Flight instruments, from the wings, fuselage, engines pose. Many types. Widely used in transportation, military, agriculture, mineral prospecting, surveying and so on.
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fēi jī
Fixed-wing aircraft heavier than air, with a propeller or jet propulsion and high-speed subject to air their wing of the bearing reaction force
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No. 3
A kind of power unit is heavier than air aircraft. From the wing, fuselage, tail, landing gear, engines pose. Many types. Widely used in transportation, military, agriculture, exploration and so on.
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Brief introduction
Aircraft (aircraft, plane), refers to a wing and a tool or with the engine, able to fly under its own power in the atmosphere heavier than air aircraft. And civilian aircraft are widely used not only to transport and scientific research, or an important weapon in the modern military, it is also divided into civil and military aircraft. In addition to civilian aircraft and transport aircraft as well as agricultural machines, forest protection machine, aerial machines, medical ambulance, Tour machines, jets, sports machine, experimental and research aircraft, weather machine, stunt plane, law enforcement, etc. Aircraft contraband: The following is an example of prohibited items: (A) firearms, including shotguns, air guns, slaughtering livestock anesthesia machine, push-bore gun, signal guns, from rifles, ammunition, replica or imitation firearms, crossbows. (B) explosives, including military, commercial or homemade explosives, explosive devices, detonators, tear gas bullets, grenades, mines and other explosive munitions, replica or imitation explosive material or devices. (C) the original or adapted to cause injury or bladed sharp objects, flick knives, gravity flick knives, daggers, knives, machetes broad head, the other real or ceremonial knives, blades of any matter lengths or types, including sheath knife, dagger, small sword, razors, scalpels, broken umbrellas picks, swords, Jian Zhang, built-in blade, harpoons, spears or arrows. (D) articles containing incapacitating substances, including tear gas, mace and phosphorous acids. (E) highly flammable substances (such as gasoline, lighter fuel, etc.). (F) capacity of more than 500 ml of gas containers and aerosols. (G) brass knuckles, baseball bats, batons and threshing with flails. The following are carrying dangerous goods and its subject: Safety matches or a lighter [shall carry] Medicinal or toiletry items [every single piece weight of less than 0.5 liters, with a total weight of less than two liters, non-radioactive, can have spray cans, such as perfume, hair spray] Items that produce heat [heat lamp as its energy devices must be removed for carry-on luggage] Battery [terminal shall be insulated to prevent short circuit fire] Electric wheelchair, ice, sports requiring special handling and ammunition permitted for airlines. Examples of items to bring: 6 cm length of the following nail clippers (not including file) Round scissors with blades less than 5 cm Round nail file, and so on ... Luggage restrictions: 1 hand luggage Dimensions: Dimensions hand luggage is 22 inches x14 inches x9-inch or 56 cm x36 cm x23 cm. 2. Passengers may carry free baggage weighing The existing two systems: (1) This system is based on the number of pieces of the system to calculate applicable to passengers traveling the United States or Canada. In general, passengers can carry two free pieces of baggage weighing, but the weight of each piece must not exceed 32 kg and size can not exceed the specified volume (depending on the volume of this provision is entitled to take the class passengers depending on grade). (2) system to calculate the weight of ╟ This system is applicable to and from other places (ie places outside the U.S. and Canada) passengers. In general, take the first class, business and economy class passengers may carry free baggage weight limit weighing 40.30 and 20 kg respectively. Pets on the individual airline requirements luggage free excess baggage charges and details of the case, please contact directly with the airlines Procedures for the opportunity: 1 First note: 100 aircraft began the following for check time not later than 60 minutes before departure, more than 100 aircraft, no later than 90 minutes. To ensure flight punctuality off, the airport must be strictly enforced to stop 30 minutes early for check requirements 2 ticket: Chinese passenger ticket, shall produce their "identity card" or other valid identification and fill out the "single-seat passengers"; Foreign visitors, overseas Chinese, Hong Kong, Macao, Taiwan tickets must present a valid passport, HVPs, MTPs, residence permit, other valid identity or travel permit issued by the public security organs, and fill out the "single-seat passengers." . 3 Boarding: Should arrive at the airport half an hour before the departure time, with tickets for registration. Airport closed 30 minutes before departure check-in. If you missed the flight ticket void. You arrive at the airport, you should first check in luggage at the baggage will be checked by your need to check and paste seal (home appliances, product information, etc. not by baggage), and then check in at the ticket with baggage delivery, to receive registration machine cards and checked baggage certificate. After finishing the procedures, you can through the security checks, into the lounge to rest and wait for boarding. 4 Refund: If for any reason you are required to refund 24 hours before the plane took off with, that you have to deliver a 10% holding ticket fare refund fee, two hours before departure within 24 hours prior to take-off before the handle, they have to pay the fare by 20% refund fees; If less than 2 hours before departure will be charged a 50% fee refund ticketed. The plane took off, ticket void, shall not be refundable. The flight safety requirements: 1 According to the U.S. flight safety experts to sort out the "10 Flight Safety Code", passengers flying in arranging the flight, the first point to note is the "choose direct flight." Statistical data indicate that the majority of air crashes have occurred during takeoff, drop, climb or taxiing on the runway when the turnaround will also be able to avoid hitting reducing flight accidents. 2 _Select_ the type of aircraft in terms of, you should _select_ at least 30 seats or more aircraft. Experts pointed out that the larger airframe, subject to international safety testing standards, the more stringent, and in the event of a crash accident, chances of survival on a large passenger aircraft is relatively small aircraft is higher. 3 memorize safety instructions before takeoff. Flight safety experts said that a variety of different models of the escape door position has access, after the passengers on the plane, you should take a few minutes flight attendants listen carefully introduce safety instructions, if you encounter an emergency situation, we will not know what to do. 4 Recently, more and more passengers, such as baggage claim in order to save time, like to carry luggage on board the aircraft, which is inconsistent with the behavior of flight safety. Flight safety experts say that if the plane encounters turbulence or an emergency occurs, the seat above the locker usually withstand heavy objects, many of the passengers were injured by falling down the head of luggage or even death. 5. Always fasten your seat belts. When the plane hit turbulence or capsized, fasten your seat belts can offer passengers more layer of protection to warrant the collision around in the cabin. 6 time of the accident, be sure to follow the instructions of flight attendants, after all, the primary task of the flight attendants on the plane, that is, in order to maintain safety. 7 Do not carry dangerous goods on aircraft, flight safety experts say, as long as the passengers' Dodo brain ", you know these things like petrol cans, should not board the aircraft. 8 coffee, hot tea drink these high temperatures, they should let the trained flight attendants serving passengers, the passengers themselves take these hot liquid then burns often occur unexpectedly. 9 Do not drink too much alcohol on the plane, due to the different cabin pressure inside the cabin with the ground, too much alcohol will make the passengers in emergency response capabilities to slow, losing a valuable opportunity to escape. The last point is vigilance, flight safety experts pointed out that the timing of the accident on the passenger should remain calm, flight attendants instructed to leave as soon as the next. After landing safety requirements: After landing outside if it is to go through strict security review. Landing safety precautions: Passengers boarding, separated should count among their seats and exit rows. Thus, if a plane crash, the cabin filled with smoke, but also can be found by feeling the back exit. 1, Read the safety instructions on the front seatback. Even already memorized, and more thorougly did not hurt. 2, when the aircraft made an emergency landing, not leaning position, should anti hands folded on the front seat, the head is placed in the hands, before landing, has maintained this position. 3, after the plane stopped, as soon as possible to secure export, because the fire and toxic gases may soon fill the cabin. 4, leaving the scene of the accident as soon as possible, because there's an adverse environment on health of passengers. Air travel disease prevention Conditions (1) anti-motion sickness. Sickness and vomiting is the balance organ disorders, poor body to adapt to the reason, generally just keep calm, eliminate distractions, serving some anti-motion sickness drugs will ship without incident. If you know you may be airsick, the best medicine 15 minutes before boarding. (2) Anti-old disease emergencies: takeoff, landing, rise, change down turn, bumpy flight attitude, etc., as well as through the clouds when the aircraft rapidly changing light and shade, will stimulate the on_set_ of some diseases. By a thrombus or encephalopathy caused by bleeding, never flew; severe concussion specialist accompanying the patient should take effective preventive measures; mild brain shock patients should carry some painkillers; older people with vascular sclerosis can be served before boarding a small amount of sedatives, colds, runny nose and nasal obstruction patients best not to fly because of the eustachian tube obstruction dangerous tympanic membrane perforation. (3) Effective measures to prevent anti-aviation otitis media is the mouth and swallow. He kept his mouth open or swallow, of course, can also play a preventive role, but after less decency. So flights are generally not forget to send a packet to each passenger beautifully packaged candy, which is truth in them. Chewing a few grains of candy or chewing gum to make a few eustachian tube normally open. Chewing food is the most effective way to prevent aviation otitis media, lighthearted measures are the most. If you feel these symptoms are not eliminated, the thumb and forefinger nose, mouth shut, forced expiratory flow rushed to open the eustachian tube to allow air into the middle ear cavity and the elimination of ear fullness, ear weight, ear pain and other symptoms.
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Classification
Aircraft but also by the shape, number and relative position of the component parts are classified. By the number of wings can be divided into monoplane, biplane and multi-wing aircraft. By wing position relative to the fuselage, can be divided into lower wing, the wing and the wing aircraft. Plane by the wing shape, can be divided into straight-wing aircraft, swept-wing aircraft, forward-swept wing aircraft and delta wing aircraft. By location and whether the level of the horizontal stabilizer tail can be divided into a normal configuration aircraft (horizontal tail wing after), canard aircraft (front fuselage with a small wing) and tailless aircraft (no horizontal tail); normal the layout of the aircraft with a single vertical tail, twin vertical tails, tail and multi-v-tail and other types. By promoting the type of device can be divided into propeller aircraft and jet; according to the type of engine, can be divided into piston aircraft, turboprop and jet aircraft; according to the number of engines can be divided into single-engine aircraft, twin engine aircraft and multi-engine aircraft. By type of landing gear can be divided into land airplanes, seaplanes and amphibious aircraft. But also by the flight performance of the aircraft classification: Press the aircraft's flight speed, can be divided into subsonic aircraft, supersonic and hypersonic aircraft aircraft. According to the aircraft's range can be divided into short-range aircraft, medium-range aircraft and long-range aircraft.
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Structure
Most aircraft consists of five main parts: wings, fuselage, tail, landing gear and power devices. Airfoil The main function is to provide a lift to the wing aircraft to support the aircraft in the air, but also play a role in stabilizing and manipulation. Generally mounted on the wing ailerons and flaps. Can manipulate the aircraft aileron roll; put down the wing flaps can lift coefficient increases. In addition, the engine can be installed, such as landing gear and wing tanks. There are various shapes of the wing, there are different numbers. Early in aviation technology developed in order to provide greater lift, airplane biplane wing aircraft and even multi-dominated, but the aircraft are generally modern monoplane. Body The main function of the body is loaded crew, passengers, weapons, goods and various equipment; may also be other parts of the aircraft, such as the tail, wings and engines connected as a whole. But the flying wing is a body hidden in the wings. Spoiler Including the horizontal stabilizer tail (horizontal tail) and the vertical tail (tail). Horizontal tail by a fixed horizontal stabilizer and elevator movable composition (some models of civilian aircraft and military aircraft throughout the horizontal tail are movable control surfaces, no special elevator). Vertical tail includes a fixed vertical stabilizer and rudder movable. The main function of the tail is used to maneuver the aircraft pitch and yaw, as well as to ensure that the aircraft can fly smoothly. Landing gear Landing gear, also known as landing gear, is used to support the aircraft to enable it to rise and fall on the ground and the other horizontal and parking. Land the aircraft landing gear, generally consisting of strut and wheel, in addition to landing gear designed for seaplane landing and take off the snow with a float device used skid gear. It is used for takeoff and landing roll, the ground support aircraft taxiing and parking. Power plant Power plant is mainly used to generate tension or thrust, the aircraft forward. Secondly aircraft electrical equipment can also provide electricity for air-conditioning equipment, such as air source gas equipment. Modern aircraft power plant includes two kinds of turbine engines and engine pistons, the widely used power plant has four: Canadian aviation piston engine propeller; turbo-jet engine; turboprop; turbofan engines. With the development of aviation technology, rocket engines, ramjet, nuclear aviation engines, there may gradually be adopted. In addition to engine power plant, but also includes a series to ensure the normal operation of the engine system, such as fuel supply systems. In addition to the five major aircraft parts, is also equipped with a variety of instruments, communications equipment, pilot equipment, safety equipment, and other equipment.
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Aircraft flight control system
Modern aircraft flight control devices available for drivers to use the cockpit usually include: Master manipulator: stick or wheel and rudder pedals. On some aircraft using FBW system, steering column or the steering wheel has been simplified into a lever located on the driver's side. Assisted steering devices: the flap handle, trim buttons, speed brakes handle. With the development of electronic technology, flying in the form of manipulation device has also undergone a fundamental change. In large aircraft, the traditional mechanical control system has gradually been more advanced control system replaced by telex, computer systems become fully involved in flight control systems, such as the driver's operation is no longer directly manipulate the movement of aircraft, and more like motion commands issued to the aircraft. Because some aircraft using FBW system to cancel the original steering column or the steering wheel and other devices and instead side-lever cockpit space seem more relaxed than ever, so some drivers call this cockpit is " Flight office. "
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As a transport aircraft characteristics
Compared with other modes of transport aircraft has many advantages: Fast. Currently jetliner at around 900 kilometers per hour. High mobility. Aircraft are not mountains, rivers, deserts, oceans barrier, but according to passengers, the number of supply at any time to increase the frequency. Safe and comfortable. According to ICAO statistics, the average number of deaths per million civil aviation passenger kilometer is 0.04 people, is one of the very few to a few hundredth of ordinary transportation accident deaths, and tied for rail transport safest mode of transportation . However, as a transport aircraft also has its own limitations: Expensive. Whether it is the aircraft itself or flight fuel consumption relative to other modes of transportation are costly and more. Affected by weather conditions. Although the vast majority of aviation technology has been able to adapt to the weather conditions, but more severe wind, rain, snow, fog and other weather conditions will continue to affect the safety of aircraft taking off and landing. Landing space is limited. The aircraft must take off and land at the airport, a city a few at most airports, and airports around the clearance by limiting conditions are distributed in the suburbs. Because from the airport to the city often requires a longer transit process, thereby to provide a high-speed train is within 800 kilometers of intercity transportation market space distance. Therefore only suitable for light aircraft weight, time requirements for emergency, and not too close range transport. Dangerous. Although the number of deaths per million passenger-kilometers airliner far lower than other transportation modes, but critics say the journey is far less than other aircraft itself shipped with long, so this value is low. Some data on aircraft is not particularly safe.
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The aircraft records
Maximum Speed The maximum speed is one of the most important performance aircraft. The following number of historical records on the maximum speed: 1910 106 km / h, the pilot: leon morane, France, bleriot xi 1913 204 km / h, the pilot: maurice prevost, France, deperdussin 1923 417 km / h, the pilot: harold j.brow, USA, curtiss r2c-1 1934 709 km / h, the pilot: francesco agello, Italy, macchi mc.72 (seaplanes, this record remains today) 1939 755 km / h, the pilot: fritz wendel, Germany, Messerschmitt me 209 v1 1941 1004 km / h, the pilot: heinrich dittmar, Germany, Messerschmitt me 163 (rocket fighter) 1947 1127 km / h, the pilot: charles "chuck" yeager, USA, bell x-1 1951 2028 km / h, the pilot: bill bridgeman, the United States, Douglas skyrocket 1956 3058 km / h, the pilot: frank everest, USA, bell 52 x-2 (rocket) 1961 5798 km / h, the pilot: robert white, American, North American Aviation, x-15 (rocket plane) 1965 3750 km / h, the pilot: w.daniel, USA, Lockheed sr-71 Blackbird (Jet) 1966 7214 km / h, the pilot: william joseph knight, United States, North American Aviation x-15 (rocket plane) 2004 7700 km / hour, unmanned U.S. Boeing x-43a (Jet) Maximum range 2004 June 28, Singapore Airlines re-launched daily between Singapore and the United States of New York 'between Newark Airport non-stop direct flight, flight number sq21/sq22, more than the previous route from Singapore to Los Angeles to become the world's longest non-stop commercial flight routes. Singapore Airlines with Airbus a340-500 aircraft flying this route, throughout the voyage reached 16,600 km, flight takes 18 hours. Truck and passenger capacity Load capacity is currently the best former Soviet Antonov Design Bureau, an-225 manufactured dream conveyor, weighing more than 600 tonnes from land, equal pay load of up to 300 tonnes. Currently the maximum number of passengers is published in early 2005, Airbus a380 aircraft, capable of carrying 850 people when picking the highest density seat. Global flight 1924 Douglas "World Cruise No." aircraft (world cruisers) for the first time as a sub-world flight, which lasted 175 days, flying finish 42400 kilometers. 1986 by Burt Rutan designed the Voyager by a brother, Dick Rutan and aviatrix Jenna Yeager driving, the first human to achieve uninterrupted flight around the world without refueling. October 1992, a "Concorde" supersonic airliner, to commemorate the 500th anniversary of Columbus' discovery of the New World, with 32 hours and 49 minutes around the globe, creating a new record flight around the world. Mute Jets Plan of November 2006, Massachu_set_ts Institute of Technology and the University of Cambridge research team, 榟 manifestation of the ideal one called "Silent jet Initiative" will reinvent the concept of aircraft design: the future will not only be more fuel-efficient aircraft , but also quiet, nearby residents a solution airport noise torment suffered the pain of aircraft movements. This "silent jet" can carry 215 passengers, and may join the aviation industry in 2030. The plane noise sounded from outside the airport, about appliances like washing machines or other noise.
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Inventors
Aircraft is one of the most significant scientific and technological achievements of mankind in the 20th century made, someone with a TV and a computer it tied for the 20th century, the greatest impact of the three great inventions of mankind, on the world's oldest aircraft in the end is who invention there is a dispute on the States: French people think the world's first aircraft by the Frenchman Clement Adel (clément ader) invention, on October 9, 1890 successful test flight in France, some people think he invented the airplane in history. Americans believe that the Wright brothers airplane inventor Americans (wilbur wright and orville wright), on December 17, 1903 successful test flight in the United States. Brazilians think is Brazilian Alberto Santos Dumont (alberto santos-dumont) invented the airplane, October 12, 1906 Santos - Dumont's fly "14 bis" aircraft successfully to 60 meters above the ground is the world's the first successful powered flight, prior to the flight and did not reach the true sense of "flying" standard. Generally widely considered the Wright brothers invented the airplane by the Americans, and that some people think is Clement Adel or Alberto Santos Dumont invented.
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Brief introduction
Aircraft (Aircraft, plane, aeroplane, airplane, aeronef, aeroplane, flying machine), Refers to a wing and an engine with a multi-tool, able to fly under its own power in the atmosphere heavier than air aircraft. Aircraft with two basic characteristics: one is its own density than air, and it is driven forward by the power; the other is a fixed wing aircraft, the aircraft wings provide lift flying in the sky. Those who do not have the above characteristics can not be called the plane, these two are indispensable. For example: a vehicle which is less than the density of the air, then it is a balloon or airship; If there is no power plant can only glide in the air, it is called a glider; If not fixed wing aircraft, rotary wing generates lift by that helicopter or gyroplane. So is the precise definition of the aircraft: the aircraft is powered fixed wing aircraft and heavy in the air. To make the mind of the reader for a clearer understanding of the aircraft, I am here to clarify a few confusing terms. Some can be seen in the newspapers, "fixed-wing aircraft", "fixed-wing aircraft" and other phrases, are actually referring to the aircraft. However, these terms are not accurate to say. Because the "fixed-wing aircraft" including aircraft and glider, and the "fixed-wing aircraft" is a repeated call, because "aircraft" had been fixed wing contains the contents of the. More often hear many people say, "helicopter", which is also very appropriate, since the use of a helicopter rotor to provide lift it and aircraft belonging to a completely different aircraft types.
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Takeoff principle
The shape of an airplane wing is not the same upper and lower sides, the upper side of the projections to more, and the lower side will have some level. When taxiing aircraft wing in the air moves from the relative motion of view, tantamount to the flow of air along the wing. Since the shape of the upper and lower side of the wing is not the same, in the same time, the air on the wing side than the air flow through the lower side of the large distance (longer than the straight curve), i.e. the side of the air flow on the wing air faster than the lower side. According to the principles of fluid mechanics, the slide when the aircraft, the air pressure on the side of the wing is less than the lower side of the aircraft which generates an upward buoyancy. When the aircraft taxied to a certain speed, the buoyancy reached sufficient strength to fly the aircraft. Thus, the plane on the day.
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Classification
And civilian aircraft are widely used not only to transport and scientific research, or an important weapon in the modern military, it is also divided into civil and military aircraft. In addition to civilian aircraft and transport aircraft as well as agricultural machines, forest protection machine, aerial machines, medical ambulance, Tour machines, jets, sports machine, experimental and research aircraft, weather machine, stunt plane, law enforcement, etc. Aircraft but also by the shape, number and relative position of the component parts are classified. By the number of wings can be divided into monoplane, biplane and multi-wing aircraft. By wing position relative to the fuselage, can be divided into lower wing, the wing and the wing aircraft. Plane by the wing shape, can be divided into straight-wing aircraft, swept-wing aircraft, forward-swept wing aircraft and delta wing aircraft. By location and whether the level of the horizontal stabilizer tail can be divided into a normal configuration aircraft (horizontal tail wing after), canard aircraft (front fuselage with a small wing) and tailless aircraft (no horizontal tail); normal the layout of the aircraft with a single vertical tail, twin vertical tails, multi-tail and V-tail and other types. Use can be divided into fighters, bombers, attack aircraft, interceptors. By promoting the type of device can be divided into propeller aircraft and jet; according to the type of engine, can be divided into piston aircraft, turboprop and jet aircraft; according to the number of engines can be divided into single-engine aircraft, twin engine aircraft and multi-engine aircraft. By type of landing gear can be divided into land airplanes, seaplanes and amphibious aircraft. But also by the flight performance of the aircraft classification: Press the aircraft's flight speed, can be divided into subsonic aircraft, supersonic and hypersonic aircraft aircraft. According to the aircraft's range can be divided into short-range aircraft, medium-range aircraft and long-range aircraft.
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Main models
U.S. Air Force aircraft types, the letter abbreviation for the attack aircraft A, bomber acronym is B, transport acronym for the C, E-fighter acronym for the E, fighter acronym is F, helicopter acronym for the H , trainer initials T, the initials piston aircraft generally P, reconnaissance acronym for the U. Here are the main civil aircraft Boeing's main models Boeing 707 Boeing 727 Boeing 737 series aircraft is a Boeing production of short-range twin-engine jet airliner in the world at any time the sky has nearly 737 in 1000 to fly. Including 737-100/-200 ,737-300 737 / -400/-500, including next-generation 737 737-600/-700/-800/-900. Traditional 737 has been discontinued. 747 The Boeing 747 is Boeing developed and produced four rounds (motivation) remote widebody commercial transport aircraft. Is the world's first wide-body jetliner. Is a very successful development and sales airliner. Since the Boeing 747 aircraft in operation, has been the world's largest civil aircraft, has a monopoly on large transport aircraft market, this situation occurs until the competitor Airbus A380 jumbo jet. Boeing 757 Boeing 767 777 Boeing 787 Dreamliner The Boeing 787 is expected to begin production in 2006, and the first flight test in 2007, and received certification in 2008, has not yet operational delivery. Airbus, the main models Airbus A300 Airbus A310 Airbus A320 320 series aircraft including the A318, A319, A320 and A321, including the composition of the single-aisle aircraft family. Airbus A330 Airbus A340 Airbus A350 (research in) Airbus A380 Europe's Airbus Industrie to develop and produce four long-range 550-class super wide-body aircraft, when the operation is the world's largest passenger airliner. For the whole length of the fuselage A380 double-decker four-engine airliner, can carry 850 passengers using the maximum density seating arrangement, such as in a typical three-cabin configuration (First Class - Business - Economy) under also can carry 555 passengers. A380 into service after breaking the 747-year record commanding 35 large wide-body aircraft in the remote areas, A380 Boeing 747 appeared 30 years ending the monopoly of large transport aircraft market. Deadweight largest civil aircraft are still Soviet-made An-225 conveyor dream.
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Structure
Most aircraft consists of five main parts: wings, fuselage, tail, landing gear and power devices. Airfoil The main function is to provide a lift to the wing aircraft to support the aircraft in the air, but also play a role in stabilizing and manipulation. Generally mounted on the wing ailerons and flaps. Can manipulate the aircraft aileron roll; put down the wing flaps can lift coefficient increases. In addition, the engine can be installed, such as landing gear and wing tanks. There are various shapes of the wing, there are different numbers. Early in aviation technology developed in order to provide greater lift, airplane biplane wing aircraft and even multi-dominated, but the aircraft are generally modern monoplane. In the wing design process, a contradiction is often mentioned aircraft stability and maneuverability both on monoplane like lift bags, he is very stable, but almost a little maneuverability; under monoplane seems to prop up the vase, maneuverability is very flexible, but it is slightly inferior to that stability. So generally used on civil aircraft wing design, and performance purposes, or other operational requirements for high-wing aircraft are used under design. Body The main function of the body is loaded crew, passengers, weapons, goods and various equipment; may also be other parts of the aircraft, such as the tail, wings and engines connected as a whole. But the flying wing is a body hidden in the wings. Spoiler Including the horizontal stabilizer tail (horizontal tail) and the vertical tail (tail). Horizontal tail by a fixed horizontal stabilizer and elevator movable composition (some models of civilian aircraft and military aircraft throughout the horizontal tail are movable control surfaces, no special elevator). Vertical tail includes a fixed vertical stabilizer and rudder movable. The main function of the tail is used to maneuver the aircraft pitch and yaw, as well as to ensure that the aircraft can fly smoothly. Landing gear Landing gear, also known as landing gear, is used to support the aircraft to enable it to rise and fall on the ground and the other horizontal and parking. Land the aircraft landing gear, generally consisting of strut and wheel, in addition to landing gear designed for seaplane landing and take off the snow with a float device used skid gear. It is used for takeoff and landing roll, the ground support aircraft taxiing and parking. General aircraft landing gear has three support points, according to the arrangement of the three support points are often divided into front and rear triangle triangle landing gear. Among them, the former refers to the front landing gear of a Delta anchor, anchor gear in the form of the latter two, the use of such aircraft landing gear stationary elevation often smaller during takeoff soon can achieve high speeds, when After take-off when the speed reaches to a certain value, pull back the joystick down horizontal tail, then the nose gear would slightly raised, both sides of the wind speed reaches a critical difference between the instantaneous wing aircraft to get enough lift; rear triangle two front landing gear support points is used, the latter in the form of a support point, the use of such aircraft landing gear when the elevation angle is often still greater when the aircraft reaches a certain speed on the runway when the wind speed difference between the sides of the wing to reach a critical, when the landing gear would be lifted, the driver continued to push the throttle lever, and pull back the lever to control the balance of the aircraft, when the speed reaches a certain value, the aircraft can take off. Power plant Power plant is mainly used to generate tension or thrust, the aircraft forward. Secondly aircraft electrical equipment can also provide electricity for air-conditioning equipment, such as air source gas equipment. Modern aircraft power plant includes two kinds of turbine engines and engine pistons, the widely used power plant has four: Canadian aviation piston engine propeller; turbo-jet engine; turboprop; turbofan engines. With the development of aviation technology, rocket engines, ramjet, nuclear aviation engines, there may gradually be adopted. In addition to engine power plant, but also includes a series to ensure the normal operation of the engine system, such as fuel supply systems. Talked about the power unit of the aircraft, will have to talk about the weight ratio of the aircraft. Thrust to weight ratio is the aircraft and the aircraft received a thrust ratio of gravity. Currently, the general thrust of the civil aircraft the aircraft is smaller than the gravity, because each additional thrust KN, will also increase the manufacturing cost of the aircraft. So many aircraft have a certain rate of climb and climb angle. The thrust is greater than the aircraft when the aircraft gravity when the aircraft can climb even high-speed vertical climb, many require high maneuverability of the aircraft, such as fighters and others have a lot of thrust and a small force of gravity. In addition, the requirements of equal gravity, the plane's thrust, the smaller wing area, the smaller aircraft cruising drag, the faster the longer roll distance. And vice versa. In addition to the five major aircraft parts, is also equipped with a variety of instruments, communications equipment, pilot equipment, safety equipment, and other equipment. Other structures Others, such as the duck-wing structure, the rear wing and the host can be understood as the horizontal tail of the front canard composition. Canard is used to control the aircraft elevation, horizontal tail position canard wing structures to control aircraft roll. No tail structure, benefiting from the engine thrust vector tailless aircraft structure, only over one triangular wing, did not control the elevation of the horizontal tail and canard. By changing the direction of engine thrust vector to control the aircraft elevation. Three wing structure, while the main wing, horizontal tail, canard aircraft. Higher operational performance. Twin vertical tail structure, the current multi-purpose fighter aircraft structure, allowing the aircraft without further roll when stepped on the steering rudder.
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The invention of airplanes
1903 American aircraft design and manufacture of the Wright brothers made a successful flight, this is the first time the world's heavier than air aircraft dynamic, controllable flight. The first Chinese aircraft postmark World War, the aircraft has been used in combat, when the aircraft reached speeds of 180 to 220 km / h, service ceiling of 6000 to 7000 m, range from 400 to 450 km, payload bombers from 1000 to 2000 kg. In World War II, the aircraft's speed reached 750 km / h, bomber payload up to 10 tons. After the mid-1940s, the development of the engine by the piston jet, aircraft flight performance improved significantly. 80s airplane ceiling has over 30,000 m, the maximum speed of more than 3 times the speed of sound, a range of over 20,000 kilometers, the maximum load over 100 tons. Inventor of the airplane the Wright brothers. In 1896, the Wright brothers see a message in the newspaper: Germany Lilienthal glider crashed because the driver was killed. This news big shock to them, two brothers decided to study the air. At this time, the Wright brothers open a bike shop. While they work to earn money, while research flight data. Three years later, they decided to have a great deal of knowledge about the aviation imitation glider. They first observed the action eagle flying in the air, then one has a draw down, begin only after the design gliders. October 1900, the Wright brothers finally made their first glider, and take it to far from Dayton Kitty Hawk beach here is very remote, neither the trees nor the surrounding houses, and where the wind is large, very suitable for flying gliders. The brothers spent a week's time, the glider installed, put it on a rope line, like a kite flying as a result a success. Wilbur then go sit by the test, although fly up, but only one meter tall. In the second year, the brothers made on the basis of the last, after many improvements, but also made a glider. This fall, they went to the Kitty Hawk beach, a test, all of a sudden altitude of 180 meters high. The brothers are very pleased, but not satisfied. They do not want to wind could also be making a flying machine? The brothers repeatedly thought, put together information about the flight, repeated studies, and always think of what power, the huge and SPLM glider into the air. One day, a car parked in front of the taxi companies, drivers and ask them a tool to use. To repair what the car's engine. The brothers had an idea that can not be used to promote the car's engine flight. From that point on, two brothers opened their brains around the engine moving. They first measured the maximum carrying capacity of the glider is 90 kg, so they ordered an engine not exceeding 90 kg of the plant. But it was the lightest engine is 190 kg, no legal system of the plant so light engines. Later, an engine manufacturing engineers know this thing, promised to help the Wright brothers. After some time, the engineers really create a 12-horsepower, weighs only 70 kg of gasoline engines. The brothers are very pleased, and soon started studying how to use the engine to drive a glider flight. After numerous tests, they finally put the engine mounted on a glider, but the placement of the propeller on a glider, from the engine to drive the propeller, driven glider flight. September 1903, the Wright brothers took flight again, they came equipped with an engine test Kitty Hawk beach. Although the test failed, but they learned a lot of experience. Shortly after, they continuously test many times, not because of the propeller failure is something wrong with the engine, or driving issues. Wright Brothers undaunted, still insist flight. Just then, a Mingjiaolanlai inventor, commissioned by the U.S. government, creating an aircraft with a gasoline engine, crashed into the sea in a test flight. The Wright brothers learned the news, he went to investigate, and learned from 兰莱 defeat, gained a lot of experience, they are made for each aircraft components strict inspection, to develop a rigorous operational requirements, in 1903 On December 14, went to Kitty Hawk conduct flight tests. That afternoon, the brothers placed first on the ground two fixed on wooden rails, and a certain inclination, so that the aircraft glide easily. Then, put them manufactured aircraft, placed above the tracks. Finally, the issue of who should fly the brothers at loggerheads over, had to toss a coin, by the Will Bo Xianfei. After Wilbur machine, prostrate in the middle of the plane, while they launch aircraft came roaring engine sounds, the propeller is also slowly turn up. Aircraft taxiing on the slopes just three meters, taking on a wire break in the back, roared into the air. "Dancing is coming!" Orville excitedly exclaimed. Voice hardly ever, the plane suddenly slowed, and soon fall to the ground. The entire flight time of less than four minutes. Orville rushed ran up. Weibull from the fallen aircraft jumped out, the brothers quickly observation aircraft, the aircraft are not damaged. "What is the problem?" Brothers after deliberation, one by one check. No engine problems, the propeller turning good, technical operations are completely correct. ......! "Brother, I know why," Orville smiling when he said: "We are sliding on the slopes, just three meters the plane took off and then turning the propeller speed has not been reached, so while on the plant. . down "!" Yes, "Wilbur nodded, then said:" Let's not use the glide slope off, and rely on the strength of the propeller to fly up, so be it, the rails mounted on a flat place to test again. " They work continuously for three days, the rails again placed on a flat surface. December 17, 1903 10 am, the sky low clouds clouds, bleak. The brothers were invited to watch the flight of farmers with cold chills straight, repeatedly urged the brothers to hurry flight. The test flight of Orville and saw him climb the aircraft, lay on the driving position. While, the engine began to roar, the propeller began to rotate. Suddenly, the plane sliding up, suddenly rose to three meters tall, then flew horizontally forward. "Dancing coming! Dancing coming!" Several farmers are pleased to call it, and with Wilbur in the back of the plane to catch up with. Aircraft flying 30 meters, firmly grounded. Wilbur rushed forward, excited to climb out of the plane just flew brother who tears exclaimed: "!! Our success to our success." After 45 minutes, Wilbur flew a flight distance of 52 meters, and over a period of time, Orville another flight, the flight of 59 seconds, the distance up to 255 meters. This is the first time in human history, the success of an airplane flight, the Wright brothers broke the news to the newspaper, the newspaper does not believe there is such a thing, refused to publish news. The Wright brothers did not care. Continue to improve their aircraft. Soon, the brothers and manufacture of aircraft can take two people, and flying in the air for more than an hour. After the news spread, people excitedly spread the news that the U.S. government attaches great importance, Wright decided to do a test show. September 10, 1908 On this day, the weather was unusually sunny space on aircraft flying around over the people watching. People excitedly await the Wright Brothers flight. Around 10:00, my brother Orville driving their planes, in the midst of cheers, freely into the sky, two long wings across from the air, like the wings of a flying eagle. People could not hold back their excitement, head sky, calling the name of the Wright brothers, how many people dream finally becomes a reality. Aircraft flying at an altitude of 76 meters in 1 hour and 14 minutes, and carried a brave passengers. When it landed, people from all around again. Shortly after, the Wright brothers in support of the government, founded a flight company, opened a flight school at the same time, from the future, and an advanced aircraft have become a means of transport.
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History
One of the most significant inventions of the twentieth century made aircraft first flight, the aircraft is born. Since ancient times, humans dreamed of flying like a bird in space. The kite invented by the Chinese 2,000 years ago, although it can not put people into space, but it really can be called the originator of the aircraft. In the beginning of this century, the United States has a pair of brothers in the history of aircraft development in the world they made a significant contribution, they are the Wright Brothers. At the time most people think of flying the aircraft on its own power is completely impossible, and the Wright brothers really do not believe that such a conclusion, from 1900 to 1902 they performed 1000 times brothers gliding flight, Finally made in 1903 out of the first manned aircraft under its own power flying aircraft, "The Aviator" on the 1st, and get successful test flight. Thus, they get the U.S. Congress Honor Award in 1909. In the same year, they founded the "Wright Aircraft Company." This is a huge success in the history of human development achieved aircraft. Early aircraft are using a single engine, in flight, often appear suddenly off the car engine failure. This is always a threat to flight safety. In 1911, the British Short Brothers filed a multi-engine design patents. Their twin-engine system, which enables each pilot have to worry about leaving the aircraft down due to engine stop. This is a major aviation safety progress. SCHOTT patented manufacturing people to follow the first aircraft called "3.2" aircraft. The name tells people that this aircraft is equipped with three propellers, two engines. The aircraft is also equipped with two _set_s of flight control mechanism, therefore, two pilots can fly the aircraft without having to change seats. December 17, 1903 the Wright brothers who drive their vehicle manufactured for the first ongoing, dynamic, controllable flight. 1927-1932, the development of cockpit instrumentation and pilot equipment to make progress, gyro technology applied to the flight instruments. The gimbal is mounted on the rotor to maintain the orientation in space, can thus form the basis for guiding the driver in the darkness, rain and snow flying in various navigation instruments. Then aircraft appeared artificial horizon, it indicates the plane in which the pilots flying height; gyro magnetic compass indicator on the compass engraved with degrees, they can always change the course of the show; geomagnetic sensor compass, it does not affected a large number of iron often with something on the plane, and is not affected by vibration and the Earth's magnetic field. These instruments with high sensitivity, can measure more than 30 meters off the ground and display the aircraft altimeter turning turning angular velocity slip instrument, in addition to indicating air routes radio beams are used to guide the driver through a nebulous atmosphere When the means. Flight Simulator, also known as flight simulator, it is a way to mimic the aircraft's flight status on the ground. In 1930, the American Edwin Link invented the first flight simulator and in their own name for the "Link Trainer" Despite its technical flaws, but it has not reflected the real use Aircraft will be able to secure the advantages of economic emergency action training ground repeatedly. Today, the aircraft now has a computer simulator to simulate the cockpit, motion systems, steering systems, and load the visual system and other components. Modern aviation research, teaching, testing, etc. is not a lack of technical equipment. December 10, 1910, in Paris Expo, a plane crashed during performances. The driver was thrown out of the burning cabin. However, this aircraft has attracted much attention. Because it uses a new engine. The designer is a pilot himself, he is a Romanian named Henri Coanda, a graduate of French Higher Technical School. He designed the engine with a 50 horsepower engine fan pushes air backwards, while an additional afterburner, so the gas nozzle in full expansion in order to increase the thrust reverser. This is the first jet engine. The late 1930s, the maximum level flight speed of the piston-driven propeller aircraft has reached 700 km, close to the speed of sound when you dive. Sound barrier problems have become increasingly prominent. Former Soviet Union, Britain, the United States, Germany, Italy and other countries to carry out research work vigorously jet engine. German designer, Aoan new engine developed on the earliest success. 1934 Oon get centrifugal turbojet patent. August 27, 1939 Aoan made use of his He-178 jet engine. After the jet engines developed, scientists further allow aircraft to break the sound barrier flight, after 10 years after the work was finally completed the Americans. October 14, 1947 in Sanger, California Phil regional Bell companies can break the sound barrier flight test aircraft. 10:00 and a huge B-29 bombers, hanging in the cabin of a quaint small plane ride took off. This small aircraft named X-1 rocket plane. X-1 rocket plane is equipped with four engines, with a total thrust of 2700 kg, fuel use is dangerous liquid hydrogen and alcohol. When the B-29 bombers from the air, put it down when it's four successive rocket engine ignition, sound like thunder. When the aircraft engine start 1 minute 28 seconds, reaching Mach 1 0, the aircraft reached a speed of sound. Then X-1 aircraft fuel is almost exhausted, much faster, reaching Mach 1 06, then the height of 13,000 meters. Although the test is successful, but not because the X-1 aircraft took off on its own power off, this record has not been recognized. Invention of the airplane, in the case that it has the benefit of generating a common new satisfied. Need takeoff roll, the corresponding need to build runways and airports. This has brought a lot of inconvenience, so some people can begin to explore the VTOL aircraft, known as helicopters. September 14, 1939 the world's first practical helicopter a birth, it is the American engineers successfully developed Sikorsky VS-300 helicopter. Sikorsky Russian origin, emigrated to America in 1930, VS-300 helicopter he made, there is one main rotor and tail rotor 3, then after several test flights, the three became a tail rotor, this aircraft practical Helicopter thus becoming the originator of the modern helicopter. VS-300 helicopter after birth, the impact is huge, especially in the beginning from the 1950s, the rapid development of helicopter manufacturing technology. The mid-1950s, the power unit piston engine helicopter in the period, then entered the jet turbine shaft period. Rotor material structure technology has gone through several stages; 1940s to 1950s metal wood wing hybrid structure, the mid-1950s to the mid-1960s as a metal structure, mid-60s to mid-70s for the glass fiber structure, since the mid-1970s developed into a new composite material structures. The 1920s aircraft began carrying passengers, the initial end of the beginning of World War II the United States put a lot of transport adapted to become aircraft. Since the 1960s, the world has witnessed a number of large transport aircraft and supersonic transport aircraft, and gradually promote the use of turbofan engines. Notably the former Soviet Union produced An-22, Il-76; U.S. production of C-141, C-5A, Boeing -747; France, Airbus and other. Anglo-French supersonic transport have jointly developed the "Concorde" type and the former Soviet Tu-144. However, the development of supersonic aircraft is not optimistic. "Concorde" aircraft price is too high, the impact of efficiency, and thus had to stop production of the 1980s. Former Soviet Tu-144 are also suspended for the same reason 80s. Since the invention of the airplane, the aircraft is increasingly becoming an indispensable vehicle of modern civilization. It is a profound change and affect people's lives. Since the invention of the airplane, the human global travel time is greatly shortened. The world's first trip around the world in the 16th century to complete. At that time, the Portuguese Magellan led a fleet from Spain starting, took almost three years before crossing the Atlantic, Pacific, around the Earth a week back to Spain. 19th century, a French train trip around one week, also spent 43 days time. After the invention of the airplane, people in 1949 and undertook a world tour. A B-50 bomber, after four beautiful air refueling, in just 94 hours, then around the globe, flying 37,700 km. Strong in the more strong hand. After the advent of supersonic aircraft, people fly higher and faster. In 1979, the British Phelps Beit only 14 hours and 6 minutes, flying 36,900 km, around the earth for a week. In less than a day's time, you can fly to all corners of the earth, which lived in the 20th century for the humans, is it not a miracle it? Intricate air routes linking the countries in the world, providing people with a convenient and fast passenger. Back in the 1920s, air transport on the creation of the regular flights, transporting passengers and mail. Today, air routes more accessible, people will always see the silver aircraft, like a bird in the blue sky Yilue. For modern people, in the morning in Beijing, the afternoon had no weariness appeared in other cities thousands of miles away, this is a very common thing. In the 20th century it was incredible. Since then, steep mountains, endless oceans no longer be daunting. One only YINYAN the different races in different regions, people of different skin colors closely linked. By constantly exchanges, people sow friendship convey information, to communicate, to promote mutual understanding and jointly promote human civilization. The invention also makes aircraft air transport industry has been an unprecedented development, many kinds of raw materials for the industrial development has required new sources and channels, greatly reducing the dependency on local natural resources. Especially after the birth of supersonic aircraft, air transport more prosperous. Those animals should not be prolonged and difficult to transport long-term preservation of delicious food, you can take a plane and crossing over the country, to people around the world Dramas share. Royal Empress is not easy even then Lingnan lychee taste, and now also appears in the common people's home. When humans enter the depths of the earth, the plane is also widely used in geological prospecting. It is equipped with a camera or using an electronic device called Xiao Lan aircraft system, you can quickly and accurately on large areas, including steep and hard to reach places mapping. The aerial photographs pieced together a picture, you can draw an excellent topographic maps. This mapping than the old simple way to much. Even the ice and snow off the beaten track, but once people get involved in exploration in the Arctic and Antarctic, and now you can take a plane arrived without difficulty. Of course, the role of aircraft in modern warfare is more alarming. Not only can be used for reconnaissance, bombing, and in early warning, anti-submarine, mine clearance, it is also extremely well. In the early 1990s, the outbreak of the Gulf War, the enormous power of the aircraft for all to see. Of course, the aircraft used in the military to human disaster has also brought heavy dimension of human civilization devastating damage. But the peaceful use of aircraft, is the human invention of aircraft in mind.
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Attitude
Transport aircraft and the ground motion is different in the air, it has a variety of flight attitude. This refers to the plane upward, down, left tilt and right tilt changes. Attitude determines aircraft movements, affecting both flight altitude, but also affect the direction of flight. When the low-speed flight, the pilot observed by ground, according to the position of the horizon can determine the aircraft's attitude. However, due to the driver's body posture with the aircraft's attitude and change, so this feeling is not reliable. For example, when a small plane turn angle bend, body tilted badly, the driver not able to quickly adjust their sense of balance, and thus can not correctly determine the position of the horizon, it may cause the aircraft can not be restored to the correct The flight attitude up. There do night flying aircraft at sea, the dark sky and dark sea, the stars, or the same will be shining light. In this vast darkness is hard to tell where the sky, where the sea, the slightest mistake, it is easy to put the aircraft entered the sea. For flight safety, it is highly necessary to be able to produce an indication of aircraft flight attitude instrument. Such a performance of this instrument must have, that no one can show with the aircraft pitch, tilt and changes on the horizon. In the table above this line is the day that is below ground. Heaven and earth will be a different color differences are very striking. How can we create this night? Designers get inspiration from the toy gyroscope. Many children have played gyro. Its magic is when it turns up later, no matter how you touch it, it always remain upright posture, never lying. And it turn faster, which can remain upright features stronger. In other words: the gyroscope is rotated up, it can maintain its rotational axis pointing from outside interference, it is the starting point direction. Using this principle, it manufactured in the late l9 gyroscope, which is a core part of the high-speed rotation of the gyro, jargon is called the rotor. Mounted on the rotor can rotate freely in all directions of a stent, which is a gyroscope. The gyroscope installed on other devices, regardless of how this device motion, direction the gyroscope rotor axis of rotation is not going to change. Shortly after the invention of the airplane, the gyroscope was used on the aircraft. The holder and the gyro body together, it is a rotor rotating at high speed, the rotation axis perpendicular to the ground, with a transverse axis perpendicular to the indicator lever and the rotor are cross-connected. Aircraft flight attitude can be changed, but the rotor axis is always pointing to the ground, the horizontal bar on the label and always parallel to the horizon, it is called an artificial horizon instrument, the instrument is called the horizon, the guidelines also called attitude instrument. In actual flight, the pilot should believe at any time horizon indicate the flight attitude rather than trust their own judgment feel so inclined to avoid violent pitching motion misjudgment caused the aircraft, so as to ensure the safety of aircraft in flight.
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About Automated Flight
Aircraft pilots can not automatically go flying? Early in the future horizon is loaded on the plane, it was just pondering the idea. In l914, an American inventor Si Pailei use as a pointer on the horizon gyro aircraft in level flight standards, measured by electrical installations and aircraft flying this standard deviation, then the mechanical device to be corrected on the aircraft to maintain On the state level flight. This is the world's first autopilot. Although it can only maintain level flight the aircraft, but it gives future generations to enlightenment, from the beginning of the aircraft automatic flight times. 1970s, computer enters the aircraft, the aircraft has its own electronic "brain." First, the use of three computer (flight control computer) control the three axes of the aircraft flight condition. At this point the aircraft can be controlled not only in level flight, and can control the turn and lift. Taking into account the aircraft was doing turns and down movement, its thrust must change accordingly, in order to successfully complete these procedures, it is necessary to simultaneously control the engine thrust. So the second step on the plane and the installation of a computer management thrust thrust control. Thanks to self-control aircraft flight attitude and thrust the ability to achieve the automatic arbitrary initial flight. But it also only remain on the flight route has been _set_. It can not be linked to a comprehensive instrumentation system machine for timely response to external changes. In order to realize the whole process automatic aircraft flight control, which is able to "independence", which requires the unified management of these two systems (attitude and thrust) and the implementation of major joint and other instrumentation systems. So the third step on the plane and put on a more powerful computer, the overall management and coordination of the flight. This unified management of the global computer called the flight management computer. It is the core of the central plane. Within this central database to store the various airport and air route data. As long as the driver of the _select_ed route will start and end within the command input to this computer, it can replace the driver's command of the aircraft takeoff, climb, cruise, descent until landing at the destination airport. The system can also be instantly issued a directive in all stages of flight, the aircraft in accordance with the best flight status, the most rational use of thrust, the most economical fuel to fly the entire distance, so as to achieve the full automation of the flight. Sounds from this computer system controlled by the pilot to control the aircraft to fly than to fly better, then, is not the driver after the aircraft do not need to answer is:? Can not. One reason is that the aircraft's navigational lines to be _set_ by the driver and entered into the computer to go; reason is that the aircraft during takeoff and landing two stages, too many changes in the factors, the computer can only be pre-programmed action, does not have the ability to flexibly react; third reason is that even though the aircraft cruising state, the driver can not do anything to control the plane, but he must monitor the "brains" of the work machine. In case this "brain" what failures occurred or did not react in a timely manner, the driver should immediately take over the task of driving the aircraft, so as to ensure flight safety.
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About Black Box
After a plane crash black box, authorities must do everything possible to find the plane down to the "black box." Because the black box is to determine the cause of the accident flight the most important and direct evidence. Although called black box, in fact, its color is not black, but eye-catching orange, this is just a common name convention. Its official name is the flight information recording system. In electronics, to focus only on its input and output signals without attention to its internal situation of all instrument called a black box. Flight information recording system is a typical black box-type instrument. For convenience, industry insiders call it the black box, spread to the community, the public only know that there is a black box on the plane. Flight information recording system includes two _set_s of instruments: a cockpit voice recorder, is actually a tape recorder. After flying from the start, it kept the various sounds in the cockpit, such as conversation, transmitters and a variety of other voices ring all recorded. But it can only keep the sound within 30 minutes before recording. The second part is the flight data recorder, which put the aircraft on a variety of real-time data recorded on the tape. Early recorder can record more than 20 kinds of data, the data are already recorded up to 60 or more. L6 species which are important data shall be recorded, such as aircraft acceleration, attitude, thrust, fuel, and so the position of the control surfaces. Recent recording time is 25 hours. 25 hours before the record is erased. With these two recorders, usually after a period of flight, the officer of the recording and playback to reproduce the error or fault has been found. Maintenance personnel can more easily use it to find the location of the fault occurred; flight crew can use it to check the outside of the flight performance and lack of operational aircraft, improved flight technology. Once the plane crash, the recording system has become the most direct basis accident analysis. In order to ensure the authenticity and objectivity records, the driver can view the contents of records and can not control the recorder work or alterations recorded content. To ensure that even after the crash recorder can be saved, we must put it in the safest part of the plane. According to the statistics to know the bottom of the tail empennage is the safest place on the plane, so he took the "black box" installed here. Is placed into a black box (or both) of special steel container manufacturing heat shock, this container is spherical or oblong, it can withstand the impact of 1000 times gravity, 11000 ℃ subjected to high temperatures for 30 minutes without being destroyed, 30 days immersion in sea water without water. To facilitate the search for it in sight, the ICAO provisions of this container to be painted in eye-catching orange instead of black or other colors. In its interior is equipped with automatic signal generator capable of transmitting radio signals to search for in the air; also equipped with ultrasonic underwater locator beacon, fell into the water when the black box can automatically send out an ultrasonic signal for 30 days. With technical measures to protect these, whether it is through a violent collision, the fire burned, and fall into the deep sea of black box, after the crash, the vast majority were able to find. According to its records, the progress of aviation accident analysis business is a big step. Flying in to protect the safety, improved aircraft design to promote all aspects of aviation technology advances, the black box is contributed ah!
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Air travel disease prevention Conditions
(1) anti-motion sickness. Sickness and vomiting is the balance organ disorders, poor body to adapt to the reason, generally just keep calm, eliminate distractions, serving some anti-motion sickness drugs will ship without incident. If you know you may be airsick, the best medicine 15 minutes before boarding. (2) Anti-old disease emergencies: takeoff, landing, rise, change down turn, bumpy flight attitude, etc., as well as through the clouds when the aircraft rapidly changing light and shade, will stimulate the on_set_ of some diseases. By a thrombus or encephalopathy caused by bleeding, never flew; severe concussion specialist accompanying the patient should take effective preventive measures; mild brain shock patients should carry some painkillers; older people with vascular sclerosis can be served before boarding a small amount of sedatives, colds, runny nose and nasal obstruction patients best not to fly because of the eustachian tube obstruction dangerous tympanic membrane perforation. (3) Effective measures to prevent anti-aviation otitis media is the mouth and swallow. He kept his mouth open or swallow, of course, can also play a preventive role, but after less decency. So flights are generally not forget to send a packet to each passenger beautifully packaged candy, which is truth in them. Chewing a few grains of candy or chewing gum to make a few eustachian tube normally open. Chewing food is the most effective way to prevent aviation otitis media, lighthearted measures are the most. If you feel these symptoms are not eliminated, the thumb and forefinger nose, mouth shut, forced expiratory flow rushed to open the eustachian tube to allow air into the middle ear cavity and the elimination of ear fullness, ear weight, ear pain and other symptoms.
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Aircraft supporting professional equipment
Handling Lifts: The main materials used for the loading and unloading cargo aircraft, 2008 Wenchuan earthquake has outstanding performance Aircraft cleaning lifts: designed primarily for cleaning the body lifts Maintenance of aircraft dedicated lifts: By lifting platform to repair the various components of the aircraft.
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Aircraft route is how to determine the
Aircraft called the air transit route, referred to the route. Aircraft route not only to determine the specific direction of the aircraft, start and end points and stopping points, but also air traffic control as needed, provides airline flight width and height, in order to maintain air traffic order to ensure flight safety. (This is the definition) How to determine the specific aircraft in the air line is it? First, the pilot will departure airport and arrival airport, and point the way to navigate through the input to the aircraft's computer. When the plane took off, it will continue to be exchanged between waypoints and aircraft data to guide the aircraft's automatic flight control system aircraft flying down a waypoint. In other words, the plane is in the air line from the ground control navigation station.
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The world's leading manufacturer of small aircraft
In the United States and Europe ,2-6 small aircraft is a very active market, their manufacturers are mainly small independent company, usually only a few production models and variants. Such aircraft are mainly privately owned, less expensive, is widely used in private flying, flight training, sightseeing tours, aviation sports. Generally only small aircraft equipped with an engine, some aircraft enthusiasts also create their own kind of aircraft. Small aircraft market is large, and therefore the relevant manufacturer and model more, this area has the following well-known companies: 1 Cessna Aircraft Company (Cessna Aircraft Co.), U.S. companies. 2 Piper Aircraft Corporation (New Piper Aircraft, Inc.), U.S. companies. 3 paise (Pilatus Aircraft Ltd), Swiss companies. 4 Diamond Aircraft Company (Diamond Aircraft), an Austrian company. 5 Cirrus Design (Cirrus Design), USA. 6 Lance (Lancair International Inc.), U.S. companies. 7. Liberty (Liberty Aerospace, Inc.), U.S. companies. 8. Jabiru (Jabiru Aircraft Pty Ltd), Australia. 9. Aquila (The AQUILA Aviation by Excellence AG), a German company.
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Aircraft safety
Frequency of major aircraft accidents how Major accidents rarely occur, resulting in many casualties in the accident rate is about 1/3000000. Air transport is the safest way remote, and it becomes more and more secure. Occurred 30 years ago, a major accident rate per flight one hundred forty million miles once. Is now 1.4 billion miles before a major accident occurred, security improved tenfold. ★ plane and by car, which is more secure A Comparative Study of the United States, according to the National Security Committee of casualties between 1993 and 1995 occurred, the plane than by car to safety 22 times. In fact, in the United States over the past 60 years, the number of deaths caused by the crash even less than the number of deaths in a typical three months in automobile accidents caused. Which part of the riskiest ★ flight Takeoff and climb to cruising altitude, descent and landing are the most likely to fail in flight two stages. With a very simplistic view, the engine thrust during takeoff and the aircraft structural integrity requirements in terms of the highest, and approach and landing are the most demanding of the cockpit crew. About three-quarters of all serious accidents occurred in both short flight phases. ★ machine where the safest seat Some people think that the cabin near the rear of the seat or seat wing safer. But there is no evidence that any part of the machine is safer than other parts. Each is best to listen to common sense safety presentation before the flight and the flight crew reported all. ★ There is no way to make aviation safer In the past 15-20 years, thanks to computerized flight simulators and radar coverage while expanding surface, and high-tech equipment in the airspace near the aircraft, from the ground when too close, aircraft altitude or flight angle instability or case When the wind changes to warn the pilots, flight safety improvement is a big step. Aviation Industry is through better pilot training, aircraft inspection and maintenance to better technology and new safety technology and other ways to continue to improve aviation safety. For example, the next century, all the civil aviation jets will use satellite navigation and communication, ready to tell them the location of the ground air traffic control personnel, than to rely on ground-based navigation equipment and radar navigation to be a big step forward, which fly in the aircraft Over the horizon, it is never "invisible" plane. Flight Safety trustworthy Despite the dramatic crash several recent incidents, but the flight safety record is still trusted, at least, in the United States in Buffalo, New York this year, one pair of engine turbo propeller aircraft before the crash, two years did not happen cause of death in a vicious flying accident. According to the U.S. National Transportation Safety Board (N TSB) said, either in 2007 or 2008, accidents involving large airliners annual report are only 28 cases. In the past two years, more than 10.8 million vehicles flight departure times, carrying 753 million passengers who did not cause the death of a passenger. In addition to this year's since the crash, the U.S. regional flights all these years and no fatalities were reported. Although the crash is terrible, but the statistics speaking, driving is much more dangerous still. According to NTSB said that in 2007, 44 people died in a plane crash the U.S., and 4.4 million people died in the accident. Voss said that despite the spate of air crashes in recent months, but there is no reason to worry about flying. Voss told reporters on the website:. "Even a few series of recent accidents, but flying is still quite safe we never stopped further enhance flight safety efforts.
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In recent years, China〗 〖crash
April 26, 1982 in the afternoon General Administration of Civil Aviation of China, No. 266 airliner crashed over Gongcheng County. January 18, 1988 China Southwest Airlines plane Il No. -18-222 execution Beijing - Chongqing when the airport flight mission crashed near Chongqing, 108 people were killed. July 31, 1992 by the China General Nanjing to Xiamen Airlines flight number 2755 GP7552 Jacques -42 aircraft takeoff roll on the way out of the runway, crashed at about 600 meters from the airport. 107 people were killed and 19 wounded. November 24, 1992 China Southern Airlines Boeing executive aircraft No. 737-2523 3943 flight mission, flying from Guangzhou, Guilin, Yangshuo County, Guangxi Yang Di after local mountains crushing disintegration Village, 141 people were killed. This is China's civil aviation history worst air disaster. July 23, 1993 Northwest Airlines BAe146 Model 2716 China Yinchuan Beijing flight aircraft to perform the task, into the pond when the Yinchuan Airport, 54 people were killed and three people were injured crew. June 6, 1994 China Northwest Airlines Tu-154 aircraft No. 2610, executed in Xi'an - Guangzhou 2303 flight mission, Naruto County in Shaanxi Province town calf crash killed 160 people. The evening of 8 May 1997 21 am, China Southern Airlines Company Limited in Shenzhen Boeing 737-300 aircraft to perform Chongqing, Shenzhen, No. B2925 3456 flight mission, forced landing in bad weather Shenzhen Huangtian Airport (now renamed as Shenzhen Bao'an International Airport ), crashed during landing. "5.8" plane crash casualties: passengers on 65 people, including the death of 33 people, injured eight people, 20 people were slightly injured; crew of nine people, which killed two people, injured one person slightly injured six people. February 16, 1998, China Taiwan, "China Airlines' A300-600 passenger plane crashed into a nearby building while landing at Taipei airport, killing 196 crew on board and ground-seven people were killed. This is the biggest ever crash in Taiwan. February 24, 1999 Drawing No. 154-2622 China Southwest Airlines aircraft when performing tasks flights from Chengdu to Wenzhou crash, 61 people were killed. May 22, 2000, an affiliated Changsha Broad Air Conditioning Co., Bell 206-b-type helicopters crashed into the Xiangjiang River, resulting in two deaths, including pilots, including three injured. Ambitious company is the first business aircraft purchase of private enterprises, the company in 1997 to buy jet aircraft has caused a big stir in the country. On the afternoon of June 22, 2000, around 3 pm, Enshi, Hubei Wuhan Airlines plane from Wuhan shipped to seven aircraft, crashed in the outskirts of Wuhan, Wuhan crash when the aircraft fell to the ground to a pump boat crashed into the south bank of the Han River, was on board the job The seven people aboard. Thus, with 42 dead machine, the crash of a total of 49 people died. April 15, 2002, Air China CA129 Beijing - Busan flights in Gimhae, South Gyeongsang Kyung crashed. A total of 155 passengers on the plane and 11 crew members to determine the death toll was 122 people, missing six people, the survivors of 38 people. May 7, 2002, China Northern Airlines McDonnell Douglas 82 aircraft crashed in the sea near Dalian. Machine 103 passengers and nine crew members were killed. May 25, 2002, Taiwan's "China Airlines" CI611 flight in the waters near the Penghu crash, the passengers and crew of 225 people died. May 18, 2004, the morning of an Azerbaijani cargo plane crashed near the airport in Urumqi, Xinjiang, killing all seven crew, including six Ukrainian, Azerbaijani nationality a person. May 28, 2004, one South African small plane crashed near Changsha, Hunan Province. The only aircraft pilots killed in a South African nationality. June 30, 2004, an Jianqi military aircraft during training due to return in case of failure of a thunderstorm and crashed about 80 kilometers from the urban area of Wuhan. Caused by ground personnel (children) 1 dead 1 injured and burned two houses, the pilot ejected safely. About September 16, 2004, 15:00 pm, aerial helicopter to perform tasks in the near Yuyao, Zhejiang Jade Garden crashed seven crew and passengers, four dead and three injuries. At 8:21 on November 21, 2004, China Eastern Airlines Yunnan Branch (formerly China Yunnan Airlines) No. B-3072 CRJ-200 aircraft from Baotou to Shanghai MU5210 flight after takeoff crashed into the South China Sea near the lake of the park near the airport. Resulting in 55 people (including 47 passengers and six crew members and two ground personnel) were killed, the direct economic loss of 180 million yuan. As of 17:10 or so, the accident killed 54 people remains have been found. "11.21" crash accident death toll of 55 people, including staff on board killed 53 people, the victims and the ground for 2 people. May 31, 2008 afternoon, the Chengdu Military Region, the relief force one meter -171 transport helicopter, transporting Third Military Medical University in the implementation of disease control experts to manage the county's mission way back in the mountains and canyons near Wenchuan local climate due to the instantaneous changes suddenly encountered heavy fog and low clouds and strong airflow, crashed at 14:56. A crew of five people and injured tolls mass transit and related staff of 14 people on board.
Translated by Google
English Expression
: n aircraft that is heavier than air, with wings and one or more engines
n.: aeroplane, takeoff, unstick, vector, vessel, zoom, on board, All aboard!, off the beam, bomb up, flying coffin, go by train [car, air, water], take ground, nose over, go into a (flat)spin, in station, out of station, weather in, aerocraft, kite, Aircraft, airplane, apron, avion, bus, concorde, craft, fairing, loop, passage, shuttle