Ancient times to the emperor by the emperor of heaven, so any change of dynasty, monarchy Yixing, are known as the Revolution. Modern refers to the natural world, the social sector or thinkers development process of a profound qualitative change
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No. 3
Tang Wuge life in accord with heaven response to human, leather carry on when the big zai! - "Yi Ge"
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No. 4
The new democratic revolution and socialist revolution
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No. 5
Copernicus made the earth and doctrine, not only brought a revolution in astronomy, but also opened up the discipline to move forward in a new era. - "Copernicus"
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No. 6
That the implementation of changes to be destiny. Ancient king ordered that in the days and replacing it with a fate change, because "the revolution." "Yi Ge": "leather and 4:00 into the world, Tang Wuge life in accord with heaven response to human." Kong Ying Shu: "Xia Jie, Yan Zhou, fierce and wild excesses, both angry days, people have rebelled against the Lord, Yin Tang, Zhou Wu, wisdom and destiny on the smooth, the next should be the people, put Jie Ming article, punish Zhou Makino, reform the Wang Ming, to change its vulgar, twenty years before and Tang Wuge life in accord with heaven response to human. "" Lord of the Three Kingdoms Wu Chuan Wu ":" Zhen Yi is not virtue, carrier revolution, Harbourside nations, Ping system secret. "Tang Wu Jing," Zhen Guan Chun Road ":" Shun Tin Revolution, will be the Jo Long 700 , Yi-Jue children, transfer of Leaves. "" Ming Shi Taizu Kiji ":" before the occasion on behalf of revolution, unleashing killing, against the day of abuse people, I really can not bear. "
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No. 7
That the social, political, economic, big changes. The oppressed class to seize power by force, destroyed the old social system and the relations of production, the establishment of new social systems and relations of production. Tao, "the constitution Longhua official call to arms": "What is called the Revolution? Revolution is the rebellion." Mao Zedong's "war and the strategy of" one: "the central task of the revolution and the highest form of armed seizure of power, to solve the problem of war." Chen Yi " remember last words "Poetry:" The revolution is not bleeding tears, no need to preempt grievance extraordinary life and death. "also refers to a revolutionary consciousness. Mao Zedong, "the Chinese revolution and the Communist Party of China," Chapter II: "In the colonial and semi-colonial China, not Europe as a social reformist economic foundation, so depolarization Shaoshuo scab, the entire class (refer to the proletariat) are The most revolutionary. "
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No. 8
Fundamental reform. Such as: the industrial revolution in the history of capitalist development is an important stage.
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No. 9
① the oppressed class to seize power by force, destroying the old corrupt social system, a new progressive social system. Revolutionary destruction of the old relations of production, the establishment of new relations of production, the liberation of productive forces and promoting social development. ② revolutionary consciousness: the working class is the most ~ the class. ③ fundamental reforms: Your technology ideas ~ ~ ~ Your industry.
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No. 10
Revolution (revolution) [Pinyin] gémìng Definition of Heaven in ancient emperor to emperor, so where dynasties, monarch Yixing, are called revolution. Refers to a qualitative change in the nature of modern deep, social or intellectual development sector generated in the process [Source] Tang Wu revolution, but should be in accord with almost one day, when the big leather carry Kazuya -! "Yi Ge" [Evolution] In ancient China, "revolution" meant very narrow, only refers to the ease of change towards; etymology is "easy. Ge Gua "The hog Biography:." Tang Wu revolution, but should be in accord with almost one day, "leather is changed, life is destiny. The meaning two or three thousand years has not changed. "Revolution" is now the usage is coming from the Japanese. Chen Jianhua trip aesthetics people, in 98 years of "reading" the paper wrote, noting the late Qing Wang Tao "French Historical Geography" (1890), the first use of modern semantics "revolutionary," "French Revolution "while Wang Tao this usage, and many places like this book he taken from the Japanese Chihiro Oka" French Chi "and Okamoto's prison auxiliary" World Chronicles. " In Japan, the "revolution" of the word also came from the Chinese, but to future generations, has been transformed, may refer to changes, such as the "Meiji Restoration" will be called "revolution", and then after it with "international usage" standards. According to von freedom "revolution Itsushi" talk, 1895, Sun Yat-sen came to Kobe, to see the local newspaper, it says "Shina Revolutionary Party leader Sun Yat-sen arrived in Japan," White said on Shao, mean well, after we called Revolutionary Party strike. Shao-Bai memories ("Revolutionary History To Revive China Society") with this Great minds think alike, and they had talked about doing just that emperor called revolution, they only regarded as rebels. Sun Yat-sen's "Revolution", has been accepted in the West, "Republican Revolution" of the content to be re-filled "race revolution," it will certainly not only with the royalist coexistence, they are each other with water and fire reformists. Because when the "revolution" of the early modern usage into the relationship between China and the French Revolution, as well as the original word in the native semantics, making it two colors from the out_set_, one of violence, the second is justice. Especially after a little, so that the Qing government said only, "faction", "banditry", "rebels", and absolutely do not want to use the words of Sun Yat-generation although already spread to such a "revolutionary party." Sun Yat-sen, "a summary of the revolutionary movement," said:. ".. Name of the revolution, founded in Confucius Chinese history, after Tang Wu, the fact of the revolution, has more often than not carry on," which at the time was for his "revolutionary action" to fight legitimate of effort, but later on, many people have pointed out that the only rebellion and turmoil in Chinese history, uncommon revolution, but this time the revolution was new wine in old bottle. So Taiyan said:. "My so-called revolution, not 'revolution' is also" ("revolutionary morality") is meant. "Revolution" quickly became popular. In 1899, Liang Qichao, "Qing Yi Paper" on the text to promote "Poetic Revolution", "revolution" to get a wider range of semantics. In 1902, the primary election legislation wei Zhang Baohuang wrote "A North and South America on various overseas Chinese revolution feasible only viable stand-election book," In the second year, Taiyan retaliate with "split Kang Youwei Revolutionary book", which was then , is a very large impact on the debate. (The same year Zourong wrote the famous "Revolutionary Army.") After 1949, the "revolutionary" meaning becomes increasingly broad and oppressive, inclusive of all the achievements of the last revolutionary action and the various phenomena associated with the orthodox and became the ruling value system in all the core words. In theory, Marx and Engels had put forward ideas "does not stop the revolution", as Mao Zedong's inheritance, the evolution of new ideas to continue the revolution. Mao Zedong once said: "the word was delighted to see the revolution." In that era, the word "revolution" really can use "all" to describe; and "counter-revolutionary" is an accusation, to be shot. Another usage, called "no revolution", is behind the molecular label. Since the 1980s, the "revolution" extreme colors fade a bit, but the usage is more broad. In many cases, it is the "change" or even "change" a synonym. But it comes from the kind of "justice" of a bygone era, has always been the mainstream usage. Opponents of the same event, still competing for "revolutionary" status, the advantage to compete discourse. In addition, "continue the revolution" theory though no longer in use, but some of its content, is still inherited. After the 1990s, intellectuals, began in the "revolution" use of the term "Westernization", intends to use this term in the prevailing world semantics. 1995, published in Hong Kong and Liu Zaifu Li Zehou coauthored "Farewell revolution", that "revolution" is radicalism and emotional, "21st Century does not need revolution." This book has been criticized in both directions. Now the word "revolution" ambiguity, the main aspects in the "revolution" if the violence associated with this point. Even in the modern Western usage, "revolution" is also often used to refer to a variety of changes in the field of "new", such as medical revolution, ecological revolution, may not have the means intense meaning. Of course, the "revolution" despite being broadly used, there are still assigned to the kind of reminiscent of the French Revolution narrow. When combined with "improved" the word became opposition, there this color. Marxist-Leninist "revolution" in the history of Marx and Engels was originally conceived in the "German Ideology" in the proposed, the main idea is a mode of production based on the idea of change of each era each other; revolution from its most comprehensive sense, is from one age to another era of upheaval leap. Between the old system with new productivity for freedom, and then from the point of view of human relations, among the upper classes inside the old order with the lower classes, between the new class before the class with the challenge to it, convergence of various conflicts, will bring revolution, until the socialist revolution stage, originally exploited classes merged with the new ruling class. Later, just for the modern revolution in Europe, including the past, present and future, Marx and Engels have time to consider them seriously. Marx has begun to study the United Kingdom, France and the U.S. Revolution in 1843 (his notes illustrates this point). All these revolutions are "bourgeois revolution" (although the United States is also the nation's revolutionary revolution), is part of ambitious people from the middle class in leadership, in essence, is the expansion of the productive forces of capitalism needs contributed. In addition to all these old Lixin attempts, Marx and Engels soon consider to Martin Luther's Reformation and • 1524-1525 German Peasants' War was accompanied by the most heroic of its initial stages in this regard ─ ─ Engels wrote a The book ─ ─, that this is the first revolution; although as citizens and farmers to break the feudal superiority efforts to obtain only a very limited effect. 1640s British riots to mature and much more successful. However, Marx and Engels believed that without trying to farmers and the urban poor for the emerging bourgeoisie and bourgeois landowners fighting, it does not advance to such an extent; This also implies to them such a general principle, everything rebel movement must advance to a destination far beyond the requirements of bourgeois self-interest, if not exceed the limits of the inevitable reactionary kind of like the 1688 outcome represented by the words (see Engels' from utopian socialist development of science "in English Introduction ). Another general feature is new to the front of the propertied classes can be supported by the masses, you can order stance against the old order of appearance on behalf of all the people, even at the time think so. 1848 ─ ─ 1849 years, Marx and Engels from the left side were the radical movement in Germany, a chance to see a bourgeois revolution from within, finally led to the failure of hesitation and weakness deeply disgusted; later they in this aspects of thinking and writing a lot of things. Modern research on economic history, so Marx convinced that Europe's revolution in 1847, the business background of recession, public discontent _set_ off a revolution, before the next recession and mobilize the masses once again, a new rebellion would not have any chance. In fact, the bourgeoisie Central and Eastern Europe and even the government to support their workers in front of them for more than insecure, never again risk test, unless it is half-hearted, as in 1905 in Russia. It can be obtained within the confines of an old position, though not the regime, it can unhindered industrial development, which is of practical significance to it all. Engels attempted (in "The role of violence in history" and) put this case into the idea of Marx, the German terms, the Bismarck "unified" described as "revolutionary", this example illustrates the use of his and Marx How flexible word. Another example is Marx on rural India was destroyed by British pressure is a "social revolution" was always the only Asian history (see "_Select_ed Works of Marx and Engels," Volume 2, page 67). However, in the "bourgeois revolution" concepts, generated a lot of problems, although it has to be clarified Marxist scholars vividly in the past half-century. In the UK, can not irrefutable proof that the conflict between the class and they represent among economies. Even in 1789 the French case (Marxist point of view, or the like to obtain more widely acknowledged here) is still very controversial. It is recognized, however, Marx's greatest role is played by the assumption that encourage people to explore the whole issue. Another revolutionary communist revolution that in a long time linger in the mind as a few people, however, Marx often stressed in its material conditions are met before there can be meaningful. That is, communism can only come following the capitalist things, it brings a new working class, the first time it is possible to eliminate all class distinctions, because it does not represent an alternative form of ownership, but to get rid of Everything ownership. Its ruling will be a moral reform and the reform of society, because it will liquidate the past, to wipe dirty human things, making a new start (see "German Ideology" Chapter 1, Part 1 b3). Marx and Engels and the early formation of another faith never betray that great changes here and there can not occur in some places, but should be the result of decisive action while the number of industrial countries (ibid., Volume 1, Part 1 a1 ). Marx draw conclusions from June 1848 workers' uprising in Paris failed to say, this is just like a Jew traveling in the desert, as the beginning of a long struggle (see "_Select_ed Works of Marx and Engels," Volume 1, page 468) ─ ─ later this become a favorite of Stalin's image. In later years, Marx and Engels had to admit that in 1848 they were swayed by impatience of youth, in the first phase of capitalism in the process on the continent expect the overthrow of capitalism, which is very immature. Regime is impossible to rely on a small number of enthusiastic molecules, ie without power for the entire class backed by a sudden attack to seize the vanguard of the battle (see Engels 1895 edition of "1848-1850 Class Struggles in France," wrote the preface). Later Engels considered Russia may be an exception to this principle. 1875 revolution he considered there might be promoted while the looming war ("the social situation in Russia") 4; 1885 he told a Russian reporter, if Blanquist fantasy (by a group of conspirators to overthrow the entire community ) may be some truth in any place, then it is certainly in Petersburg, because the system is so unstable tsar, suddenly you can push it down (to Victoria • Zasulich, April 23). Elsewhere, a number of things will slow, although in most cases, the climax is perhaps the force of the contest. Marx might think that a few countries, first and foremost the UK due to its long-standing political tradition, to avoid the last severe test. However, the development of Britain's disappointing failure of the working class Chartist movement retreated after a non-political trade unionism, the lack of "responsibility" sense of socialism. In France, the political spirit of the more active, but shortly after 1848, Marx understood that in a country with a major agricultural in nature, no farmer's aid, the working class can not be limited to power, he estimates that farmers will ensure the deepening of poverty This support ("Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte • 18", seven). After 1870, the rapid industrialization of the German working class that it seems the country will be the first action. Shortly powerful socialist movement unfolded, increasing the seats in the Reichstag. Engels more attention to it as growth in the elections of strength, because he, as a military expert, is also aware of new weapons are strengthening governments force. November 3, 1892, he wrote to Lafargue said, street fighting and barricades have become things of the past; in combat with the army, the socialists will certainly be disastrous, and he admitted that he could not find a good way to solve this difficult. But this is also necessary to attract the masses to come, to maximize the range of motion in Germany, take it to advance to the main army recruitment areas, such as East Prussia. Engels to Marx's "1848-1850 Class Struggles in France," wrote the preface to the German version emphasizes these caveats in 1895. However, he was editor of the paper for fear of censorship and wantonly excision, which he is extremely dissatisfied; Kautsky wrote in his letter (April 1, 1895) complains that, which makes him easy to be misrepresented as "the legitimate struggle of admirers." In fact, this situation will soon happen. In 1898, the year after his death, Bernstein began to make lead on the "revisionist" debate various ideas (see revisionist entries). In this complex debate, Bernstein's main argument is: the collapse of capitalism in the near future so-called inevitable, but the desire of the idea; However, according to general understanding, the debate is about the original meaning of the revolution What is still a real possibility, or say whether the Constitution should rely only now approach. In Russia, before the revolution in 1905, there is no constitutional right, there is not much future constitutional rights. Lenin determined to be able to prepare the creation of a then revolutionary party leaders; and all the different predecessors, his most fully implement the plan in advance of the revolutionary ideas. In 1905, major riots with spontaneity, his party is too small, untested, not made great achievements, which in any case failed to go beyond the scope of bourgeois democracy and the generalities of land reform. However, it shows the weakness of the failure of the Russian bourgeoisie is not firm, as the German bourgeoisie 1848-49 show that the firm is not the same. Therefore produce this paradox, it is revolutionary to replace it by the working class and its political party led by the masses, and even carried it aside. This idea naturally lead to "permanent revolution" strategy, without pause from the bourgeois revolution (compare precisely, now the Democratic Revolution) to advance to the socialist revolution plan. Here, there are more than enough left aspects of the complex situation prompted endless debate, as in the West, as the revisionists. 1914 when European rulers command according to its obedience to take up arms when Lenin tried to counter this accusation, the international war had foolishly predicted mean revolution. He wrote that it was never guarantee this is not any revolutionary situation has led to the revolution, the revolution can not come on their own (see "_Select_ed Works of Lenin," Vol 2, pp. 620-621). Only in the call has been prepared riots, while the upper classes could not be maintained under the old order, when the revolution can take place. This is not some objective conditions to political parties and class will transfer. March 1916, in another controversy in wartime, Lenin declared socialist revolution can not be conceived as a quick blow: it is a series of intense fighting all fronts (see "_Select_ed Works of Lenin," Volume 2, Section 717 page). In Russia, Lenin took place in 1917, expect the total crisis. Trotsky in his history (see "References" ⑧, Appendix 2), wrote that any revolution can not fully meet the intent of those who launched it, but it was before the October Revolution than any revolution is more fully comply with some. In a very important aspect of it out of the way. He and Lenin expect it to become Europe's riot signals; For them, as for Marx and Engels, to decide victory or defeat in the international arena. However, the East and the West are too far apart, socialists and other places too happy to follow the example of the Bolsheviks, the Bolsheviks who feel abandoned, bear the brunt. Soon an argument occurred, Lenin, Kautsky as the main opponents. The question is whether this is a real socialist revolution. Lenin condemned his critics believe departure from Marxism and reformism. Kautsky has condemned the Bolshevik transition to Marx once considered essential for any post-revolutionary dictatorship of the proletariat as an excuse for terrorism by virtue of the ruling. Marx and Engels on terrorism is different from the point of view of this dictatorship, been described in the September 4, 1870 letter to Engels to Marx, in which the horrors of the 1793 political panic as people themselves engaged in atrocities is simply useless to support a system of their own beliefs. Elsewhere in Europe after years of insurrection attempt failed. A Marxist thinking lessons once a leisurely years in prison, and the Marxist Gramsci is. According to him the events of the 19th century in Italy, the distinction between a positive and a card uprising Mazzini Darfur advocated "passive revolution", which is ready to be patient through people's minds as a "molecular changes" constitute a cause of social forces change method. He envisions, perhaps both are necessary for Italy, he thinks the rest of Europe in 1848 after a tendency to "negative" type. He addressed the bourgeois democratic revolution, or the bourgeois national revolution; in 1918 after more careful to say that in 1945, European socialism can be said to have a similar transformation. In the West, the pursuit of the purpose of the revolution has actually meant to believe reinvented society, as distinct from simply no way to repair the old society with sporadic reforms. In the Soviet Union, can be seen moving slowly in this direction; in the early 1960s, the Soviet Union has been willing to adopt these theories to this view, as the socialist has been established in many parts of the world, it is possible elsewhere by peaceful means to obtain power. This argument is to be recognized in the Maoist (see Mao Zedong entry) doctrine of extreme stress. Maoist compete with Moscow leadership of the socialist camp and repeatedly reaffirmed the international nature of the struggle. More recent years, Beijing has given its extreme revolutionary stance. However, since Lenin in 1914, previously considered promising colonial revolutionary movement, but since the support of the European revolutionary movement, the armed struggle has shifted from Europe to the Third World. There, it is always a very urgent problem, because most parts of Asia and Latin America have a foreign background wing military rule, does not seem to leave a choice. Socialism and national sentiment or emotion farmers often intertwined, but in many areas, providing guidance cues is Marxism or some kind of face-lift of its stuff. (See nationalism; war entries) (Vgk) Bibliography ① Rochelle Governance • 布里西安纳: "Pannekoek and workers' councils", 1978 English. ② Robin Blackburn • Code: "The revolution and class struggle - Marxist Politics Reader", 1978 English. ④ • Antonio Gramsci: "Prison Notes election" (1929-1935), 1971 English. ⑤ e .. j Hobsbawm:. "Revolutionaries", 1973 English. ⑥ • Karl Kautsky: "social revolution" in 1902 in English. ⑦ • Iraq • Vladimir Lenin: "Proletarian Revolution and the Renegade Kautsky" (1918). ⑧ Franz • Marek: "world revolution philosophy", 1966 English. ⑨ out just • Trotsky: "History of the Russian Revolution" (1932-1933), 1967 English. . ⑩ j Vodice: "revolutionary new theory", 1972 English.
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Marxist-Leninist "revolution"
In the history of Marx and Engels was originally conceived in the "German Ideology" in the proposed, the main idea is a mode of production based on the idea of change of each era each other; revolution from its most comprehensive sense, from to another era of upheaval leap of an era. Between the old system with new productivity for freedom, and then from the point of view of human relations, among the upper classes inside the old order with the lower classes, between the new class before the class with the challenge to it, convergence of various conflicts, will bring revolution, until the socialist revolution stage, originally exploited classes merged with the new ruling class. Later, just for the modern revolution in Europe, including the past, present and future, Marx and Engels have time to consider them seriously. Marx has begun to study the United Kingdom, France and the U.S. Revolution in 1843 (his notes illustrates this point). All these revolutions are "bourgeois revolution" (although the United States is also the nation's revolutionary revolution), is part of ambitious people from the middle class in leadership, in essence, is the expansion of the productive forces of capitalism needs contributed. In addition to all these old Lixin attempts, Marx and Engels soon consider to Martin Luther's Reformation and • 1524-1525 German Peasants' War was accompanied by the most heroic of its initial phase (Engels wrote a book in this regard book), which is considered the first revolution; although as citizens and farmers to break the feudal superiority efforts to obtain only a very limited effect. 1640s British riots to mature and much more successful. However, Marx and Engels believed that without trying to farmers and the urban poor for the emerging bourgeoisie and bourgeois landowners fighting, it does not advance to such an extent; This also implies to them such a general principle, everything rebel movement must advance to a destination far beyond the requirements of bourgeois self-interest, if not exceed the limits of the inevitable reactionary kind of like the 1688 outcome represented by the words (see Engels' from utopian socialist development of science "in English Introduction ). Another general feature is new to the front of the propertied classes can be supported by the masses, you can order stance against the old order of appearance on behalf of all the people, even at the time think so. 1848 ─ ─ 1849 years, Marx and Engels from the left side were the radical movement in Germany, a chance to see a bourgeois revolution from within, finally led to the failure of hesitation and weakness deeply disgusted; later they in this aspects of thinking and writing a lot of things. Modern research on economic history, so Marx convinced that Europe's revolution in 1847, the business background of recession, public discontent _set_ off a revolution, before the next recession and mobilize the masses once again, a new rebellion would not have any chance. In fact, the bourgeoisie Central and Eastern Europe and even the government to support their workers in front of them for more than insecure, never again risk test, unless it is half-hearted, as in 1905 in Russia. It can be obtained within the confines of an old position, though not the regime, it can unhindered industrial development, which is of practical significance to it all. Engels attempted (in "The role of violence in history" and) put this case into the idea of Marx, the German terms, the Bismarck "unified" described as "revolutionary", this example illustrates the use of his and Marx How flexible word. Another example is Marx on rural India was destroyed by British pressure is a "social revolution" was always the only Asian history (see "_Select_ed Works of Marx and Engels," Volume 2, page 67). However, in the "bourgeois revolution" concepts, generated a lot of problems, although it has to be clarified Marxist scholars vividly in the past half-century. In the UK, can not irrefutable proof that the conflict between the class and they represent among economies. Even in 1789 the French case (Marxist point of view, or the like to obtain more widely acknowledged here) is still very controversial. It is recognized, however, Marx's greatest role is played by the assumption that encourage people to explore the whole issue. Another revolutionary communist revolution that in a long time linger in the mind as a few people, however, Marx often stressed in its material conditions are met before there can be meaningful. That is, communism can only come following the capitalist things, it brings a new working class, the first time it is possible to eliminate all class distinctions, because it does not represent an alternative form of ownership, but to get rid of Everything ownership. Its ruling will be a moral reform and the reform of society, because it will liquidate the past, to wipe dirty human things, making a new start (see "German Ideology" Chapter 1, Part 1 B3). Marx and Engels and the early formation of another faith never betray that great changes here and there can not occur in some places, but should be the result of decisive action while the number of industrial countries (ibid., Volume 1, Part 1 A1 ). Marx draw conclusions from June 1848 workers' uprising in Paris failed to say, this is just like a Jew traveling in the desert, as the beginning of a long struggle (see "_Select_ed Works of Marx and Engels," Volume 1, page 468) ─ ─ later this become a favorite of Stalin's image. In later years, Marx and Engels had to admit that in 1848 they were swayed by impatience of youth, in the first phase of capitalism in the process on the continent expect the overthrow of capitalism, which is very immature. Regime is impossible to rely on a small number of enthusiastic molecules, ie without power for the entire class backed by a sudden attack to seize the vanguard of the battle (see Engels 1895 edition of "1848-1850 Class Struggles in France," wrote the preface). Later Engels considered Russia may be an exception to this principle. 1875 revolution he considered there might be promoted while the looming war ("the social situation in Russia") 4; 1885 he told a Russian reporter, if Blanquist fantasy (by a group of conspirators to overthrow the entire community ) may be some truth in any place, then it is certainly in Petersburg, because the system is so unstable tsar, suddenly you can push it down (to Victoria • Zasulich, April 23). Elsewhere, a number of things will slow, although in most cases, the climax is perhaps the force of the contest. Marx might think that a few countries, first and foremost the UK due to its long-standing political tradition, to avoid the last severe test. However, the development of Britain's disappointing failure of the working class Chartist movement retreated after a non-political trade unionism, the lack of "responsibility" sense of socialism. In France, the political spirit of the more active, but shortly after 1848, Marx understood that in a country with a major agricultural in nature, no farmer's aid, the working class can not be limited to power, he estimates that farmers will ensure the deepening of poverty This support ("Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte • 18", seven). After 1870, the rapid industrialization of the German working class that it seems the country will be the first action. Shortly powerful socialist movement unfolded, increasing the seats in the Reichstag. Engels more attention to it as growth in the elections of strength, because he, as a military expert, is also aware of new weapons are strengthening governments force. November 3, 1892, he wrote to Lafargue said, street fighting and barricades have become things of the past; in combat with the army, the socialists will certainly be disastrous, and he admitted that he could not find a good way to solve this difficult. But this is also necessary to attract the masses to come, to maximize the range of motion in Germany, take it to advance to the main army recruitment areas, such as East Prussia. Engels to Marx's "1848-1850 Class Struggles in France," wrote the preface to the German version emphasizes these caveats in 1895. However, he was editor of the paper for fear of censorship and wantonly excision, which he is extremely dissatisfied; Kautsky wrote in his letter (April 1, 1895) complains that, which makes him easy to be misrepresented as "the legitimate struggle of admirers." In fact, this situation will soon happen. In 1898, the year after his death, Bernstein began to make lead on the "revisionist" debate various ideas (see revisionist entries). In this complex debate, Bernstein's main argument is: the collapse of capitalism in the near future so-called inevitable, but the desire of the idea; However, according to general understanding, the debate is about the original meaning of the revolution What is still a real possibility, or say whether the Constitution should rely only now approach. In Russia, before the revolution in 1905, there is no constitutional right, there is not much future constitutional rights. Lenin determined to be able to prepare the creation of a then revolutionary party leaders; and all the different predecessors, his most fully implement the plan in advance of the revolutionary ideas. In 1905, major riots with spontaneity, his party is too small, untested, not made great achievements, which in any case failed to go beyond the scope of bourgeois democracy and the generalities of land reform. However, it shows the weakness of the failure of the Russian bourgeoisie is not firm, as the German bourgeoisie 1848-49 show that the firm is not the same. Therefore produce this paradox, it is revolutionary to replace it by the working class and its political party led by the masses, and even carried it aside. This idea naturally lead to "permanent revolution" strategy, without pause from the bourgeois revolution (compare precisely, now the Democratic Revolution) to advance to the socialist revolution plan. Here, there are more than enough left aspects of the complex situation prompted endless debate, as in the West, as the revisionists. 1914 when European rulers command according to its obedience to take up arms when Lenin tried to counter this accusation, the international war had foolishly predicted mean revolution. He wrote that it was never guarantee this is not any revolutionary situation has led to the revolution, the revolution can not come on their own (see "_Select_ed Works of Lenin," Vol 2, pp. 620-621). Only in the call has been prepared riots, while the upper classes could not be maintained under the old order, when the revolution can take place. This is not some objective conditions to political parties and class will transfer. March 1916, in another controversy in wartime, Lenin declared socialist revolution can not be conceived as a quick blow: it is a series of intense fighting all fronts (see "_Select_ed Works of Lenin," Volume 2, Section 717 page). In Russia, Lenin took place in 1917, expect the total crisis. Trotsky in his history (see "References" ⑧, Appendix 2), wrote that any revolution can not fully meet the intent of those who launched it, but it was before the October Revolution than any revolution is more fully comply with some. In a very important aspect of it out of the way. He and Lenin expect it to become Europe's riot signals; For them, as for Marx and Engels, to decide victory or defeat in the international arena. However, the East and the West are too far apart, socialists and other places too happy to follow the example of the Bolsheviks, the Bolsheviks who feel abandoned, bear the brunt. Soon an argument occurred, Lenin, Kautsky as the main opponents. The question is whether this is a real socialist revolution. Lenin condemned his critics believe departure from Marxism and reformism. Kautsky has condemned the Bolshevik transition to Marx once considered essential for any post-revolutionary dictatorship of the proletariat as an excuse for terrorism by virtue of the ruling. Marx and Engels on terrorism is different from the point of view of this dictatorship, been described in the September 4, 1870 letter to Engels to Marx, in which the horrors of the 1793 political panic as people themselves engaged in atrocities is simply useless to support a system of their own beliefs. Elsewhere in Europe after years of insurrection attempt failed. A Marxist thinking lessons once a leisurely years in prison, and the Marxist Gramsci is. According to him the events of the 19th century in Italy, the distinction between a positive and a card uprising Mazzini Darfur advocated "passive revolution", which is ready to be patient through people's minds as a "molecular changes" constitute a cause of social forces change method. He envisions, perhaps both are necessary for Italy, he thinks the rest of Europe in 1848 after a tendency to "negative" type. He addressed the bourgeois democratic revolution, or the bourgeois national revolution; in 1918 after more careful to say that in 1945, European socialism can be said to have a similar transformation. In the West, the pursuit of the purpose of the revolution has actually meant to believe reinvented society, as distinct from simply no way to repair the old society with sporadic reforms. In the Soviet Union, can be seen moving slowly in this direction; in the early 1960s, the Soviet Union has been willing to adopt these theories to this view, as the socialist has been established in many parts of the world, it is possible elsewhere by peaceful means to obtain power. This argument is to be recognized in the Maoist (see Mao Zedong entry) doctrine of extreme stress. Maoist compete with Moscow leadership of the socialist camp and repeatedly reaffirmed the international nature of the struggle. More recent years, Beijing has given its extreme revolutionary stance. However, since Lenin in 1914, previously considered promising colonial revolutionary movement, but since the support of the European revolutionary movement, the armed struggle has shifted from Europe to the Third World. There, it is always a very urgent problem, because most parts of Asia and Latin America have a foreign background wing military rule, does not seem to leave a choice. Socialism and national sentiment or emotion farmers often intertwined, but in many areas, providing guidance cues is Marxism or some kind of face-lift of its stuff. (See nationalism; war entries) (VGK) Bibliography ① Rochelle Governance • 布里西安纳: "Pannekoek and workers' councils", 1978 English. ② Robin Blackburn • Code: "The revolution and class struggle - Marxist Politics Reader", 1978 English. ④ • Antonio Gramsci: "Prison Notes election" (1929-1935), 1971 English. ⑤ E. J. Hobsbawm:. "Revolutionaries", 1973 English. ⑥ • Karl Kautsky: "social revolution" in 1902 in English. ⑦ • Iraq • Vladimir Lenin: "Proletarian Revolution and the Renegade Kautsky" (1918). ⑧ Franz • Marek: "world revolution philosophy", 1966 English. ⑨ out just • Trotsky: "History of the Russian Revolution" (1932-1933), 1967 English. ⑩ J. Vodice: "revolutionary new theory", 1972 English. Chopin Etude in C minor "Revolutionary" Etude, is the performance of Chopin in Warsaw revolution against feelings of failure. So, was later named "Revolution" etude. November 1830, just as Chopin left the country less than a month, when the outbreak of the revolution in Warsaw, Poland shock. After news of the uprising that Chopin was very excited. He can not wait to leave home, the motherland and the people to join the fight. As he said, "...... Why can not I with you, why can not I when a drummer!!!" In the letter to a friend in September 1831, ten months in Warsaw upheld the revolution, the army was finally Russia bloody crackdown. At the time, Chopin is to go the way of Western Europe. When the bad news came, he almost arrival point of madness. He wrote in his diary: "ah God, what are you waiting for your presence, but do not give them retribution crimes in Moscow what you think is not enough or you yourself are a Moscow devils ...... I'm here unarmed!?!?! , did not contribute, just sighed, confided my pain on the piano. "Chopin put all their feelings are perfused in the music, wrote the famous song Etude, which is a single image of the first piece of music. Throughout the whole song from beginning to end in anger and agitation distraught emotion. The image of the entire music galloping through the left and right audio stream tunes fortitude to combine reflected. Although this piece coherent, coherent, but it still has many subtle variations. Etude from discordant chords are nine starts leads to a series of surging sixteenth note. Music was very suddenly appears, therefore, gives the impression of very strong. It seems to be a total outbreak of Chopin's inner feelings then, left and right hand at the same time, two audio streams Pentium uninhibited, like a mighty force, mighty good. Suddenly there was a resolute treble tunes, it is clear, bright, like a number of strikes in the corner. In addition to the performance of this music of Chopin inner indignation and anxiety outside, also contains unwavering faith. It seems to be angry in the struggle, the pain of the struggle. Music in the expanded, more tense, a series of swapping and changing tone of the whole song to a climax. Etude climax is a victory for the image of triumph, as if it is in reality the grim moment of fantasy, but not poetic reverie, but the outbreak of the Warsaw Uprising instant memories. Near the end, when the music from strong to weak, there has been a sad tone. It is like crying, Beibeiqieqie; they like to tell, from the heart. However, it is still the ups and downs of the turbulent background of Lan Tao. This is the heart of the entire fate of Chopin wept. Back to the end of the song and proud, resolute image. Music in the strong efforts from treble to bass impact, and the left and right hand octaves with playing, momentum is compelling. Finally, in an exceptionally strong intensity, play a major primary chords, it symbolizes the Chopin heart filled with hatred and belief in the victory of the revolution. Yugioh Card Name Card Pack: DL4 Japanese Name: Revolution Chinese name: Revolution The rare degree: flat card N Card Type: Magic Magic Type: Normal Effect: each subject [the other hand card number * 200] damage.
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Names: Revolution
Revolution in September 1970 Health, Mongolian, Chinese Communist Party, secondary education, the Ukrainian flag after administration of a local tax bureau chief, he enforce the law, do not accept human duty, resisting pressure from all sides, investigate each Qi copper Leading personal income tax evasion and 2,300 yuan shall be recovered in accordance with law. In recent years, increased taxes for the state investigation of nearly 15 million, a decrease of loss of tax. He refused to corrosion, the years of refusing bribes of more than 50 times, equivalent to RMB 300 million yuan, 32 times refused to eat and drink, please, take concrete actions to consciously resist the culture of corruption. He spared no effort to promote and increase productivity. Copper offers a variety of recommendations for the rationalization of more than 30. Help establish corrective measures to 20, increase revenue 2.05 million yuan, profits and taxes more than $ 500,000. Land tax system was named Bameng advanced individual.
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Film: Revolution (Revolution)
Director: Hugh Hudson Starring: Al Pacino Donald Sutherland Natasha Kinski Genre: Adventure / Western / War / History Release date: 1986 Country / Region: UK / U.S. / Norwegian film Length: 126 min Language: English Plot The film pupae American Revolution vast universe background factors described above _set_s this one ordinary juice through Japanese nitrogen - a New York man fishing oblique about pregnancy when the Tom Dobb orange his son was long forced to rely participation bet plus your army Panthers team for the word to protect children ladle picked him to be ultra-rare embroidered his home country, said the fight for freedom so Akira sheath thing.
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English Expression
n.: revolution, overthrow of a system of government, esp by force, (political) revolution
v.: overturn
French Expression
n. révolution
Thesaurus
Geming Village
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Xanthic flowers hillock The 72 martyrs who sacrificed their lives in an abortive uprising against the manchus which took place in canton on march 29, 1911
a man of purpose and principle
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Qing Dynasty
the reigning title of Henry Pu Yi, the last Manchu emperor of the Qing Dynasty czar
the last reign of a dynasty czar
The reigning title of henry pu yi, the last manchu emperor of the qing dynasty Emperor Pu Yi