Mamluk Guard: Egypt Sudan thirteenth century began to use slaves standing army composed of cavalry. After the Arab conquest of Egypt in Egypt as a province of the Arab Empire, ruled here 202 years (969-1171 years). After the Kurdish Saladin exterminate Arabs Fatimid, Ayyubid dynasty established. 13th century, when the Mongols began expedition, a large number of Turks within the Abbasid westward migration, came to Egypt and Syria. Ayub Abbasid dynasty like the same as a ban on expropriation of these Turks Guard, said the Mamluk (ie slaves) Guard. Since about Attendants Sudan, Mamluk Guard forces on the increase, after they arrogated the position of the Sudan, the establishment of a military oligarchy, this is the Mamluk dynasty in history. The role of the family and the rulers Mamluk dynasty in the history of their plays do, into the early Mamluk (1250-1390) and late (1390-1517 years). Early Mamluk Sultan who are Turkic people. They ruled Egypt for up to 140 years. Because these Turks were originally stationed in the barracks of the Nile Rhode Island, where it is called Bohai Department (Hezhou Department) Mamluk.
Mamluk dynasty founder is Aegina Baker. During the last 苏丹撒利哈 Ayyubid rule, Egypt suffered a war.撒利哈 passed away on November 23, 1249, his wife, a former slave She Zheer. Toure has not made funeral secret until his ex-wife's son Sali Ha Moazzam Malik · sudden Lansha back from Mesopotamia to Egypt. However, right after mastering Lansha not reuse the Mamluk Guard, but partial letter he brought from Mesopotamia soldiers. 1250, when the sudden Lansha trying to weaken the Mamluk forces, Mamluk Guard and 舍哲尔 conspire to kill. She Zheer claiming to be Muslims queen. She monopoly regime up to 80 days, with money in his own name cast in Friday Prayers prayers to recite her name. At that time, military rights rests in the Mamluk princes Turks Aegina Baker hands. When Aegina Baker was elected as Sudan's army, She Zheer married him soon. In Houshezheer assassinated Aegina Baker, but she is not Mamluks who support, soon after, she was assassinated. Aegina Noureddine Baker's son Mansoor Ali (reigned 1257-1259) and Ali Adams soil protection people have succeeded library.
Sri Lanka's ruling marks the library soil early Mamluk dynasty entered a period of development. Library soil Adams also Turks. Young Mongols had been captured, sold in the slave markets of Damascus. Aegina Baker bought him after he brought the liberation of Egypt, and entrusted with the task. Aegina Baker's death, he was young master Ali Atta Burke (Tutor), assisted Ali. Soon after, he deposed the young master, independence for Sudan (reigned 1259-1260). His men were killed shortly after General Baiboersi. Baiboersi Luke Ni · · · Zahir Ding (reigned 1260-1277) became the Mamluk dynasty fourth Sudan. Baiboersi the north shore of the Caspian Sea was originally a slave Kipchak Turkic tribes, Ayyubid dynasty 苏丹撒利哈 bought brought him to Cairo, beginning Guards captain. He was ordered Bong library land as he led the army against the Mongols, defeated the Mongol generals are not scared to spend. As a result of Aleppo after exploits obtainable held manors, was rejected after killing libraries soil Adams himself as Sudan. After his death in 1277, his eldest son, Kai Lai white throne (reigned 1277-1279). But two years later deposed. Baiboersi young as seven years old son Sailamishi throne. A Baiboersi alive when it is known to brave generals Gellar warm as his protector. However, shortly after Gellar temperature on instead, become Sudan. Gellar temperature was originally a Turkic slave Kipchak tribe. When they were young was sold to Egypt to 1000 dinars 苏丹撒利哈, so nicknamed 艾勒菲, meaning "daughter of slaves." Gellar temperature after death, the empire passed to his son, his descendants kept the throne of four generations of years, until 1382. Sudan is one of the famous Nasir (1293-1340).
Nasir's death, the early Mamluk dynasty entered a period of decline. Nasir's 12 sons in 42 years (1340-1382) years, has succeeded to the throne, they are more a figurehead Sudan, state power rests in the hands of their powerful minister, the de facto ruler of arbitrary dethronement, or assassination Sudan. This 12 Sudan have not done much. In Nasir's great-grandsons Salie Ha Ha only. Ibn homes ears classes (1381-1382 years ,1389-1390 year) reign, a soldier named Bell solitary cells replace Gellar warm family. Bell solitary cell temperature during the reign of force is Gellar collection Mongolian Saiga West Asia and _set_ up, they are no longer the Turks.
Mamluk dynasty of Turkic historical status
Turks during the Mamluk dynasty ruled Egypt, the history of the world has made three significant contributions.
13th century, Egypt, Syria and Palestine in these areas are at the intersection of Eastern and Western Mongols Crusaders on these two invading forces. Egypt and Syria, has become an international center of politics, the Mamluks in the political center has played a significant role.
The beginning of the Mamluk dynasty established, the task is to consolidate the kingdom faced and defend the frontier. After Aegina Baker eliminate the alien forces in the country, most of the time is spent on the battlefield, Syria, Palestine and Egypt. Mainly in areas with Ayyubid rulers struggle. To the library during the soil Si Sudan, Mamluk people face the Mongol invasion. In order to prevent the Mongol expedition, to defend Egypt and Syria, Mamluk dynasty sultans Turkic and Mongol army has gone through many battles, most notably: 1260 Battle of Ain Zha Lute, 1281 Holmes battles and 苏法尔 campaign of 1303.
When Turkic Mamluks who replaced Kurdish Ayyubid dynasty in Egypt became the ruler of Egypt, when the Mongolian steppe in the Far East, the Mongols being held tribal council (1251). Montgomery meeting profusely Persian Khanate (ie Iraqi children Khanate) to his brother Hulagu, he continued westward to conquer: "we must follow the strait from the Amu Darya to the end of the vast areas of land and Egypt Genghis Khan habits and decrees. yield for obedience and command the people you want to bestow grace and treat them for recalcitrant people let them suffer humiliation. " After the Mongols captured in Baghdad in February 1258, and then began the conquest of Syria and Egypt. Syria and Palestine at that time belonged to the three spheres of influence: Crusaders occupied the coastal areas of some cities; Prince Ayub each branch of the family to Karak line Aleppo licensed land; Egypt controls the Carolina Mamou Lukesudan Nablus, Jerusalem to Gaza's coastal areas. The three are not powerful, and mutual hostility. April 6, 1260 in Damascus surrendered. After three weeks, the Mongolian army completed the Muslim conquest of Syria. Hulagu sent a messenger with a letter to surrender Cairo. Library soil Adams called the minister of war to discuss strategy, but the views are agitated, today. Library land as a final decision against the Mongolian army, ordered the army to recruit nationwide, Taoyi punishable by flogging. In order to raise the pay, library land as command and spawned taxes levied on income.
July 26, 1260, the rate of land as the library 12,000 soldiers to Baiboersi for Pioneer, marched from the Cairo Citadel Syria, accompanied by Egyptian refuge there to Arabs, Syrians and Turks. Front line, killing three people Mongolian envoy and his entourage. Library soil Adams called the Egyptian people take action and participate in the defense of the Islamic Jihad. At the time, Frank Phillips Aga occupying soldiers on Mamluk army provided assistance, they allow Mamluk army over its territory and the Aga city supplement forage. Allow Mamluk army after leaving Aga, you can enter through the Galilee to the Jordan Frankish possessions. Franks to support early Mamluk army very favorable.
September 3, 1260, the Egyptian military confrontation with the Mongolian army in the vicinity of the left bank of the Jordan River Ain Bessin Zha Lute. Morning, the Mongolian army attack, drums thunder, rain down arrows, Egypt army receded. Adams Library soil into the enemy positions, shouting "Let An Layou its servants defeated the Tatars," the Egyptian army counter-attack retreat. Mongol generals killed and more, according to "History Collection" in mind: Mongolian commander cowardly not to spend, "In the zeal and courage, driven to desperate slashing red riding around the enemy, a powerful blow to the enemy in vain to persuade his people. retreat, he does not listen to this advice, saying, rather lost their lives, "" History Collection "also note said:." Despite all the soldiers left him, he continued to fight with thousands of people, and finally captured by a horse fall . "When he was brought before the library land as he laughed at Mamou Lukesudan were:" I am a minister monarch for life, not like you are the monarch's murder. " Finally, he was killed, the Mongolian army crumble. Library soil Si Sudan victory into Damascus, as far as the Euphrates in Syria are incorporated throughout the Muslim Egyptian Mamou Lukesudan country.
Mongol army in the Battle of Ain Zha Lute after the failure, Hulagu did not give up captured Syria and Egypt both fertile regions and strategic attempt was again attacking Syria, however, because he was in the north and the Kipchak Khan Mongol Khanate brother fighting another child, with the majority of troops in the north, you can not launch a powerful offensive. February 1265, Hulagu died. Hulagu's son and heir A eight Kazakhstan (1265-1281) riding wooden Luke's internal conflict, invasion of Syria, to take Aleppo, Hama and other places in Egypt again sent troops against the Mongols. October 30, 1281, the two armies met in Mongolia and Egypt Holmes. Egyptian commander Sudan Gellar temperature (1279-1290), commander of Mongolia and Kazakhstan's brother Ah eight Montgomery Timur. In addition to the Ministry of Montgomery Timur 25000 Mongolian army, there are Armenians, Georgians and Romans, the number is dominant. Beginning of the outcome of each. Gellar high temperature personally supervise and Qianjiang Zhajiang. Jarringly drop will make Montgomery Timur fell off the horse landed up a victory Egyptian military onslaught, the Mongolian army chaos, Montgomery Timur rescued escape. Gellar warm divide our forces to chase the Euphrates River, the Mongolian army drowned crossing multiple. In this battle, the Arab nomadic Mongols _set_ a great surprise.
The third big battle took place in 1303. The leader is the early Mamluk last a famous Sudan Na Er Sui (reigned 129-1340). Menggu Yi is the seventh generation of children Khanate Khan together like sweat. Maihar Mulder (1295-1304). March 1303 Mongolian army commander suddenly have Arusha attack Syria again, then supervised together like sweat. April 20, the Mongolian army 50,000 Egyptian Sudan Na Er Sui command of the army in the Sufa Er prairie fighting. Mongolian military defeat, according to Hill stick. Egyptian army cavalry Wai, drums all night endless morale boost. Lack of food shortage Mongolian army, exhausted. Later, Nasir release side, eager to break the Mongolian army. Egyptian army courageously chase, captured 10,000 soldiers, 20,000 for horses. Mongolian army suffered another serious blow. After the death of co-Chan Khan, Mongol Khanate ruler of Persia, Syria no longer able to wage a war of aggression. Turkic Mamluk dynasty actively support and rely on the people's heroic fight to curb the Mongols ravaged peoples of the West, defended the ancient Egyptian civilization and splendid Arab - Islamic culture. This is a major event in the history of civilization. In all Islamic countries, only Egypt's cultural development has not been interrupted by the Mongol invasion, which is Turkic Mamluk dynasty credit. Mamluk dynasty not only prevented the Mongolian cavalry trampled Syria and Egypt, but also to re-merge these two neighboring countries paved the way. The merger, under the Mamluk rule lasted for 250 years until the Ottoman conquest of the two countries so far.
Another achievement military Turkic Mamluk dynasty is completely cleared Crusaders invading forces in the eastern Mediterranean. This is most notable in 苏丹拜伯尔斯 and Gellar temperature, and the temperature of the sub Yishilaifu Gellar period results.
After the Battle of Ain Zha Lute, the Mongolian army retreated east of the Euphrates line, Baiboersi advantage of this favorable opportunity to fight the Crusaders. 1250, defeated the Egyptian people landed in the vicinity of Damieta powerful French Crusaders. Louis IX led the remnants were all prisoners. Crusader occupation of Egypt attempt failed, which is one of the reasons crusade total collapse. In Baiboersi reign, he annually shuaibing Christian crusade crusaders monarchy established. He focused on the fight against two Christian Sangha: Knights Templar and Knights charities. 1263 and 1265, he has captured the city and 阿苏夫 Kara Sin City from the hands of the Knights, 1266 from the hands of charities Jehoshaphat Knights recaptured the city. 1268 captured the harbor addition, a few months later to win the Christian occupation of 180 years of the city of Antioch, eliminating the Crusaders created the Duchy of Antioch. Baiboersi after the fall of the city, often used to treat urban nomadic ways, the city completely destroyed. Antioch City because of the sweat and the Mongolian state-owned Iraqi children close and friendly relations, suffer the most. It is said that there are 16 000 Crusaders killed, captured in part on the market are treated as slaves in Egypt betrayed, property was looted. The city, along with its famous castle and several Christian churches were all burned. He frustrated crusader spirit, so his successor son Gellar temperature may last defeat Crusaders. Gellar temperature throne, insisted on the implementation of policies to combat the crusaders. Gellar temperature April 15, 1282 Sri Lanka's conflict with Antal Knights Templar signed a truce agreement, for a period of ten years ten months, July 18, 1285 in Beirut and Tyre Control princess signed the same treaty. But soon that have captured the Crusader occupation of Tripoli, Bei Telun fortress. Gellar temperature in preparation for a military base to attack the Crusaders when Akbar died, his son Aishenlaifu (1290-1293) completed his unfinished business. After the fall of Acre, Tyre, Sidon, Beirut Tean Tal sudden Adams, Aspen Rees and other cities and Crusader fortress captured or have surrendered. Crusader forces was completely cleared. 1291 is considered the end of the Crusades.
Mamluk dynasty in combat with the Mongols and the Crusaders, while, in addition to the use of the means of war, but also the use of diplomatic channels to contain the enemy.
First, Baiboersi make Mamluk dynasty legalized. He put a very high courtesy the last Caliph of Baghdad's uncle go to Cairo, and in 1261 appointed him as caliph, known 穆斯坦舍尔. In return, the Caliphate conquered the whole region Baiboersi, from southern Arabia, Yemen, Egypt, have given him until the west. So Mamluk 王朝成 legitimate Muslim dynasty, has become the center of Cairo, the Arab Empire. These caliphs in Cairo existed for 250 years, they are the leaders of religious affairs. There is no real right, the main responsibility is for every newly appointed Sultan presided over the inaugural oath. Even after the Ottoman Sultan Bayazid I, also received a grant of a certificate from the office where the then caliph in Cairo.
After the internal order and stability, in order to deal with the Iraqi children Mongol Khanate, Baiboersi Kipchak Mongols began with northern Iran on the prairie, the eldest son of Genghis Khan's descendants do children Shuchi Brother alliance. While other children also Mongols brother, but he believe in Islam, he Hulagu attack on Baghdad and killed the Caliph issue is not satisfied, and therefore agreed to this joint. 1262, Baiboersi brother and other children began to exchange messenger, friendly relations between the two countries led to the other children to the brother Hulagu war. The war in the Persian Khanate got hit, the direction to Syria to stop its expansion. In Baiboersi period, in the north, he blocked the king's invasion of Asia Minor, Armenia countries to maintain good relations with the Emperor of Constantinople (which allows him to repair the army destroyed the town was the word mosque), he also with the King of Sicily Charles James of Aragon and Seville 阿利芬斯欧 king entered into trade agreements. In the West, he defeated the Berbers, the territory westward expansion. In the South, he makes Nubian became vassal of Egypt. During his reign, the Mamluk dynasty heyday. Subsequent temperature continue to pursue Baiboersi Gellar Sudan's foreign policy and continue to maintain and Kipchak Khanate Mongol Khan friendly alliance. In the Mongolian army helped punish small Armenian concentrate fight the Crusaders, while continuing with the Byzantine emperor repaired; King and Sicily, King Louis IX's brother Charles friendly trade; Aragon and Spain Sevilla king signed a treaty of commerce. Baiboersi and Gellar temperature range of diplomatic activities, played a curb Mongols, the Crusaders isolated action, but through foreign trade, and enhance the economic strength.
Mamluk dynasty status in the Turkic culture
Mamluk dynasty contributions in Turkic culture is the Egyptian Islamic architecture reached its peak. Long reign of the Sudanese who are actively committed to building. They opened the river, build parks, baths, wells and other public facilities. Baiboersi reign build new roads, new canals dug, and between Cairo and Damascus to _set_ up a postal business. In addition to ordinary postal services, the Mamluk dynasty also improved the postal carrier pigeon. In the Fatimid era, pigeon pedigree table, it is recorded in many special register inside. Gellar temperature during the reign of Sultan in Cairo founded a hospital, take Mingmansuer hospital. This hospital has a fever, dysentery and other diseases ophthalmia and isolation wards, there are laboratories, pharmacies, bathhouse and warehouses, medical conditions quite well. After Gellar warm period, the great Egyptian granite buildings are generally used, therefore, difficult to decay, and today is still the main scene on the outskirts of Cairo. Nasir is a useful contribution in Sudan. He built an aqueduct, the Nile water into the city of Cairo, also built many schools, baths and wells. He established in 1304, named after his Nasir Research Institute is a magnificent example of the Egyptian Muslim architectural styles.
Mamluk period in addition to the above construction of these public facilities, but mainly the construction of schools, mosques and tombs. When the Mongols invaded, many Muslim artists and craftsmen fled Baghdad and large 马士勒 Egypt, Egyptian architectural impact. Cruciform mosque architecture design, development to the point of perfection. Dome construction was bright, beautiful, decorative grandeur. One feature is built on the fringes decorative masonry method, which uses various colors of stone, brick layers of staggered pattern. Also, the development of the triangular dome of stalactites, geometric floral and Kufa body building lettering is also worth noting that this period special. Early Mamou Lukesudan their tombs with Turkic style. Mamluk people forced from their homes since childhood, though, and are generally humble origin, but they are very respected local art. Their design is the tomb of Fatima Egypt passed from Turkestan and Persia Ayub 王朝盛 rows of different styles. There are Turkic-style dome, use the corner wall studs or rows and rows of mutual support to its polygonal triangular or circular dome on a rectangular support above. Sudan Gellar warm, nasir, during the construction of the mosque Hassan, schools and Mausoleum and so preserved, with its unique style and exquisite art attracts thousands of travelers and art researchers.
Turkic Mamluk dynasty actively support and rely on the people's heroic fight to curb the Mongol peoples trample on the West to defend the ancient Egyptian civilization and splendid Arab - Islamic culture. |