Arab countries Arab countries generally refers to the Arab nation dominated country. They have a common language - Arabic, a unified culture and customs, the vast majority of people believe in Islam. But also the Arab League member states. A total of 22 Arab countries and regions, divided into 12 countries in West Asia and North Africa, 10 countries, including the United Arab Emirates, Oman, Yemen, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, Palestine, Egypt, Libya , Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, Mauritania, Sudan, Somalia, Djibouti, Western Sahara, with a total area of about 14 million square kilometers, the total population of about 330 million (2006). Arab nation Arab: refers to Arabic-speaking nationalities. The term "Arab" first appeared in the 9th century BC. Europeans called "Saracens." Mainly in West Asia and North Africa, Arab countries, the majority, there is a small part of the distribution in Turkey, Iran, Afghanistan, Indonesia, Ethiopia, Somalia, Chad, Tanzania and other countries of the residents of these countries is estimated that about 230 million people (2006) . Europa is a Mediterranean-type race. Arab men Berber: North African Muslim ethnic groups. Population of about 8,695,000 (1978). Europa is a Mediterranean-type race. Speak Berber, is a Semitic Berber family. Mainly in Morocco (referred to in the Greys, and the Shilu He 塔马齐格特 people), Algeria (Xavier said Kabir and the people), Libya (called Qiao Fula people), Mali (called Tua Lei PERSON) and other countries and regions. Berber economic life has not uniform, some residents _set_ predominantly agricultural, animal husbandry and some is based mainly nomadic or semi-nomadic. Have had pottery, weaving and other handicrafts more developed, but the decline in the colonial period. Most of the people to keep large Berber patrilineal family system, the patriarch of the family, all the major issues in product distribution, marriage, and other foreign representations have absolute authority. Monogamous, higher social status of women, to go out without wearing a veil, more freedom of action. Berber people in Africa over the ancient peoples, the Arabs into North Africa after the seventh century, Islam began to return and accept the Arab culture, development and change through ten centuries, most Berbers have accepted Islam and Arab culture, and become one of the Muslim nation. Large subordinates Sunni, but a small part of the mountain and desert oases Berber remains the original language and customs. Berber people accept Islam in the process, also retained many ancient religious remnants of the nation, such as rocks, Highland, trees and other objects to worship, and to them as the "patron saint." Many tribes also have their own saints. Part of the Berber and Arab mosque architecture also somewhat different from the minaret is not circular, but square or hexagonal. League of Arab States League of Arab States called "Arab League" (League of Arab States - LAS), is the Arab world's most representative and influential organization, one of the world's oldest regional organization. September 1944, at the initiative of Egypt, Arab foreign ministers meeting held in Alexandria, the elaboration of the "Alexandria Protocol" and decided to _set_ up the Arab League. March 22, 1945, Egypt, Syria, Iraq, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Yemen and Jordan, seven representatives of Arab countries was held in the Egyptian capital Cairo, the elaboration and adoption of the "Charter of the Arab League," declared the formal establishment of the Arab League. Since they joined the unified Arab League of Arab States and the strengthening and development. League of Arab States is one of the world's oldest regional organization, built before March 22, 1945 formally established a joint headquarters. Its purpose is political, economic, social service such areas as education, communication and even development, technology, industry, etc., organizing, coordinating the activities of the Arab countries, so that they combine as a whole. Arab world from the Atlantic east to west Arabian Sea, north of the Mediterranean south central Africa, an area of approximately 14.2 million square kilometers, is located in Junction Asia, Africa and Europe, which accounted for 72% of the African section, parts of Asia accounted for 28% of the Arab beauty , has an important strategic location. Arab world wide coastline, such as the Atlantic coastline, the Mediterranean, Arabian Gulf, Arabian Sea, Gulf of Aden, Red Sea and Indian Ocean waters, the area had given birth to some of the famous ancient civilizations, ancient civilizations such as Egypt, Assyrian civilization, Babylon civilization Phoenician civilization. These civilizations, not only in time, but until now has legendary, all archaeological excavations have failed to find them full of monuments. In the historical period had a revelation of the three traditional religions: Judaism, Christianity and Islam, which spread around the world. These three religious believers believe they are the same because the sons of the gods, who lived a life of love each other. Residents mainly Muslim countries, while some residents are Christian and other religions. Arab world's population of about 330 million (2006), which is the largest proportion of young people, less than half the population is below the age of 15 adolescents. If the average population density for the Arab world, population density theory, this theory becomes less important, because there are concentrated in _set_tlements where there is water. Most Arabs live in the valley and the surrounding coastal areas. The most prominent example is Egypt, where 90% of residents living in the area, only 5% of the land. Agriculture is the main economic sectors, the Arab world, the main crops of the region's consumption of wheat, oats, rice, maize and sorghum. Exchange export crops are cotton, sugar cane, sugar beet, sesame seeds. Only a few countries in the Arab world has oil and gas resources, which is the idea of the Arab countries have rich oil and gas resources are different. Arab world's natural resources include iron, copper, phosphate and manganese. Arab countries have now begun the transformation of the industry, the tourism part of the Arab countries, the financial sector, the service sector is more developed. Today the Arab world is a diverse society, inhabited by a number of different races, languages and customs of different groups, but Islam and Arabic are the two accounted for the entire Arab world dominance cultural phenomenon. Arabs living in the land of a broad, unified history and traditions associated with them. Although they are 22 member countries, but they all consider themselves part of the same nation. There is a traditional custom that Arab: Arab woman because her husband can not pour coffee for her and filed for divorce. Nomadic Arabs known as the "Bedouin" (meaning "nomadic wilderness on"), by raising camels for a living, still retains the tribal system.
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Arabic alphabet and language
Arabic is written in the form of the Arabic alphabet, similar to Hebrew. This suggests that in many books and magazines, short vowels are not marked, so people must be inferred from the text of these vowels. The reason for this is now like Arabic calligraphy is more use of Semitic consonants and long vowels to distinguish meaning. Arabic alphabet letters belonging to the Syrian system, a total of 28 letters represent consonants, only in the "Koran" before adding vowel symbols. "Koran" for the first time when the final version of the Arabian Peninsula, only 17 people would write in Arabic, in the 1960s, after the addition of the suffix 7 runic stage; early 7th century 8th century, the creation of the letters point stage; 8 mid-century, the creation of diacritics stage. In the 8th century, Arabic as an academic, political language used in Arab countries, from the later 10th century, was applied orally in Arabic belongs range. Arabic is continuous writing, which is different for each word individually hieroglyphic writing. This means that the Arabic alphabet written form will be affected context. In the Arabic alphabet, the double consonants using a tashdeed (similar w symbols) indicate. Quran is written using the Arabic alphabet, using the Arabic alphabet in several languages, including Persian, Urdu world. But with the Arabic alphabet used in these languages have some differences. Arabic letters in the Unicode 4.0 standard, the Arabic alphabet is located 0x0600 - 0x06FF, because the Arabic alphabet writing system which, in the form of letters of words in different locations is not the same, So Unicode 4.0 also defines Arabic Presentation Form-A and Arabic Presentation Form-B to require the use of the Arabic alphabet language display character. Typeface, Arial and other support needed to properly display Arabic fonts Arabic letters. Arab cultural nature of Islam as a guide, the ancient Sumerian culture inheritance, but also Hellenistic culture of Syria, Egypt, Persia and cultural reproduction, collision of cultures, heritage, blending the product is something between Eastern cultures culture is highly developed in the Middle Ages, but also provide the impetus for the European Renaissance generation. Arab - Islamic culture, including: Arab native culture (poetry, prose, proverbs, stories, legends, astrology ......), Islamic culture ("Koran" hadith, doctrines, teachings ......) and alien cultures (Persian, India, Greece, Rome).
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Arabic numbers
In fact, the invention is composed of Indians, Arabs will improve after it spread to Europe.
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The status of Arab women
As part of the more conservative Arab countries, more repression of women, low status of women. In fact, most Arab countries have achieved gender equality and the prohibition of polygamy. Overall, the status of women in most Arab countries is not very low, especially in the family, being respected, especially the status of the mother, if the child is under many, especially many sons, all sons are loyal to the mother. Arab women obey her husband's will, in fact, the first from the "Koran." In other words, religion has put a written into the Muslim mind, if a woman is Muslim, basically no problem as the backbone of her husband. In fact, only the husband go out to work, to feed the family. Although some countries in the modern Arab practice polygamy, but also continued to marry men with restrictions, at least that to win the consent of the first wife.
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Historical contribution of the Arabs
A very significant contribution to the Arabs, mainly in literature, mathematics, history and other fields, as well as cultural exchanges, and promote the heritage. Arabs advocating science, Islamic Prophet Muhammad once said: "The believers, to seek knowledge of it, even as far as China!" Contribution to the Arabs in East-West exchanges: the four great inventions of ancient China, India, etc. are Arabs Arabic numerals spread to Europe and the rest of the world through war or trade. 830 AD, Sultan al-Mamun established translation agency "smart house", which gave birth to what is known as the West "era of knowledge explosion." Arabs translated Ptolemy's "Almagest" Arab translation of Almagest (Tai theory), the Spanish translation of the book and the Western understanding of the Ptolemaic cosmology talent, Copernicus, Galileo only object of criticism Newton finally to find gravitational. The above-mentioned "smart house", Sultan al-Mamun in order to get the precious books, and quality at work, such as gold as reward. Contribution of Arabs in mathematics: Arabian mathematicians spend Shiraz dense algebra into the development of an independent branch of mathematics, he wrote, "with the object of restoring science" became famous in the history of mathematics, he is also known as algebraic Father, his writings to the 16th century, when Europe is still a major university textbooks. Other Arab mathematicians have significant achievements in areas such as trigonometry, trigonometry they develop into an independent discipline, and to calculate pi to 17 values, breaking the Chinese mathematician Zu a thousand years of record keeping. In geometry, they put the graphic and algebraic equations linking to become a pioneer of analytic geometry, analytic geometry of Descartes later also on the basis of the Arabs realized. Arabs greatest contribution to science as a tool based on Arabic numerals, combining ancient Greece developed a sound logic algebra, today's "Algebra (ALGEBRA)" The word that comes from the Arabic (AL-JABR). Contribution of Arabs to perfume: a big step forward in the history of perfume occurred in the early Middle Ages, the Arabs invented the massive plant distillation. 12th century, the Arabs found the flavors dissolve in alcohol, you can slowly release the scent, partly also because of alcohol concentrated essence be better preserved. So Arabs have a significant contribution to the development of the perfume. Contribution to the literature of the Arabs: The main theme of Arab literature is poetry and prose. "Koran" a model of Arabic literature called "Arabian Nights" is a vivid picture shows a colorful social life in the ancient Islamic world. Asia, one of the four known contemporary writer Gibran poem Arabic literature, and the world literary treasures. Arabs contribution to astronomy: the famous Arab mathematician Farrer sub dense book, "Farrer child secret list" impact on future generations of European astronomy is enormous. Farrer child close his name was misrepresented as "algorism", and later with the word "computing art" means that what we call today "Arithmetic" (arithmetic) (and so-called ancient arithmetic is we today call "Number Theory"). Arab scientist Biruni (973-1050) demonstrated the theory of the Earth's rotation, and the Earth is around the sun, and the precise determination of the Earth's latitude and longitude. White Thani (858-929) to correct the many errors of Ptolemy, the preparation of the Sabi ephemeris, and later on many celestial bodies Copernicus references the data. In astronomy, the Arabs in the territory of the empire created a series Observatory, created a large number of sophisticated astronomical instruments, they measured the circumference of the Earth 48,001 km, has been fairly accurate, they developed the solar calendar, the year 5000 was error per day. Contribution to the philosophy of the Arabs: Arab scholar Farabi on Aristotle's "Metaphysics" and "tool" made comprehensive notes, as "encyclopedic" scholars, known as the following Aristotle "second mentor," "Islamic Orient greatest philosophical authority." Arabs contribution to medicine: the Arabs accumulated very rich in medicine in the Middle Ages, Spain under Arab domination has the best hospitals in Europe. Now Spain have retained many mosques. Prevailing medical Arabs has reached the modern level, with alcohol, opium anesthesia and surgery. Abbasid empire established in 34 hospitals, internal into surgery, internal medicine, orthopedics, ophthalmology, neurology, gynecology. Arab leader in the diagnosis of arthritis and spinal tuberculosis in Europe for 700 years, the main artery leading lashing hemostasis in 600 years, the Arabs Ibn Nafis Harvey discovered the truth three hundred years ago, the blood circulation. A large number of Arab doctors of the medical literature, Lacy's 24 volume "integrated medicine", Ibn. Messina 5 volume "Medical Classics" slaughter Hrawi "medical Treasures", has been translated into many European languages, reprinted many times, textbooks in the European medical community did 400-600 years Contribution to the Arabs of physics: the Arabs in optics, for spherical aberration, superb study of soybean oil magnification lens, halo, rainbow, etc. May also studied the structure of the human eye, made modern visual theory. Arab contribution chemistry: Chemically, many experiments Arab improved apparatus, the use of distillation, sublimation, filtration, dissolution and crystallization method, the difference between the experimental and the force of the various base and acid, to produce alcohol, soda, nitric acid, sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, silver nitrate, mercuric oxide, and using them to develop a pharmaceutical manufacturing processes and printing technology and glass. A large number of modern Western chemical name, chemical terminology comes from Arabic. Islamic Arab civilization is worthy of respect harbor, which no one should have a conscience of modern quality. After all, that's all you now enjoy, fifty percent (on some subjects indeed) the credit belongs to the contribution of Arab civilization.
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The relationship between the Arabs and Semites
Arabs are Semites youngest one. Semitic originated in the Arabian Peninsula, has Babylonians, ammonia Azeri, the Canaanite, Alama people, Akkadians, Chaldeans, Assyrians, Hebrews and Arabs. In the early 7th century, AD 610, with the advent of Islam, the Arabs boarded the stage of history. But in the second half of the year 633, under the leadership of Umar, the Arabs lay in just a decade now on Arab range. Arab ethnic origin can be traced back to the ancient Semitic tribes. Arab ethnic descent later into the Persians, Turks, Berbers, etc. According Semitic taught by the book "The Bible," Abraham (Ibrahim Arabic pronunciation) had two sons: Ishmael: (Arabic pronunciation is easy to 斯玛尼) Abraham and Sarah married and divorced son's concubine Hagar. "Koran" that he is the ancestor of the Arabs, Muslims believe that Ishmael is the spiritual ancestor of them, but according to scientific studies show that the origin of only a small part of the Arabs from Ishmael. Isaac: Abraham and Sarah's son married and divorced. ─ ─ birth two sons Isaac and Jacob (later renamed Israel; pronounce Arabic Yeltsin solitary white) and Esau (Esau was later renamed east, translation is no problem, Isaac and Esau are two people).
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Arab medieval history stages
1 savagery: Before the advent of Islam, 610 years ago, 100 years to 150 years 2 Mohammed era: 610 - 632, a total of 22 years, Muhammad revived Islam, and he advocated funding money from the rich to the poor, had been exiled, but he won the support of the majority of the poor. 3 Orthodox Caliphate era: 632 - 661, a total of 29 years. There are four caliphs (successors caliph is the meaning of the phrase in Afghanistan) 4 Japanese Maya Dynasty: 661 - 750, a total of 89 years 5 Abbasid era: 750 - 1258, a total of 508 years, a total of 37 caliph.
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Two Arabs massive foreign expansion
1 Umar era (634 - 644). Captured in Iraq, and Egypt Sharm region. 641-year occupation of Egypt. 2 Walid era (705 - 715) captured the extragalactic region (Central Asia), 711 years of occupation Andrews (southern Spain), until 1492, was only the Arabs expelled from Spain. 732 years of the Battle of Poitiers Arabs reached the limit of expansion, lost to the Franks, did not continue to expand in Europe. Palestinian Arabs in the region are now also gathering area, the Arabs living here for thousands of years. However, after World War II, the Jews here, and occupied Arab territories as part of their territory, which is now Israel. Jewish occupation of Palestine is the reason Jewish ancestors lived in Palestine, but this is not the reason for the Jews in Palestine have, because when a nation has a piece of land more than 50 years, he owned a piece of land, and a few Arabs living in Palestine Millennium. Thus the existence of the Jewish Zionist complex nature of injustice, colonialism clone.
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Arab religious and historical
Islam produces ago Islam is the inevitable product of the Arabian Peninsula, socio-economic, political and religious development of evolution. Early 6th century to the 7th century, the Arabian Peninsula is in the original tribal disintegration time of great change class society formation. Peninsula due to differences in the natural environment, socio-economic and political development is highly uneven. Residents mainly nomadic Bedouins, nomadic, divided into many tribes, each tribe, according to one of the clan, often competing for pasture, water, land war with each other, the prevalence of blood revenge. Years of war social unrest, production stagnation, exacerbated class divisions within the clan, tribal aristocracy came into being, they occupy a large number of oases and grasslands, with many slaves and cattle, and a large number of nomads on the brink of bankruptcy. Peninsula along the Red Sea coast of Hijaz (Hejaz) region, is the ancient East and West trade an important commercial hub. Located in the center of the ancient trade routes north-south traffic Mecca, due to favorable development of transit trade is thriving commercial town.麦加古莱什 tribal aristocracy in charge of the commercial center of polytheism Kaaba shrine management power, the annual festival of the temple from the Kaaba trade fairs reap huge income, monopolized the Mecca of commercial trade. Towns in the commercial aristocracy aristocratic nomads together, through the operation of the caravan, the slave trade, loan sharking and other means, profiteering, for the urban poor and farmers and herdsmen carried usury, a large number of small and medium businessmen bankruptcy, debtors become commercial aristocracy, resulting in intensified class antagonisms, socio-economic crisis everywhere. Changes in foreign aggression and traditional business channels, exacerbated by the economic crisis and the social contradictions of the peninsula. Two Byzantine and Persian empires, and the competition for control of Arab Commercial Road, on the Peninsula predatory sub-long war. 525 Ethiopians under the support of the Byzantine troops invaded Yemen. 570 Ethiopian army in Yemen Governor Brod Raha invade Mecca; way because it was the plague and retreat, but the war destroyed the local social life. 575 years, sent troops to the Persian Zhuzou Ethiopians in Yemen established a rule. Frequent wars and plunder, so that social and economic southern Arabia was severely damaged, barren land, destroyed irrigation works, roads flooded, business travel is not the former, the population dropped, so that the rapid decline of the affluent areas of Yemen. Meanwhile, the East-West Persia to monopolize trade, abolition of the western peninsula originally by the Red Sea coast of Yemen arrived Syrian trade route, through the Persian Gulf and Mesopotamia open up a trade route to reach the Mediterranean. Changes in trade routes, resulting in a peninsula in southern and western transit trade recession, Mecca, Medina and other towns sharp decline, commercial aristocracy income plummeted, many caravan to make a living by Bedouin and urban way out sever , thereby deepening social crisis. Before the rise of Islam, the Arab peninsula mainly primitive religious beliefs, I believe in animism and the immortality of the soul, the prevalence of many gods of nature, plants and animals, ancestors, elves and idolatry and other beliefs. Which lats (ie Ra), Wuzha (ie omnipotent God) and silent that (ie the fate of God), especially the three goddesses worshiped. Mecca Kaaba shrine worship centers each have more than 360 tribal god statue idols, their worship, prayer, sacrifice. Believe in a God of Judaism and Christianity had passed peninsula, popular areas in Yemen and some towns and agricultural areas, the concept of one God, classic, legends, rituals have a significant impact on Islam. Because Judaism and Christianity meet the needs of Arab social change, has not been widely disseminated. Under the influence of Arab social change and the concept of monotheism, the transition from the Arabs to the monotheistic faith polytheism, God had a tendency Hanif pie. They acknowledge one God, against idolatry, I believe that destiny, resurrection, punishment and retribution, the importance of personal seclusion practice, live ascetic lives. Hanif ideas become a pioneer of Islamic thought and intermediaries. Arab growing social crisis, the alien invasion continues to promote the awakening of the Arab nation, the various social classes are seeking a way out. Arab aristocracy to maintain its rule, clan hope for breaking barriers, winning new lands and regain control of the trade routes; majority of the lower classes and slaves for peace and tranquility, the desire to get rid of economic exploitation and political oppression of the poor to improve their status. The rise of Islam, the tribes of the Arabian Peninsula is required to change the socio-economic situation and achieve the aspirations of political integration is reflected in the ten ideology. Muhammad was in keeping with the needs of the development of history, created Islam, under the banner of religious revolution, led MDC Arab society, unified the Arabian Peninsula. Islamic Revival Islam was born creator successor Muhammad Quraysh tribe of Mecca Hashemite family. Orphaned at an early age, raised by his grandfather and uncle. Grazing to help people out of school early, at age 12, and follow the caravan uncle, went to Syria, Palestine and the Eastern Mediterranean area business and have extensive contacts and witnessed the social conditions of the Arabian Peninsula and Syria, and learned peninsula primitive religions, Judaism, Christian's case, his later missionary activity provide a large number of social knowledge and religious material. The age of 25 with his employer Mecca rich widow Khadija got married rich life stability, social status improves. He affected Hanif school of thought, often reclusive Qianxiu, thinking and exploring the plight of the Arab nation way. According to legend, 610 years of Muhammad's day, at age 40, when he Qianxiu meditation in a cave on Mount Hira suburban Mecca, Allah sent an angel to convey to him Ghibli Lillehammer "revelation" to make it "ordered holy." Since then, he claims to accept a God given "mission" began which lasted 23 years, the spread of Islam activities. Initially a secret missionary in Mecca, some of the loved ones close friends became the first believer. In 612, Muhammad turned open to the general public Mecca missionary. Muhammad in the early missionaries, and warned people to abandon polytheism and idolatry, declaring that Allah is the Creator of the universe, is the only god, asking people to believe in Allah unique; condemns polytheism to bring the Arabs ignorance and social moral depravity, preaching Armageddon and the concept of resurrection after death, warning polytheists if not allegiance to Allah, will be punished at the time of Armageddon, fall into hell, allegiance to Allah will be rewarded in the Hereafter, Enter paradise. He also raised a Muslim, regardless of where the tribes are all brothers and should join together to eliminate blood revenge, and the prohibition of usury, good deeds and charity relief treat poor and vulnerable widows and orphans, slaves and other advocates released a series of social reforms by some lower support of the masses, many people have returned to Islam. Since Muhammad preached the doctrine of tribal traditions shaken fundamentally polytheism position violated 麦加古莱什 wealthy aristocrats and religious privileges in charge of the Kaaba and economic interests, but also violated the polytheism lower part of the masses, thus met with strong opposition and persecution of these people and even the lower part of the masses, so Muhammad and Muslims in Mecca to gain a foothold. In September 622, Muhammad Muslim population migration force with Jimmy Medina, marking Islam entered a new historical stage of development. Mohammed Muslim leaders were political, economic, religious and a series of reforms. Muhammad Islam as the first flag of unity and ideological unity, calling on Muslims "obey Allah and His Messenger," and sent his disciples to Medina subglottic various Arab tribes missionary, the vast majority of local residents quickly converts to Islam. He developed as Muslims and Jews in dealing with internal and external relations in civil abide by the "Medina Charter," to reach some agreement with the Jewish tribes and alliances on the basis of freedom of religion on the implementation of peaceful coexistence. In the realization of the unity of the Medina, Islam instead of tribal kinship of common faith, established a "Umma" (meaning "national", "state") in the form of a theocratic regime, Mohammed became Mai Supreme Leader to the religious, political, military and judiciary. Abu Bakr, Omar, Osman and some famous Sahaabah group composed of the top leadership. Under "Where are the Muslim Brotherhood," the call to move and Ansaar who rally around Uma's. In the name of Allah Muhammad "revelation" to complete the Sharia system and create various systems. He established a complete program of five major faith to believe in Allah as the only core; provides five Muslims must fulfill the destiny homework and yee; developed legal systems, including religious canons, civil, criminal, commercial, military and other aspects of ; Zhiwu determined to promote good behavior as the core of a series of norms and social ethics. In order to consolidate the regime Medina, Muhammad organized Muslim militants. In the "Road to Allah to fight" the call, in 624-627 years, he led the Muslim aristocracy of Mecca were armed with the famous Battle of Badr, Uhud Battle and trenches three major battles of the war against Mecca aristocratic spirit, since then, Muslims from the defensive to the strategic offensive. In 628, Muhammad Hajj grounds, marched to the outskirts of Mecca, Mecca nobles forced to compromise, signed with Mohammed "Hudaibiya peace", the two sides decided to truce for 10 years. Muhammad truce use the opportunity to send envoys to neighboring countries and some Arab tribes thousands peninsula, carrying credentials, its kings and tribal leaders of Islam propaganda, to expand its influence, and sent armed crusade 海巴尔 other places inhabited by Jews, in order to eliminate harassment of opposition forces. Islam differentiation After the death of the founder of Islam Muhammad, who moved to camp (with Mohammed moved to Medina and Mecca) and the Ansar camp (Muhammad's lifetime to join the church in Medina man) disagreement on the Caliphate, the two sides are considered This school of their own people best qualified to serve as caliph. Finally, after consultation acclaimed Abu Bakr as the first Caliph. This is the first reflection of internal divisions of Islam. 656, the third Caliph Osman killed, his successor Caliph Ali, recognized by most people, but some people, including the then governor of Syria Umayyad family, including Muawiyah, refused to recognize the status of the Caliph Ali, and revenge on the grounds that Osman, Ali punitive expedition. Thus, the two sides of war. 657 years in Sui Fen war, victory clearly belongs to the party of Ali, but he accepted each other in the "Koran" award talks requirements Ali ranks about 1,200 people resolutely oppose and thus out of the leadership of Ali, the formation of Kazakhstan Wali Ji pie. 661 years, Ali was killed by a 名哈瓦利吉 send a letter with disabilities. Mu'awiyah Ye Zili as caliph, the establishment of the Umayyad dynasty. But the struggle is still ongoing, and gradually formed two factions of Islam: advocacy Ali said the Shiite faction (meaning sectarian), Sunni faction (meaning compliance with the Hadith), initially, this is a political factions, and later developed into a religious denomination. Sunnis recognize four caliphs were the legitimate successors, so get support ancient Caliphate and widely circulated, claiming Orthodox. Mostly Sunni Muslim world. In theological terms it has two famous lineage, a camp classic, classic heavy expressly discussed in the doctrine; one for comments sent in plaintext classic attention while focusing on personal opinion. The school's view of Shariah issues because of the emergence of a number of different teaching school, most notably the Hanafi school, Maliki, Shafi'i school, Hanbali school. Shia of Ali and his descendants are the only recognized legal successor. Called the Imam, and the Imam Ali as the first generation. Over time, due to the differences within the Shia, and split into Zayd camp, twelve imams, Ismailis, and after development, and differentiation of many small factions factions. Shiites are now distributed in Iran, Iraq, Pakistan, India and the Arabian Peninsula, southwestern and other places. Hawa Liji faction advocated by the Muslim Caliph public election, the average allocation booty, and other public land owned by Muslims. The school was due to continued repression of the Caliphate, almost extinct. Now Oman, Algeria, Zanzibar and other places popular 艾巴德 school is considered to be a faction of the tribe. Umayyad also appeared in the final of a new faction ─ ─ Moore Qi Lai pie. Because their rationalism, is considered to be out of the Islamic orthodoxy. The faction that "the" Koran "is a creature"; "oneness of Allah, only God's moral strength and wisdom as to _set_ up a"; person can be based on the ability to Allah entrusted to distinguish between good and evil, create their own behavior; "ordered to do good, only evil people" is the duty of Muslims. Moore Qi Lai sent its opinion to explore all of rationalism and religious issues, the "libertarian" proposition, once obtained Abbasid caliph Mamun, who implement and develop. In addition, mysticism and asceticism ideas are Umayyad era began. After gradually formed Islamic Sufism factions. Modern emergence of various trends in modern Islamic world was colonialist aggression, slavery and plunder; aggression and aggression, oppression and the struggle against oppression, prompting the emergence of Islamic factions with different political, ideological tendencies and the revival of Islam movement. 18th century revivalist Chi appears in the Arabian Peninsula Wahhabi (ie clean faction), a pioneer of modern Islamic revival movement. The faction advocated restoration of Muhammad "Orthodox", claiming that "Back" Koran "go" and emphasized the role of the Hadith, lying in opposition to worship (Saints) and its mausoleum, adhere to a strict "Believe on the Lord alone a" revolt West colonialist aggression. Early 19th century, the Wahhabis once the Turks seized power from the Arabian Peninsula, the establishment of an independent country, after Egypt, Muhammad Ali's army destroyed. Wahhabi religious ideology but in the Arab world and the subcontinent has been widely disseminated. After 1902, Wahhabi regime and reconstruction in the Arabian Peninsula. And in 1932 officially named the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Following from the pan-Islamic movement, as the mid-19th century, the first person Jamaluddin □ Afghanistan · Afghanistan Hani. Muslim advocates worldwide caliphate under a common leadership together, get rid of domination and control in Europe, the establishment of a supra-national, supra-national, super-regional Islamic world empire. But ignoring the interests underlying the movement of the masses, impede the process of nation-state independence, the results of the use of perishing Ottoman Caliphate and failure. 19th century, under the influence of Western capitalism, the rise of Islamic reformist movement. On the basis of Islam advocated by European capitalism on the way to reform the Islamic society; try to turn the Western capitalist civilization and Islamic traditions combine; replaced with a modern education system in Islam Mosque Education monastery; bourgeois republic instead of the Islamic caliphate system; instead of bourgeois secular Sharia law in civil and criminal statutes, so that Islam adapt to new social conditions. Famous representatives of the reformist movement are: modernist Egyptian Mohamed Abdul. India to New Culture Movement of reformist Saeed Ahmad □, Iqbal, Ai Mill Ali. Secularism in Turkey's religious reform movement led by Mustafa Kemal, the Sudanese regime abolished in 1922, and in 1923 established the Republic of Turkey, in 1924 finally abolished the caliphate system. So far, the reformist Islamic movement into a climax. After World War II, the Islamic reformist movement has entered a new stage, there has been all kinds of pan-Islamist organization. Meanwhile, in order to restore the original teachings of the Islamic fundamentalist factions also developed. Meanwhile, the Islamic peoples of the continuous wave off the fight against colonial oppression and feudal domination. Babu faction such as the famous Persian uprising (1848 - 1852), India's national uprising (1857 to 1859) and the Sudan Mahdi sectarian uprising (1881 - 1885) and so on. Under the prevailing historical conditions, these popular uprisings, are carried out under the banner of Islam. Starting from the fourth caliph, Ali, Sunni Islam began with the Shiite dispute. The former heavy Mohan Maude's words, emphasis on the latter play from Mohan Maude's words and Quran. The beginning is a power struggle, the Shiite leader Ali Muhammad great son. Direct reason is that the first three Caliph Muhammad's relatives are not, to Ali, the support of his people have suggested that the future should be held by the Caliph Muhammad's relatives. Sparked discontent secular regime. Such disputes focused on secular regime or Tianshou theocracy. There are also differences in the transaction. Mainly Shiite dominated the Qur'an advocates (regression fundamentalism). There are differences between some of the ceremony.
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Customs of Arab countries
Arabs love white appearance of many of the buildings are white, the traditional men's costume is white turban and a large white robe. This is because of the strong white Light reflection effect, less heat absorption. Some of the strict implementation of the canons of the Arab countries to provide women to go out, we must face with a black veil. Leaving only two small holes on the crape avoid blocking the line of sight. More enlightened countries have abandoned this habit, women with a scarf or shawl instead of crape, men wear suits. Desert areas in some countries, due to the hot weather, little rain, night people often beds arranged on the roof.
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China's relations with Arab countries
Good relations with Arab countries and China, Arab countries adhere to the one China principle on the Taiwan issue, on issues related to human rights, Tibet and the Beijing Olympic Games and other major issues to give our support. In recent years, successive resolutions by strengthening relations with China and the League of Arab States Summit of Council of Foreign Ministers. I have always firmly support the Palestinian and Arab people to restore their legitimate national rights of the just cause, to take on regional hotspot issues impartial, balanced stance by the Arab countries welcomed. Arab on some major international and regional issues to maintain good coordination and cooperation with Arab countries in my Security Council reform, climate change, terrorism, hold similar positions on the issue of the Doha Round negotiations. The 26th United Nations General Assembly meeting, some Arab countries (Algeria) to the United Nations submitted October 25, 1971 and additional documents A/L.630 draft resolution No. 1 of the United Nations General Assembly adopted Resolution 2758. These resolutions defending China's sovereignty and dignity, making China the United Nations to restore all its rights to the People's Republic of China, admitted on behalf of her government as the only legitimate representative of China in the United Nations Organization, and immediately put it on behalf of Chiang Kai-shek from the United Nations Organization and expel all the seats in their respective institutions in the occupied illegally. This is a testament to the friendly relations between the Arab countries and China. November 20, 1988, founding of the Palestine just established diplomatic relations with China. March 2005, the Egyptian-led Arab countries announced support for "anti-secession law" by the Chinese, Egyptian Assistant Foreign Minister Sami Ha · 苏克尔 said, as the first to establish diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China's Arab and African countries, Egypt and other Arab countries adhering to the one China and that Taiwan is an inalienable part of Chinese territory this principled position.