The tallest mountain in Europe. In southern Europe. Was an arc from east to west extension. More than 1200 km in length. 3000 meters average elevation, highest altitude of Mont Blanc 4807 米. Majestic mountains, beautiful landscape, many high snow. Many European rivers originate here. Abundant water resources. For tourism, holiday and health resort.
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Range Summary
Central and southern mountain ranges of Europe, is a not very coherent in the short mountain ranges, the Atlas Mountains extending from North Africa through southern Europe and South Asia, until the Himalayas. Alps from the subtropical Mediterranean coast near Nice, France, extending northward to Lake Geneva, and then east - northeast to Vienna on the Danube. Alps over the following six parts of the country ︰ France, Italy, Switzerland, Germany, Austria and Liechtenstein; only Switzerland and Austria can be counted as a true Alpine country. Alps about 1,200 kilometers (750 miles) at its widest point 201 kilometers (125 miles) above, in Western Europe, the most prominent natural geographic landscape. Although the Alps are not like other mountain uplift during the Tertiary, such as the Himalayas, Andes and Rocky Mountains, etc., so tall, but it shows significant geographical phenomena is very important. Alpine ridge into several isolated regions of Europe, many European rivers (such as the Rhone, Rhine and Po) and the birthplace of the Danube tributaries. Water flowing from the Alps into the final North Sea, the Mediterranean, Adriatic and Black Sea. Because of its general shape of the arc, the European Alps to the west coast maritime climate zone with France, Italy and the Western Balkans in the Mediterranean region separated. Evolved through centuries of distinctive Alpine pastoral economy, has changed since the 19th century, where the development of local raw materials and water-based industries have been _set_ up since. Alps has become the millions of Europeans and other tourists from around the world in summer and winter playground. Alps fragile natural and ecological environment has been such a huge impact on the flow of people has become the world's most threatened one of the mountains. Alps is Europe's tallest mountains. In southern Europe. Was an arc, something extended. About 1,200 kilometers. The average altitude of 3,000 meters, 4810 meters above sea level the highest peak Mont Blanc. Majestic mountains, beautiful scenery, many of the peak snow. Crystal peaks, dense forests and clear mountain water together to form the Alps, fascinating. Many European rivers are originated. Abundant water resources. For tourism, holiday, resort.
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Location
This stands in southern Europe, the famous mountain range, west of Nice, southeastern France near the Mediterranean coast curved north, extending east through northern Italy, southern Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Germany, southwest of the east, Austria Vienna Basin. The total area of about 22 million square kilometers. About 1200 km wide and 120 to 200 km wide east west Alps narrow location. The average altitude of 3,000 meters.
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Causes
Alps is part of the ancient Mediterranean as early as 1.8 billion years ago, due to plate movement, the expansion of the North Atlantic, south to the north African plate forward, following the ancient Mediterranean squeezing rock bend, arch upward, resulting in Africa and the relative motion between the formation of the European Alps mountain ranges, both young and complexity of its structure. Alpine orogeny to form a fold when combined with the large-scale fault structure nappe, so some of the great rock was moved off tens of kilometers, covering the rock above the other, forming a large level like supine folds. Western Alps, this is the typical nappe structure. Pleistocene Alps is Europe's largest mountain glaciers center. Mountain 1 km thick ice sheet to the cover, except for a few prominent peaks form ice island peaks, the various types of glacial landforms are developed, especially in typical glacial landscape, and many rocky peaks, angular front sharp, straight steep and there are many glacial carved, U-shaped valley, cirques, hanging valleys, glacial lakes and glacial landforms are widely distributed. Now there are more than 1,200 modern glaciers with a total area of about 4,000 square kilometers, of which the foothills of the Alps in the south-west of the Aletsch Glacier, Switzerland's largest, is about 22.5 kilometers, an area of about 130 square kilometers. Alps addition to the main mountain ranges, there are four around the ridge stretched in Southern Europe: west one _insert_ed into the Iberian Peninsula, known as the Alps, the Pyrenees tenderness; south one of the Apennines, which form the Apennine peninsula The main ridge; a known Dinara Mountains southeast, it runs through the entire Balkan Peninsula on the west side, and stretching from the Mediterranean, the island of Crete and Cyprus, leading to the peninsula of Asia Minor; Northeast one said Carpathians, it The south side of the Po plain in Eastern Europe for two consecutive greater curvature and straight from the Bulgarian Black Sea Pro. About 150 million years ago, and now the Alps, or part of the ancient Mediterranean, followed by the gradual uplift of the land, forming a tall Alps. The entire mountain is still not stable crust, frequent earthquakes. Hundred million years, Europe has experienced several major glacial, alpine glaciers formed the typical terrain, many rocky peaks, sharp angular peaks, there are many deep mountain valley glaciers and glacial lakes. Until now, the Alps there are more than 1,000 modern glaciers with a total area of 3,600 square kilometers, bigger than the European countries, Luxembourg.
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Geography
Geology Alps during the Alpine orogeny the fore, and Alpine orogeny in the Mesozoic Era about 70 million years ago near the end of the beginning. In the Mesozoic period (2,45 million to 6,640 million years ago), the water will be eroded material is known as erosion and deposition in the vast Tethys ocean floor, and slowly turned in here by the limestone, clay, shale level and composition of the sandstone rock. Italy, Switzerland, on the border of the Alps Matterhorn in the mid-Tertiary (about 44 million years ago), the African tectonic plate moving northward, and Eurasian tectonic plates collide, the underlying those earlier Shen 入特提斯海Rock crystal is squeezed to the formation of folds and the surrounding bedrock, the bedrock along these deep rock rises to near the height of the Himalayas today. These tectonic movements continued to 900 million years ago to stop. Throughout the Quaternary period, the erosion of the power of the huge bite of this newly formed folds and pushed up mountain ranges, the Alps today the formation of the terrain contours. In the Quaternary period, the topography is further alpine glaciation and the overflow to fill the valleys and plains of the constant stretching of the tongue shape forming. As amphitheater-like depressions, like thin knife planed edge ridge, such as the Matterhorn (Matterhorn), large Glockner mountain (Grossglockner) like the towering peaks, are formed from the arched top of the hill; Valley be broadened and deepened into general U-shaped, Great Falls from the Ministry of hundreds of feet above the main valley some hanging valley gush out; slender and unfathomable to many lakes in the valley after planing the ice filled with water ; melting glaciers deposited a lot of gravel. When the ice left the valley, either for horizontal or Z-shaped valley, the valley is cut down again. So far all of the valley have switched much lower than the elevation of the erosion into the surrounding mountains. In the Mont Blanc near Alvor River (Arve River) valley, the terrain bump up to 3,993 different meters (13,100 feet) or more. Therefore, changing the natural environment glaciation ︰ Valley's climate much milder than the surrounding heights, can be deep into the mountains to establish human _set_tlements, transportation of; as moraine deposits, also more fertile soil. In modern times, there are still severe glacial erosion continues. In the Alps, there are still thousands of square miles above the glacier. Summer ice melt and pour from these out of the water for filling the reservoir for power generation is very important. Divide Range in the Alps, around the height and shape are very different from the main mountain ranges surrounding low-lying ︰ before the Alps form a fold of the sediment, but also within the Alpine crystal block. From the Mediterranean to Vienna, the Alps can be divided into western, middle and eastern, have several different sections of the small mountain range. Western Alps, stretching north from the coast through southeastern France and northwestern Italy, arrived in Switzerland on Lake Geneva and the Rhone Valley. Mountains form a ︰ Binhai Alps near the Mediterranean and dry low-lying limestone, France Verdon Canyon is deep valleys, Mokangtuoer Hill (Mercantour Massif) is a crystal mountain, Mont Blanc is a dome shrouded glaciers ( altitude of 4,807 meters [15,771 feet], the peak of the Alps). Originate from this mountain rivers are flowing into the west or east into the Po River Rhone. Located in the Alps from Switzerland - Italian border on the great St. Bernard Pass east of Mont Blanc (Great St. Bernard Pass) area to Lake Como (Lake Como) to the north of Shi Pulv root Yamaguchi (Splugen Pass) area. In a geographical area, there are some special and are up to 4,267 meters (14,000 feet) peaks, such as the Dufour Peak (Dufourspitze), Wei Sifeng (Weisshorn, high 4,505 meters [14,780 feet]), Matterhorn, Feenstra peak (Finsteraarhorn, high 4,274 meters [14,022 feet]). In addition, a region in which there are some among the large glacial lake ︰ south of Lake Como, Lake Maggiore (Lake Maggiore, as part of the Po River drainage system); north of Thun (Thun) Lake, Bristol Brienz (Brienz) lake, Lake Lucerne. Climate The location of the Alps, and the elevation and azimuth of the mountains very different, not only between these different small mountains, but also a small mountain range within a particular climatic extremes. As the Alps is located in central Europe, it is subject to the four climatic factors; flow to the Atlantic Ocean from the West relatively mild moist air; from northern Europe down with cool or cold polar air; continental air mass in control of the east, dry and cold in winter and summer hot; south of the warm Mediterranean air flowing northward. Foehn can last 2-3 days, depending on wind direction cyclone trajectory will be different, the South - north or north - south. This foehn column of air in the top of its climb up the process of being cooled, which bring rain or snow and slow its cooling rate. When this relatively dry air at the leeward side of the landing, the air due to compression and warming at constant speed, so when the air than when it began to move upward in common altitude the temperature higher. In the affected areas, the snow quickly disappeared. Avalanche is one of great forces of nature; in late November to early June, this time, the avalanche danger is always there. Avalanche will not only cause widespread destruction, and because it will be a lot of rock from the hillside to the bottom, is an important catalyst erosion.
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Cultural and historical
800 BC - 600 years ago, Celtic tribes attacked the Neolithic people of the camp and forced them to migrate to the Alps to the remote valley in Upper Austria Hallstatt (Hallstatt) found that the great Celtic cultural center. As the archaeological artifacts found here are rich Hallstatt this name has become the late Bronze Age in Europe and the early Iron Age (1000? ~ 500BC) synonymous. Celtic began to chisel on the provision of some Alpine pass as a trade channel.
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Ecology
Alps is located between the temperate and subtropical latitudes, as Central Europe and the temperate continental climate and humid subtropical summer-dry climate of southern Europe, the dividing line. While it itself has a vertical mountain climate. Alpine vegetation change was obvious vertical. Can be divided into sub-tropical evergreen sclerophyll forest (mountain south slope below 800 m); forest zone (800 to 1800 meters), the lower part of the forest, the upper part of the coniferous forest; forest to alpine meadow with the above; then on the mostly bare rock and snow-capped peaks. Summer and warm winter and cool mountain climate, warm in the sunny slope. Peak year cold, at an altitude of 2000 meters the average annual temperature is 0 ℃. Mountain annual precipitation is generally 1200 to 2000 mm, but to vary. Altitude of 3,000 meters with a maximum precipitation. High mountains over 2500 mm of annual precipitation, leeward valleys only 750 mm. Mountains have snow in winter, such as the Mont Blanc at 3,000 meters, 20 meters thick snowfall years, the River Valley Innsbruck, March snow area lower bound for the altitude of 900 meters, rising to 1700 in May m in September rose to 3 200 meters further on the nival zone. Alpine foehn often appear, wherever he went, often caused by rapid melting of snow or avalanche disasters. With several plants in the Alps, reflecting its altitude and climate differences. Low hill in the valley and the growth of a variety of deciduous trees; including linden, oak, beech, poplar, elm, chestnut, rowan, birch, Norway maple, etc. The woods at higher elevations, up to the conifers, the main varieties of spruce, larch and other trees. In most parts of the West Alps, dominated by spruce trees up to an altitude of 2,195 meters (7,200 feet). Larch has good cold, drought and the ability to resist high winds, high in altitude to 2,500 meters (8,200 feet) at the growth in the lower elevations during office may have mixed spruce. The permanent snow line and above the tree line about 914 meters (3,000 feet) wide strip is glacial erosion over the region; here covered with lush grass, in cattle and sheep during the short summer grazing. These unique lawn ─ ─ known as alpages (mountain Shengxia Mu field), with the Alps and plants are derived from the word ─ ─ are located in the main, horizontal valley to the top. Along the coast south of the Alps in the Italian Alps and the south, mainly in the Mediterranean plants, a coastal pine, palm, sparse woodland and tequila, but also a lot of fairy fruit. There are a few animals for the alpine environment has been very able to adapt. Bear has disappeared, but the Highland goat (chamois it with the same abnormal movements agile) was the Royal Italian protected areas to save the game. Marmot in the underground tunnel in the winter. Mountain rabbits and Thunderbird (a grouse) in winter to white (protective coloration). In the middle of some small mountains, with several national parks can be secure local animal protection.
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Resident
Mountain people, the western nations for the Latin, Germanic peoples to the east. Alps in the West (including Kosovo [Swiss Valais Vaud] [Valais] states and states with Italy's Valle d'Aosta in northwest area), people speaking French. Obviously, people are saying Valle d'Aosta region, which means two languages, but the area can no longer withstand the impact of Italian culture are only some of the transverse valley is still in daily use of French. Italy in the Alps and the Eastern Alps and Switzerland Ticino (Ticino) states to use Italian. Switzerland, Germany and Austria in the Alps and the Eastern Alps and around the South Tyrol region of Italy (before World War I Austria Sudiluoer [Sudtirol] region) in German. Rhaetian people (Rhaetian), said the language Romansh, mainly used in 瑞士格劳宾 board (Graubunden) states along the Rhine; Other Rhaetian dialects (Latin Pavilion language [Ladin] and language [Friuli Friuli ]) used in the Italian Alps east northeast. Slovenian Slovenia and its use in Italy, Austria's Alpine frontier adjoining areas. Although some areas were dominated by Protestant, but the main parts of the Alps or the Catholic religion. In addition to local languages, there are the language of seasonal foreign workers; not seasonal workers, tourism (especially the Swiss tourism industry) will collapse Switzerland has four "national language", namely German, French, Italian and a little-known "language of living fossil" Lietuoluoma language. Lietuoluoma language only in the eastern Swiss Alps
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Economic
(1) agriculture. (2) mining and manufacturing sectors. Alps, the backbone of modern economy is the mining, stone quarry, manufacturing and tourism sectors combined. There has been mining since the Neolithic Age, and now Austria Ai Erci Hill (Erzberg) mining is still important, Ai Erci mountain since the Middle Ages on the mining of iron ore. In Kelv Si (Cluse) near Geneva, not far from the Haute-Savoie (Haute-Savoie) before the Alps, in the 19th century's first 25 years, watchmaking, screw cutting, component processing and related industries rise It has evolved into the world's largest concentration of these types of industries in the world. And Moore in the Aosta Valley and Mier Ci (Murz) valley, the local production of iron and coal, with a large steel plant. In addition, the eastern Alps in Austria, built using local wood as raw material for pulp and paper mills. With the late 19th century and 20th century, hydropower development, heavy metallurgical and chemical industries are attracted to France, southern Switzerland, western Austria, the main transverse valley. Subsequently, a number of factories producing consumer goods (such as Austria, the Rhine Valley textile factory, France Annecy area sporting goods factory, etc.) established. (3) tourism. Since World War II, the Alps the most significant economic change is the rise of mass tourism. Tourism in the Alps is a risk business ︰ enormous investment to recover the expenses of the season is very short, but neighboring countries could be subject to economic hardship or less snow in winter and summer weather appear cool and Yin Yu destruction. Tourism to the Alpine countries have injected a huge amount of money, which is a high altitude valley of horizontal remote villages in particular. In the service sector jobs has increased substantially, to make up for industry and agriculture brought about by the recession.
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Traffic
In a long historical period, the Alps, rugged and steep terrain is the major obstacle to transport. Starting from Celtic times until today, Yamaguchi is the traffic between the valley and the link between the valley, there is no such link, the valley will be closed and isolated. Yamaguchi easy road, has been laying into the multi-lane highway. Rail transport and the subsequent road transport, road-building technology and the consequent improvement over most of the closed state of the Alps. Tunnel ─ ─ ─ ─ in particular, there may be year-round road tunnel to a large number of people in the tall mountains of the Alps under the free passage, which has caused a huge impact ︰ car coming and going, bringing the crowd, not only to tourism in the 20th century. rapid development of the train and walk through the Alps Alps environmental deterioration has become a major factor. Alps mountain traffic is developed. Altitude of 1370 meters of the Brenner Pass, the Simplon Pass 2009 m, 2112 m of the Gotthard Pass, etc., since ancient times the north-south traffic arteries. 1871, in France and Italy Ceni between the first mountain railway tunnel dug, and later into more than one. Completed in 1922 between Switzerland and the Simplon tunnel in Italy, long 19.8 kilometers, is one of the world's longest tunnel. Mont Blanc road tunnel under the long 11.6 km. Gotthard tunnel built in 1980, long 16.3 kilometers, for the then world's longest highway tunnel.
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Travel
Alpine scenery is very charming, is a world famous scenic and tourist attractions, the world known as "Nature's Palace" and "real landscape gallery." There is still snow and ice movement of the Holy Land, a paradise for explorers. West, the Alpine scenery, with modern hotels, ski slopes and mountain lifts and so on. Winter skiing to attract a large number of tourists. Foothills and the valley between the many towns and villages, a beautiful, quiet environment, a large number of tourists come every year travel.
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Research and Investigation
In the field of geology to speculate the same time, it was also the Alps topography, climatology, plant, animal and human geography, and other topics for observation and analysis.
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Environmental issues
Early travelers to reach the Alps, all of its natural scenery seen by the original infection, burst out from their passion for modern public's love of the Alps. Because people love to bring development; However, since the mid-20th century, people have made the Alps the impact of environmental degradation. Causes of environmental degradation caused by the air quality is gradually ︰ poor; water rivers and lakes are polluted; for building ski slopes and roads caused by erosion; dumping (often indiscriminately) solid and organic waste; to building , mining the rock, gravel caused by erosion; acid rain to forest destruction.
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Alps (Australia)
(Australian Alps) the highest mountain in Australia mainland. Located in the southeast corner of Australia, the Great Dividing Range (Eastern Highlands) of a cross on the New South Wales, Victoria and the two states. By the three parallel mountain ranges, the average width of 150 km. Many peaks are over 2000 meters above sea level, the highest point dead Ke Xia Scott Hill (2228 m). West flow of the Murray River and east of the Snowy Hejian watershed. Dongpo steep slope moderate West. As the strong local vertical land movement, erosion of the mountain river "valley valley" topography. Valley basin and low ground used for grazing. Heights are scattered small-scale mines. Mountain water and built water conservancy projects. Able to carry out winter sports.
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Encyclopedia
A'erbeisi Shanmai Alps Alps Europe's tallest mountains. In southern Europe. West from the Mediterranean coast near Nice, France, the northern Italy, southern Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Southern Germany, Austria, east of Vienna Basin, an extension of something curved, about 1,200 km wide and 130 to 260 km wide east west narrow. The average altitude of 3,000 meters. The total area of about 22 million square kilometers. Mountains southwest extension of the trunk as the Pyrenees, south of the Apennine Mountains to the southeast extension of the Dinaric Mountains, extending east to the Carpathian Mountains. Alps can be divided into western, central, east 3. Western Alps west of the Mediterranean coast, the south-east France to Italy and Switzerland near the border of the Great St Bernard Pass, is the narrowest part of the mountain, the mountain is the most concentrated section of the peak, Mont Blanc, highest peak in the Alps (4810 m) in France and the Italian border. Between the Great St Bernard Pass in the Alps and Lake Constance, between the maximum width, the famous Matterhorn mountain peak (4479 m) and Monte Luosha Feng (4634 m). Eastern Alps in the east of Lake Constance, altitude lower than the West, in the Alps. (See color pictures Alps) Alps Pleistocene Alps is Europe's largest mountain glaciers center. Mountain 1 km thick ice sheet to the cover, except for a few prominent peaks form ice island peaks, the various types of glacial landforms are developed, especially in typical glacial landscape, and many rocky peaks, angular front sharp, straight steep and there are many glacial carved, U-shaped valley, cirques, hanging valleys, glacial lakes and glacial landforms are widely distributed. Now there are more than 1,200 modern glaciers with a total area of about 4,000 square kilometers, of which the foothills of the Alps in the south-west of the Aletsch Glacier, Switzerland's largest, is about 22.5 kilometers, an area of about 130 square kilometers. Alps is a huge watershed, many European rivers such as the Danube, Rhine, Po, Rhone River, etc originated. The River has a typical mountain river features, fast-flowing, abundant water resources. Alpine mountain glaciers formed many lakes, the largest devaluation Leman, there are four Forest Cantons Lake, Lake Zurich, Lake Constance, Lake Maggiore, Lake Garda and Lake Como. Lakes are often well-known tourist attraction. Alpine vegetation with a significant vertical changes. Altitude of 800 meters to the southern slope of the mountains under the sub-tropical evergreen sclerophyll forest; 800 to 1,800 meters the forest zone, the lower part is mainly beech and fir forest zone, the upper part by spruce, fir, cedar and other components of coniferous Lin; 1800 ~ 2300 meters, cold and windy, the forest line the ceiling above the alpine meadow, and then further on is mostly bare rock and mountain snow cover throughout the year. Alpine animals bighorn