Francis Bacon Francis Bacon (1561--1626) is a representative figure of the English Renaissance, he was outstanding philosophers, scientists and essayist. Through his perseverance in thinking and scientific method to rely on observation rather than the authority of the doctrine of the attitude to acquire knowledge to become the founder of modern science. His "Essays Bacon" is in English literature a model of the genre, and hailed as an important milestone in the development of English prose. He used some of the new words also entered the British literary tradition.
Francis Bacon
Francis Bacon, the first Viscount Saint Alban (Francis Bacon, 1st Viscount St Alban, 1561 年 1 月 22 日 -1626 on April 9th), British essayist, philosopher, statesman, the founder of classical empiricism .
Although Francis Bacon are in for many years a leading politician, though he spent most of their time and energy are used in his political career, but he was included in the book, but only because his philosophy works. These works show that he is a pioneer in a new era of science: the recognition that science and technology can change the world's first great philosopher, an effective advocate for scientific investigation.
】 【Biography
Bacon was born in London in 1561, is the hands of Elizabeth I, a senior government official (new aristocracy), the second son. His father was the keeper of the seals minister. Bacon is the second wife's father, the youngest son. Twelve-year-old entered Trinity College, Cambridge, studying theology, metaphysics, while learning logic, mathematics, astronomy, Greek and Latin, and graduated from Cambridge University in 1576, but dropped out after three years, no degree. He started from the age of sixteen to the British ambassador to Paris for a period when the officials. But when Bacon was eighteen, his father to death, not left him any money. So he began studying law at the age of twenty-first job to find a lawyer.
In 1602, Elizabeth died, James I to the throne. As Bacon had advocated the merger of Scotland and England, by James, great appreciation. Bacon so meteoric rise, soared. He was knighted in 1602, 1604 James was appointed a consultant in 1607 was appointed Deputy Attorney General, 1613, was appointed chief prosecutor, was appointed to the Privy Council in 1616 Adviser 1617 promoted to Keeper of the Seals Minister of England in 1618 was promoted to the mainland government, granted labeled Wei Lulan Baron, 1621 and granted labeled Ehud Gibbons Viscount. But Bacon's talents and aptitudes are not state activities, but rather on the search for scientific truth. During this period, his research has made great achievements. And published several books.
In 1621, Bacon was accused of corruption Congress, was sentenced to a fine of forty thousand pounds advanced, imprisoned in the Tower of London, the lifetime expulsion from the court, shall not be appointed members and office. Though the fines and imprisonment are to be exempted, but Bacon was thus ruin. From Bacon to ignore political affairs, began to concentrate in the theoretical writings.
The end of March 1626, Bacon keep the car by the northern suburb of London. At that time he was himself to studying theory and practical application of hot and cold. When passing through a snow, he suddenly want to make an experiment, he slaughtered a chicken, the chicken and filling into the belly, to observe the effect of freezing on the preservation. However, his body weak, unable to withstand the invasion of cold, bronchitis recurrence, disease progression, in the April 9, 1626 died early in the morning.
Bacon died, Sir Henry Warden wrote the epitaph for him:
Viscount Saint Alban, such as the title with more Xuan He should be called the "Light of Science", "Law of the tongue"
"Of Studies" main elements:
On Reading "(Of Studies) is a collection of essays, 58 essays Bacon's most famous one centralized. This paper analyzes the main purpose of learning, different learning methods do not take and learn how human nature is to have a subtle influence character. "Of studies" of tolerance and quite persuasive language, simple construction and compact, Bacon reveals to readers the natural and objective attitude towards learning.
Of Studies
from Essays by Francis Bacon
Sir Francis Bacon (1561-1626) was a philosopher and a statesman as well as a man of letters - a renaissance man of his time. He wrote important literary and philosophical works and was a major contributor to modern scientific thought. His Essays ( published sporadically between 1597 and 1625) incorporate elements of all three disciplines and are considered his chief contribution to literature. What is given below is one such essay and the Chinese version that follows it is considered one of the best so far that can do justice to the original.
Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Their chief use for delight, is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgement and disposition of business. For expert men can execute, and perhaps judge of particulars, one by one; but the general counsels, and the plots and marshaling of affairs, come best from those that are learned. To spend too much time in studies, is sloth; to use them too much for ornament, is affectation; to make judgement only by their rules is the humour of a scholar. They perfect nature, and are perfected by experience: for natural abilities are like natural plants, that need pruning by study; and studies themselves do give forth directions too much at large, except they be1 bounded in by experience. Crafty men contemn studies; simple men admire them; and wise men use them: for they teach not their own use; but that is a wisdom without them, and above them, won by observation . Read not to contradict and confute; nor to believe and take for granted; nor to find talk and discourse; but to weigh and consider. Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested: that is, some books are to be read only in parts; others to be read, but not curiously; and some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention. Some books also may be read by deputy, and extracts made of them by others; but that would be, only in the less important arguments, and the meaner sort of book: else distilled books are like common distilled waters, flashy things.
Reading can cheer, enough to gambling, that are learned. To spend too much time and perhaps judge; its ornament, is in discourse; its length was also, in the judgment of business. Although sophisticated people in small matters can be dealt with separately, one by one judge of course we look at co-ordination and overall planning, the homes were eager to learn none other than food for thought. Easy to read too much idle time, so strong is decorated with literary grace algae correction, depends on what is pedantic they be so state. They perfect nature, lack of experience and make reading deficiencies, build a natural talent like natural plants, pruning by study and know how to access; but that is, if not by experience, is another white elephant. There confute, ignorant Mu reading, and wise men use them to study, not their own much at large, is a wisdom without them, above them, won by observation. Interrogation of the study must not deliberately not to believe everything the book says, should not only Xunzhangzhaiju, but should be refined fine thinking. Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. In other words, to be read, some of those books also have only few to be read wholly to be deputy, and extracts. Reading the book also may be, whichever is made of them, but only once or value of the subject matter is not high compared with those who, otherwise, distilled books are like common distilled waters, flashy things.
Reading maketh1 a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man. And therefore, if a man write little, he had need have a great memory; if he confer little, he had need have a present wit; and if he read little, he had need have2 much cunning, to seem to know that he doth not. Histories make men wise; poets, witty; the mathermatics subtile; natural philosophy deep; moral, grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend. Abeunt studia in mores4. Nay, there is no stond or impediment in the wit, but may be wrought out by fit studies: like as diseases of the body may have appropriate exercises. Bowling is good for the stone and reins; shooting for the lungs and breast; gentle walking for the stomach; riding for the head; and the like. So if a man's wit be3 wandering, let him study the mathematics; for in demonstrations, if his wit be called away never so little, he must begin again: if his wit be not apt to distinguish or find differences, let him study the schoolmen; for they are cymini sectores5. It he be not apt to beat over matters, and to call up one thing, to prove and illustrate another, let him study the lawyers 'cases: so every defect of the mind may have a special receipt.
1 except they be: except they should be
1 maketh: old use makes
2 had need have: would require to have; ought to have
3 if a man's wit be wandering: if a man's wit should be wandering
4 Abeunt studia in mores: Latin from Ovid, Heroides, XV, 83: Studies pass into the character.
5 cymini sectores: Latin people who pay too much attention to details
[Translation]
First, Wang Zuoliang translation:
On reading
Studies serve for delight, for ornament enough, that are learned. To spend too much time and perhaps judge; its ornament, is in discourse; its length was also, in the judgment of business. Although sophisticated people in small matters can be dealt with separately, one by one judge of, but the general, overall plan, the homes were eager to learn none other than food for thought. Easy to read too much idle time, so strong is decorated with literary grace algae correction, depends on what is pedantic they be so state. They perfect nature, lack of experience and make reading the lack of natural abilities are like natural plants, pruning by study and know how to access; but that is, if not by experience, is another white elephant. There confute, ignorance, envy those who read, and wise men use them to study, not their own much at large, is a wisdom without them, above them, won by observation. Interrogation of the study must not deliberately not to believe everything the book says, should not only Xunzhangzhaiju, but should be refined fine thinking. Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. In other words, to be read, some of those books also have only few to be read wholly to be deputy, and extracts. Reading the book also may be, whichever is made of them, but only once or value of the subject matter is not high compared with those who, otherwise, distilled books are like common distilled waters, flashy things.
Second, Mr Yun-Fan Liaw
Of Studies
Contempt learning skills, shallow people and shocked them, and wise people able to use knowledge. Because the knowledge itself does not once use it to teach people, as to how to use it, it is beyond the knowledge, beyond the knowledge above, obtained by the observation of a clever too! Reading is not for the drug rebuttal, nor to blind faith in, nor to find talk of the information, but going to weigh and think.
Some books are just a tiny taste of some of the books can be the wolf swallowed, and some books to slowly, the long digestion. That is, some books are just Readings, some books are just browsing, some books had to be all intensive. Some books do not have to read the original, read their section of this enough, but are not the only important second-rate book: otherwise, often abridged as distilled water had the same bland.
Reading makes a full man, identified on a ready man, writing, subtle. If a man write little, he needs a strong memory; if he rarely debate on the need for wit; if he read little, to take a very cunning, for they do not understand something, pretend to know.
Third, the Sun has the translation
On Learning
Learning can be used as entertainment, as a decoration, but also can improve skills. Use it as entertainment, the Lord alone, in the final time off; is decorated in the discourse; as before, then right and wrong, between prudence; for technology professionals who can manage in a matter or even to judge a thing, but Only erudite men can only see the big picture, changes his mind.
Learning is a country addicted to idleness; country is learning to show off flashy; food not of the book is a scholar of great illness. Learning can improve the nature, and to perfect themselves through experience; because of the nature of it as the natural vegetation, still need pruning by study; and places a piece of paper is too empty, except to be bound by the experience.
Intelligent who despised learning, Yu Lu were the envy of learning, and wise use of learning; study itself does not teach people how to use; only observed beyond the learning can bring wisdom.
The length of study is not controversial, do not believe in blind obedience is not to talk, and designed to measure degree of reasonable intelligence.
Some books are to be tasted, some books can be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested, mastery; in other words, some books to read, but not timid; and a small number of books should be carefully read, study hard. Some books can be read by, you can also read the excerpt; but not only limited to those important arguments, and poorly written books; otherwise, books are like refined extract of the water as tasteless.
Reading makes a full, the old man of wit, notes, an exact man; Therefore, if a few people taking notes, he needed a superhuman memory; if he had rarely discussed, and that he needs aptitude; and if he is less reading, that he needs to have sufficient cunning to conceal his ignorance.
Histories make men wise, poets make intelligent, careful people count, natural philosophy deep, moral grave, logic and rhetoric to contend. |
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