[Chinese name]: black muntjac [Latin name]: muntiacus crinifrons [Common name]: red head deer, muntjac uncover his head, red head blue deer, Ugyen muntjac, also called Wu Fenghua deer [English name]: black fronted muntjac [Product Name]: Musk [National key protected animal level: a [World Conservation Union (iucn)]: Vulnerable [Endemic]: Yes [Endangerment]: endangered [Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Fauna and Flora (cites)]: Appendix i [Environment]: mossy forest, savanna [To risk factors]: the biological characteristics of species, habitat destruction, hunting for food is because trade is hunting [Domestic distribution: Zhejiang, Anhui, Yunnan, Guangdong [Taxonomy]: Animal world: (animalia) Door: Animal phylum (chordata) Class: Mammalia (mammalia) Head: Artiodactyla (artiodactyla) Family: Cervidae (cervida) Genus: Muntiacus (muntiacus)
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Shape characteristics
Black muntjac deer class size is larger species. Length 100 ~ l10 cm, about 60 cm tall at the shoulder and weighing 21 to 26 kg. Male angular, there is a cluster of up to 5 to 7 cm long brown crested between the angle of the handle, top of the head and horns. Winter hair dark brown upper body; increased summer hair brown ingredients. The tail is longer, generally more than 20 cm, black back, abdominal and caudal tail white coat, white tail is very eye-catching. After the amount of nuchal eyes are clusters of fresh brown, light brown or yellow hair, and sometimes can cover two short horns have not see "Pengtou deer" is the name comes from.
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Distribution
Black deer is our specialty animal, no subspecies, very narrow distribution range, found only in Zhejiang Tonglu, Angie, Yuhang, Linan, Fuyang, Zhuji, Jiande, Chun, Dongyang, Jinhua, civilized, Changshan, Qu , Suichang, Wuyi, Jin Yun and Longquan, Qingyuan County, occasionally in coastal counties; Anhui Guangde, Ningguo, Jing County, Qingyang, guichi, stone, peace, Jingde, Jixi, Shexian, Xiuning, Yixian County, Keemun, east counties; Jiangxi Wuyuan, Yushan County; Pucheng County, Fujian Province, the entire distribution area near the four provinces and 39 counties, an area of about 76,500 square kilometers.
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Environment
The main habitat at an altitude of 1000 meters and evergreen montane evergreen broad-leaved forest, deciduous broad-leaved mixed forest and bushes, higher than any other deer habitat class position.
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Habits
Thatched leaves in early spring often find grass; summer living in higher-lying forest, often in shady or near water, occasionally to the alpine meadows; winter downward migration in the snow when forced to move under to a nearby hillside farmland, mostly in sunny activities. Most of the activities in the morning and evening, often during the day or in the cave to rest in the large tree roots, steep local activities when there are more fixed routes, often stampede out of 16 to 20 cm wide trail, but there is no place in the gentle fixed routes. Cowardice, and strong sense of fear, a little ring immediately ran into the bushes to hide. Average male and female pairs together, covert activities, there are areas, generally the range of activities in the field, but also has the amazing ability to swim. There are walk foraging behavior within a certain range foraging and forth until eat up. Mainly in the herb leaves and twigs for food, range up to hundreds of species, including agaric, Cephalotaxaceae, moments rotundifolia Itea, azalea, Kadsura, Beaufortia red. Was found in its stomach some meat block, indicating that it can occasionally eat animal food, which is unique in the deer's. Black deer is our specialty animal, no subspecies, very narrow distribution range, found only in Anhui, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Fujian and other places. Black muntjac main habitat at an altitude of 1000 meters and evergreen montane evergreen broad-leaved forest, deciduous broad-leaved mixed forest and bushes, higher than any other deer habitat class position. Thatched leaves in early spring often find grass; summer living in higher-lying forest, often in shady or near water, occasionally to the alpine meadows; winter downward migration in the snow when forced to move under to the nearby hillside farmland, large in sunny activities. Most of the activities in the morning and evening, often during the day or in the cave to rest in the large tree roots, steep local activities when there are more fixed routes, often walked the trail 16-20 cm wide, but there is no place in the gentle fixed routes. Average male and female pairs together, covert activities, there are areas, generally the range of activities in the field, but also has the amazing ability to swim. Mainly in the herb leaves and twigs for food, range up to hundreds of species, including agaric, Cephalotaxaceae, moments rotundifolia Itea, azalea, Kadsura, Beaufortia red. Even more surprising is that its stomach was found in some meat block, indicating that it can occasionally eat animal food, which is unique in the deer's.
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Growth and reproduction
Black Muntjac breed all year round, no clear seasonal. About six months pregnant, Aberdeen 1 per child. Postpartum estrus and pregnancy can be estimated yields up 3 tires every four years. Artificial propagation: Hefei Wild Animal Park since 1978 began black muntjac (muntiacus crinifrons) for feeding and breeding, in 1989, the first child of black deer breeding captive born, to the end of 2001 a total 51 black deer breeding, breeding population is at the rapid growth period . The results of 13 years of breeding statistics show that female reproductive captive deer to produce an average of 12 births (mostly in 11-13 months, a few only 6-9 months), pregnancy around 240d, lactation 2-3 months, a small number of female deer to postpartum estrus, but few have two three calving phenomenon. Captive black deer mating more in the September-November 4-July calving (80.39%). Captive lower (7.84%) black deer juvenile mortality, adult black deer died of gastrointestinal and respiratory infections (56%). Scientists on the individual behavior of 12 major exchanges adult black muntjac and individuals made preliminary observations and research, found that captive black deer feeding throughout the day, just after 16:30 there is a smaller peak feeding, rest time proportion changed little. Affected by external factors such as interference visitors, the black muntjac day have a higher value of vigilance behavior, while the high frequency of exercise behavior occurs, after a break, especially after dark from 13:30 pm muntjac and more in motion, And in most cases with a clear intention of foraging. Black muntjac exchanges between individuals occurred in the twilight, more performance for sex (53.07%) and intimacy (46.15%) between male and female, between the female estrogen mainly for harassment (68.35%) and intimacy (31.65%), while among Xiongxiong is mainly for the conduct of hostilities.
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Population status
Before the 1950s, most Chinese zoologists believe that a lot of black muntjac number, but after several surveys conducted found that black muntjac narrow distribution area, the number is very scarce. In other countries, many countries want to get the black muntjac zoo on display. However, according to records, just get over four foreign black deer specimens. So far not live in any other country Zoo exhibited. Even in China, only one or two zoo exhibited twelve. Because black deer in the wild, hard to find, harder to catch live, is one of the most precious deer internationally recognized. Resulting in reduced distribution area black muntjac and falling populations of black muntjac required because the living conditions of mountain forests, and mountain development, excessive deforestation, the destruction of their habitats, so that the black muntjac distribution becomes narrow. Currently, distribution is limited to 27.5 ° -31.0 ° n, within the scope of the four provinces 117.0 ° -121.50 ° e between the 39 counties, narrow distribution of means to reduce the number of populations and poaching still serious. Wild black muntjac has two distribution centers, one in southern Anhui, Zhejiang and the other in the west, only the total number of 5000 to 6000. Qingliangfeng now been established, ancient cattle drop, Jiulong, Fengyang mountain nature reserve in two central areas. 2003 - December 3, Gutian Mountain Nature Reserve on distribution, population density and conservation status of the black muntjac were investigated. The results showed that the main habitat of black muntjac Gutianshan 1 000m in altitude from 800 to area, but the population density is estimated based on the protected area of black muntjac transect method, the results showed that the average density of black muntjac area 3.30 ± 0.45 只 / km2. ANOVA showed that there was a significant difference (f2, 37 = 19.31, p <0.01) core zone, buffer zone, the experimental area population density black deer. From the entire protected area, the population density of the black muntjac different seasons did not change significantly (f3, 36 = 0.36, p> 0.05), seasonal changes in the spatial distribution of food may be black muntjac altitude choice for an important reason for the change, forest area loss and poaching deer population is black main factors affecting the survival of the region stable.
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Research and conservation
In other countries, not only the black muntjac zoo so far have not been exhibited in any foreign country, and only 1-2 pieces of specimen collection, even the country's zoos, also exhibited only 1-2 only, so it is internationally recognized as the most One deer precious. Currently there are wild black muntjac two distribution centers, one in southern Anhui, Zhejiang and the other in the west, only about 5000-6000 only total. Qingliangfeng now been established, ancient cattle drop, Jiulong, Fengyang mountain nature reserve in two central areas. Studies have higher economic value. Jiulong Mountain National Nature Reserve to start "black muntjac home field research project," November 24, 2007 Aims to identify the main features of a black deer habitat _select_ion and utilization, thereby creating the most suitable habitat for the survival of the black muntjac ecological environment, to better protect this endangered species research in Jiulong Mountain National Nature Reserve before starts. Black muntjac is included in the "Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora" (cites) Appendix Ⅰ List of our unique threatened species worldwide, is a national key protected wild animals. Black muntjac is internationally recognized as one of the most precious deer. Black muntjac narrow distribution range, currently only distributed in Zhejiang, Anhui, Jiangxi, Fujian Province 4 and Zhejiang-based. According to the survey, the Jiulong Mountain National Nature Reserve, about 350-450 more than just black deer, black deer in Jiulong showing the distribution of wide distribution, quantity, high population density characteristics. In recent years, through continuous efforts to enhance the protection, improve the ecological environment, expanding habitat area, Jiulong Mountain Nature Reserve has become China's most important black muntjac distribution centers are concentrated in the country's largest wild area black deer populations. Jiulong Mountain Nature Reserve for rescue, maintenance and development of black deer populations of this species continued survival and development of protected areas with other irreplaceable important role. This study, the scientists will be in the Jiulong Mountain National Nature Reserve, collected in different seasons of fresh feces black muntjac, and gps positioning, extracted genomic dna from the feces and sex chromosomes identified according to analyze the black muntjac home range of features to explore the seasonal variation of home domain. Jiulong Mountain Nature Reserve, according to the engineer in charge of wildlife research for this project, will evaluate the quality of the living environment of the black muntjac, determining habitat area provide an important basis for research in population ecology and conservation science aspects of black muntjac has important significance.