心的逝去。
  
  珂赛特(Cosette)
  
  芳婷可怜的女儿,当初虽然被母亲恳求般的托付给酒馆一家,却没有享受到一天童年的无忧生活,反而被当成女佣一般,成天埋头做杂活,母亲攒下的钱几乎全用来栽培酒馆老闆的亲生女儿。不过她苦命的日子比起母亲是少了许多,冉阿让把她视如己出,使她能忘却童年回忆,後来她和青年马里欧恋爱,有情人终成眷属。
  
  贾维(Javert)
  
  正义的坚持者,也是正义的顽固者,他相信慈悲是罪犯的根苗,特别是像冉阿让这样的人。所以穷其一生誓将他抓回牢狱,却发现冉阿让的本性是多么善良,这对一个抱持人性本恶论的警探而言,是非常残酷的一件事,因此他在下水道放走背负马里欧的冉阿让之後,由於无法再面对自己持守多年的信念,选择跳河一途结束他充满殉道意味的一生。
  
  汤乃第夫妇 (Thenardier)
  
  小镇蒙佛梅一家酒馆的老闆,典型的中下阶级人物,贪财、自私、卑鄙,个性倒也十分逗趣,夫妇俩可谓天造地设,互相挖苦,对珂赛特一致的欺压,对女儿艾潘妮一致的溺爱,後来汤乃第先生沦为丐帮帮主,在义勇军後方搜括死亡者身上的值钱物品,最後两人还在珂赛特的婚礼上著实耍宝了一阵,真是不改其性。
  
  艾潘妮(Eponine)
  
  汤家的独生女,自小倍受宠爱,是挺瞧不起珂赛特的,但也许是受教育的缘故,她比父母有良知多了,虽然暗恋对象马里欧并不爱她,她仍然愿意为他打听珂赛特的消息、为他送情书,又为要和他共存亡而跑回战区,中弹在马里欧怀中断了气,也算得上是为她的父母赎罪吧。
  
  马里欧(Marius)
  
  十九世纪标准革命青年,为理想热血奔腾,为珂赛特纯情洋溢,在起事中负伤昏迷,被冉阿让所救,虽说同伴大多牺牲令人无限感伤,但最终如愿娶得珂赛特,也是美事一椿。
  
  恩佐拉 (Enjolras)
  
  革命青年的领袖,风度翩翩,在策动的起事中壮烈身亡。
  
  加夫罗契(Gavroche)
  
  革命时代下早熟的孩子,聪明有主见,是个包打听。
  
  主教米礼爱(Bishop Myriel)
  
  笛涅地区的主教,是冉阿让出狱後惟一愿意收容他的人,以爱心和宽容转瞬间感动了冉阿让,也就此改变了他的一生。
  
  名家评论
  
  悲悯胸怀的呈现-悲惨世界
  
  薛介维
  
  只要是法律与习俗所造成的社会压迫还存在一天,在文明昌盛时期因人为因素使人间变成地狱,并使人类与生俱来的幸福遭受不可避免的灾祸,只要-贫困使男人潦倒、飢饿使女人堕落、黑暗使小孩孱弱-这三个问题尚未获得解决;只要在某些地区还可能发生社会的毒害,换言之,只要这世界上还有愚昧与悲惨,那么,像本书这样的作品,也许不会是没有用的吧!
  
  -- 维克多·雨果 一八六二年一月一日於奥特维别墅
  
  这是雨果在「悲惨世界」一书中所写的序文。法国大文豪维克多‧雨果(Victor Hugo)一八○二年二月二十六日出生于法国的Besancon(但是他认为巴黎是他「灵魂的出生地」),父亲曾经是拿破崙麾下的将军。他从幼年起就在各地旅行,少年时期,他的文学底子就相当厚实,对於各类学问也广泛地吸收,也很早下了决心要当文学家。他二十岁与青梅竹马的女友Ade Foucher结婚,同年发表第一本诗集「颂歌集」(Odes et poies diverses),开始了他的作家生涯。一八三一年,二十九岁的雨果发表了「巴黎圣母院(又译:钟楼怪人)」(Nortre Dame de Paris),这部小说生动地描绘了一四八二年法国的社会情形,也对人性的层面提出了严肃且深刻的问题。他接下来一部世界闻名的小说巨著,就是耗费十四年光阴,完成于一八六一年,也就是现在被改编为音乐剧,风靡全球数百万音乐人口的-「悲惨世界」(Les Misables)。
  
  成功的改编 「悲惨世界」是一部大部头的小说,当年出版时厚达一千两百页,而依本地远景出版社钟文的译本,更是厚达五册共2119页,一百二十万字,这样一部时空背景横亘二十年的长篇小说,要将之改成三个多小时就演完的音乐剧,委实不易,但Claude-Michel Schberg与Alain Boublil两人却做到了。??经在巴黎推出「法国大革命」一剧,结果相当成功,一九八○年两人再度推出「悲惨世界」,造成更大的轰动。伦敦音乐剧制作人Cameron Mackintosh认为这齣剧相当有潜力,於是请了Kretzmer、Fenton与两位原作者合作,改编成伦敦与百老匯的英文版。一九八五年十月八日,「悲惨世界」在伦敦的巴比肯中心举行英文版的世界首演,推出之后佳评如潮,获得观众极大的迴响,随後更在世界各地上演,至今仍然票房鼎盛。此外,「悲」剧也获得乐评青睐,夺得八项「东尼奖」,真可说是叫座又叫好了。
  
  剧情大纲
  
  由于「悲」剧原著时间横亘长达二十年,音乐剧不可能将所有的内容包括进来,因此改编成音乐剧的「悲惨世界」分成了:序幕-1815年「Digne」、第一幕-1823年「Montreuil-Sur-Mer」、第二幕-1823年「Montfermeil」、第三幕-1832年「Paris」四个部分。由於「悲惨世界」有环球版、伦敦版、百老匯版等数个录音版本,以下便综合三个版本,以歌曲为经纬,介绍整齣剧的剧情发展:
  
  序幕,1815年,Digne 「工作之歌」(Work Song)
  
  序幕开始,地点是一八一五年法国土隆(Toulon)的一处监狱,犯人在烈日下劳动,一边唱著「工作之歌」(Work Song),狱吏Javert高声喊著编号24601的囚犯Valjean,他可以假释出狱了。Valjean因为偷了一条面包要给他姊姊快要饿死的小孩,被判五年徒刑,但由於多次试图越狱,刑期延长到十九年,如今方才重获自由。出狱的Valjean在农场工作与旅店投宿时皆遭受歧视,被赶了出来,万念俱灰之际,Digne地方的主教收留了他,并供给他一顿晚餐。
  
  「Valjean的逮捕与宽恕」(Valjean Arrested/Valjean Forgiven)
  
  Valjean半夜偷走银制餐杯离开,但白天时却被两个警察扭送回来,主教慈悲为怀,告诉警方Valjean手中银器乃是他相赠之物,并且还拿了一对银烛臺送给Valjean。警察离去後,主教告诫Valjean要重新做人,并替他祝福。
  
  「我做了什么事?」(What have I done?)
  
  这时舞台上留下Valjean独自一人,他懊恼於自己的所作所为,感嘆自己为何如此糊涂,成为一个夜贼;继而想起仁慈的主教待他如平常人一般,称他为兄弟,抚慰他的灵魂,受到感动的Valjean决定痛改前非,於是撕去了代表重刑犯的黄色身份证明,昔日的Valjean已经不復存在,一个改头换面的新人於焉重生。
  
  第一幕,1823 年,Montreuil-Sur-Mer 「一日将尽」(At the end of the day)
  
  八年後,Valjean变成了 Madelaine先生,此时他已经是一家工厂的老闆,并且成为Montreuil-Sur-Mer这个地方的市长。这天工人们下了工,唱起了「一日将尽」(At the end of the day),工人之中有一位女工名为Fantine,她收到女儿养父母的来信,信中说孩子生病,需要医药费…,而这信被另外一名好事的女工抢了过去,於是两人为了抢信开始扭打了起来,Valjean闻声从工厂走出,要工头平息这场喧闹。众人知道了她这件不名誉的事,起闹要求将她解职,於是,Fantine失业了。
  
  「我做了一个梦」(I dreamed a dream)
  
  丢了工作的Fantine失望极了,在弦乐与竖琴的伴奏下,缓缓唱出「我做了一个梦」(I dreamed a dream),歌词中回忆年轻时丈夫尚未抛弃她们的美好时光。
  
  「漂亮的小妞们」(Lovely ladies)
  
  接下来场景换到码头,水手、妓女、嫖客四处可见,水手与妓女们唱著「漂亮的小妞们」(Lovely ladies)相互调情,Fantine到此想要卖掉她的首饰,但是对方出价太低。此时有一位乾瘦的老太婆看上她亮丽的秀髮,出价十法郎,Fantine 想到如此可以负担女儿的费用,便答应了。在其他莺燕的怂恿之下,Fantine竟然也沦落风尘,出卖起自己的灵肉。
  
  「Fantine被捕」(Fantine's Arrest)
  
  Fantine与一位寻芳客发生了冲突,不幸的Fantine随後被捕,逮捕她的是警官 Javert,此时Valjean在人群中看到这情形,便上前了解情况。当Valjean知道了Fantine的故事,便答应送她去医院,并且帮她照顾女儿。
  
  「失控的马车」(The Runaway Cart)
  
  这时在一旁发生了车祸事故,一辆失控的马车压住了路人,马车十分沈重,没有人能动得了它。Valjean欲上前一试,在众人直说不可声中,将马车抬了起来,救了轮下人一命。警官Javert看到这一幕大感惊奇,将市长拉到一旁,说市长此举令他想到他以前苦苦追捕的一个假释犯Jean Valjean,因此人也是孔武有力,现在这个嫌犯终於在日前就逮,说完便扬长而去。
  
  「我是谁?」(Who am I - The Trial)
  
  Valjean听到Javert这样说,便知道Javert捉错人了,此时他内心展开一番天人交战-如果自首,那么他又将被判刑,但如果不自首,害得别人无辜受累,自己良心又将受谴责。於是他自问:「我是谁?我能一辈子隐姓埋名吗?我如何再度面对自己?」经过一番内心挣扎,他走进法庭,褪去衣衫露出胸前刺青,高喊:「我就是Jean Valjean,犯人编号24601!」
  
  「Fantine之死」(Fantine's Death)
  
  场景接著转换到医院,在病榻上的Fantine梦见她的女儿Cosette,她正如慈母般地叮咛著,并且要唱催眠曲给孩子听。接著Valjean进来,虚弱的Fantine将女儿託付给Valjean之後,含笑而终。
  
  「冲突」(The Confrontation)
  
  此时,Javert走了进来,Valjean请对方宽限三天的时间,将Fantine女儿 Cosette的事情安顿好後,他将会自动归案,但是Javert并不相信昔日的罪犯如今已经洗心革面,认为「牛牵到北京还是牛」。Valjean随手捉起一把椅子,将之打碎并以尖锐的木片与Javert对峙,并对著一旁的Fantine发誓会照顾她的女儿。两个汉子接下来一阵扭打,Javert被击倒,Valjean趁隙逃脱。
  
  第二幕,1823年,Montfermeil 「云端的城堡」(Castle on a cloud)
  
  地点转换到Montfermeil这个地方,小Cosette与Thardiers夫妇同住在他们开的旅店当中已有五年,Thardiers夫妇对待Cosette相当苛薄,简直就是拿她当下人使唤。此时Cosette正在打扫,她一边打扫一边梦想著:「啊!我好希望在梦中去那个在云上面的城堡,那边没有地板可扫,只有一个有好多好多玩具的房间,还有许多小朋友;然後,有一个全身穿著白衣的阿姨,搂著我,唱催眠曲给我听,而且说她好爱我…。」小Cosette的美梦很快被打断,尖酸的Thardiers太太走了过来,要Cosette出外到林中水井打水,Cosette请求不要让她独自一人在黑夜里外出,但仍然被Eponine(Thardiers夫妇的宝贝女儿)推了出去。
  
  「屋子的主人」(Master of The House)
  
  另一边在店中,几名酒客聚集,店老板Thardiers先生正穿梭在客人之中服务,大伙齐声高唱「屋子的主人」(Master of The House),闲聊嚼舌一番。
  
  「协商」(The Bargain)
  
  屋外,Valjean在林中恰巧碰上了外出取水的Cosette,於是便牵著她的手回到旅店,准备付一笔钱带走她。Thardiers夫妇虚情假意,跳著「狡诈的华尔滋」(The Waltz of Treachery),把Cosette说成是他们捧在手上的心肝宝贝,意图十分明显,当然是想要提高Valjean所给的价码。Valjean最後给了两人一千五百法郎,顺利带走Cosette。
  
  第三幕,1832年,巴黎 「向下看」(Look Down)
  
  时光流转,接下来的第三幕从九年後的巴黎开始,幕启时街上乞丐、流浪儿、妓女、学生到处走动,唱出「向下看」(Look Down)。一旁,Thardier夫妇与女儿Eponine也来到了巴黎,Thardier夫妇仍然恶性不改,聚集了一小撮党羽做一些偷窃抢劫的勾当。俗话说得好:「不是冤家不聚头。」,正当Thardier先生向一位迎面而来jean,於是上前便拉住他,两人展开一阵拉扯。
  
  「Javert 干涉」(Javert's Intervention)
  
  巧的是,这时巡逻的警员刚好经过,带头者正是Javert,Eponine见状大呼一声,众人作鸟兽散,Valjean也趁机拉著在旁边的Cosette溜走了。Javert走过来,正奇怪刚刚被Thardier所纠缠的男士不知去向,却从Thardier口中得之那人就是他日夜亟思逮捕的Valjean,於是便唱出「群星」(Stars),他以天上的群星为证,发誓必定要将 Valjean缉拿到案。接著广场上只剩Eponine一人,她记起方才那少女原来就是小时候寄住自家的Cosette,此时学生群的头头Marius走过来,问她是否认识那女孩(指Cosette),并请求Eponine替她打听Cosette的下落,这委託就成了「Eponine的差事」(Eponine's Errand)。
  
  「ABC咖啡厅」(The ABC Caf耎ed and Black)
  
  在 ABC咖啡厅(註一)中,以Enjolras为首的学生们正在讨论革命大计,他们需要一个共同的信号来传达起事的指令,以便於指挥群众,最後便讨论出以「红」、「黑」两种颜色来作为革命旗帜的颜色-红色代表愤怒人民的鲜血与黎明前的世界,黑色则代表过去黑暗的岁月与漆黑的夜。就在大家激昂兴奋地讨论之际,小男孩Gavroche冲进来告诉大家一个坏消息-Lamarque将军死了!学生领袖Enjolras化悲愤为力量,打算在Lamarque的丧礼上利用聚集的人群举事,他并且带领大家激动地唱出「你听到人民的歌声了吗?」(Do you hear the people sing?)歌词大意为:「不甘为奴隶的人民唱出愤怒的歌,心跳与鼓声相互激盪,当明日来临,新的生活即将展开!」
  
  「Rue Plumet街」(Rue Plumet-In my life)
  
  佈景转到Rue Plumet街,Cosette独自在花园,她发觉她自己恋爱了,就在与Marius一见钟情之後。她第一次发现爱情离她如此之近。接著Valjean走近安慰她,随即离开。而Marius在Eponine的带领下,来到了花园门口;即将与所爱的人相见,Marius欣喜之情溢於言表,而Eponine却显得落落寡欢,因为自己所爱的人现在却要和别人相会。
  
  「一颗心充满著爱」(A Heart full of Love)
  
  Marius 走进花园,与Cosette互诉情衷,Eponine在外面听了心如针刺,她多么希望Marius的甜言蜜语是对著她说啊!
  
  「攻击 Rue Plumet街」(The Attack on Rue Plumet)
  
  此时Eponine的父亲Thardier带著他的手下也来到了花园之外,想要向Valjean抢夺一些财物,Eponine为了不让父亲得逞,遂大叫一声,众人见事机败露,四下散去。Marius见状随即离去,Valjean听到惊呼声匆忙赶来,Cosette骗父亲说她因看到墙外有三人鬼鬼祟祟而尖叫,Valjean以为阴魂不散的Javert又找上门来,认为此地不宜久留,决定带著Cosette离开。
  
  「再多一天吧!」(One day more!)
  
  由 Valjean带头开唱的「再多一天吧!」道尽众人心事:Valjean心想只要再多一天,他就能带著Cosette远走高飞;Marius与 Cosette把握最後一天相处的机会,Eponine在一旁黯然神伤;Javert等待著要混入学生们的阵容中,伺机从中破坏;Enjolras与学生们期待明天起义举事,高举著自由的大纛,推翻专制的政权,让每个人都当主人!
  
  「防御工事地点」(At the Barricade)
  
  起义之师选定了建筑防御工事的地点,Enjolras正对著群众发表谈话。Marius发现Eponine竟然女扮男装混在人群中,便劝她赶紧离开,并请她带信给Cosette。Eponine将信交给Valjean,Valjean展信读了一遍,便走回屋内,留下Eponine。
  
  「独自一人」(On My Own)
  
  这是Eponine独自一人所唱出的「爱之歌」,表达出她对Marius的无限爱意,但是由於Marius 的心上人不是她,所以歌声中透露著无奈与落寞:「我爱他,但我却单独一人在此…。」
  
  「防御工事建造完成」(Building the Barricade)
  
  防御工事已经建造完成,学生们誓言守住此地,并战斗到底。在防御工事的另一面传来军官的呼喊声,劝学生们放下武器,学生们当然置之不理。此时Javert从工事外翻了进来,告诉大家他所探得的敌情「Javert到来」(Javert's Arrival)。无巧不巧,他的真实身分刚好被小傢伙Gavroche识出「小傢伙」(Little People),诡计於焉被拆穿,Javert被大夥捆绑了起来。
  
  「小雨不足惧」(A Little Fall of Rain)
  
  一个男孩从工事外爬了进来,原来是Eponine,她身负重伤,倒在Marius的怀中。虽然身子已然虚弱,但倒在所爱的人怀中,Eponine却露出欣喜之情,外面纵然枪林弹雨,也不足惧。虽然Marius不断地安慰,但最後她还是死在他的双臂中。
  
  「悲愤的夜晚」(Night of Anguish)
  
  众人同仇敌忾,宣言不让Eponine的鲜血白流。Valjean在这个时候身著军装爬了进来,准备与学生们并肩作战,Enjolras给了他一把枪。此时外面的军队派人接近,双方展开「第一次交战」(First Attack),对方一名狙击手瞄准Enjolras,但是被Valjean撂倒。众志成城,第一次的战斗竟然将军队击退,大家雀跃不已,Valjean 请求将Javert交给他处理,Enjolras应允。Javert以为Valjean要藉机復仇,於是凛然面对,没想到Valjean割断他身上的绳索,要他速速离去。事情大出Javert之所料,最後Valjean对空放了一枪,Javert迅速离去。
  
  「带他回家」(Bring him home)
  
  夜深了,担任斥候的学生饮酒唱歌「与我共饮」(Drink with me),Marius心中惦记著Cosette,不多时便沈沈睡去。Valjean看著Marius,看他是如此的年轻,於是便唱出「带他回家」(Bring him home),祈求上苍保护这个年轻人,让他能平安度过,如果上帝要取走任何人的性命,那就取我Valjean的罢!
  
  「第二次交战,Gavroche之死」(The Second Attack, Death of Gavroche)
  
  黎明时分,双方发生第二次交战,Enjolras要手下报告己方情况,发现弹药已缺乏。在Marius与Valjean争著出去收集弹药时,Gavroche已经爬到工事之外,就在他快要成功时,忽闻一声枪响-一颗子弹击中了他!接著他又连挨了两三枪,终於不支倒地而亡。
  
  「最后一战」(The Final Battle)
  
  工事外军官又再度喊话,要学生们放下武器,学生们当然不从,由Enjolras带领著向外攻击;一时枪炮声不绝於耳,火光交错,战况十分惨烈。这一役学生一方几乎全军覆没,Enjolras命丧工事之顶,Marius身负重伤但一息尚存,被Valjean发觉後由下水道扛离。Javert到现场未发觉Valjean的尸体,判定他一定从下水道溜走,於是循缐又追了去。
  
  「下水道,狗噬狗」(The Sewers-Dog eats Dog)
  
  在下水道,坏心眼的Thardier又在干著令人不齿的勾当-搜寻死者尸体上值钱的财物。扛著Marius的Valjean因为体力不足,双双倒卧在地。Thardier一路搜来,拿走了Marius的戒指,当发现躺在旁边的人竟然是 Valjean,他狂笑数声,消失在下水道的彼端。Valjean抬著Marius继续前行,被Javert赶上,两个冤家再度相逢;由於Marius伤势严重急须就医,Valjean请求Javert网开一面,两人的帐容後再算。Javert终於动了慈悲心,让Valjean带著Marius离开。
  
  「Javert 自尽」(Javert's Suicide)
  
  放走了Valjean,Javert感触良多;是Valjean放他一马,他才能活到今天,他开始怀疑,难道追逐了这许多年,Valjean竟然是一个慈悲为怀的人?百感交集之下,他认为他已无处可去,於是投身塞纳河(Seine River)自尽。战事过後,女人们来到街上,她们质疑地问:「改变了吗?」(Turning),当然,什么也没变,一切彷彿兜圈圈般,又回到原点。
  
  「人事全非」(Empty Chairs at Empty Tables)
  
  回想起以前在ABC咖啡厅与友人们相聚高谈阔论,而今景物依旧,但同伴们却已然去世,Marius不禁悲从中来,激动地唱出「人事全非」(Empty Chairs at Empty Tables),在他歌唱的同时,同伴们的魂魄现而復隐,好似听见了他的呼喊;接著Cosette来到了身边,安抚Marius起伏的情绪,两人共同歌咏出爱的二重唱「每一日」(Every Day),回忆起初见的那一夜,心中充满爱意。Valjean走了进来,形成一阕短小的三重唱。
  
  「Valjean 的告白」(Valjean's Confession)
  
  Cosette暂时离开,剩下Marius与Valjean二人。 Valjean向Marius表明身世,说明自己曾经是小偷,带罪之身一直不敢让Cosette知情,如果再被捉到只会使Cosette蒙羞,让她更伤心。现在Cosette已经有心上人照料,因此他必须离开,请Marius告诉Cosette他去远方旅行,并且千万不要让她知道真相。Marius忍痛答应。
  
  「结婚礼赞」(The Wedding Chorale)
  
  Marius与Cosette终於如愿步上结婚礼堂,众人在两旁歌唱祝福。圆舞曲乐音响起,旋律竟然取自第二幕「狡诈的华尔滋」,原来Thardier夫妇又出现了。这次他们厚著脸皮来向Marius 要钱,索价五百法郎,宣称握有Valjean在下水道搜括死人财物的証据;Thardier从怀里拿出一只戒指,正是当夜从Marius身上取下之物,Marius顿时明白Valjean就是那晚的救命恩人。他一拳将Thardier打倒,也顾不得正在举行婚礼,拉著Cosette寻找 Valjean去了。婚礼遂成了「乞丐的盛宴」(Beggars At the Feast)。
  
  「终曲」(Epilogue, Finale)
  
  气若游丝的Valjean独自一人,身旁放著一个木制十字架,他在为Cosette与Marius,也为自己祈祷。Fantine的灵魂现身,感谢代为养育之恩,并为他祈福,这时Marius与Cosette赶了进来。最後Eponine与战事中死亡的魂魄纷纷出现,大夥合唱「终曲」(Epilogue, Finale),不幸的人们,终究会有光明的一天!
  
  关于「悲惨世界」的版本
  
  「悲惨世界」在台湾可以找到好几个录音版本,由於我手边没有法文版,也不懂法文,因此无法向读者介绍。英文发音的版本起码有三个,首先介绍的当然是最完整的环球版(3CDs),这个版本是集合了来自世界各地演唱「悲惨世界」的要角,六十五位英国爱乐管弦乐团成员,七十馀位合唱团员,在伦敦、雪梨、纳许维尔、洛杉矶等地分别录制,再制作母带而成。唱片解说中制作人Cameron Mackintosh与David Caddick详述了这套唱片录制的念头与过程,相当有意思。我只特别提出一点,这套唱片中饰唱Eponine一角的日籍女歌手Kaho Shimada几乎不会讲英文,为了录这个角色还特别请了翻译与她沟通,但是她在唱片中的英文咬字发音、歌声表情、情感诠释都极为出色,令人激赏!其他的角色也都是一时之选,表现非常杰出。两片装分别有伦敦(Original London Cast Recording)与百老匯(Original Broadway Cast Recording)两个版本,这两套唱片的主角Jean Valjean都是由著名的音乐剧演员Colm Wilkinson演唱,Eponine也是同一人,其他的唱角虽然不同,但表现大致在伯仲之间,没有太大的差异;不过伦敦版在每一首歌词之间有剧情解说串连,在这一点上是要比百老匯版略胜一筹的。除了以上三个版本之外,市面上还可以发现一张精选版,这张「Highlights from Les Misables」是由Woodford Music公司所出版,收录了取自「悲惨世界」的十七段音乐;CD之中除了曲名与演唱者人名之外,并无其他解说,伴奏只用了简单的电子合成乐器,听来贫弱而缺乏旋律性,合唱团演唱的部分明显地可以听出只有几个人在撑场面。所以除非你对这齣音乐剧情有独锺,否则前面的三套「悲惨世界」足够满足一般人的需求。
  
  悲惨世界-悲惨世界读后感
  
    在书中,出狱后的冉阿让背负着囚犯的身份,饱受着他人的歧视。社会的不公与排斥,一点点的磨灭了他重新做人的希望,改过向善的信心。是慈悲为怀的主教伸出慷慨的,无私的援助之手收容了走投无路的冉阿让。他不仅不计较冉阿让偷他的银器具,反而将那一对银制烛台送给了他并叮嘱道:“答应我一定要把这些钱用到好的地方。把这些银器卖掉,用这些钱让自己过得好一些。”
    我开始深深的感悟到,原来,在当时那个无情的资本主义社会竟然也有这样的世外圣人存在,正是主教的宽大和仁慈深深感化了冉阿让,是他重新燃起了冉阿让心中那快熄灭的希望之火,使他彻底悔悟,开始新的生活。所以说,冉阿让的命运并不是永远都是那么的悲惨,悲惨的是那时候的整个世界观,就是因为有了主教这样的人,整个世界才有了救世主,整个世界才有可能在水生火热之中艰苦摸索前进。
    在主教的感化下,冉阿让开始变得乐于助人,见义勇为得到人民的爱戴,摇身一变成了受人尊敬的市长。 这一切得转变使我既倍感欣慰。从囚犯到市长,简直是天壤之别,这无疑是人性的巨大转变。
    面对着穷困潦倒,世态炎凉,将会产生两种人:第一种是卑微低劣的人。他们丑陋、自私、贪婪的本性再也无法隐藏。就如书中的德纳第,他为了钱财不惜一切,一会声称是演员,一会儿又变成了画家,但他再高明也无论如何掩盖不住他丑陋本性的事实。 另一种是无论在什么情况下都能永保光明、善良、宽容的拥有高尚情操的人。洗新革面后的冉阿让变得宽大、善良。正是那个慈悲为怀的心感化了冷酷、固执,曾一味追捕他的警长沙威。
    其实,在当今社会也不乏有一些为了眼前利益而不择手段的卑鄙小人。如一些凭借职权贪污受贿者;在重大赛事中为得到好成绩而服用兴奋剂者;还有小到考试作弊的人……
    作者想告诉我们的是:做一个真正的自己,任何刻意的伪装都将被识破,虚伪在事实面前只有被革灭。我再一次被人性的巨大力量所震撼。愿我们身边多一些主教般光明的使者,愿他们像纯洁的天使般永远守护着人们心中那份慈悲为怀的心,更希望有更多的人能加入到助人为乐、见义勇为的队伍中来。社会需要这样的人,世界需要这样的人。只有这样,我们才能创造我们的生活,创造出一个善良、和睦、光明的世界。


  Les Misérables (literally "The Miserable Ones"; usually pronounced /leɪ ˌmɪzəˈrɑːb/; French pronunciation: [le mizeʁabl(ə)]), translated variously from the French as The Miserable Ones, The Wretched, The Poor Ones, The Wretched Poor, or The Victims , is a 1862 novel by French author Victor Hugo and is widely considered one of the greatest novels of the 19th century. It follows the lives and interactions of several French characters over a twenty-year period in the early 19th century, starting in 1815.
  
  The novel focuses on the struggles of ex-convict Jean Valjean and his experience of redemption. It examines the nature of law and grace, and expounds upon the history of France, architecture of Paris, politics, moral philosophy, antimonarchism, justice, religion, and the types and nature of romantic and familial love. The story is historical fiction because it contains factual and historic events.
  
  Les Misérables is known to many through its numerous stage and screen adaptations, most notably the stage musical of the same name, sometimes abbreviated "Les Mis" (pronounced /leɪ ˈmɪz/).
  
  Novel form
  
  Les Misérables contains many plots, but the main thread is the story of ex-convict, Jean Valjean (known by his prison number, 24601), who becomes a force for good in the world, but cannot escape his dark past. The novel is divided into five volumes, each volume divided into books, and subdivided into chapters (for a total of 365 chapters). Each chapter is relatively short, usually no longer than a few pages. Nevertheless, the book as a whole is quite lengthy by common standards, even exceeding 1,400 pages in unabridged editions (1900 pages in French). Within the borders of the novel's story, Hugo fills many pages with his thoughts on religion, politics, and society, including his three lengthy digressions, one being a discussion on enclosed religious orders, another being on argot, and most famously, his retelling of the Battle of Waterloo.
  Plot
  Volume I – Fantine
  
  The story starts in 1815 in Digne. The peasant Jean Valjean has just been released from imprisonment in the Bagne of Toulon after nineteen years: five for stealing bread for his starving sister and her family, and fourteen more for numerous escape attempts. Upon being released, he is required to carry a yellow passport that marks him as a convict, despite having already paid his debt to society by serving his time in jail. Rejected by innkeepers, who do not want to take in a convict, Valjean sleeps on the street. This makes him even angrier and more bitter. However, the benevolent Bishop Myriel, the Bishop of Digne, takes him in and gives him shelter. In the middle of the night, he steals the bishop’s silverware and runs. He is caught, but the bishop rescues him by claiming that the silverware was a gift and at that point gives him his two silver candlesticks as well, chastising him to the police for leaving in such a rush that he forgot these most valuable pieces. The bishop then "reminds" him of the promise, which Valjean has no recollection of making, to use the silver to make an honest man of himself. As Valjean broods over these words, he steals a child's silver coin purely out of habit. He chases the boy away (Petit Gervais), but, soon after, he repents and decides to follow the bishop's advice. He searches the city for the child whose money he accidentally stole. At the same time, his theft is reported to the authorities, who now look for him as a repeat offender. If Valjean is caught, he will be forced to spend the rest of his life in prison, so he hides from the police.
  
  Six years pass and Valjean, having assumed the pseudonym Monsieur Madeleine to avoid capture, has become a wealthy factory owner and is appointed mayor of his adopted town of Montreuil-sur-Mer. While walking down the street one day, he sees a man named Fauchelevent pinned under the wheels of his cart. When no one volunteers to lift the cart, he decides to rescue Fauchelevent himself. He crawls underneath the cart and manages to lift it, freeing him. The town's police inspector Javert, who was an adjutant guard at the Bagne of Toulon during Valjean's imprisonment, becomes suspicious of the mayor after witnessing his heroics. He knows the ex-convict Jean Valjean is also capable of such strength.
  
  Years earlier in Paris, a grisette named Fantine was very much in love with a man named Félix Tholomyès. His friends Listolier, Fameuil, and Blachevelle were also paired with Fantine’s friends Dahlia, Zéphine, and Favourite. They later abandon the women as a joke, leaving Fantine to bear and care for Tholomyès' daughter, Cosette, by herself. When Fantine arrives at Montfermeil, she leaves Cosette in the care of the Thénardiers, a corrupt innkeeper and his selfish, cruel wife. Fantine is unaware that they abuse her daughter and use her as forced labor for their inn, and continues to try to pay their growing, extortionate demands for her upkeep. She is later fired from her job at Valjean's factory, due to the discovery of her illegitimate daughter, and is forced to resort to prostitution to pay for her daughter's care. Fantine is also slowly dying from an unnamed disease (probably tuberculosis). While roaming the streets, a dandy named Bamatabois harasses Fantine and puts snow down her back. She reacts by attacking him. Javert sees this and arrests Fantine. She begs to be released so she can provide for her daughter, but Javert sentences her to six months in prison. Valjean, hearing her story, intervenes and orders Javert to release her. Javert strongly refuses but Valjean persists and prevails. Valjean, feeling responsible because his factory turned her away, promises Fantine that he will bring Cosette to her. He takes her to a hospital.
  
  Later, Javert comes to see Valjean again. Javert admits he had accused him of being Jean Valjean to the Parisian authorities after Fantine was freed. However, he tells Valjean that he no longer suspects him because the authorities have announced that another man has been identified as the real Jean Valjean after being arrested and having noticeable similarities. This man's name is Champmathieu. He is not guilty, but is mistaken. His trial is set the next day. At first, Valjean is torn whether to reveal himself, but decides to do so to save the innocent man. He goes to the trial and reveals his true identity. He then returns to Montreuil-sur-Mer to see Fantine, followed by Javert, who confronts him. After grabbing Valjean, Javert reveals Valjean’s identity to Fantine. Shocked, and with the severity of her illness, she falls back in her bed and dies. Valjean goes to Fantine, speaks to her in an inaudible whisper and kisses her hand. He then leaves with Javert.
  Volume II – Cosette
  
  Valjean manages to escape, only to be recaptured and sentenced to death. This was commuted by the king to penal servitude for life. While being sent to the prison at Toulon, a military port, Valjean saves a sailor about to fall from the ship's rigging. The crowd begins to call "This man must be pardoned!" but Valjean fakes a slip and falls into the ocean to escape, relying on the belief that he has drowned.
  
  Valjean arrives at Montfermeil on Christmas Eve. He finds Cosette fetching water in the woods alone and walks with her to the inn. After ordering a meal, he observes the Thénardiers’ abusive treatment of her. He also witnesses their pampered daughters Éponine and Azelma treating Cosette badly as well when they tell on her to their mother for holding their abandoned doll. Upon seeing this, Valjean goes out and returns a moment later holding an expensive new doll. He offers it to Cosette. At first, she is unable to contemplate that the doll really is for her, but then happily takes it. This results in Mme. Thénardier becoming furious with Valjean, while M. Thénardier dismisses it, informing her that he can do as he wishes as long as he pays them. It also causes Éponine and Azelma to become envious of Cosette.
  
  The next morning on Christmas Day, Valjean obtains Cosette with the letter from Fantine, and flees with her to Paris. Later, Javert finds Valjean’s new lodgings at Gorbeau House.
  
  Valjean takes Cosette and they try to escape from Javert. They soon successfully find shelter in the Petit-Picpus convent with the help of Fauchelevent, the man whom Valjean rescued and who is a gardener for the convent. Valjean also becomes a gardener and Cosette becomes a student.
  Volume III – Marius
  
  Eight years later, the Friends of the ABC, led by Enjolras, are preparing an anti-Orléanist revolution on the eve of the Paris uprising on June 5–6, 1832, following the death of General Lamarque, the only French leader who had sympathy towards the working class. They are also joined by the poor, including the Thénardiers' eldest son Gavroche, who is a street urchin.
  
  One of the students, Marius Pontmercy, has become alienated from his family (especially his grandfather M. Gillenormand) because of his liberal views. After the death of his father Colonel Georges Pontmercy, Marius discovers a note from him instructing his son to provide help to a sergeant named Thénardier who saved Pontmercy's life at Waterloo – in reality M. Thénardier was looting corpses and only saved Pontmercy's life by accident; he had called himself a sergeant under Napoleon to avoid exposing himself as a robber. At the Luxembourg Gardens, Marius falls in love with the now grown and beautiful Cosette. The Thénardiers have also moved to Paris and now live in poverty after losing their inn. They live under the surname "Jondrette" at Gorbeau House (coincidentally, the same building Valjean and Cosette briefly lived in after leaving the Thénardiers' inn). Marius lives there as well, next door to the Thénardiers.
  
  Éponine, now ragged and emaciated, visits Marius at his apartment to beg for money. To impress him, she tries to prove her literacy by reading aloud from a book and by writing "The Cops Are Here" on a sheet of paper. Marius pities her and gives her some money. After Éponine leaves, Marius observes the "Jondrettes" in their apartment through a crack in the wall. A philanthropist and his daughter visit them—actually Valjean and Cosette. Marius immediately recognizes Cosette. After they leave, Marius asks Éponine to retrieve her address for him. Éponine, who is in love with Marius herself, reluctantly agrees to do so. The Thénardiers have also recognized Valjean and Cosette, and vow their revenge. M. Thénardier enlists the aid of the Patron-Minette, a well-known and feared gang of murderers and robbers.
  
  Marius overhears M. Thénardier's plan and goes to Javert to report the crime. He then goes back home and waits for Javert and the police to arrive. When Valjean returns with rent money, M. Thénardier, with Patron-Minette, ambushes him and he reveals his identity to Valjean. Marius recognizes M. Thénardier as the man who "saved" his father's life at Waterloo and is caught in a dilemma. He tries to find a way to save Valjean while not betraying M. Thénardier. He sees the scrap of paper that Éponine earlier wrote on and throws it into the Thénardiers’ apartment through the crack. M. Thénardier reads it and thinks Éponine threw it inside. He, Mme. Thénardier and Patron-Minette try to escape, only to be stopped by Javert. He arrests all the Thénardiers and Patron-Minette (except Claquesous, who escapes during his transportation to prison, Montparnasse, who stops to run off with Éponine instead of joining in on the robbery, and Gavroche, who was not present and rarely participates in his family's crimes, a notable exception being his part in breaking his father out of prison). Valjean manages to escape the scene before Javert sees him.
  Volume IV – St. Denis
  
  After Éponine’s release from prison, she finds Marius and sadly tells him that she found Cosette’s address. She leads him to Valjean and Cosette's house at Rue Plumet, and Marius watches the house for a few days. He and Cosette then finally meet and declare their love for one another. M. Thénardier, Patron-Minette and Brujon manage to escape from prison with the aid of Gavroche. One night, during one of Marius’ visits with Cosette, the six men attempt to raid Valjean and Cosette's house. However, Éponine, who was sitting by the gates of the house, threatens to scream and awaken the whole neighbourhood if the thieves do not leave. Hearing this, they reluctantly retire. Meanwhile, Cosette informs Marius that she and Valjean will be leaving for England in a week’s time, which greatly troubles the pair.
  
  The next day, Valjean is sitting in the Champ de Mars. He is feeling troubled due to seeing M. Thénardier in the neighbourhood several times. Unexpectedly, a note lands in his lap, which says "MOVE OUT." He sees a figure running away in the dim light. He goes back to his house tells Cosette they will be staying at their other house at Rue de l'Homme Arme and reconfirms with her about moving to England. Marius tries to get permission from M. Gillenormand to marry Cosette. His grandfather seems stern and angry, but has been longing for Marius's return. When tempers flare, he refuses, telling Marius to make Cosette his mistress instead. Insulted, Marius leaves. The following day, the students revolt and erect barricades in the narrow streets of Paris. Gavroche spots Javert and informs Enjolras that Javert is a spy. When Enjolras confronts him of this, he admits his identity and his orders to spy on the students. Enjolras and the other students tie him up to a pole in the Corinth restaurant. Later that evening, Marius goes back to Valjean and Cosette’s house at Rue Plumet, but finds the house no longer occupied. He then hears a voice telling him that his friends are waiting for him at the barricade. Distraught over Cosette gone, he heeds the voice and goes.
  
  While Marius fights at the barricade, a soldier makes it in and aims at Marius. However, a man steps between them and puts his hand and body in front of the musket. The soldier fires, fatally shooting the man. The man then calls Marius by his name. Marius, and the reader, discovers that it is actually Éponine, dressed in men's clothes. Dying, she confesses that she told him to go to the barricade, in hoping that the two would die together. The author also states to the reader that Éponine anonymously threw the note to Valjean. Éponine gives Marius a letter that is addressed to him. It is written by Cosette, which she also confesses to have obtained a day earlier. After Éponine dies, Marius reads Cosette's letter and writes a farewell letter to her. Gavroche gives it to Valjean. Valjean, learning that Cosette's lover is fighting, is at first relieved, but an hour later, he puts on a National Guard uniform, arms himself with a gun and ammunition, and leaves his home.
  Volume V – Jean Valjean
  
  Valjean arrives at the barricade and immediately saves a man's life, though he is still not certain if he wants to protect Marius or to kill him. Marius recognizes Valjean upon seeing him. Enjolras announces that they are almost out of cartridges. Overhearing this, Gavroche goes to the other side of the barricade to collect more from the dead National Guardsmen. While doing so, he is shot and killed by the soldiers.
  
  Later, Valjean saves Javert from being killed by the students. He volunteers to execute Javert himself, and Enjolras grants permission. Valjean takes Javert out of sight, and then shoots into the air while letting him go. As the barricade falls, Valjean carries off the injured and unconscious Marius. All the other students, including Enjolras, are killed. Valjean escapes through the sewers, carrying Marius' body on his shoulders. He evades a police patrol, but at the exit, he runs into Javert, whom he persuades to give him time to return Marius to his family. Javert grants this request. After leaving Marius at M. Gillenormand’s house, Valjean makes another request that he be permitted to go home shortly, which Javert also allows. They arrive at Rue de l'Homme Arme and Javert informs Valjean that he will wait for him. As Valjean walks upstairs, he looks out the landing window and finds Javert gone. Javert is walking down the street alone, realizing that he is caught between his strict belief in the law and the mercy Valjean has shown him. He feels he can no longer give Valjean up to the authorities. Unable to cope with this dilemma, Javert commits suicide by throwing himself into the Seine.
  
  Marius slowly recovers from his injuries and he and Cosette are soon married.
  
  Meanwhile, M. Thénardier and his younger daughter Azelma are attending the Mardi Gras as "masks." M. Thénardier spots Valjean among the wedding party heading the opposite direction and bids Azelma to follow them. After the wedding, Valjean confesses to Marius that he is an ex-convict. Marius is horrified by the revelation. Convinced that Valjean is of poor moral character, he steers Cosette away from him. Valjean loses the will to live and takes to his bed.
  
  Later, M. Thénardier approaches Marius in order to blackmail him with what he knows of Valjean, but, in doing so, he inadvertently reveals all of the good Valjean has done, including his saving Marius' life on the barricades. Stunned by these revelations, Marius confronts M. Thénardier with his crimes and offers him an immense amount of money if he departs and promises never to return. M. Thénardier accepts the offer, and he and Azelma travel to America where he becomes a slave trader.
  
  As Marius and Cosette rush to Valjean's house, he informs her that Valjean saved his life at the barricade. They arrive to see him, but the great man is dying. In his final moments, he realizes happiness with his adopted daughter and son-in-law by his side. He also reveals Cosette's past to her as well as her mother's name. Joined with them in love, he dies. As he lies dead between Cosette and Marius, the light from the Bishop's candlesticks remains all over, and in the midst of the night a light from the sky shines over Valjean, as if there were an enormous angel, awaiting to carry his soul to Heaven.
  Characters
  Major
  
   * Jean Valjean (a.k.a. Monsieur Madeleine, a.k.a. Ultime Fauchelevent, a.k.a. Monsieur Leblanc, a.k.a. Urbain Fabre, a.k.a. 24601 a.k.a. 9430) — Convicted for stealing a loaf of bread, he is paroled from prison nineteen years later. Rejected by society for being a former convict, Bishop Myriel turns his life around by showing him mercy and encouraging him to become a new man. He assumes a new identity in order to pursue an honest life, becoming a factory owner and a mayor. He adopts and raises Fantine's daughter Cosette, saves Marius from the barricade, and dies at an old age, having kept his promise to the Bishop.
   * Javert — An obsessive police inspector who continuously hunts, tracks down, and loses Valjean. He goes undercover behind the barricade, but is discovered and unmasked. Valjean has the chance to kill Javert, but lets him go. Later, Javert allows Valjean to escape. For the first time, Javert is in a situation in which he knows that the lawful course is immoral. His inner conflict leads him to take his own life by jumping into the River Seine.
   * Bishop Myriel, the bishop of Digne (full name Charles-François-Bienvenu Myriel, a.k.a. Monseigneur Bienvenu) — A kindly old priest who is promoted to bishop by a chance encounter with Napoleon. He convinces Valjean to change his ways after Valjean steals some silver from him and saves Valjean from being arrested.
   * Fantine — A Parisian grisette abandoned with a small child by her lover Félix Tholomyès. Fantine leaves her daughter Cosette in the care of the Thénardiers, innkeepers in a village called Montfermeil. Unfortunately, Mme. Thénardier spoils her own daughters and abuses Cosette. Fantine finds work at Monsieur Madeleine's factory, but is fired by a female supervisor who discovers that she is an unwed mother, as Fantine, being illiterate, had other people write her letters to the Thénardiers. To meet repeated demands for money from the Thénardiers, she sells her hair, then her two front teeth, and finally turns to prostitution. Valjean learns of her plight when Javert arrests her for attacking a man who called her insulting names and hurled snow at her back. She dies of a disease that may be tuberculosis before Valjean is able to reunite her with Cosette.
   * Cosette (real name Euphrasie, a.k.a. the Lark, a.k.a. Mademoiselle Lanoire, a.k.a Ursule) — The illegitimate daughter of Fantine and Tholomyès. From approximately the age of three to the age of eight, she is beaten and forced to be a drudge by the Thénardiers. After Fantine dies, Valjean ransoms her from the Thénardiers and she becomes his adopted daughter. Nuns in a convent in Paris educate her. She later grows up to become very beautiful. She falls in love with Marius Pontmercy, and marries him at the end of the novel.
   * M. and Mme. Thénardier (a.k.a. the Jondrettes, a.k.a. M. Fabantou, a.k.a. M. Thénard) — A corrupt innkeeper and his wife. They have five children: two daughters (Éponine and Azelma) and three sons (Gavroche and two unnamed younger sons). They take in Cosette in her early years, mistreating and abusing her. They also write fabricated letters about Cosette to Fantine in order to extort money from her. They end up losing the inn due to bankruptcy and moving to Paris, living as the Jondrettes. M. Thénardier is associated with an infamous criminal gang called the Patron-Minette, but contrary to common belief he is not their head, both sides operate independently. The Thénardier family also live next-door to Marius, who recognizes M. Thénardier as the man who "tended to" his father at Waterloo. Javert arrests them after Marius thwarts their attempts to rob and kill Valjean in their apartment. At the end of the novel, Mme. Thénardier has long since died in prison while M. Thénardier and Azelma travel to America where he becomes a slave trader.
   * Marius Pontmercy — A second-generation baron (not recognized as such under the present régime because his father was ennobled by Napoleon Bonaparte) who fell out with his royalist grandfather after discovering his father was an officer under Napoleon. He studies law, joins the revolutionary ABC students and later falls in love with Cosette.
   * Enjolras — The leader of the Friends of the ABC in the Paris uprising. A charming and intimidating man with angelic beauty, he is passionately devoted to democracy, equality and justice. Enjolras is a man of principle that believes in a cause – creating a republic, liberating the poor – without any doubts. He and Grantaire are executed by the National Guards after the barricade falls.
   * Éponine (a.k.a. the Jondrette girl) — The Thénardiers' elder daughter. As a child, she is pampered and spoiled by her parents, but ends up a street urchin when she reaches adolescence. She participates in her father's crimes and begging schemes to obtain money. She is blindly in love with Marius. At Marius' request, she finds Valjean and Cosette's house for him and sadly leads him there. She also prevents her father, Patron-Minette and Brujon from robbing the house during one of Marius’ visits there to see Cosette. After disguising herself as a boy, she manipulates Marius into going to the barricades, hoping that they will die together. However, she saves Marius' life by reaching out her hand to stop a soldier's bullet heading for Marius; she is mortally wounded as the bullet goes through her hand and back. As she is dying, her final request to Marius is that once she has passed, he will kiss her on the forehead. He fulfils her request not because of romantic feelings on his part, but out of pity for her hard life.
   * Gavroche — The unloved middle child and eldest son of the Thénardiers, younger than his sisters. He lives on his own and is a street urchin. He briefly takes care of his two younger brothers, unaware they are related to him. He takes part in the barricades and is killed while collecting bullets from dead National Guardsmen for the ABC students at the barricade.
  
  Minor
  
   * Mademoiselle Baptistine — Bishop Myriel's sister. She loves and venerates her brother.
   * Madame Magloire — Domestic servant for the Bishop and his sister. She is fearful that he leaves the door open to strangers.
   * Petit Gervais — A small boy who drops a coin. There are two perspectives on Jean Valjean's encounter with him. According to one, Valjean, still a man of criminal mind, places his foot on the coin and refuses to return it to the boy, despite Gervais' protests. When the boy flees the scene and Valjean comes to his senses, remembering what the bishop had done for him, he is horribly ashamed of what he has done and searches for the boy in vain. Another interpretation of this scene is that Jean Valjean was not aware that he was stepping on the coin, and snarls at Petit Gervais, thinking he is just annoying him, but realizes later that the coin was under his foot and feels horrible. Either way, he was uncaring of the boy's pleas.
   * Félix Tholomyès — Fantine’s lover and Cosette’s biological father. A rich student, he puts his own happiness and well-being above anything else. He does not think much of his relationship with Fantine, considering it as "a passing affair." After impregnating Fantine, he abandons her as a joke. Hugo then concludes Tholomyès’ involvement in the story by saying that "twenty years later, under King Louis Philippe, he was a fat provincial attorney, rich and influential, a wise elector and rigid juryman; always, however, a man of pleasure."
   * Fauchelevent — Valjean saves Fauchelevent’s life when Valjean lifts a carriage underneath which he is caught. Fauchelevent later will return the favor by providing sanctuary for Valjean and Cosette at a convent, and by providing his name for Valjean's use.
   * Bamatabois — An idler who harasses Fantine and puts snow down her back. He is also one of the jurors at Champmathieu’s trial.
   * Champmathieu — A vagabond who is mistakenly accused of being Valjean.
   * Brevet — An ex-convict from Toulon who knew Valjean there. In 1823, he is serving time in the prison in Arras for an unknown crime. He is the first to claim that Champmathieu is really Valjean. Used to wear knitted, checkered suspenders.
   * Chenildieu — A lifer from Toulon. He and Valjean were chain mates for five years. He once tried to remove the lifer's brand TFP (“travaux forcés à perpetuité,” “forced labor for life”) by putting his shoulder on a chafing dish full of embers. He is described as a small, wiry but energetic man.
   * Cochepaille — Another lifer from Toulon. He used to be a shepherd from the Pyrenees who became a smuggler. He is described as stupid and has a tattoo on his arm, March 1, 1815.
   * Sister Simplice — A nun who cares for Fantine on her sickbed. She lies to Javert to protect Valjean, despite her reputation for never having told a lie in her life.
   * Mother Innocente (a.k.a. Marguerite de Blemeur) — The prioress of the Petit-Picpus convent.
   * Toussaint — Valjean and Cosette's servant in Paris. She has a slight stutter.
   * Monsieur Gillenormand — Marius' grandfather. A Monarchist, he disagrees sharply with Marius on political issues, and they have several arguments. He attempts to keep Marius from being influenced by his father, an officer in Napoleon's army. While in perpetual conflict over ideas, he does illustrate his love for his grandson.
   * Mademoiselle Gillenormand — M. Gillenormand's surviving daughter, she lives with her father. Her half-sister (M. Gillenormand's daughter from another marriage), deceased, was Marius' mother.
   * Colonel Georges Pontmercy — Marius's father, and an officer in Napoleon's army. Wounded at Waterloo, Pontmercy erroneously believes M. Thénardier saved his life. He tells Marius of this great debt. He loves Marius with his very heart, and even spies on him when M. Gillenormand does not allow him to visit.
   * Ma'am Bougon (real name Madame Burgon) — Housekeeper of Gorbeau House.
   * Mabeuf — An elderly churchwarden. He was friends with Colonel Pontmercy, and then befriends Marius after Colonel Pontmercy's death. He helps Marius realize the identity and intentions of his father. He has a great love for plants and books, but ends up having to sell his books due to descending into poverty. Feeling that all hope is lost, he joins the students in the insurrection. He is shot and killed at the top of the barricades when raising their flag.
   * Magnon — Former servant of M. Gillenormand and friend of the Thénardiers. She had been receiving child support payments from M. Gillenormand for her two illegitimate sons, who she claimed were fathered by him. When her sons died in an epidemic, she had them replaced with the Thénardiers' two youngest sons so that she could protect her income. The Thénardiers get a portion of the payments. She is soon arrested due to being allegedly involved in the Gorbeau Robbery.
   * Two little brothers — The two unnamed youngest sons of the Thénardiers. The Thénardiers send their sons to Magnon to replace her own two sons who died of illness. When Magnon is arrested, a cobbler gives the boys a note written by Magnon with an address to go to. Unfortunately, it is torn away from them due to a strong wind. Unable to find it, they end up living on the streets. They soon run into their brother Gavroche, who gives them temporary care and support. The two boys and Gavroche are unaware they are related. Immediately after Gavroche's death at the barricade, the two boys are last seen at the Luxembourg Gardens retrieving and eating discarded bread from a fountain. Their fates are left unknown.
   * Azelma — The younger daughter of the Thénardiers. Along with her sister Éponine, she is spoiled as a child, and suffers the same ragged and impoverished fate with her family when she is older. She also takes part in her father’s crimes. Unlike her sister, Azelma is dependent and faint-hearted. She also does not show any defiance toward her father (this is evident when, before Valjean and Cosette’s charitable visit, he orders her to punch out a windowpane in their apartment in order to look poorer. Although hesitant, she does so, resulting in cutting her hand). After the failed robbery of Valjean, she is not seen again until Marius and Cosette’s wedding day, when she and her father are dressed up as "masks" for the Mardi Gras. At the end of the novel, Azelma is the only known Thénardier child who does not die and travels with her father to America.
   * Patron-Minette — A quartet of bandits who assist in the Thénardiers' ambush of Valjean at Gorbeau House and the attempted robbery at the Rue Plumet. The gang consists of Montparnasse, Claquesous, Babet, and Gueulemer. Claquesous, who escaped from the carriage transporting him to prison after the Gorbeau Robbery, joins the revolution under the guise of "Le Cabuc" and is executed by Enjolras for firing on civilians.
   * Brujon — A robber and criminal. He participates in crimes with M. Thénardier and the Patron-Minette gang (such as the Gorbeau Robbery and the attempted robbery at the Rue Plumet). The author describes Brujon as being "a sprightly young fellow, very cunning and very adroit, with a flurried and plaintive appearance."
   * Friends of the ABC — A group of revolutionary students. They fight and die in the insurrection of the Paris uprising on June 5th and 6th, 1832. Their name is described as coming from the following: "They declared themselves the Friends of the A B C,--the Abaissé,-- the debased,--that is to say, the people. They wished to elevate the people. It was a pun which we should do wrong to smile at." Led by Enjolras, its other principal members are Courfeyrac, Combeferre, Jean Prouvaire, Feuilly, Bahorel, Laigle (nicknamed Bossuet, sometimes also written L'Aigle, Lesgle, Lègle or Lesgles), Joly, and Grantaire.
   * Grantaire — Alcoholic student who, unlike the other revolutionaries, does not strongly believe in the cause of the ABC Society, but associates with them because he admires, loves and venerates Enjolras. In the novel, their relationship is compared to that of Orestes and his pederastic companion Pylades. Grantaire is executed alongside Enjolras.
  
  Critical reception
  
  The first two volumes of Les Misérables were published on April 3, 1862, heralded by a massive advertising campaign; the remainder of the novel appeared on 15 May 1862. At the time, Victor Hugo enjoyed a reputation as one of France's foremost poets, and the appearance of the novel was a highly anticipated event. Critical reactions were wide-ranging and often negative; some critics found the subject matter immoral, others complained of its excessive sentimentality, and still others were disquieted by its apparent sympathy with the revolutionaries. The Goncourt brothers expressed their great dissatisfaction, judging the novel artificial and disappointing. Flaubert could find within it "neither truth nor greatness." French critic Charles Baudelaire reviewed the work glowingly in newspapers, but in private castigated it as "tasteless and inept."
  
  The book was a great commercial success. The shortest correspondence in history is between Hugo and his publisher Hurst & Blackett in 1862. It is said Hugo was on vacation when Les Misérables (which is over 1200 pages) was published. He telegraphed the single-character message "?" to his publisher, who replied with a single "!". First translated into foreign languages (including Italian, Greek, and Portuguese) the same year it originally appeared, it proved popular not only in France, but across Europe. It has been a popular book ever since it was published, and was a great favourite among the Confederate soldiers of the American Civil War, who occasionally called themselves "Lee's Miserables" (a reference to their deteriorating conditions under General Robert E. Lee). Its popularity continues to this day, and many view it as one of the most important novels ever written.
  English translations
  
   * Charles E. Wilbour. New York: Carleton Publishing Company. June 1862. The first American translation, published only months after the French edition of the novel was released. Also, New York: George Routledge and Sons. 1879.
   * Lascelles Wraxall. London: Hurst and Blackett. October 1862. The first British translation.
   * Translator unknown. Richmond, Virginia. 1863. Published by West and Johnston publishers.
   * Isabel F. Hapgood. Published 1887, this translation is available at Project Gutenberg.
   * Norman Denny. Folio Press, 1976. A modern British translation subsequently published in paperback by Penguin Books, ISBN 0-14-044430-0. In the very strictest sense this edition is not quite an unabridged translation: Norman Denny explains in his introduction that he moved two of the novel's longer digressive passages into annexes, and that he also made some abridgements in the text, which he claims are minor.
   * Lee Fahnestock and Norman MacAfee. Signet Classics. March 3, 1987. An unabridged edition based on the Wilbour translation with modernization of language. Paperback ISBN 0-451-52526-4
   * Julie Rose. 2007. Vintage Classics, July 3, 2008. The first new complete translation for over a decade. Julie Rose lives in Sydney and is the translator of more than a dozen works, including a well-received version of Racine's Phèdre as well as works by Paul Virilio, Jacques Rancière, Chantal Thomas, and many others. This new translation published by Vintage Classics includes a detailed biographical sketch of Victor Hugo’s life, a chronology, and notes. ISBN 978-0-09-951113-7
  
  Adaptations
  Film and television
  
   * 1907, On the barricade, directed Alice Guy Blaché, early adaptation of a part of the novel
   * 1907, Le Chemineau
   * 1909, directed by J. Stuart Blackton
   * 1909, The Bishop's Candlesticks, directed by Edwin S. Porter
   * 1911, directed by Albert Capellani
   * 1913, directed again by Albert Capellani
   * 1913, The Bishop's Candlesticks, directed Herbert Brenon, adaptation of the second book of the first volume
   * 1917, directed by Frank Lloyd
   * 1922, director unknown
   * 1923, Aa Mujou, directed by Kiyohiko Ushihara and Yoshinobu Ikeda, Japanese film, production cancelled after two of four parts
   * 1925, directed by Henri Fescourt
   * 1929, The Bishop's Candlesticks, directed by Norman McKinnell, first sound film adaptation
   * 1929, Aa Mujou, directed by Seika Shiba, Japanese film
   * 1931, Jean Valjean, directed by Tomu Uchida, Japanese film
   * 1934, directed by Raymond Bernard
   * 1935, directed by Richard Boleslawski
   * 1937, Gavrosh, directed by Tatyana Lukashevich, Soviet film
   * 1938, Kyojinden, directed by Mansaku Itami, Japanese film
   * 1943, Los Miserables, directed by Renando A. Rovero, Mexican film
   * 1944, El Boassa, directed by Kamal Selim, Egyptian film
   * 1948, I Miserabili, directed by Riccardo Freda
   * 1949, Les Nouveaux Misérables, directed by Henri Verneuil
   * 1950, Re mizeraburu: Kami to Akuma, directed by Daisuke Ito (English title: Gods and Demons)
   * 1950, Ezhai Padum Padu and Beedala Patlu, directed by K. Ramnoth in Tamil and Telugu.
   * 1952, directed by Lewis Milestone
   * 1952, I miserabili, re-release of the 1947-film
   * 1955, Kundan, directed by Sohrab Modi, Indian Hindi film
   * 1958, directed by Jean-Paul Le Chanois, starring Jean Gabin
   * 1958, Os Miseráveis, directed by Dionísio Azevedo, Brazilian film
   * 1961, Jean Valjean, Korean film by Seung-ha Jo
   * 1961, Cosette, directed by Alain Boudet on Claude Santelli’s program Le Théâtre de la jeunesse
   * 1962, Gavroche, directed by Alain Boudet on Le Théâtre de la jeunesse
   * 1963, Jean Valjean, directed by Alain Boudet on Le Théâtre de la jeunesse
   * 1964, I miserabili, Italian TV-miniseries directed by Sandro Bolchi, starring: Gastone Moschin (Jean Valjean), Tino Carraro (Javert), Giulia Lazzarini (Fantine/adult Cosette), Loretta Goggi (young Cosette), Antonio Battistella (Thénardier), Cesarina Gheraldi (Mme. Thénardier), Angela Cardile (Éponine), Roberto Bisacco (Marius), Claudio Sora (Enjolras), Aldo Silvani (Monseigneur Bienvenu) and Edoardo Nevola (Gavroche), nearly ten hours long
   * 1967, TV miniseries directed by Alan Bridges, starring: Frank Finlay (Jean Valjean), Anthony Bate (Javert), Alan Rowe (Thénardier), Judy Parfitt (Mme. Thénardier), Michele Dotrice (Fantine), Lesley Roach (Cosette), Elizabeth Counsell (Éponine), Vivian Mackerall (Marius), Derek Lamden (Gavroche), Cavan Kendall (Enjolras), Finlay Currie (Bishop of Digne)
   * 1967, Os Miseráveis, Brazilian film
   * 1967, Sefiller, Turkish film
   * 1972, French TV miniseries directed by Marcel Bluwal, starring: Georges Géret (Jean Valjean), Bernard Fresson (Javert), Nicole Jamet (Cosette), François Marthouret (Marius), Alain Mottet (Thénardier), Micha Bayard (Mme. Thénardier), Hermine Karagheuz (Éponine), Anne-Marie Coffinet (Fantine), Jean-Luc Boutté (Enjolras), Gilles Maidon (Gavroche), François Vibert (Monseigneur Myriel)
   * 1973, Los Miserables, Mexican TV adaptation directed by Antulio Jiménez Pons. Starring: Sergio Bustamante (Jean Valjean), Antonio Passy (Javert), Blanca Sánchez (Fantine), Edith González (Young Cosette), Carlos Ancira (Thénardier), Magda Guzmán (Mme. Thénardier), Diana Bracho (Cosette), Luis Torner (Marius), María Rojo (Éponine), Carlos Arguelles (Gavroche), Héctor Bonilla (Enjolras), Ángel Garasa (Bishop Myriel), Fernando Soler (M. Gillenormand), Alejandro Ciangherotti (Fauchelevent), José Luis Jiménez (Mabeuf)
   * 1978, UK telefilm, directed by Glenn Jordan and starring Anthony Perkins, Richard Jordan, John Gielgud, Cyril Cusack, and Claude Dauphin
   * 1978, Al Boasa, Egyptian adaptation
   * 1982, directed by Robert Hossein
   * 1985, TV version of the 1982 film, which is 30 minutes longer and divided into four parts
   * 1995, directed by Claude Lelouch (a loose, multi-layered adaptation set in the 20th century starring Jean-Paul Belmondo)
   * 1995, Les Misérables – The Dream Cast in Concert (musical done in concert style)
   * 1998, directed by Bille August and starring Liam Neeson, Geoffrey Rush, Uma Thurman, Hans Matheson, and Claire Danes
   * 2000, 6-hour French TV miniseries directed by Josée Dayan and co-produced by Gérard Depardieu, starring: Gérard Depardieu (Jean Valjean), John Malkovich (Javert), Christian Clavier (Thénardier), Veronica Ferres (Mme. Thénardier), Charlotte Gainsbourg (Fantine), Virginie Ledoyen (Cosette), Enrico Lo Verso (Marius), Asia Argento (Éponine), Jeanne Moreau (Mother Innocente), Steffen Wink (Enjolras), Jérôme Hardelay (Gavroche), Otto Sander (Monseigneur Bienvenu)
   * 2000, 3-hour English TV movie version of the 2000 French miniseries
  
  Animation
  
   * 1977, Cosette, Soviet animation
   * 1977, Shoujo Cosette, broadcasted on the Japanese television program Manga Sekai Mukashi Banashi, 1 episode, Japanese animation
   * 1978, Aa Mujou, cover the first two volumes of the novel, broadcasted on Manga Sekai Mukashi Banashi, 13 episodes, Japanese animation
   * 1979, Jean Valjean Monogatari, directed by Takashi Kuoka for Toei Animation and written by Masaki Tsuji, Japanese animation
   * 1988, by Emerald City Productions
   * 1992, a 26 episode French animated TV series by Studios Animage, AB Productions and Pixibox
   * 2007, Les Misérables: Shōjo Cosette, a 52 episode Japanese animated TV series by Nippon Animation
  
  Radio
  
   * 1937, written, produced, and directed by Orson Welles
   * 1952, directed by Earl Ebi
   * 1982, directed by Hyman Brown
   * 2001, directed by Sally Evans and Jeremy Mortimer
   * 2002, directed by Philip Glassborow
  
  Musical
  Main article: Les Misérables (musical)
  
   * In 1980, a musical of the same name opened in Paris at the Palais des Sports. It has gone on to become one of the most successful musicals in history. It was directed by Robert Hossein, the music was composed by Claude-Michel Schönberg, and the libretto was written by Alain Boublil.
  
   * In 1985, an English language version opened in London at the Barbican Arts Centre. It was produced by Cameron Mackintosh and adapted and directed by Trevor Nunn and John Caird. The lyrics were written by Herbert Kretzmer and additional material by James Fenton.
  
   * In 1987, the musical debuted on Broadway in New York City at the Broadway Theatre.
  
   * 2007, Les Misérables: School Edition, copyrighted
  
   * 2008, Les Misérables: Le Capitole de Québec version, directed by Frédéric Dubois
  
   * 2010, Les Misérables was performed on the West End in London for three weeks.
  
  Plays
  
   * In 1863, one year after the novel was published, Charles Victor Hugo (Hugo's son) and Paul Meurice first adapted the novel for theatre.
  
   * In 1906, Broadway actor Wilton Lackaye wrote an adaptation in five acts, titled The Law and the Man, though primarily with the interest of creating himself a strong role (he would play Valjean).
  
   * An outdoor adaptation was performed in the summer at the Citadelle in France.
  
   * There is a play adaptation by Jonathan Holloway. Donvale Christian College performed the Holloway adaptation for stage during late April 2010, using limited modern objects for certain scenes.
  
   * There is a play adaptation by Tim Kelly.
  
   * There is a play adaptation by Spiritual Twist Productions. This play highlights more of the religious aspect from the novel. It was last performed in April 2005 at the Clayton Center.
  
  Games
  
   * An adventure game has been released by Chris Tolworthy, intended as a direct adaptation of the book.
  
   * There is a free downloadable amateur 2D fighting game based on the musical. The game is called ArmJoe, which is created by Takase. The name is a pun on the novel's Japanese title Aa Mujou (ああ無情). The game incorporates the major characters as they appear in the musical, namely Jean Valjean, Enjolras, Marius, Cosette, Éponine, Thénardier, and Javert — as well as a policeman, a robotic clone of Valjean called RoboJean, an embodiment of Judgement, and a rabbit named Ponpon.
  
  Unofficial sequels
  
   * In July 1995, Laura Kalpakian's novel Cosette: The Sequel to Les Misérables was released. The novel is published by HarperCollins. Tom De Haven from Entertainment Weekly called the novel "dull and overwrought and corny," and gave it a C- grading.
  
   * In 2001, François Cérésa released his own two sequels to the novel: Cosette or the Time of Illusions and the follow-up Marius or The Fugitive. Both novels are published by Plon. Hugo's descendants, including his great-great-grandson Pierre Hugo, wanted the novels banned, considering that they breach the moral rights of the author and betrays the "respect of the integrity" and "spirit" of Hugo's original novel to make money. Cérésa had even retconned a key scene in the original novel, bringing back the character Inspector Javert and changed him to be a hero. In 2007, the Cour de Cassation ruled in favor of Cérésa and Plon.
No. 2
  长篇小说。法国雨果作于1862年。穷工人冉阿让为偷一块面包,坐了十九年监狱。出狱后,在一个主教的感化下立志为善◇成为大企业主和市长,做了不少社会改良工作。他救助被遗弃的不幸女工芳汀及其女儿珂赛特,并在1832年的起义中救出身负重伤的青年革命党人马利尤斯。最后孤独而凄惨地离开人世。
作者小传 Biography of
  人物简介 维克多·雨果(1802.2.26~1885.5.22)英文(Victor Hugo)19世纪浪漫主义文学硕痆url]领袖,人道主义的代表人物,被人们称为“法兰西的莎士比亚”。
  雨果出生于法国东部紧挨瑞士的杜省贝桑松,他的父亲是拿破仑手下的一位将军,儿时的雨果随父在西班牙驻军,10岁回巴黎上学,中学毕业入法学院学习,但他的兴趣在于写作,15岁时在法兰西学院的诗歌竞赛会得奖,17岁在“百花诗赛”得第一名,20岁出版诗集《颂诗集》,因歌颂波旁王朝复辟,获路易十八赏赐,以后写了大量异国情调的诗歌。以后他对波旁王朝和七月王朝都感到失望,成为共和主义者,他还写过许多诗剧和剧本,几部具有鲜明特色并贯彻其主张的小说。
  1841年雨果被选为法兰西学院院士,1845年任上院议员,1848年二月革命后,任共和国议会代表,1851年拿破仑三世称帝,雨果奋起反对而被迫流亡国外,流亡期间写下一部政治讽刺诗《惩罚集》,每章配有拿破仑三世的一则施政纲领条文,并加以讽刺,还用拿破仑一世的功绩和拿破仑三世的耻辱对比。
目录 Directory
  第一部 芳汀
  第一卷 一个正直的人
  第01章 米里哀先生
  第02章 米里哀先生改称卞福汝主教
  第03章 好主教碰到苦教区
  第04章 言行合一
  第05章 卞福汝主教的道袍穿得太久了
  第06章 他托谁看守他的房子
  第07章 克拉华特
  第08章 酒后的哲学
  第09章 阿妹谈阿哥
  第10章 主教走访不为人知的哲人
  第11章 心中的委屈
  第12章 卞福汝主教门庭冷落
  第13章 他所信的
  第14章 他所想的
  第二卷 沉沦
  第01章 步行终日近黄昏
  第02章 对智慧提出的谨慎
  第03章 绝对服从的英勇气概
  第04章 蓬塔利埃乳酪厂的详情
  第05章 恬静
  第06章 冉阿让
  第07章 失望的内容
  第08章 波涛和亡魂
  第09章 新的损失
  第10章 那人醒了
  第11章 他干的事
  第12章 主教工作
  第13章 小瑞尔威
  第三卷 在一八一七年内
  第01章 一八一七年
  第02章 双四重奏
  第03章 四对四
  第04章 多罗米埃乐到唱起西班牙歌来
  第05章 蓬巴达酒家
  第06章 相爱篇
  第07章 多罗米埃的高见
  第08章 一匹马的死
  第09章 一场欢乐的欢乐结局
  第四卷 寄托有时便是断送
  第01章 一个母亲遇见另一个母亲
  第02章 两副贼脸的初描
  第03章 百灵鸟
  第五卷 下坡路
  第01章 烧料细工厂①发展的历史
  第02章 马德兰先生
  第03章 拉菲特银行中的存款
  第04章 马德兰先生穿丧服
  第05章 天边隐约的闪电
  第06章 割风伯伯
  第07章 割风在巴黎当园丁
  第08章 维克杜尼昂夫人为世道人心花了三十五法郎
  第09章 维克杜尼昂夫人大功告成
  第10章 大功告成的后果
  第11章 基督救我们
  第12章 巴马达波先生的无聊
  第13章 市警署里一些问题的解决
  第六卷 沙威
  第01章 休息之始
  第02章 “冉”怎样能变成“商”
  第七卷 商马第案件
  第01章 散普丽斯姆姆
  第02章 斯戈弗莱尔师父的精明
  第03章 脑海中的风暴
  第04章 痛苦在睡眠中的形状
  第05章 车轮里的棍
  第06章 散普丽斯姆姆受考验
  第07章 到了的旅人准备回程
  第08章 优待入席
  第09章 一个拼凑罪状的地方
  第10章 否认的方式
  第11章 商马第更加莫名其妙了
  第八卷 波及
  第01章 马德兰先生在什么样的镜子里看自己的头发
  第02章 芳汀幸福了
  第03章 沙威得意
  第04章 司法者再度行使法权
  第05章 适合的坟
  第二部 珂赛特
  第一卷 滑铁卢
  第01章 从尼维尔来时所见
  第02章 乌 古 蒙
  第03章 一八一五年六月十八日
  第04章 A
  第05章 战争的玄妙
  第06章 下午四点
  第07章 拿破仑心情愉快
  第08章 皇上向向导拉科斯特问了一个问题
  第09章 不 测
  第10章 圣约翰山高地
  第11章 拿破仑的向导坏,比洛的向导好
  第12章 羽林军
  第13章 大 祸
  第14章 最后一个方阵
  第15章 康布罗纳
  第16章 将领的比重
  第17章 我们应当承认滑铁卢好吗?
  第18章 神权复炽
  第19章 战场上的夜景
  第二卷 战船“俄里翁号”
  第01章 二四六○一号变成了九四三○号
  第02章 也许是两句鬼诗
  第03章 一定是事先作了准备,才会一锤敲断脚镣
  第三卷 完成他对死者的诺言
  第01章 孟费郿的用水问题
  第02章 两幅完整的人像
  第03章 人要喝酒,马要喝水
  第04章 娃娃上场
  第05章 孤苦伶仃的小女孩
  第06章 这也许可以证明蒲辣秃柳儿的聪明
  第07章 珂赛特在黑暗中和那陌生人并排走
  第08章 接待一个也许是有钱的穷人的麻烦
  第09章 德纳第玩弄手法
  第10章 弄巧成拙
  第四卷 戈尔博老屋
  第01章 戈尔博师爷
  第02章 枭和秀眼鸟的窠
  第03章 苦成甘
  第04章 二房东的发现
  第05章 一个五法郎银币丁零落地
  第五卷 无声的狗群黑夜搜索
  第01章 曲线战略
  第02章 幸而奥斯特里茨桥上正在行车
  第03章 看看一七二七年的巴黎市区图
  第04章 寻找出路
  第05章 有了煤气灯便不可能有这回事
  第06章 哑谜的开始
  第07章 再谈哑谜
  第08章 又来一个哑谜
  第09章 佩带铃铛的人
  第10章 沙威扑空的经过
  第六卷 小比克布斯
  第01章 比克布斯小街六十二号
  第02章 玛尔丹·维尔加支系
  第03章 严 厉
  第04章 愉 快
  第05章 谑 浪
  第06章 小 院
  第07章 黑暗中的几个人影
  第08章 人心后面是石头
  第09章 头兜下的一个世纪
  第10章 永敬会的起源
  第11章 小比克布斯的结局
  第七卷 题外的话
  第01章 从抽象意义谈修院
  第02章 从史实谈修院
  第03章 我们在什么情况下可以尊敬过去
  第04章 从本原的角度看修院
  第05章 祈 祷
  第06章 祈祷是绝对的善行
  第07章 责人应有分寸
  第08章 信仰,法则
  第八卷 公墓接受人们给它的一切
  第01章 进入修院的门路
  第02章 割风面临困难
  第03章 纯贞嬷嬷
  第04章 冉阿让竟好像读过奥斯丹·加斯迪莱约的作品
  第05章 靠醉酒来保证不死是不够的
  第06章 在四块木板中间
  第07章 “不要把卡片遗失了”
  ①这句成语的出处
  第08章 答问成功
  第09章 潜 隐
  第三部 马利尤斯(又译作:马吕斯)
  第一卷 从巴黎的原子看巴黎
  第01章 小不点儿
  第02章 他的一些特征
  第03章 他 有 趣
  第04章 他可能有用
  第05章 他的疆界
  第06章 一点历史
  第07章 在印度的等级划分中,
  野孩也许有他的地位
  第08章 最后一个国王的一句妙语
  第09章 高卢的古风
  第10章 瞧这巴黎,瞧这人
  第11章 嬉笑,表率
  第12章 人民的未来世界
  第13章 小伽弗洛什
  第二卷 大绅士
  第01章 九十岁和三十二颗牙
  第02章 有其主,必有其屋
  第03章 明 慧
  第04章 望百老人
  第05章 巴斯克和妮珂莱特
  第06章 略谈马依和她的两个孩子
  第07章 家规:天不黑,不会客
  第08章 两个不成一对
  第三卷 外祖和外孙
  第01章 古老客厅
  第02章 当年的一个红鬼
  第03章 愿尔等息怨解冤
  第04章 匪徒的结局
  第05章 望弥撒具有使人成为革命派的功用
  第06章 遇见个理财神甫的后果
  第07章 短布裙①
  第08章 云石碰花岗石
  第四卷 ABC的朋友们
  第01章 一个几乎留名后世的组织
  第02章 悼勃隆多的诔词,博须埃作
  第03章 马吕斯的惊奇
  第04章 缪尚咖啡馆的后厅
  第05章 视野的扩展
  第06章 窘 境
  第五卷 苦难的妙用
  第01章 马吕斯穷愁潦倒
  第02章 马吕斯生活清苦
  第03章 马利尤斯成长了
  第04章 马白夫先生
  第05章 穷是苦的好邻居
  第06章 接 替 人
  第六卷 星星相映
  第01章 绰号:名字的形成方式
  第02章 光明是实
  第03章 春天的效果
  第04章 一场大病的开始
  第05章 连续落在布贡妈头上的雷火
  第06章 被 俘
  第07章 U 字 谜
  第08章 残废军人也能自得其乐
  第09章 失 踪
  第七卷 猫老板
  第01章 地下层和地下活动者
  第02章 底 层
  第03章 巴伯、海嘴、铁牙和巴纳斯山
  第04章 黑帮的组成
  第八卷 作恶的穷人
  第01章 马吕斯找一个戴帽子的姑娘,却遇到一个戴鸭舌帽的男子
  第02章 发 现
  第03章 四 脸 人
  第04章 穷苦中的一朵玫瑰
  第05章 天生的贼眼
  第06章 兽 人 窟
  第07章 战略和战术
  第08章 穷窟中的一线光明
  第09章 容德雷特几乎哭出来
  第10章 公营马车定价:每小时两个法郎
  第11章 穷苦请为痛苦效劳
  第12章 白先生的五个法郎的用途
  第13章 独在远方,不想念
  诵“我们的天父”
  第14章 一个警官给了一个律师两拳头
  第15章 容德雷特采购用品
  第16章 用一首流行于一八三二年的英国曲调改编的歌
  第17章 马利尤斯的五个法郎的用途
  第18章 马利尤斯的两张椅子对面摆着
  第19章 提防暗处
  第20章 陷害
  第21章 捉贼总应先捉受害人
  第22章 在第三册①中叫喊的孩子
  第四部 卜吕梅街的儿女情和圣德尼街的英雄血
  第一卷 几页历史
  第01章 有始
  第02章 无终
  第03章 路易-菲力浦
  第04章 基础下面的裂缝
  第05章 历史所自出而为历史所不知的事物
  第06章 安灼拉和他的副将们
  第二卷 爱潘妮
  第01章 百 灵 场
  第02章 监牢孵化中的罪恶胚胎
  第03章 马白夫公公的奇遇
  第04章 马利尤斯的奇遇
  第三卷 卜吕梅街的一所房子
  第01章 秘密房子
  第02章 冉阿让参加了国民自卫军
  第03章 茂叶繁枝
  第04章 换了铁栏门
  第05章 玫瑰发现自己是战斗的武器
  第06章 战争开始
  第07章 愁,更愁
  第08章 长 链
  第四卷 下面的援助也许就是上面的援助
  第01章 外伤,内愈
  第02章 普卢塔克妈妈信口开河
  第五卷 结尾不象开头
  第01章 荒园与兵营相结合
  第02章 珂赛特的恐惧
  第03章 杜桑说得更生动
  第04章 石头下面的一颗心
  第05章 珂赛特看信以后
  第06章 老人好在走得及时
  第六卷 小伽弗洛什
  第01章 风的恶作剧
  第02章 小伽弗洛什沾拿破仑大帝的光
  第03章 越狱的惊险
  第七卷 黑话
  第01章 源
  第02章 根
  第03章 哭的黑话和笑的黑话
  第04章 双重责任:关怀和期望
  第八卷 欢乐和失望
  第01章 春光好
  第02章 美满幸福的麻醉作用
  第03章 阴影的初现
  第04章 cab①在英语中滚,在黑话中叫
  第05章 夜间的东西
  第06章 马吕斯现实到把他的住址告诉了珂赛特
  第07章 年老的心和年轻的心开诚相见
  第九卷 他们去什么地方?
  第01章 冉阿让
  第02章 马利尤斯
  第03章 马白夫先生
  第十卷 一八三二年六月五日
  第01章 问题的表面
  第02章 问题的本质
  第03章 埋葬:再生之机
  第04章 当年的沸腾
  第05章 巴黎的特色
  第十一卷 原子和风暴结为兄弟
  第01章 关于伽弗洛什的诗的来源的几点说明
  第02章 伽弗洛什在行进中
  第03章 理发师的合理愤怒
  第04章 孩子惊遇老人
  第05章 老 人
  第06章 新战士
  第十二卷 科林斯
  第01章 科林斯开设以来的历史
  第02章 起初的快乐
  第03章 格朗泰尔开始觉得天黑了
  第04章 试图安慰于什鲁寡妇
  第05章 准 备
  第06章 等 待
  第07章 在皮埃特街加入队伍的那个人
  第08章 关于一个名为勒·卡布克而实际也许并非勒·卡布克的人的
  几个问号
  第十三卷 马利尤斯进入黑暗
  第01章 从卜吕梅街到圣德尼区
  第02章 巴黎枭瞰图
  第03章 边缘的极限
  第十四卷 失望的伟大
  第01章 旗——第一幕
  第02章 旗——第二幕
  第03章 伽弗洛什当初也许应当
  接受安灼拉的卡宾枪
  第04章 火药桶
  第05章 让·勃鲁维尔的诗句顿成绝响
  第06章 求生的挣扎继以垂死的挣扎
  第07章 伽弗洛什很能计算路程
  第十五卷 武人街
  第01章 吸墨纸,泄密纸
  第02章 野孩敌视路灯
  第03章 当珂赛特和杜桑都在睡乡的时候
  第04章 伽弗洛什的过度兴奋
  第五部 冉阿让
  第一卷 四堵墙中间的战争
  第01章 圣安东尼郊区的险礁和大庙郊区的漩涡
  第02章 在深渊中如果不谈话,又干什么呢?
  第03章 明朗化和忧郁感
  第04章 少了五个,多了一个
  第05章 在街垒顶上见到的形势
  第06章 马利尤斯惊恐不安,沙威言语简练
  第07章 情况严重
  第08章 炮兵们认真起来了
  第09章 使用偷猎者的技巧和一种百发百中的曾影响一七九六年判决的枪法
  第10章 曙 光
  第11章 枪无虚发,也没伤人
  第12章 混乱支持秩序
  第13章 掠过一线希望
  第14章 这儿看到了安灼拉情人的名字
  第15章 伽弗洛什外出
  第16章 长兄如何成了父亲
  第17章 “死去的父亲等待将死的孩子”①
  第18章 秃鹫成为猎物
  第19章 冉阿让报复
  第20章 死者有理,活人无过
  第21章 英雄们
  第22章 一步一步
  第23章 俘 虏
  第二卷 利维坦的肚肠
  第01章 海洋使土壤贫瘠
  第02章 阴渠的古代史
  第03章 勃吕纳梭
  第04章 人所不知的细节
  第05章 当前的进步
  第06章 未来的进步
  第三卷 陷入泥泞,心却坚贞
  第01章 阴渠和它那使人料想不到之处
  第02章 说 明
  第03章 被跟踪的人
  第04章 他也背着他的十字架
  第05章 流沙象女人,狡猾又奸诈
  第06章 地 陷
  第07章 在人以为能上岸时却失败了
  第08章 撕下的一角衣襟
  第09章 内行人看来马吕斯似已死去
  第10章 慷慨捐躯的孩子回来了
  第11章 绝对中之动摇
  第12章 外祖父
  第四卷 沙威出了轨
  第五卷 祖孙俩
  第01章 在重新见到一棵钉有锌皮的树的地方
  第02章 马吕斯走出内战,准备和家庭斗争
  第03章 马吕斯进攻
  第04章 吉诺曼小姐终于不再觉得割风先生进来时拿着东西有何不妥
  第05章 宁愿把现款放在森林中也
  远胜交给这样的公证人
  第06章 两个老人,各尽其能,为珂赛特的幸福创造一切条件
  第07章 幸福中依稀记得的梦的余波
  第08章 两个无法寻找的人
  第六卷 不眠之夜
  第01章 一八三三年二月十六日
  第02章 冉阿让的手臂仍用绷带吊着
  第03章 难分难舍
  第04章 “不死的肝脏”①
  第七卷 最后一口苦酒
  第01章 第七重环形天和第八层星宿天①
  第02章 泄露的事里可能有的疑点
  第八卷 黄昏月亏时
  第01章 地下室
  第02章 又后退了几步
  第03章 他们回忆起卜吕梅街的花园
  第04章 吸力和熄灭
  第九卷 最后的黑暗,崇高的黎明
  第01章 同情不幸者,宽宥幸福人
  第02章 油干了的灯回光返照
  第03章 他能抬起割风的马车,但现在连一支钢笔也嫌重
  第04章 墨水倒反而使人变得清白了
  第05章 黑夜后面有天明
  第06章 荒草隐蔽,雨露冲洗
分段介绍 Section describes
  由于悲惨世界这部小说对法国而言简直就像中国人对三国演义那样熟悉,所以在改编时许多枝枝节节都已删除,采重要片段串成带状故事,起自冉阿让的假释与领悟,终于充满希望的追寻光明,十分动人。以下是按着时间的顺序来介绍这部巨作:
  1815年 笛涅(Digne)
  冉阿让,罪犯24601身陷牢狱与手铐脚镣相伴十九年之后,终于获得一纸假释令,得以离开不见天日的牢狱生活,然而这张黄色的自由状纸,并未让他在社会上取自由,反而处处引来歧视,使他流浪街头,只有笛涅的主教米里哀好心收留了他。夜半时分,多年来穷困的习惯让他故态复萌,偷走了主教家的一只银烛台,不料半途被抓到,警方把他带到主教的面前对质,令他讶异的是主教非但没有揭发,反倒为他撒谎说是他赠送的,警方悻悻然走后,冉阿让跪求原谅,主教只要他宣誓将灵魂交付上帝,自此重新做人,并将另一只烛台也送给他。冉阿让感受到慈悲的力量,撕毁假释令,决心再创新生。
  1823年 近海的蒙特里(Montreuil-sur-mer)
  八年过去了,冉阿让的确履行了当年的誓言,彻底改头换面,不但易名为麦道临,并且成了蒙特里受人爱戴的市长兼工厂厂长,以慈善闻名。这时,在他工厂里的一名女工芳汀正遭受着凄惨的际遇,她年轻因一时热情,怀了个女孩,岂知负心郎一走了之,留下她们母女,为了小小珂赛特,只有把她寄养一途了;把女儿安顿在德纳第家之后,芳汀放心的上巴黎去做女工,对珂赛特的思念给了她无尽的力量,挣来的钱都寄回德家,只盼女儿生活过得宽裕,那儿知道德家在信上所说生病一事都是假的,所有的钱都进了德家的口袋和他们的艾潘妮嘴里,现在芳汀又再次接到这样一封讨钱信,一不小心落入同事手里,人人鄙夷她,联合工头将她赶走,不知情的冉阿让签下公文,芳汀就此流浪街头。芳汀一心只想到女儿的药钱,在卖了项上的项炼盒和一头长发之后,走投无路的困境下,她加入了码头区的妓女行列,痛苦地贩卖灵肉,直到有一天她因拒绝一位无礼的客人,和他发生拉扯,恰好新上任的警长沙威到任,不分青红皂白就定她的罪,目睹此景的市长出言制止,命沙威放走了芳汀,并送她到医院休养。 当沙威欲与市长争论职责时,街上有位老人被松脱的马车压住,冉阿让立即冲上前顶起了车子,异常的力气勾起沙威对编号24601罪犯强烈的记忆,他已经追缉24601多年始终无功,但怀疑一位人见人爱的市长显然不正当,这使他非常困惑,想不到警方不知去那儿抓了一位无辜的铁匠来定罪,沙威以为自己错怪市长还向冉阿让致歉,正直的冉阿让不能容忍自己的懦弱造成平民的委屈,于是来到法庭坦承自己的身份——犯人24601。沙威立刻就想逮捕他,但冉阿让心系芳汀的病体,情急之下打昏沙威逃逸。 在病榻上,芳汀充满感激的将珂赛特的未来交给冉阿让,他也一一允诺,芳汀悲哀的一生在对珂赛特的思念中结束之后,身负责任的冉阿让即刻马不停蹄赶向芳汀所说的小镇蒙佛梅,去解救她可怜的遗孤。
  1823年 蒙佛梅(Monfermei)
  小珂赛特已经在经营酒馆的德纳第家寄养了五年,她一直以来不断受到可怕的虐待,成天像女佣般被来去差使,同年的酒馆老板女儿艾潘妮,却受尽宠爱,两个女孩的生活如天渊之别,但珂赛特并未养成怨天尤人的个性,她只默默期待梦中的母亲有一天能来接她回家。冉阿让来到德家时,她正吃力地在黑暗中打水,他当下决定带走珂赛特;德纳第夫妇使出拿手的狡猾嘴脸,狠狠敲诈了一番,珂赛特终于能脱离苦痛,真正享受起一个孩子应享的快乐生活。冉阿让把她带回巴黎,以父爱呵护她长大,天伦之乐带给这两个曾受命运折磨的人莫大的满足,然而沙威的阴影依旧笼罩在冉阿让身上,挥之不去……
  1832年 巴黎(Paris)
  九年过后的巴黎,充满着动荡的气氛,以往的首善之都已然与地狱无异,政府里惟一关怀穷人的将军拉马克(Lamarque)又病危,人民的前途堪虞,社会涌动着一股革命的暗潮。小加夫罗契是一群妓女和市区乞丐中的中坚分子,连德纳第夫妇也沦入丐帮生活,有一回还抢上冉阿让父女,因此还让沙威和冉阿让见上一面,只不过沙威当时没有认出来,发现之后气愤极了,再度立誓拘捕冉阿让。 这时的艾潘妮已是青春少女,她暗自喜欢着同学马利尤斯,可是马利尤斯的心思已经全部放在街上撞见的珂赛特身上了,无奈的艾潘妮答应要去打听珂赛特的消息。 革命青年们,包括马利尤斯,经常在一家ABC咖啡馆集会,他们的理想高昂,计划在拉马克将军过世那一天爆发革命,人人都在为这一天而兴奋着,陷入恋爱的马利尤斯却格外的迷失、脆弱,毕竟在动乱中的每一个明天都是希望,也都是迷惑。这一天,很快的来临了。加夫罗契冲进店里,宣布将军的死讯,青年一齐涌上街头,寻求大众的支持。 亭亭玉立的珂赛特也为了对马利尤斯的相思而苦,冉阿让逐渐能感受到女儿的转变,但他依然不愿透露她的身世,珂赛特对此不甚谅解;另一方面,由于马利尤斯为情所苦,艾潘妮不忍心只好带他来找珂赛特,两人终于能互诉衷曲,艾潘妮在旁边忍受着悲伤,还阻止了丐帮的抢劫,着实是个坚强的女孩。此时冉阿让考量革命的乱象和沙威的威胁,决心带珂赛特离开巴黎,这对恋人就生生地分离了,对他们而言,这革命的前夕显得多么晦暗哪!情人害怕永别,暗恋者痛失希望,逃亡者冀求安全,惟一能有一丝丝愉快的,大概只有像德纳第这种等着捡死人便宜的人吧。 革命的工作一步步的进展,学生开始建筑防御工事,艾潘妮决心陪伴马利尤斯到底,所以加入了青年们的工作,马利尤斯看到她喜出望外,派她送信给珂赛特,却落入为父的手里,为了女儿的幸福,他想要去劝阻马利尤斯参加起义,却发现冒充同志的沙威被加夫罗契认出,而捆绑在地,他自愿料理沙威,其实是故意的放走他。 革命爆发,领袖恩佐拉在枪林弹雨中丧命,加夫罗契为收集弹药中弹而亡,同志也大都牺牲殆尽,马利尤斯也受伤昏厥,幸而有强壮的冉阿让救了他。在下水道里,冉阿让先后遇见汤乃第和沙威,他恳求沙威放他走,受了他高尚人格的感动,沙威让出路来,可是一生的坚持并不容易扭转,他内心受到极度的煎熬,终于无法自解,投河自尽。 马利尤斯逐渐康复,他并不了解是谁救了他一命,只好把一切归功于珂赛特的照料,冉阿让将他的过去对马利尤斯坦白,并表示为了不妨碍他们的未来,他宁愿独居终老。在婚礼上,德纳第夫妇带来一项他们自认是丑闻的消息:冉阿让在下水道盗过尸。并取出一只金戒指,马利尤斯立刻认出是他的,随即了解到自己一向误解的岳父就是神秘的救命恩人,夫妻俩赶到冉阿让处时,只剩下那一对银烛台陪伴着他,两个年轻人在微光中了解了自己的身世。老人终于走了,他的灵魂和芳汀、艾潘妮、和所有在革命中死去的人相聚,庇护着一对爱人,迎向光明的明天。
人物简介 Biography
  冉阿让(Jean Valjean) 因为偷一条面包救济外甥而坐牢十九年的囚犯,原本只判五年徒刑,但由于他并不信任法律,屡屡越狱以致罪刑加重,他倔强不惧强权的个性使探长沙威对他深恶痛绝,他过人的气力也使沙威对他印象深刻,两人遂结下一生相互追逐之缘。假释后他受神父启发向上,改名当上市长,为人慈悲,帮助女工芳汀抚养女儿珂赛特,救了女儿的情人——革命青年马利尤斯,在女儿有了好归宿之后,带着赎罪的爱离开了人间。
  芳汀(Fantine) 冉阿让工厂里的一名女工,她有段坎坷的青春,在怀了男友的骨肉之后却被恶意遗弃,为了女儿的生活,只好忍下心把她寄养在蒙佛梅一位酒馆老板的家里,自己来到巴黎谋生并定时寄钱回去,但由于她有私生女的事被同事揭发,被赶出工厂,只好卖了首饰、长发,甚至灵肉,幸好遇见冉阿让,托付了女儿的未来才安心的逝去。
  珂赛特(Cosette) 芳汀可怜的女儿,当初虽然被母亲恳求般的托付给酒馆一家,却没有享受到一天童年的无忧生活,反而被当成女佣一般,成天埋头做杂活,母亲攒下的钱几乎全用来栽培酒馆老板的亲生女儿。不过她苦命的日子比起母亲是少了许多,冉阿让把她视如己出,使她能忘却童年回忆,后来她和青年马利尤斯恋爱,有情人终成眷属。
  沙威(Javert) 正义的坚持者,也是正义的顽固者,他相信慈悲是罪犯的根苗,特别是像冉阿让这样的人。所以穷其一生誓将他抓回牢狱,却发现冉阿让的本性是多么善良,这对一个抱持人性本恶论的警探而言,是非常残酷的一件事,因此他在下水道放走背负马吕斯的冉阿让之后,由于无法再面对自己持守多年的信念,选择跳河一途结束他充满殉道意味的一生。
  德纳第夫妇(Thenardier) 小镇蒙佛梅一家酒馆的老板,典型的中下阶级人物,贪财、自私、卑鄙,个性倒也十分逗趣,夫妇俩可谓天造地设,互相挖苦,对珂赛特一致的欺压,对女儿艾潘妮一致的溺爱,后来德纳第先生沦为丐帮帮主,在义勇军后方搜括死亡者身上的值钱物品,最后两人还在珂赛特的婚礼上着实耍宝了一阵,真是不改其性。
  艾潘妮(Eponine) 汤家的独生女,自小倍受宠爱,是挺瞧不起珂赛特的,但也许是受教育的缘故,她比父母有良知多了,虽然暗恋对象马吕斯并不爱她,她仍然愿意为他打听珂赛特的消息、为他送情书,又为要和他共存亡而跑回战区,中弹在马吕斯怀中断了气,也算得上是为她的父母赎罪吧。
  马吕斯(Marius) 十九世纪标准革命青年,为理想热血奔腾,为珂赛特纯情洋溢,在起事中负伤昏迷,被冉阿让所救,虽说同伴大多牺牲令人无限感伤,但最终如愿娶得珂赛特,也是美事一椿。
  恩佐拉(Enjolras) 革命青年的领袖,风度翩翩,在策动的起事中壮烈身亡。
  加夫罗契(Gavroche) 革命时代下早熟的孩子,聪明有主见,是个包打听。
  主教米里哀(Bishop Myriel) 笛涅地区的主教,是冉阿让出狱后惟一愿意收容他的人,以爱心和宽容转瞬间感动了冉阿让,也就此改变了他的一生。
名家评论 Artists Comments
  悲悯胸怀的呈现-—悲惨世界 薛介维 只要是法律与习俗所造成的社会压迫还存在一天,在文明昌盛时期因人为因素使人间变成地狱,并使人类与生俱来的幸福遭受不可避免的灾祸,只要-贫困使男人潦倒、饥饿使女人堕落、黑暗使小孩孱弱-这三个问题尚未获得解决;只要在某些地区还可能发生社会的毒害,换言之,只要这世界上还有愚昧与悲惨,那么,像本书这样的作品,也许不会是没有用的吧!——维克多•雨果 一八六二年一月一日于奥特维别墅
  这是雨果在「悲惨世界」一书中所写的序文。法国大文豪维克多‧雨果(Victor Hugo)一八〇二年二月二十六日出生于法国的Besancon(但是他认为巴黎是他「灵魂的出生地」),父亲曾经是拿破仑麾下的将军。他从幼年起就在各地旅行,少年时期,他的文学底子就相当厚实,对于各类学问也广泛地吸收,也很早下了决心要当文学家。他二十岁与青梅竹马的女友Ade Foucher结婚,同年发表第一本诗集「颂歌集」(Odes et poies diverses),开始了他的作家生涯。一八三一年,二十九岁的雨果发表了「巴黎圣母院(又译:钟楼怪人)」(Nortre Dame de Paris),这部小说生动地描绘了一四八二年法国的社会情形,也对人性的层面提出了严肃且深刻的问题。他接下来一部世界闻名的小说巨著,就是耗费十四年光阴,完成于一八六一年,也就是现在被改编为音乐剧,风靡全球数百万音乐人口的-「悲惨世界」(Les Miserables)。 成功的改编 「悲惨世界」是一部大部头的小说,当年出版时厚达一千两百页,而依本地远景出版社钟文的译本,更是厚达五册共2119页,一百二十万字,这样一部时空背景横亘二十年的长篇小说,要将之改成三个多小时就演完的音乐剧,委实不易,但Claude-Michel Schberg与Alain Boublil两人却做到了。这算是两人第二次合作音乐剧,一九七三年他们曾经在巴黎推出「法国大革命」一剧,结果相当成功,一九八〇年两人再度推出「悲惨世界」,造成更大的轰动。伦敦音乐剧制作人Cameron Mackintosh认为这出剧相当有潜力,于是请了Kretzmer、Fenton与两位原作者合作,改编成伦敦与百老汇的英文版。一九八五年十月八日,「悲惨世界」在伦敦的巴比肯中心举行英文版的世界首演,推出之后佳评如潮,获得观众极大的回响,随后更在世界各地上演,至今仍然票房鼎盛。此外,「悲」剧也获得乐评青睐,夺得八项「东尼奖」,真可说是叫座又叫好了。
关于「悲惨世界」的版本 On "Les Miserables" version
  「悲惨世界」在台湾可以找到好几个录音版本,。英文发音的版本起码有三个,首先介绍的当然是最完整的环球版(3CDs),这个版本是集合了来自世界各地演唱「悲惨世界」的要角,六十五位英国爱乐管弦乐团成员,七十馀位合唱团员,在伦敦、雪梨、纳许维尔、洛杉矶等地分别录制,再制作母带而成。唱片解说中制作人Cameron Mackintosh与David Caddick详述了这套唱片录制的念头与过程,相当有意思。我只特别提出一点,这套唱片中饰唱Eponine一角的日籍女歌手Kaho Shimada几乎不会讲英文,为了录这个角色还特别请了翻译与她沟通,但是她在唱片中的英文咬字发音、歌声表情、情感诠释都极为出色,令人激赏!其它的角色也都是一时之选,表现非常杰出。两片装分别有伦敦(Original London Cast Recording)与百老汇(Original Broadway Cast Recording)两个版本,这两套唱片的主角Jean Valjean都是由著名的音乐剧演员Colm Wilkinson演唱,Eponine也是同一人,其它的唱角虽然不同,但表现大致在伯仲之间,没有太大的差异;不过伦敦版在每一首歌词之间有剧情解说串连,在这一点上是要比百老汇版略胜一筹的。除了以上三个版本之外,市面上还可以发现一张精选版,这张「Highlights from Les Miserableses」是由Woodford Music公司所出版,收录了取自「悲惨世界」的十七段音乐;CD之中除了曲名与演唱者人名之外,并无其它解说,伴奏只用了简单的电子合成乐器,听来贫弱而缺乏旋律性,合唱团演唱的部分明显地可以听出只有几个人在撑场面。所以除非你对这出音乐剧情有独锺,否则前面的三套「悲惨世界」足够满足一般人的需求。 注一: 在此「ABC」其实与法文的Abaisse同音,而Abaisse在法文当中是指「受屈辱的」
名言 Saying
  1、世界上最宽阔的是海洋,比海洋更宽阔的是天空,比天空更宽阔的是人的胸怀。
  2、未来将属于两种人:思想的人和劳动的人,实际上,这两种人是一种人,因为思想也是劳动。
  3、在绝对正确的革命之上还有一个绝对正确的人道主义。
  4、人的智慧掌握着三把钥匙,一把开启数字,一把开启字母,一把开启音符。知识、思想、幻想就在其中。
  5、世人缺乏的是毅力,而非气力。
  6、大胆是取得进步所付出的代价。
  7、应该相信,自己是生活的强者。
  8、艺术的大道上荆棘丛生,这也是好事,常人都望而怯步,只有意志坚强的人例外。
  9、谁虚度年华,青春就要褪色,生命就会抛弃他们。
  10、笑声如阳光,驱走人们脸上的冬天。
  11、勉强应允不如坦诚拒绝。
  12、释放无限光明的是人心,制造无边黑暗的也是人心。
  13、书籍是造就灵魂的工具。
  14、人,有了物质才能生存;人,有了理想才谈得上生活。
  15、脚步不能达到的地方,眼光可以到达;眼光不能到达的地方,精神可以飞到。
  16、多办一所学校,可少建一座监狱。
  17、生活就是面对微笑。
  18、人的两只耳朵,一只听到上帝的声音,一只听到魔鬼的声音。
  19、我宁愿靠自己的力量,打开我的前途,而不愿求有力者垂青。
  20、人类第一种饥饿就是无知。
书摘 Extract
  那一排敞篷商店,我们记得,是从礼拜堂一直延展到德纳第客店门前的。由于有钱的人不久就要路过那一带去参加夜半弥撒,所以那些商店都已燃起蜡烛,烛的外面也都加上漏斗形的纸罩,当时有个孟费郿小学的老师正在德纳第店里喝酒,他说那种烛光颇有“魅力”,同时,天上却不见一颗星。 最后的一个摊子恰恰对着德纳第的大门,那是个玩具铺,摆满了晶莹耀眼的金银首饰、玻璃器皿、白铁玩具。那商人在第一排的最前面,在一块洁白的大手巾前陈列着一个大娃娃,二尺来高,穿件粉红绉纱袍,头上围着金穗子,有着真头发、珐琅眼睛。这宝物在那里陈列了一整天,十岁以下的过路人见了没有不爱的,但是在孟费郿就没有一个母亲有那么多钱,或是说有那种挥霍的习惯,肯买来送给孩子。爱潘妮和阿兹玛在那里瞻仰了好几个钟头,至于珂赛特,的确,只敢偷偷地望一两眼。 珂赛特拿着水桶出门时,尽管她是那样忧郁,那样颓丧,却仍不能不抬起眼睛去望那非凡的娃娃,望那“娘娘”,照她的说法。那可怜的孩子立在那儿呆住了。她还不曾走到近处去看过那娃娃。对她来说那整个商店就象是座宫殿,那娃娃也不是玩偶,而是一种幻象。那可怜的小姐,一直深深地沉陷在那种悲惨冷酷的贫寒生活里,现在她见到的,在她的幻想中,自然一齐成为欢乐、光辉、荣华、幸福出现了。珂赛特用她那天真悲愁的智慧去估计那道横亘在她和那玩偶间的深渊。她向她自己说,只有王后,至少也得是个公主,才能得到这样一样“东西”。她细细端详那件美丽的粉红袍,光滑的头发,她心里在想:“这娃娃,她该多么幸福呵!”她的眼睛离不了那家五光十色的店铺。她越看越眼花。她以为看见了天堂。在那大娃娃后面,还有许多小娃娃,她想那一定是一些仙女仙童了。她觉得在那摊子底里走来走去的那个商人有点象永生之父。 在那种仰慕当中,她忘了一切,连别人叫她做的事也忘了。猛然一下,德纳第大娘的粗暴声音把她拉回到现实中来:“怎么,蠢货,你还没有走!等着吧!等我来同你算账!我要问一声,她在那里干什么!小怪物,走!” 德纳第大娘向街上望了一眼,就望见珂赛特正在出神。 珂赛特连忙提着水桶,放开脚步溜走了。(第二部第三卷第四章)
小说英文阅读
悲惨世界中的好句 Good sentence in Les Miserables
  百灵鸟一味狠毒,不能发达。那客店的光景并不好。 幸而有那女客的五十七个法郎,德纳第得免于官厅的追究,他出的期票也保持了信用。 下一个月他仍旧缺钱,那妇人便把珂赛特的衣服饰物带到巴黎,向当店押了六十法郎。那笔款子用完以后,德纳第夫妇便立刻认为他们带那孩子是在救济别人,因此那孩子在他家里经常受到被救济者的待遇。她的衣服被典光以后,他们便叫她穿德纳第家小姑娘的旧裙和旧衫,就是说,破裙和破衫。他们把大家吃剩的东西给她吃,她吃得比狗好一些,比猫又差一些,并且猫和狗还经常是她的同餐者;珂赛特用一只木盆,和猫狗的盆一样,和猫狗一同在桌子底下吃。她的母亲在滨海蒙特勒伊住下来了,我们以后还会谈到的,她每月写信,应当说,她每 月请人写信探问她孩子的消息。 德纳第夫妇千篇一律地回复说:“珂赛特安好异常。” 最初六个月满了以后,她母亲把第七个月的七个法郎寄去,并且月月都按期寄去,相当准时。一年还不到,德纳第汉子便说:“她给了我们多大的面子!她要我们拿她这七个法郎干什么?”于是他写信硬要十二法郎。他们向这位母亲说她的孩子快乐平安,母亲曲意迁就,照寄了十二法郎。 某些人不能只爱一面而不恨其他一面。德纳第婆子酷爱她自己的两个女儿,因而也厌恶那外来的孩子。一个慈母的爱会有它丑恶的一面,想来真使人失望。珂赛特在她家里尽管只占一点点地方,她仍觉得她夺了她家里人的享受,仿佛那孩子把她两个小女儿呼吸的空气也减少了一样。那妇人,和许多和她同一类型的妇人一样,每天都有一定数量的抚爱和一定数量的打骂要发泄。假使她没有珂赛特,她那两个女儿,尽管百般宠爱,一定也还是要受尽她的打骂的。但是那个外来的女孩做了她们的替身,代受了打骂。她自己的两个女儿却只消受她的爱抚。珂赛特的一举一动都会受到一阵冰雹似的殴打,凶横无理之极。一个柔和、幼弱、还一点也不了解人生和上帝是什么的孩子,却无时不受惩罚、辱骂、虐待、殴打,还得瞧着那两个和她一样的女孩儿享受她们孩提时期的幸福! 德纳第婆子既狠心,爱潘妮和阿兹玛便也狠心。孩子们,在那种小小年纪总是母亲的再版。版本的大小有所不同而已。一年过了,又是一年。 那村子里的人说: “德纳第一家子都是好人。他们并不宽裕,却还抚养人家丢在他们家里的一个穷孩子!” 大家都认为珂赛特已被她的母亲忘记了。 同时,那德纳第汉子不知从什么密报中探听到那孩子大致是私生的,母亲不便承认,于是他硬敲每月十五法郎,说那“畜生”长大了,“要东西吃”,并且以送还孩子来要挟。 “她敢不听我的话!”他吼道,“我也不管她瞒人不瞒人,把孩子送还给她就是。非加我的钱不行。”那母亲照寄十五法郎。 年复一年,孩子长大了,她的苦难也增加了。 珂赛特在极小时,一向是代那两个孩子受罪的替身;当她的身体刚长大一点,就是说连五岁还没有到的时候,她又成了这家人的仆人。 五岁,也许有人说,那不见得确有其事吧。唉!确有其事。人类社会的痛苦的起始是不限年齿的。最近我们不是见过杜美拉的案子,一个孤儿,当了土匪,据官厅的文件说,他从 五岁起,便独自一人在世上“作工糊口,从事盗窃”吗? 他们叫珂赛特办杂事,打扫房间、院子、街道,洗杯盘碗盏,甚至搬运重东西。她的母 亲一向住在滨海蒙特勒伊,德纳第夫妇见到她近来寄钱没有从前那样准时了,便更加觉得有理由那样对待孩子。有几个月没有寄钱来了。 假使那母亲在那第三年的年末来到孟费郿,她一定会不认识她的孩子了。珂赛特,当她到这一家的时候,是那样美丽,那样红润,现在是又黄又瘦。她的举动,也不知道为什么会那样缩手缩脚。德纳第夫妇老说她“鬼头鬼脑”! 待遇的不平使她性躁,生活的艰苦使她变丑。她只还保有那双秀丽的眼睛,使人见了格外难受,因为她的眼睛是那么大,看去就仿佛那里的愁苦也格外多。 冬天,看见这个还不到六岁的可怜的孩子衣衫褴褛,在寒气中战栗,天还没亮,便拿着一把大扫帚,用她的小红手紧紧握着它打扫街道,一滴泪珠挂在她那双大眼睛的边上,好不叫人痛心。 在那里,大家叫她百灵鸟。那小妞儿原不比小鸟大多少,并且老是哆哆嗦嗦,凡事都使她惊慌,战栗,每天早晨在那一家和那一村里老是第一个醒来,不到天亮,便已到了街上或田里,一般爱用比喻的人便替她取了这个名字。不过这只百灵鸟从来不歌唱。
  在走过主教院街的时候,车夫曾经看见一个人双膝跪在主教大门外面的路旁,仿佛在黑暗里祈祷。
电影 Movies
  片 名:Les Miserables
  中文片名:悲惨世界
  出品公司:前东德德发电影制片厂、法国巴黎百代影业公司、意大利罗马塞雷纳影片公司
  出品年代:1958年导
  更多中文片名: 孤星泪
  更多外文片名:
  Misérables, Les
  Elenden, Die.....(East Germany)
  Miserabili, I.....(Italy)
  Miserablen, Die.....(East Germany)
  导演: 让-保罗·李塞诺 Jean-Paul Le Chanois
  编剧:
  Michel Audiard
  René Barjavel
  维克多·雨果 Victor Hugo ....novel
  让-保罗·李塞诺 Jean-Paul Le Chanois
  主演:
  让·迦本 Jean Gabin ....Jean Valjean/Champmathieu
  Bernard Blier ....Javert (père et fils)
  Danièle Delorme ....Fantine
  影片类型: 剧情
  片长:France:210 min / Spain:217 min
  国家/地区: 东德 / 意大利 / 法国
  对白语言: 法语
  色彩: 彩色
  幅面: 35毫米胶片变形宽银幕
  混音: 单声道
  级别:Sweden:15 / Finland:K-12 / West Germany:12
  拍摄日期: 1957年4月1日 - 1957年10月25日
  摄制格式: 35 mm
  洗印格式: 35 mm
动画 Animation
  悲惨世界少女柯赛特
  《悲惨世界-少女柯塞特》
  2006年1月7日 19:30 全52话
  官网:http://www.nippon-animation.co.jp/lesmise/
  http://www.sjhdm.com/bbs
  《レ・ミゼラブル》也就是法文的《Les Miserables》,没错,这部动画就是众人熟知的世界名著《悲惨世界》。虽然动画官网刚刚开通,但从这部动画的副标题《少女柯赛特》我们可以推论这部动画的主角将是原作中妓女芳汀的私生女——不幸的柯赛特。此前翡翠台曾在星期六播出。
  /
关于《悲惨世界》 On "Les Miserables"
  十九世纪的巴黎,贫苦的冉·阿让为了挨饿的孩子去偷面包,结果被饱食终日的法官判处19年的苦役。出狱后,走投无路的冉·阿让被好心的米里哀主教收留过夜,却偷走了主教的银器潜逃,后被警察捉回。主教声称银器是送给他的,使冉·阿让免于被捕。主教的言行感化了冉·阿让,他化名马德兰,从此洗心革面奋发向上,十年后成为成功的商人并当上市长。这时,以前缉拿过他的警长沙威出现,一心要找他的麻烦。在此期间,冉·阿让得知了妓女芳汀的悲惨遭遇,并承诺照顾她的私生女柯赛特。八年过去了,平静的生活再起波澜——柯赛特爱上了共和派青年马利尤斯,轰轰烈烈的巴黎人民起义爆发了,无赖德纳迪埃和冉·阿让又狭路相逢,而多年来从未放弃追捕冉·阿让的警长沙威又出现在冉·阿让的面前…… 《悲惨世界》是法国大文豪维克多·雨果的代表作。它自1862年问世以来,一直是影视工作者改编的热点。它曾19次被 拍摄成电影,4次被拍成电视剧。早在1912年,经雨果本人同意,它就由百代公司拍成4段式故事片,当时曾被史学家称作 “艺术电影最成功的作品”。美国曾4次把该小说改编成影片,甚至连埃及也拍过《悲惨世界》。1958年,第一部彩色故事片《悲惨世界》与观众见面,法国当时的一些大明星都参加了演出。《悲惨世界》被认为是电影电视改编的“永恒的主题”。上译厂,丁建华、童自荣、尚华、邱岳峰配音。
  这本《悲惨世界》是雨果的一部名作,绝对能将你感动的掉眼泪。
悲惨世界读后感 Les Miserables book review
  在书中,出狱后的冉阿让背负着囚犯的身份,饱受着他人的歧视。社会的不公与排斥,一点点的磨灭了他重新做人的希望,改过向善的信心。是慈悲为怀的主教伸出慷慨的,无私的援助之手收容了走投无路的冉阿让。他不仅不计较冉阿让偷他的银器具,反而将那一对银制烛台送给了他并叮嘱道:“答应我一定要把这些钱用到好的地方。把这些银器卖掉,用这些钱让自己过得好一些。”
  我开始深深的感悟到,原来,在当时那个无情的资本主义社会竟然也有这样的世外圣人存在,正是主教的宽大和仁慈深深感化了冉阿让,是他重新燃起了冉阿让心中那快熄灭的希望之火,使他彻底悔悟,开始新的生活。所以说,冉阿让的命运并不是永远都是那么的悲惨,悲惨的是那时候的整个世界观,就是因为有了主教这样的人,整个世界才有了救世主,整个世界才有可能在水生火热之中艰苦摸索前进。
  在主教的感化下,冉阿让开始变得乐于助人,见义勇为得到人民的爱戴,摇身一变成了受人尊敬的市长。 这一切得转变使我既倍感欣慰。从囚犯到市长,简直是天壤之别,这无疑是人性的巨大转变。
  面对着穷困潦倒,世态炎凉,将会产生两种人:第一种是卑微低劣的人。他们丑陋、自私、贪婪的本性再也无法隐藏。就如书中的德纳第,他为了钱财不惜一切,一会声称是演员,一会儿又变成了画家,但他再高明也无论如何掩盖不住他丑陋本性的事实。 另一种是无论在什么情况下都能永保光明、善良、宽容的拥有高尚情操的人。洗新革面后的冉阿让变得宽大、善良。正是那个慈悲为怀的心感化了冷酷、固执,曾一味追捕他的警长沙威。
  其实,在当今社会也不乏有一些为了眼前利益而不择手段的卑鄙小人。如一些凭借职权贪污受贿者;在重大赛事中为得到好成绩而服用兴奋剂者;还有小到考试作弊的人……
  作者想告诉我们的是:做一个真正的自己,任何刻意的伪装都将被识破,虚伪在事实面前只有被革灭。我再一次被人性的巨大力量所震撼。愿我们身边多一些主教般光明的使者,愿他们像纯洁的天使般永远守护着人们心中那份慈悲为怀的心,更希望有更多的人能加入到助人为乐、见义勇为的队伍中来。社会需要这样的人,世界需要这样的人。只有这样,我们才能创造我们的生活,创造出一个善良、和睦、光明的世界。
演员列表 Actors List
  主演:
  Charles Dullin
  Jean d'Yd
  Henry Krauss
  参与演员:
  波利娜·卡尔东
  Albert Broquin
  Eugène Stuber
  Charles Vanel
  Jeanne Lory
  Émile Genevois
  Gabrielle Fontan
  Pierre Larquey
  Lucien Blondeau
  Guy Favières
  Paul Azaïs
  Lucien Nat
  Jean Servais
  Roger Vincent
  Harry Baur
  Max Dearly
  Georges Mauloy
  Orane Demazis
  Florelle
  Josseline Gaël
  Marguerite Moreno
  Gaby Triquet
  Roland Armontel
  Charlotte Barbier-Krauss
  Belleville
  Pierre Berlioz
  Cailloux
  Edmond Castel
  Delaunay
  Pierre Delbel
  Ginette d'Yd
  Jacqueline Fermez
  Pierre Ferval
  Andrée Forine
  Josette France
  Anthony Gildès
  Louis Kerly
  La Houppa
  Yvonne Mea
  Denise Mellot
  Marthe Mellot
  Montignac
  Irma Perrot
  Pierre Piérade
  Gilberte Savary
  Jean-Marie de l'Isle
  Maurice Schutz
  Robert Vidalin
  导演:
  Raymond Bernard
  制片人:
  Raymond Borderie
  编剧:
  André Lang
  Raymond Bernard
  维克多·雨果
  舞台剧版
  这部在音乐剧史上上演时间仅次于《猫》的旷世佳作,堪称百老汇的光荣王者。共上演6612场,这部在音乐剧史上上演时间仅次于《猫》佳作照耀了百老汇音乐剧16年的辉煌,于2003年5月18日正式告别繁华的戏剧之都,结束其光辉的百老汇生涯。
   诞生百余年来,《悲惨世界》被演绎成多种表演版本,却迟迟未登上过歌剧舞台。伟大的作曲家普契尼曾尝试改编,终因嫌其过于复杂而放弃。而中国观众所最熟悉的《悲惨世界》,莫过于由法、德、意三国合拍的电影版,该片的主角正是与阿兰·德隆、保罗·贝尔蒙多等并称为“影坛四雄”的法国已故电影明星里诺· ;凡杜拉。
  说起音乐剧《悲惨世界》的始作俑者—法国人阿兰·鲍伯利和米歇尔·勋伯格,都曾是音乐剧的狂热歌迷。1971年,两人在纽约观看了韦伯的音乐剧《万世巨星》,由此萌发出创作一部史诗风格的音乐剧的想法。两人从韦伯的经典音乐剧《万世巨星》和《艾维塔》中汲取了相当多的灵感,令其既有史诗般的壮丽,又不乏流行文化的精华。1978年,鲍伯利和勋伯格在巴黎“奇迹般地”完成了这项宏伟的工程。
  1980年秋,长达两个小时的音乐剧《悲惨世界》在巴黎体育馆首演。令人难以置信的是,它竟然被硬插在了拳击和马戏表演之间,并在上演后的第十六周便被迫收场。哀叹之余,曾经把《猫》成功包装上音乐剧舞台的英国著名演出制作人麦金托什找到了鲍伯利和勋伯格,下决心要把《悲惨世界》搬到“世界歌舞之都”—百老汇。三人一拍即合,6年后,重新包装后的《悲惨世界》落户百老汇,并正式踏上了国际舞台。
  连演16年魅力依然
  作为一部大型音乐剧,《悲惨世界》聘用的演员总数为421人,幕后的员工更高达1633人。该剧之所以能连演 16年而不衰,除了故事和主题的历久弥新、真切感人外,演员的专业、音乐的动人以及场景的变换等,也都是引人入胜的原因。例如主角冉·阿让在大战前夕祈祷上苍保佑养女珂赛特的爱人马吕斯的独唱《让我死,让他活》,其神情之恳切、旋律之优美,令人过耳难忘;再者,《悲惨世界》的编导破天荒地利用大型转台,将革命青年和巴黎市民共同堆砌的 “战壕”逼真地呈现出来,加上慷慨赴沙场的激昂军乐和充满火药味的枪声、爆炸声,令观众如身历其境,达到了比电影还要真实的震撼体验。
  在百老汇历史上,于2000年6月落幕的《猫》曾连续上演了18年,直接观众达1000万人。而《悲惨世界》告别舞台时,估计也将有900多万人曾亲身体验过,直接的票房收入高达4亿多美元。16年来,《悲惨世界》曾在包括英国、加拿大、澳大利亚等在内的20多个国家进行巡演,并曾获得了50多个重要奖项(其中包括1987年的8项托尼奖、两次格莱美奖)。2002年6月22日至7月7日,音乐剧《悲惨世界》首演中国,在上海大剧院的演出也引起了极大的轰动。
  随着《猫》、《西贡小姐》以及《悲惨世界》的相继谢幕,华丽精致的百老汇大型音乐剧将只剩下《歌剧魅影》一枝独秀,继续谱写纽约歌剧史上第三长的演出纪录。因此,许多评论家都感慨地将《悲惨世界》的落幕称做是“一个时代的结束 ”。
相关词
世界名作剧场法国作家维克多·雨果音乐剧jeanValjeanPhilipQuastJavert
维克多·雨果孤星泪珂赛特人物
包含词
新悲惨世界悲惨世界上悲惨世界(全5册)
悲惨世界·少女柯赛特悲惨世界少女珂赛特悲惨世界之少女柯塞特
名家导读语文新课标必读丛书-悲惨世界哈佛蓝星双语名著导读·悲惨世界