Chinese name: muskrat Generic: muskrat are rodents, Cricetidae, muskrats are, Commonly known as: Aone mink, musk rat Name: its perineal musk glands to produce secretions similar to the name. And because they live in water, good swimming, and water rats, water rats said. Distribution: Native North America, was introduced to the early 20th century Europe. Began in 1957 successively in China, Heilongjiang, Xinjiang, Shandong, Qinghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Hubei, Guangdong, Guizhou and other places keeping.
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Morphological characteristics of muskrat
Muskrat fur is a small precious animals. Body like a big rat, 35 to 40 cm in length, tail length of 23 ~ 25 cm, large-bodied than the voles, weighing 0.8 to 1.2 kg. Muskrat dense hair over the body, the back is black or chestnut brown yellow, brownish gray belly. Tail brownish black, slightly flat side, the quality of the films above scaly skin, dark brown with sparse Soke. Just to live independently away from the nest of mice, the tail side of the flat is not obvious. Muskrat small head, slightly flat, short and thick neck and trunk no clear boundaries. Eye small, ears hidden in long hair into a short, hairy ears are blocked. Mouth rounded, a beard. Upper and lower jaws have a pair of long, sharp front teeth, pale yellow or deep yellow, exposed on the outer lip. Short limbs, the first full four toes, sharp claws, toes not webbed hind feet slightly longer than the front feet, toes half webbed, and bristles. Zokor and muskrat have a similar distinction should be noted. Zokor than muskrat small size, tail length of only 5 to 6 cm, not flat cylindrical side of their hind toes not webbed, body hair lighter in color.
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Ecological habits of muskrats
(A) environmental conditions require 1. Strict temperature requirements Muskrat adaptable, temperature and humidity requirements are not very strict, it can be cold in the Northeast China, Northwest drought survival and reproduction can also be warm and humid in the south, and even high-temperature hot _set_tled. 2. Like the cave by the water Muskrat often inhabit low-lying areas, wetlands, lakes, rivers, ponds on both sides of lush plants in these places, the environment quiet. They are mainly distributed in the cave shore, in shallow cattail reeds and grass, and some objects in the water rafting on the nest. Is a branch of the cave, there are many blind road fork, which has several grain silos, feed storage and there are several channels through to where there is water. (B) of the activity rhythm Muskrat love the activities, but because of the relative obesity, short limbs, body bowed to the ground, so the range is relatively small, but also relatively fixed, regional strong, but events of the time, frequency, route also has a certain regularity. Muskrat love swimming in the water so easily, diving a strong ability for 2 minutes does not appear, case of 5-minute dive when predators do not breath for up to 7 minutes. Velocity of advance of 20 per minute to 35 meters. In the shallow water in summer, autumn and winter in deep water. Muskrat aggressive, covert action, in general, groups of rats of different families is difficult to get along, and mostly in groups based on kinship, and in severe fighting the enemy, often at casualties. Muskrat visual and olfactory rather dull, but the hearing is very sensitive.
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Muskrat reproduction and growth and development
(A) Reproduction 1. Sexual maturity period Muskrat generally sexually mature at 6 months of age, can be mated. 2. Sexual performance (1) Anestrous 13 to 20 days, maternal emotional stability, and refused to male rats followed the vulva closed and dry, shrink vulva skin was yellowish white. (2) proestrus 1 to 2 days, showing excitement anxiety, crying from time to time, great attention to every move of male rats, but declined to male rats Pa Kua. The genitals of the female mice began to relax, and the emergence of moist, resulting in mild swelling, genital mucosa pink. (3) extend the time of estrus 2 to 3 days, the excitement of the female rats increased, the increased frequency chirping, frequency accelerated. Significantly decreased appetite, congestive enlargement of the vulva, vaginal opening the door and there was a lot of mucus out of purple. Estrus female rats like to pursue male rats in the water, soon after landing to make bending arched position, accept the males of the Pa Kua mate. (4) 1 to 2 days post-estrus, from a highly excited state gradually become normal, increased appetite. Stop crying and refused to male rats Pa Kua. Genital swelling subsided, reducing the opening to close the vulva, the color from purple slowed, the red light was normal, vaginal secretions are greatly reduced. 3. Mating and reproduction Muskrat has the following characteristics: (1) 2 or 3 days after calving can be "blood with" 15 days after delivery may also be re-mating. But neither of these cases, very small chance of pregnancy, and only the second estrous cycle in order to mate pregnant. (2) multiple mating in the water, and mostly carried out in the early morning or evening. (3) the next morning after mating, female rats, the vagina can check out the seminal vesicle secretion in male rats formed bolt of white tubular gel, this bolt if removed, may again accept the mating female rats, otherwise, no longer accepting mate. (4) to accept the mating female rats, most of the litter can breed. Muskrat is a multi-parity animals. (5) a very short gestation period of deer mice, only 27 to 28 days per child 6 to 9 can be litter. Theoretically a maternal breed every year 20 to 25 only. In fact, muskrat breeding parity, only a few addition to climatic conditions, but also with the kinds of sources, feeding management, feed water conditions, is closely related to many aspects of disease control. (B) growth characteristics
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Muskrat food
A very muskrat love to feed on aquatic plants, the shoots, twigs, leaves, fruits and roots, tubers are on good food. Terrestrial weeds, wild and young parts and fruits of woody plants is also a good food. Crops such as vegetables, fruits, stems and leaves of food crops and cereals, beans, seeds and other fine materials is an important food supplement. Muskrat to grass-based foods, eat very little animal food, feed, generally less than in the plant or the breeding season, muskrats, need feeding during illness occurs only when occasionally eat small animals, such as the mussel, snail, mixed fish, loach and so on. In addition to fresh feed, feed, muskrats, have the habit of eating soft dung, feces will be his new re-eat them for further digestion and absorption of nutrients, such as proteins, salts, vitamins and so on.
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Rodenticide use and economic value of deer
Muskrat fur is a small precious animals. Male muskrat breeding period in April-September through the reproductive system of a muskrat muskrat musk glands, with strong aromatic smell of crack. Muskrat Both as a valuable Chinese herbs instead of musk, but also the raw material for production of high perfume. Muskrat musk ketone containing down, seventh ring flavanone and other ingredients, in addition to the natural musk has the same effects, but also extend the blood clotting time, can prevent thrombosis. Muskrat oil Can be used to soap, leather and cutlery paint, fuel and paint industry, additional agents. Muskrat or a high economic value of animal fur, fur quality of mink skin deep with comparable abundance of dense soft fur, a special watershed functions, cold and warm properties, and is made of fine fur raw materials. Muskrat country as a key development has been fur animals, has been designated by the State acquisition of fur, the international trade market of more than a million, while the amount of the acquisition of only a few hundred thousand. Therefore, muskrat fur into the international market prospects. Muskrat are herbivores, strong adaptability and breeding fast, the natural habitat in different areas and different environments. Easy feeding, low cost, easy management, high economic efficiency.
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Artificial breeding muskrat
(A) construction of sheds Large farms use more standard artificial shelter, commonly used cages backyard. In any case, the pens have a muskrat nest room, playground, pool of three parts. Within the nest chamber is divided into two rooms and outside the room, the room large, outside the room can be smaller. Litter within the room is used, outside the rest room is used. Specific forms can be varied, divided into two types of flat-and three-dimensional. 1. Flat sheds Flat-type ring is three parts in a plane height. Flat underside of sheds, walls must be masonry brick, cement pointing. Can be determined according to the size of the farm a few or more connected together, the size of ministries, as long as can be relatively reasonable, not very strict. Sports in the direction toward the pool to be slightly tilted, the front room near the nest repair a small platform for feeding, rest. Top of the stadium with barbed wire or asbestos coverage, but to stay feeding port. Smooth with cement pool, to ensure there is sufficient depth (0.2 to 0.3 meters), the pool side of the stadium to be made by the ramp-like, easy to bottom. Pool drain holes to be located in order to change the water. Incubation of this circle together for breeding muskrats. 2. Vertical sheds Nest in the upper room and playground, and down through the ladder connected. This sheds easy winter insulation and summer heatstroke, but also can rest and propagation environment to keep dry on the reproductive advantage. Breeders should consult a seal hole, all closed, floor, room-type nest construction methods. 3. Pups group raised pens After the pups grow into young rats should be kept separate, it should be the establishment of specialized pups pens. Rats weighing about 0.5 kg can concentrate feeding, the pens of the nest room, playground and pool are shared. But not longer than 100 days of polyculture, easy to bite planes, causing skin damage and even death. (B) Introduction Began to build the field keeping the field to start buying all kinds of expanded reproduction, to a certain size before making _select_ion. The introduction of the process from mouse, there is a part should be attached great importance to the _select_ion and transport. 1. Species of mice _select_ed (1) the optimal time to buy kinds of time for the annual 3 to 4 months and 9 to 10 months. At this point neither hot nor cold, easy to transport, and is in the best period of growth and development. (2) the best choice from mouse age 5 to 10 months old rats as a species of mice bred. The general spring of that year in the fall should be cited mice bred their first child; the spring should be _select_ed the first year of the second and third children bred mice. (3) _Select_ options conjunctiva moist skin, eyes God, lively, well-proportioned body, hair neat uniform, consistent color and brightness, rich velvet underground, flexible hairs bred mice. Individual male rats required large, powerful hind legs stout, slender body maternal requirement, the higher limbs. (4) Sex with muskrat is difficult to separate the male and female appearance. Mice bred from the following areas of gender integrated to determine: ① anus distance from the urinary gonopore, the mother is about common ratio 1 / 3. ② between the anus and urinary gonopore hairs, dense hair male and female hair thinning. ③ turn Grilled urinary gonopore, round purple glans exposed for the public, if the pink hole (vagina) to the mother. ④ touch in front of both sides of the urinary gonopore, if elevated, is the male mice (hump in the epididymis and the musk glands is), if not, compared to female rats. ⑤ voiding characteristics, lift-off between the end of the voiding, usually to the head row of male mice, female mice to the rear row. ⑥ bolder behavior, temperament is a brutal male rats. (5), preferably from different places, or from different farms in the same place, or the same group of family farms in the different mouse _select_ion, in order to prevent the degradation caused by close relatives. 2. Species of mice transport (1) best small cages, each cage 1, 2 or 4 cages can be connected together to form a "public - Mother - Mother - Public" Four in One, we can avoid aggressive male mice fighting each other to bite casualties, but also conducive to transport. (2) before shipment to feed the full feed, cage and put some green succulent feed, to free feed. To prepare an ample supply of long-distance transport melon, radish, cabbage and other water and more feed. Automobile transportation to shelter against the wind, rain, avoid day, the train transport should pay attention to ventilation. (3) en route to observe the mental state at any time, hot summer day more than the water bath to ensure drinking water. Water bath, the ramp into the cage big tub filled with water, let rats immersed in water, bare head can breathe. (C) Nutrition and Feeding For the nutritional needs of muskrat, currently has only just begun to study the past, farmers are estimated based on experience, it is unscientific. Because of the small, their opinions are not uniform, we _select_ only the most realistic test results introduced to everyone, that level of growth and development of nutritional research. Studies have shown that digestible energy and crude protein requirements can directly affect the level of body size of muskrats, hides rate and reproductive performance. When the same genetic condition, the feed protein concentration in the growth rate became a major factor in rats. Test shows that the level of dietary crude protein and 18% to 20%, its best daily gain and feed efficiency, protein concentration is too high, there will be no good results, but results in protein feed waste. In the feed, in addition to earlier introduced muskrat edible food, the highlight a number of muskrats do not like to eat and poison the plants, they are odoratum, small odoratum, purple Wan, cocklebur, Aconitum, Ranunculaceae, bulbul, mountain peony, clematis, side marigold, Thalictrum, Long Rui, Araceae, castor, tobacco, celandine, cannabis, hemlock, Rumex, rhamnose, Solanum nigrum, Mandolin dill, ephedra and so on. (D) Raising Management of 1. For feeding and management of breeding period For breeding to the breeding of the transition from the resting stage, usually in 1 to 3 months, about 100 days. The main task of this period is to promote the rapid development of reproductive organs to ensure a normal breeding period of function. (1) supply adequate vitamin a, vitamin e fed some malt, carrots, etc., while water supply sufficient conditions for swimming. (2) Adjust the high fat diet reduces body condition of the supply, increase physical activity, enhance physical fitness, too thin to enhance nutrition. Maintain regular contact with people, easy manual operation. (3) of Waterloo, matching _select_ion age 5 to 10 months of age in mice bred to do from mouse, to avoid matching the case of close relatives, and out over fat, too lean. Adaptive training is necessary before pairing, the method is the first age, body size, two individuals with similar body weight, were installed in the interval of a rectangular wire cages so that they separated from each other, network sniffing, see bite Eventually, a few hours or 1 to 2 days, if similar goals, and to be together. 2. Breeding period of feeding and management (2) feed supply of the types of rats (especially in male rats) and a great need to strengthen nutrition, fresh and delicious at this time to feed plants, animal feed supplement and vitamin a, vitamin e, etc., should be at the noon feeding disposable supplies as well. (3) to ensure full breeding environment for the pool water clean, to ensure water quality, due to mating in the water. To keep the environment quiet, light to dark, if necessary, to pens covered with black cloth. 3. Feeding and management during pregnancy (1) 10 days after mating, female rats with the left hand grasp the tail, lift, make it front paws holding the cage wall, his right hand was "eight" shape in the maternal abdominal wall gently in the direction from the groin to the chest, groping, such as touch to peanut size, slide and is not easily caught in the embryo. (2) ensure that more than one child nutrition muskrats, Aberdeen, embryonic development fast, require a lot of nutrition, the key is to feed on good quality feed, fresh and diverse, to ensure that the protein, vitamins, minerals needs. Without attention to nutrition, often cause miscarriage, stillbirth or low earners. (4) is mainly to clean nests prenatal preparation room, laid out bedding, reinforcement pens, resulting in a stable environment for litter size and avoid harassment. If the dams are frightened, it will rampage, sometimes eat pups just born, or discard Hello, starved to death. 4. Calving feeding and management of the 1 to 2 days in the prenatal, male rats busy up and transport it to the interior side of the floc produced maternal nest of grass, with the grass side of the door leading to the stadium blocked strict, very busy, which means that female rats will be in labor. 5. Offspring of nursing and sex identification 6. Pups growing season of feeding and management Offspring can be a room 20 days, 30 days weaning (at the latest 40 days). Can be first robust, large separation of the individual, after the split small, weak. Rats have snack habits, feeding times are generally 3 to 4 times per day, close to mature after 60 days, according to the constant feeding, or a daily per 350 grams, 50 grams of concentrate. To Qinhuan water, ground clean, diligent food, pay attention to inspection, in particular, to help shore of the pups can not swim on shore, so as not to drown. 7. Overwintering Management
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Muskrat fur processing
Muskrat fur beaver fur processing and the processing is the same, you can peel into a sheet, you can peel into a cylinder shape, the early processing of the process is sub-scraping oil, on the last, dry three steps, but the last board size is somewhat different.
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Muskrat's take Hong technology
Hong can be taken in vivo and dead on. (A) of the dead body to take the Hong In the peeling, it will be carefully peeled off Sachet, musk sacs in the male rat urine and gonopore along the line in front of the belly, take capsule, the first clamp or clamp the open end that is pinching the urethra, and then make careful dissection of a hand, like stripping pig as to prevent peeling bad, take off the top film, and then pull to the side edge of stripping off from the roots, the Hong removed. (B) to take Hong living Hong before taking required muskrat Baoding Baoding made of barbed wire roll cage, the cage was cone-shaped, 30 cm long, 5 cm opening in the upper and lower openings 15 cm. The male end of a hand-held, head into the cage of Baoding, when the drill into the openings, the rats quickly grabbed the neck of even the cage Baoding good. Thumb and index finger with another person, the exact location of touch Sachet, first gently massage for a while, and then ranked Hong tube squeeze a few openings, so that row of chewing smooth, then the upper part of the capsule from the scent glands down by the Ministry of Section massage and squeeze, balsam will flow out from the mouth foreskin. Another hand-held test tubes or glass bottles to undertake balsam. Hong mining side, and then adopt the other side. Hong taken when the force should be appropriate, so that the pain caused by inhibition of secretion of muskrats incense.
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Disease prevention and control muskrat
First, pasteurellosis Diseased mice, mainly through drinking water, feed or exogenous infection induced the disease. Diseased mice show poor feeding, hair disheveled, breathing speed up, difficult, a small number of hind limb paralysis, muscle spasm contraction, and the sudden on_set_, often multi-body better the on_set_ of symptoms, no diarrhea, but some anal, urinary pore pull of blood, and more died in the pool Prevention: 1. Injectable ofloxacin (without penicillin, the bacterium is not sensitive to penicillin), strictly dose (according to the label instructions) for intramuscular injection 0.2 ml per mouse injection 0.3 ml, twice daily, with Note 2 days to 3 days. 2. Vanguard ADM by intramuscular injection, 0.15 ml per mouse injected with injection 3 days. 3. Danofloxacin with anthracene, Pakistan bacteria gram powder or norfloxacin (crushed) Mix the amount of concentrated feed according to the instruction, feeding 2 days to 3 days, such as anthracene enoxacin not buy drugs, bacteria grams of powder or bus available Stir in concentrated feed with ciprofloxacin, twice daily feeding time, even the feed 2 days to 3 days. 4. Fed fresh feed of concentrated feed external pollution sources if possible, the essence of the original feed is not eaten should be discarded, the replacement of fresh feed, and after sterilization temperature (cool down) and then mixed with drug feeding. 5. Of tools, utensils, nest cage and ground strict disinfection, disinfectants used to Soviet children, bleaching powder, potassium permanganate, lime, powerful sterilizing agent, and increase the flow of air inside to ensure clean drinking water. Chinese medicine treatment (50 of ~ 100 pairs of prescription volume muskrat): Huang Bai Pi Scutellaria 30 grams 30 grams Chrysanthemum Dandelion 15 grams 15 grams Berberine 15 grams 30 grams of Neem bark Dioscorea bulbifera double flowers 10 grams 20 grams Ban Langen 30 grams 30 grams white beans Jianzhi then mix with concentrated feed, with feed for 3 days. Chinese Spring and Autumn can be fried three times, twice taking the summer fried. Second, pseudo-rabies Pseudorabies, also known as Alzheimer's disease, because of muskrat by air, feed and other exogenous infection and disease. Sudden on_set_, coma, death for straight two hind legs (the two hind legs were paralyzed before he died like.) The difference between the disease and rabies: no itching, do not bite the cage, the incidence of sudden, short course, do not attack humans, lower jaw and the two front legs are not paralyzed, and the two hind limb paralysis (for straight after the death of the two hind legs), anal basic clean, not See blood. Prevention: 1. Replace unused suspicious feed, feed on replacement feeding after high-temperature sterilization and let cool. 2. Caused by a virus, so care should increase the air flow field. 3. To prevent pollution of feed is norvegicus, usually strictly kept. 4. Exchange cage bedding, spare bedding thoroughly after exposure to spare. 5. Chick embryo cells injected with potassium hydroxide aldehyde vaccine. 6. IM can also be used ofloxacin (10% incorporation of the virus spirit, together with injection), each 0.6 ml, 2 times a day, even the injection for 2 days. 7. Nest on the ground and the cage will be harsh with 3% sodium, strong spiritual or hot ash solution disinfection disinfection. The disease is no better medication, but can the (Pasteurella disease) prescription medicine treatment (elimination heat, detoxification, sterilization), fed twice a day, morning and night, while in the concentrated feed ring mix Western Star for the C sand combination therapy, will soon control the disease potential. Potential disease control and fed with nutrient-rich concentrate and palatability of the tender green material, usually with a small amount of oxytetracycline or virus spiritual mix concentrated feed, feed 3 days, stopped 7 days, and so forth. Third, paratyphoid (salmonellosis) Significant seasonal, especially 6 months to August the most susceptible to infection. Main symptoms are fever Diarrhea, stool special smell, after the death of anatomy enlarged spleen to 8 times 5 times and also 5 times to 10 times of the spleen Dirty dark red. Prevention: 1. Of water, did not repeal the original finish of the suspicious feed, ensure the supply of nutritious palatability Strong feed. 2. In severe cases of the disease, the first 6 to 0.2 ml intramuscular injection of penicillin can also be served furazolidone or Chloramphenicol, tetracycline, chlortetracycline (pour crushed against the service.) 3. Muskrats in the whole group of concentrated feed mix fed in one of these drugs, and even fed for 3 days. 4. Isolated diseased mice, a separate treatment. 5. Increase the air flow inside. Fourth, coccidiosis Once the outbreak of the disease, will also have a loss, it is 4 times per year off coccidia. Particular species of mice to the scene to destroy a coccidia, then 4 times per year. Available g ball powder, Robenidine, pagoda of sugar, medicine, "coccidia King" and so on, use the amount according to the instructions fed concentrated feed mix. Most people raise muskrats on pasteurellosis focus on prevention and control of pasteurellosis great "scared" of the state. In fact, Pasteurella disease is rare, and intestinal parasites are a serious hazard, is often overlooked by breeders. Not only intestinal parasites coccidia, and there are not even testing experts call the name on the worm parasites, so clear the kill all kinds of intestinal parasites of utmost importance.