Power contained in the Yan Xishan in Shanxi thirty-eight
In the ever-changing, revolving door-style politicians to change the Republican period, and pursuing "the philosophy" Yen Hsi-shan (1883-1960), but it is starting from the Revolution has been in power for 38 years in Shanxi characters long. However, "the" is the means, as the situation changes and interest, Yen positions can change at any time; Yen Kai eventually singing in the People's Liberation Army, ending his reign in Shanxi.
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Yin Yuan will serve captaincy
October 10, 1883 (eighth day of September, nine Qing dynasty), was born in the riverside village of Wutai County of Shanxi Province (now Dingxiang County river town of) a business-oriented family of small landowners. Year-old into the private school, read "Three Character Classic," with some classics such as a primer. 14-year-old school dropout, father Yanshu Tang (the word ming) to five within the county opened their own shop Qian auspicious of Business, involved in money lending on interest rates and financial speculation. 1900 defeat in a speculation, liabilities thousand cranes, father and son were forced to flee to Taiyuan to hide debt. Financial speculation, though short, but for the Yen gained from conducting political activities was the original experience. 1902, when the clerk of the Yen in Taiyuan, Shanxi Military Academy admitted to the military school. 1904 was recommended for admission to study in Japan, first-Tokyo Zhenwu school after graduation into the sixth Japanese Military Academy. Trends in the bourgeois-democratic revolution under the influence, he joined the League in October 1905, he met Sun Yat-sen and participation in the formulation of the Alliance's "South ring the North should be" a strategic decision, that League in the "uprising in the southern provinces, the required Shanxi Province, to be away. " Since then, Yan Xishan mounted the political stage. 1909, 26-year-old Yan Xishan after the return, any small school in Shanxi army instructors supervision. Year in November, called to Beijing to participate in organized by the Department of the Army returned to military school in Japan will try, test out fine (sub-optimal on the third), who was Shanggei Imperial Army Infantry and awarded the Military Association (equivalent to second lieutenant) rank. New Army Department of the Army at that time the Society made the following officers shall be President or take over new army of students who act, Yen is promoted in a few months forty Shanxi New Coach Association officials marked the eighty-sixth and standard system ( Head of the equivalent of colonel). Before and after, Yen secretly with other alliance members carry out revolutionary activities, the leadership of the New Army in Shanxi is basically controlled by alliance members and sympathizers in the hands of the revolution. Xinhai, the alliance members in Taiyuan response plot, but the New Army with guns but no bullets (the bullets taking away the fear of the uprising), failed to launch an attack. October 28, eighty-fifth scale insurgency was ordered to proceed south, received a bullet, Yen and other alliance members immediately decided to revolt. On the 29th morning, the standard age of alliance members Peng Yang, Zhang said Huang and other uprisings, generally acclaimed tube with Yao to price Rebel commander in chief. Rebel army invaded the city, killing the governor of Shanxi Lu Zhongqi, the establishment of military government, generally acclaimed as the military governor Yan Xishan. Plug panic. Immediately ordered the Sixth Wu, led his troops in the town of repression control. The longing for democratic revolution Wu, Tang Caichang previously participated in anti-military self-reliance Changsha uprising and Hua Xing Hui uprising, has long been a revolutionary, this time to prepare joint forces in the north of Shanxi China's revolution, then on Nov. 4 to invite third Yan Law related meetings, the coalition agreed on a total group of Jin Yan, Wu appointed viceroy and commander in chief, deputy chief commander and deputy commander of Yan. Yan is a battalion of troops marched in Shijiazhuang, together with the officers and men of the town cut off the sixth Beijing-Hankou railway, the Qing government detained military supplies destined for the front line in Wuhan, to Beijing to stop Yuan Qing government became prime minister, and intends to overthrow the Qing government troops on the north. Yuan hated the captain of the guard will buy Wu Wu stabbed, Yan Jin coalition aggressively on rough then failed. November 15, Joseph Chang, the Qing government tried to send the governor of Shanxi, and ordered the town of Cao Kun, the third invasion of Shanxi. December 13, Qing captured Niangziguan. Yen King Meron alliance members adopted the recommendation to divide our forces north and south, continue the fight. Rate of people going north a Yan Suiyuan military has captured Baotou, Sala Qi to Guisui (now Hohhot) to enter; vice captaincy Wen Shouquan a rate of military people south east, with the military capture of the people of Shanxi Yuncheng, Linfen Jiangzhou and siege in the rear and dorsal pose a great threat to the Qing government. North and south peace ended, after the Qing emperor abdicated, Yen returned in April 1912 in Taiyuan, Shanxi still control the military governor on behalf of military power. Revolution is the Yen to participate in the most glorious chapter in his life. Sun in September 1912 when he visited Taiyuan, said: "The age of the Wuchang Uprising go, do not actually tell half a success, the real power of Shanxi, Yan Jun rivers of power. ... ... If the non-Shanxi uprising, cut off north-south traffic, and the world something unknown also "Yen Yin Yuan will board the captaincy throne and get this evaluation in the country is only one person.
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Fan Yuan emperor save power
Yuan's true, long been recognized as part of the revolutionaries, Wu, one of them. Wu, Yan Xishan in persuasion, Jin Yan and Wu total group coalition troops Shijiazhuang, sometimes resulting in the north powerful revolutionary momentum. But after the assassination of Wu Luzhen, Yan's attitude has changed now. Early December 1911, north and south peace has begun, Yuan breach of the public to send the third town in Shanxi military offensive. In the army arrives in front of Yan Yuan's power of fear only, but also of the illusions Yuan, Jing Mei then nine alliance members agreed to the proposal, sent a letter to Yuan Shikai that, if the Yuan to "civil-military coordination, subvert the monarchy, and then deposited the Republican administration, with the people Gengshi "Yong Yuan Republic of China is" the first great president. " North and south peace, the Yan area from the south Guisui back, the line to the Xinzhou, Yuan received allowed him to continue forward (that is, not to recognize him as military governor of Shanxi) and telephone order. In this case, Yen Yuan hands that hold not only massive, but will take over as provisional president, the political balance has tilted to the side of the Yuan, so the side of the Sun to support the request, sent to the side input Cheng Yuan ; and the issue of standing in the capital the opposite of Sun Yat-sen, Yuan Shikai capital Beijing endorsed the idea, claiming that "the situation of, on the facts, to internal and external of the current round from the north to the south of no reason." Usurped the fruits of victory Revolution Yuan, see Yen different from the other alliance members, then appointed military governor of Shanxi Yan Xishan. Since then, Yan is director of Shanxi. Alliance in August 1912 restructuring of the KMT, Yen was appointed as Services. Because of the revolutionaries hated Yuan, Yan then announced in the spring of 1913 from the KMT; and then again on November 4 under the Yuan's order that in Shanxi, "the KMT is divided into counties the governor authority to be dissolved," and let the Yuan sent to Shanxi The minions Kim (Shanxi Xunan Shi, Home long) wanton against, persecuted and even killed by alliance members. So, Yuan changed in June 1914 when the provincial military governor for the general, and appointed General Wu Yen for the same, so that it Duli Shanxi military affairs. 1915 Yuan Shikai's imperial conspiracy, Yen will be the first to raise safety funded silver twenty thousand yuan, and then he also persuaded into power, the Revolution relegated to "old younger brother of Evolution era expedient procedure", that "feelings of the Chinese decision not to follow the republican system "and" non-militaristic not rigorously enforce and strengthen the country, wants to go ahead with its efforts of non-militarism, constitutional monarchy "is not called for" republican and waste line monarchy to constitutional monarchy and the line "and pleaded Yuan" to whom much before, by whom great potential, decided to himself as saving the country and the people, nothing to with its humility "and became the emperor ascended the throne. After reading overjoyed Yuan, approved "thoughtful." Yuan became the emperor, on December 21 as a pending closure Yan. Yen Yuan emperor support, sparing no effort. Later, he even said, but according to the instructions of Sun Yat-sen, the revolutionary forces to save the north the measures taken.
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Quo protectors of
Yuan died, the rule of the Northern Warlords situation has not changed, Duan as Prime Minister. Yan and attached to the section on major issues but paragraph lead. July 1916, he was named Shanxi warlord Yan, side squeeze crack down on dissidents, the governor Sunfa Xu and Shen Ming-chang is difficult to deal with the matter have been left; side of the House chief of bribery, please intercede for Tang Hualong, also known as the segment for the division, then was 9 in 1917 May serve as governor. Since then, military and political power concentrated in Shanxi, the one Yan. Duan Ma pledging his response, he sent troops to oppose the restoration of Zhang Xun. Section re-power, refused to restore the abandoned Yuan "Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China." Sun Yat-sen in Guangzhou, the military government _set_ up law enforcement, army and navy became Generalissimo ordered Duan crusade. Yan is standing on the side of segment, such as the fight against law-enforcement power to promote Feng Guozhang army, and sent the first mixed brigades Jin Chen led the troops to go to Hunan long war business, the results annihilated. Yong Yuan emperor and against the successive failure of law enforcement, forcing the Yen accept the lesson, practice the "three Fuji fundamentalist," or "do not join the party, do not ask other provinces, not to use military force in individual rights, should be subordinated to the central command, to defend the local law and order. " He later summed up as "protectors of" request "to contact with the neighboring provinces, so that I can not suffer, or actually neighboring Xinjiang music and cooperation, which in turn I, on behalf of my exteriors." To 1924, he repeatedly refused to participate in the warlord, the Shanxi maintained for several years of peace and stability. Internally, in order to better bring to the policy Yan Tai To, in October 1917 issued a "Declaration of six government" _set_ up "at the six political assessment", the implementation of water conservation, sericulture, tree planting and smoking, natural feet, hair (men cut braids) and later increase in cotton, afforestation, animal husbandry, collectively known as the "six government three things." After April 1918, Yan and the public to play an active role in the implementation of the "politics with the people", advocated the development of China and Germany, wisdom and wealth of the people. Yan that the Chief of the village, and implementation of the "Village of the politics." He adapted the village system is adjacent to five long-established neighborhood, _set_ 25 as the Lu Lu Cheung, village located village, took the police job, the strengthening of administrative management; issued the "People Know" and "Family Information", the idea of Confucianism as the core content of the feudal ethics; and organize village affairs, issued the "village of Ban Treaty", the establishment of village offices, the interest of First Instance will monitor the Council of People's Assembly and other institutions, and drug trafficking, Waterloo prostitution, gambling, theft, assault , idle, and other bad guys to go against filial Probation and punishment; _set_ up a "security group" of young conduct military training. Shanxi temporarily relatively stable society, production and development of the situation somewhat, Henan, Shandong, Hebei, Shanxi flood victims in neighboring provinces, for live and work. Shanxi Province has won the "model province" in the title. Yan Xishan quo on the surface, but secretly in the military buildup. He built the large scale manufacture of rifles, machine guns, artillery and ammunition arsenals, military again by the expansion of the Early Republic of four brigades and 17 divisions.
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Participate in the Northern Expedition in North China ranked
After several years of respite in Shanxi, Yan Xishan full-fledged consciousness, they "stand" in the Niangziguan the situation on the look into the depths, waiting in the wings. Upon the second straight 1924 war, Yan direct military interdiction troops north of Shijiazhuang, led Duan as provisional power. December 1925, the total national army repulsed the Senate continued planning of the founding of Tong Kai Yu Fan Zhongxiu military offensive in Shanxi. March 1926, in turn occupied the region in Shanxi Yanbei national army out of Shanxi, and his influence extended to Suiyuan. During this period, the two parties to achieve cooperation, planning for the Northern Expedition. KMT an effort Yan Xishan, relations began to improve. In 1925, the Kuomintang, KMT-CPC cooperation established in Taiyuan of Shanxi Province party. Yan is in a pivotal position in the threat of Chang Tso-lin and cozy, the attitude of the Northern Expedition to show from the sidelines. Northern Expedition in July 1926 after the oath-taking, pointing Hunan, Cuikulaxiu, and soon defeated the Unite Wu; Then he made Jiangxi, Fujian, Zhejiang, Anhui, Jiangsu victory, Sun Chuan-fang defeated. Trend, the Northern Expedition Feng Zhang, is just around the corner. Yan see this situation, is in the June 6, 1927 on the National Revolutionary Army North commander, flying flag of. Kuomintang Central Political Council ratified that position, and in June 29 the Council members to push Yan. July 7, National Military Committee was also appointed as a member of Yan. July 15, Yan Jin command to send troops to Shijiazhuang. September 29 pledging to discuss Feng Yan Xishan, in Beijing, Han, Sui in Beijing along with Fengtian fighting. But Chiang Kai-shek, Wang Jingwei has destroyed the KMT-CPC cooperation, the Northern Expedition _set_back, the National Revolutionary Army have failed north Fengtian momentum Wars Jin, Fu Zuoyi surrounded the Ministry of Zhuozhou, Yanbei area occupied by Fengtian, Shanxi situation in critical condition. Yan-Sui army command to contain a considerable part of the Fengtian, on the Northern Expedition is a strategic global significance. Chiang step down no time for half a year back in early 1928 after the reunification of the country to continue to target the Northern Expedition, see Yan Xishan in Shanxi Province have ranked very important trend, is trying to draw: February 28, 1928, the National Government appointed the National Yan Revolutionary Armed Forces of the Third Army commander, March 7 meeting of the Central Political political branch of the appointment of Mr Yan to Taiyuan, March 9 Yan National Government appointed Chairman of the Government of Shanxi Province. Month, the command of Chiang Kai-shek launched the Northern Expedition full-scale attack on the Fengtian, and the third group of demobilized defensive to the offensive, recovering Datong, occupation, Baoding, Beijing and Tianjin to enter. Second Army Division at this time there are a lot Feng, Jiang Feng deliberate suppression pull Yan, on June 4 Yan was appointed by the National Government of Beijing and Tianjin (later known as Beiping) garrison commander, and let the Third Army troops advance into Beijing, Tianjin is also Peace reception. So far, the Northern Expedition in the master Yan Xishan in Shanxi Province and Pingjin Ji and Cha Sui four military and political power in the two special city. October 19, the Kuomintang Central Political Council Yan was appointed Minister of the Interior (from Zhao Devon agent). Since then, with the Chiang Yen, Feng Yuxiang, Li Tsung-jen par, as ranked North warlords. Held in March 1929 the Third National Congress of the Kuomintang, Yan although not present, but still elected to the Central Executive Committee (fourth and fifth re-election).
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Xingshi aspirations to defeat the Central Plains
1929, the KMT held reorganize and discharge surplus personnel meeting. Chiang Kai-shek intended to reorganize and discharge surplus personnel using the machine weakened national army dissidents, the first Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission Chairman for the appointment of Yan Xishan, Feng Yuxiang and Li Tsung-jen to isolate. Yan sound bargaining parties had favorable to Chiang reorganize and discharge surplus personnel programs. March 15 revocation of the Third Army headquarters, regional offices and replaced after the third reorganize and discharge surplus personnel, Yan became Guanggansiling, know the deceived, and then linked to Xiang Xie Feng fool of myself in order to threaten to resign. June 25 arrived in Taiyuan Feng, Yan Feng went so far as to weight under house arrest. Jiang Yan correspondence between the two sides, bargain. July 23, the National Government of the Northwest Frontier mission commander of the Yan Yan of "external and internal should not be _set_ this time officials" refused to office, and resigned on August 27 President of the Shanxi provincial government to test. October 28, the National Government for the armed forces deputy commander appointed Yan, Jiang said, but "there are positions in the central and provincial level shall not be, should be in Beijing, State Councilor, may not leave without incident." Jiang Yan known as Tiaohulishan, prevarication not to; after the parties urging, began Nov. 5 inauguration, but not to Nanjing to attend to office. Year in December, Tang Sheng-chih United Yan Dao Jiang, Yan secretly approval. After the issue of power in the Tang, Yan reflected in its failure to have been named in the first place, the Zhao and others to discourage Devon, the inconsistencies, such as power switch and Zhang Yong Jiang anti-Don. That discussion are the property of Tang Jun, Jiang Yan command, Yan at January 3, 1930 went to Zhengzhou command operations. Chiang to eliminate political opponents, the Order of Henan Province, Mr Ho Cheng Chun and Han Yan Fu Ju camera capture. This account has been informed that telephone tapping subordinates Yan Yan is the make-up Trent back to Taiyuan. Since then, Jiang Yan further deterioration of relations between the two sides fortify, ready to battle. Jin Yan will be expanded to 10 troops, four security columns, 4 and 7 cavalry division artillery brigade, a total of about 20 million people; and reach an understanding with Feng, Feng-funded military sent back to Shaanxi, Feng Department command post common action . Beginning of the war, the situation for Yan, Feng is advantageous. Jin occupation of Jinan, Chiang Kai-shek himself was Feng captive insurance Liuhe station. But the mob of anti-Chiang, and some wait-and some rebel surrender, coupled with the poor command of misconduct, resulting in realignment plan did not materialize in Xuzhou. August 1, Chiang comprehensive counterattack, the war situation worsened, and toward the direction conducive to Chiang. July, the Kuomintang Chiang factions _set_ up in Peking, "an enlarged meeting of the Department of the Chinese Kuomintang," decided to _set_ up another "national government", the _select_ion of Wang Ching-wei, Yan Xishan, Feng Yuxiang, Li Tsung-jen, Lu Zou, Tang Shao-yi, Chang as a member of the Yan as Chairman. September 9, Yen sworn Huairen Hall in Peking.
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Self-salvation comeback
Yen Hsi-shan in Dalian Zheju period, summed up his side of the political experience, the overall military and political side of the remote Shanxi, waiting in the wings. Him under the doctrine of Confucianism, his 20 years of political experience summed up as "the philosophy ', that impartial, reasonable balance, but less than for the" in "in the personnel have become, lost in the failure ; recognize contradictions, an analysis method to use two conflicts, in order to achieve "no contradiction between contradictory" so contradictory to the consumer, to moderate, in order to survive; that the affair had a mother and child management of other reasons, the mother told Li that should or should not, the child is able to reason about the mother is the same reason, the child to obey reasonable grounds the mother, the mother of Personnel Management to students is the highest. That is to say, his research and application "in the philosophy of" all for their own existence. He has also taken Picks and misinterpreted the words of some Marxist works against the "golden generation of value", advocate a "property securities" (the number of objects producing the number of coupons issued, the worker Youyi coupons for goods); against "Private Information", advocated "public funding, private production", "distribution according to work", that "Capitalism to Socialism distribution according to work is necessary after the bridge." The so-called "labor theory of property" can not be achieved, he does not intend to achieve, but he has _set_ the goal for the cadres, the purpose is for the boycott of Marxism and the Communist Party. At the same time, he watched the development of international and domestic situation, attempts to make a comeback. When he learned that the Japanese imperialists to launch a large-scale war against China, they will buy at high prices pilots, in the August 5, 1931 by air to sneak into harmony, then want to switch to home riverside village "seclusion." "Incident", the Taiyuan students held at December 18 Anti-Japanese demonstrations salvation, Shanxi Province party was the suppression of the Kuomintang, the students were shot dead four Muslim-ray. Yan Xishan Shenhen KMT before and after World War II in the Central Plains of his scorn, reverse this trend clear town of Taiyuan in Shanxi Province party Kuomintang supervision Yang Aiyuan closed and arrested their leaders. This is the KMT in Shanxi was the third fate.
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Fan Chiang against the Japanese Communist Union
Winter 1935, Japanese troops up with the "North China Incident ', then asked to implement the five provinces of North China" autonomy. "February 1936, the Red Army to cross the river Eastern Campaign, Jin defeat, Yen emergency, Chiang Kai-shek took the opportunity to send five divisions moved into Shanxi . the Red Army in early May return in triumph in Northern, Chiang but hang on, and in June established the border provinces of Shanxi, Shaanxi and Suining "bandits," General Command, and Chen Cheng as the commander in chief and a threat to the Yan . In front of these three forces, Yen contradictions in order to survive, carefully, began to "dance on the three eggs": Chiang Kai-shek is the de facto head of state should support, but is their number one enemies, must refuse Chiang's forces entered Shanxi; the Japanese imperialists to destroy China, but his fear of backfire, not to mention against Japan, when Japanese troops entered Suiyuan cruel, he was conditionally in August that "to defend the war" slogan; Communists and Red Army Although it is dangerous enemy, but in the meantime will not endanger their existence, and the heroic anti-Japanese firm, is a force that can be used. Then he stopped shouting anti-communist, had the idea of co-operating. Fan Chiang Chiang refused, fear of Japan Japanese , anti-communism to co-develop the policies he has become the key issues to be considered, and its center is co-operating with a license to play and raise their status and enhance their own strength to cope with the coming of the Japanese imperialist aggression. The face of Japanese imperialist aggression, "self-salvation comrades" in the left-leaning progressives launched on September 18 _set_ up the "Shanxi Anti-Japanese National Salvation Alliance (Ximenghui)", Yan afraid to offend the Japanese imperialists, changed its name to "Shanxi sacrifice Salvation Alliance ", with himself as president. In late October, Bo Yan Xishan invited party members at the "Ximenghui" work. Since then, the Chinese Communist Party with the Yan Xishan in Shanxi to establish a special form of anti-Japanese national united front, that party members wearing hats in Shanxi, Yan Xishan's government-run organizations to participate in the use of some progress in Shanxi language, implement the party's anti-Japanese national united front principles and policies, carry out anti-Japanese national salvation movement. In the "Ximenghui" under the leadership of the anti-Japanese national salvation movement flourished, Taiyuan incident became the national voice of the high Japanese cities, twenty provinces and cities attracted thousands of progressive young people to participate in military training in Taiyuan, the Sino-Japanese War began After the formation of the new army, the armed struggle and the creation of anti-Japanese base to do a political and organizational preparation. At this point, Yong Jiang Yan Xishan in the premise is basically to establish a joint against the Japanese line. November, Yen after consultation with the Chiang Kai-shek, the military command-Sui Fu Tso-yi, Zhao Cheng Shou and other units of the invasion of the Japanese and puppet troops to fight back Suidong, 24 Bailingmiao recovered. National People's celebration reward, boost to the morale. Japanese army occupied Pingjin, its all the way to point to Shanxi. Yan Xishan on August 27 went to the Tai Ling Yanmenguan port command operations. Early September, the Japanese invaded Shanxi, Jinsui Army in the days of the town and not stopping the enemy advance Guangling. In late September, the two parties were Pingxingguan battle with the army, the Eighth Route Army wiped out more than 1,000 people, get first victory since the war, with great encouragement to the Japanese soldiers and civilians. Then, Yan-Sui Army and the Central Army deployed guards Xinkou common, large-scale battle with the enemy. Xinkou stick army 23 days to hit the enemy, the strategy is of great significance. As against a stronger enemy, Nov. 8 Taiyuan fell. Yan Xishan southward retreat at 4, left Taiyuan, Linfen. In the meantime, Yen saw most of his old army collapsing, civilian majority of abandonment of post, then hope that the Ximenghui and Daredevil team to help him support and to reverse the critical situation in Shanxi. In support of his new troops to the summer of 1939 has developed into a four Daredevil columns, one engineer brigade, and a temporary code division comprises the Group of 50, about 5 million people; in Shanxi Administrative Region 7, 5 districts and their respective county government by the Ximenghui control, in 105 counties in 70 Ximenghui county commissioner by the (Communist) as. Shanxi to become the country achieve KMT-CPC cooperation, adhere to the resistance of the model area.
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Shaken together on a compromise survival
Linfen Yen retreated to rectify the formation of a national revolution, universities, and the CPC announced the "Top Ten Anti-Japanese National Salvation Programme" basically the same as the contents of the "Ten-Point Programme national revolution." February 16, 1938 Yancheng Li to the old school people as the backbone of the "national revolutionary comrades", with himself as president, to the League with the sacrifice and the KMT rival. February 1938, the Japanese large-scale southward invasion. Yan Xishan crossed the Yellow River to Shanxi by Ji Yi Chuan County Tyurin town asylum. In the Eighth Route Army and the Shanxi army combat Jinsui, the Japanese back along the railway line and in the plains, vast mountain areas as a base for Japanese soldiers and civilians, the CCP leadership-Sui, Jin-Cha, Jin-Ji Border Region have been established . Yan Xishan light of cruising in the Yellow River. Shanxi war into a stalemate. Yan Xishan seeing the impact of the rapid expansion of the Communist Party, the new Army and Ximenghui gradually evolved into an independent political force, was bound to be shaken to continue their rule, so determined to eliminate the Chinese Communist Party for the New Army and the impact of Ximenghui. August, he was the ancient Yin Ji Village, long held by the army, division, participated in the "Old Yin Conference", which inspired the old army against the new army, against the New School Old School, and said "going to rain, up to prepare an umbrella. A fall people, the will to suffer. " January 1939, the KMT five Fifth Plenary Session held in Chongqing, in discussing the continuing war, and strengthen the KMT, it is also proposed anti-, restricting, a series of measures were dissolved. Yan Xishan actively implement, Yi Chuan County in Shaanxi Province in March held a town Tyurin, "Tyurin meetings" and openly to cancel the new army political commissar system in an attempt to the old military uniform new army; said "can not be carried to coffin war, war always has an end, Wang (Jingwei) Mr. path may perhaps not desirable. " Undermine unity and prepared to surrender this argument, by the sacrifice League team leaders and the Daredevil Bo Yibo, and so resolutely opposed. Early December, Yan and with the anti-communist Chiang Kai-shek's first orgasm, launched aimed at eliminating Ximenghui and Daredevil team "December Incident" (Jin West Incident). Police departments and the New Army News strain, Yan plot did not succeed. "December Incident" together against the Japanese Yen marks the end of line. Communist Party of China in order to maintain anti-Japanese national united front, Yen Hsi-shan continued to promote war, in February 1940 to send Wang Ruofei, and Yan Xiao Jinguang negotiations OK to Fenyang by Lishi to the military crossing of the road for the North West and Jin Jin southwest boundary Eighth Route Army in northwest Shanxi and the new army for the activity area, southwest of the Jin-Sui Army activity area. Which to some extent, to restore and maintain a united front in the relationship between co-Yan Xishan. Since then, Jin Yan Xishan in Shanxi can only control two dozen southwestern counties. At this time, Yen and the use of "the philosophy" of his relationship with the three. He believes that the current enemy, Chiang him no time to remediation, without fear; increasingly powerful Communist Party and the Eighth Route Army, the masses are supported, is no longer the power that can be used, and also in conjunction with the New Army Ximenghui and unite against him, is The main threat to his enemies; Japanese aggressor troops are still difficult to overcome, the future is very bleak war: so have the collusion of Japan to play this card to deal with the idea of the Communist Party and the Eighth Route Army. Yan Japanese imperialism are also induced to surrender to the forces transferred to other theaters of the mind. Collusion between two conditions and maturity. Yan Xishan acts of collusion with the Japanese secret Communist Party of China has repeatedly warned. After the outbreak of the Pacific War, large-scale invasion of Japan to Southeast Asia, eager to fulfill Yen (Fenyang Agreement) the terms and conditions. May 6, 1942, Yen in Japan has repeatedly requested, and the Japanese in North China Expeditionary Army Chief of Staff Andy xxiii, Shanxi sent Yoshio Yan Song and other military commander in the village, Ping Ji held a so-called "Ping Conference" . Requirements of the Japanese invading army leaders from the Chongqing government immediately announced Yan; Yan due to the Office of the Director of the Eighth Route Army in the second theater Wang Shiying exhortations and warnings, you see significant changes in the international situation, Japan's defeat is only a matter of time, but feel that when traitor to notoriety, is to meet the attitude put forward by the Japanese side promised to give him first delivery of weapons and equipment. The two sides disagree, failed to reach agreement. Yan fear of being hijacked and took the opportunity to escape at lunch time. After the meeting, the Japanese army to retaliate, the Ministry Yan defeated and captured thirty-fourth Cavalry Corps Army of two divisions. Soon, each for their own interests, mutual advantage, and the line collusion. This time, a change to rely on the Japanese Yen and the use of the Japanese. In addition to exchange of goods, he sent cadres to enemy territory such as the pseudo-county level, and other pseudo-county commission sent to the Shanxi provincial government so quickly after the war the removal of the fruits of victory. At this point, Yan Xishan use of "the philosophy" has created a new cave for themselves: Chiang Kai-Yan afraid to surrender, adding his support; the CPC to make Japanese Yen to stay in camp, reducing the pressure on him; the Japanese to Yan induced to give in, stop the attack on Yan and further collaboration. Yan Xishan create a new three caves have be trusted seek security in the southwest corner of the land of Shanxi. August 10, 1945, the Yen noted that Japan would accept the unconditional surrender of the news, Zhao Cheng Shou Ji Pai and Japanese leaders agreed to Taiyuan: Japanese troops in the former zone attempts to prevent the Communist Party and the Eighth Route Army and the pending surrender Yen; also sent Taiyuan troops to advance. 30, under the protection of the Japanese Yen in the back in Taiyuan, then declared that "Departed" (War Service) and "Home" (traitor) is also active, and appointed governor of Soviet pseudo-ren, von straight Division, Wang Xiang, a senior advisor or senior counselors, the provincial anti-puppet adaptation of the military, retained at more than prisoners who were anti-Communist civil war as his capital. The result of eight-year war, in Shanxi Yan Yan district but only Puppet confluence.
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Provoke a civil war "does not fall" is also down
Noted that the Japanese Yen in the news is about to surrender, and even if the Nineteenth Army commander Shi Zebo led the troops to 1.7 million people, up the party area (now the southeastern region) advancing peace and received from the hands of the Japanese Changzhi, Tunliu , the eldest son, Xiangyuan counties. Early September, the Eighth Route Army to fight back, the History Department of Wai in Changzhi. Seventh Army Yen Ji Ling Peng Yubin, deputy commander led his troops in 2 million people, went to rush to the rescue by the Taiyuan. In mid-October, Shi, Peng has wiped out two. After the abolition of the second theater, Yen Director of the Office of Taiyuan in Shanxi Province of appeasement in the name of Chairman of the Government to continue to hold the military and political power in Shanxi. During the war he continued to pursue to address the problem of manpower and food developed "soldiers, farmers unity" policy, the 18-year-old to 48-year-old young men prepared for each of the three groups, one man standing soldiers entered the army, two of the National The soldiers, led a "Fendi" at home farming, food supply hit the families of soldiers standing. He caught the small Jinzhong 7 million people as cannon fodder for him; with exacting, resulting in barren land, times of hardship. He continued to strengthen the rule of agents, in addition to the "political health group" within the army responsible for the "pseudo-Su", the sent the "national revolution comrades mobile teams," the restructuring of the "constitutional command of the Police Department, Taiyuan special", and _set_ up in counties "SWAT teams", specifically in the community to "pseudo-Su", hundreds of communists and progressive people died in the two secret service under the knife. 1947 to 1948 fall of the spring, Yen intensified, counties, and Taiyuan City in the implementation of Jinzhong bloody "three autobiographical training" (self-cleaning, self-defense, self), the target for the "ten except one, a change in September," that in ten people get rid of a Communist or revolutionary masses, the original owner Yan, a person becomes nine. Implementation of the results, according to the Shanxi provincial government in 1947 only two months of statistics 11,12, which uses beling killed 3,000 people. With the people's support or oppose, rapid progress in the Shanxi People's Liberation Army. To July 1948, Taiyuan has become a Red Sea island. Yan Xishan hundreds of bottles of potassium cyanide for that with the "comrades", "backbone" (the main backbone of the county regiment level and above) broke more than 500 people in the city when the common "pay the price," while public utilities have the liquidity to buy gold and silver, to Shanghai to create a new cave. In early 1949, the peaceful liberation of Peking. Yan Xishan in Shanxi to see the end of the temporary rule, indicate in Nanjing trusted Xu Yongchang, Gujing De and others, recommended to the Acting President Li Tsung-jen invited him to Nanjing to discuss national affairs. March 29 received the invitation to power immediately after takeoff. April 24, People's Liberation Army captured Taiyuan, the provincial government on behalf of Mr Leung of the constitutional command of the Police Department and special agents of more than 40 people committed suicide. Yan Xishan in Shanxi Province for 38 years in charge of the regime was completely destroyed.
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Taiwan death struggle with negative corner
After the liberation of Taiyuan, Yen and reconciled to their failure. His famous anti-communist defenders would appear, made up of "five hundred Taiyuan perfect" lie around boasting, Yen House to gain political capital; and by Jiang and Li conflict between the mediator, to be on June 13 Date moved to Guangzhou as President and Secretary of Defense National Government. He took office declaring that "to secure the victory as the first of", to "do nothing, sit still" situation, the "whatever the cost, despite all the obstacles and move forward." Also issued the "silver dollar certificates" instead of as waste paper, "Jin Yuanquan"; also proposed a "plan to reverse the current situation" and "anti-communist national salvation plan" an attempt to make the final again in the South China Southwest resistance. Xu Yongchang, who he sent to fly Suiyuan, Xinjiang, to obstruct peace negotiations. But Communist troops into the sound of corner of Yan Xishan's negative resistance, but mantis trying to stop vehicles only. Yen Hsi-shan Chiang Kai-shek of the CD orders, not looked down on the Li Tsung-jen, Li Tsung-jen and Yan become increasingly acute contradictions. Secretary of Defense to resign Yan Li, Yan is to be rejected. He said: "I shall perish, and defense, substitutions or perish or perish, I am willing to resign. Even though I will die and be replaced by also died, or I, or do not die and be replaced by Yihuo do not die, I to endure. "But death, I would like to reply. If I die a slow and be replaced by a fast death, I endure the name of his Secretary of Defense directed the army under the Communist forces attacked, but the paranoia, defeated. October 1, the People's Republic was proclaimed in Beijing, the Communist forces fighting Sichuan, Yen on December 8 to lead his government from Chengdu to Taiwan. Since then, the KMT rule in China ended. Chiang Kai-shek retreated to Taiwan, continue to use the title of the Republic of China, on March 1, 1950 announced the resumption of the presidency. Resigned from the Executive Yuan Yan Xishan, access to presidential advisor and member of the KMT Central Consultative two titles, living in the foot of Jinshan, Taipei. Nothing he could do, is engaged in writing, has written more than 20 of the booklet, which is the main anti-Communist, and to promote his "physical labor advocates" and "the philosophy" as the content of the "Harmony of the road." May 23, 1960, died at age 77. Yen's remarks are mainly a compilation, "remarks Mr. Yan Bochuan series to", "Mr. Yan Bochuan War revival _set_ of speech" and so on.
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Jin Zhi Yan Xishan Introduction of family members on
Yan Shudian (uncle of nicknames Masahiro Yen) five daughters: Long Name EMERGENCY less death. Second name Hui Ching (second girl said, appropriate Dingxiang County Hu, Son of a, in the domestic work) three Hui Jing, Huifang four (called the three girls, four girls. Hui Jing appropriate to the public's thin Dingxiang County , after the death of Hui Jing, Huifang continued with, the Health and two women: one in the United States, one in Tianjin. a son nerve is not normal.) five Emily (nicknames five fresh, that is, five girls, five-sister. the beginning of appropriate Creek Qu wear ring side of the village, and Liang Yanwu married after the divorce.) or more than Yen Hsi-shan Yan Shudian age of their children is small, so are known as Brother Yun Yan Xishan.
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Yan Xishan and five sister
Reflected in folklore and in recent years, Shanxi historical fiction, film and television works, as long as related to Yen Hsi-shan, all upper case feature "five sister" or "five girls," Yan Huiqing, to become involved in military and political affairs, she said, behind the scenes Shanxi Council, Yan Xishan toe strongman. In fact, this is real life "five sister," nothing in common, but people imagined by fiction. Now we find out in accordance with relevant historical data on historical facts compiled in the post. "Five sister of" sense and calculating, good wind blows, Yan Xishan like to listen to say, do not like to hear is absolutely not, said Yan Gaoxing, they joke about some things, as happy Yan, Yan gloomy when they talk about Some home customs for Yan boredom. Yan's life, she arranged a very good living, clothing, bedding in the washing of the change, the more wear and want, wear what to wear what are the arrangements for the line intended Yan, Yen during the war effort in the tough slope, well, he often tells us to think, thinking, active. Sometimes can not help but eat more beverages, pain caused by disease. To this end, staff is very worrying. Later, the dedicated staff monitoring food, not to eat, and not to eat. Began sending general attendants, were often Yan abuses. Mrs. prison after the food is still OK, so they replaced Yan Huiqing responsible for overseeing food. Accept the lessons of the past five sister, the use of diet restriction approach. Every meal, she sat Kang Table ago, he eat, but indecent Yen eat, eat, to persuade him to eat more, eat more, and advised him to eat some. Sometimes he did not want to see to eat, took chopsticks and taste, and tell some jokes, and sometimes see him eat more, refusing all, they put food taken away from him, ordered the adjutant to end the meal to go. In order to adjust their diets, in addition to the main non-staple food are often personally involved, but also often home to the kitchen to do sip tip rice bean flour, sorghum, sub-surface wipe, You face Wowo and so on. After the county by her supervisor, Yen appetite more uniform, and rarely had stomach pains. Everybody happy. Attendants in particular to reduce the ideological burden of doctors. So long prison food served up by Yan Huiqing. Meal will be prison, prison will be serious, until the Yen to fly Nanjing, Taiyuan, the eve of liberation. In addition to caring for Yan Xishan dinner, each to sleep after the Yen. She also Yan Xishan tuck, Chuibei until the Yen fell asleep, she decided to turn off the lights, and the guards long exit the bedroom. So, Yan that "five sister" cooking their daily life, than anyone else appropriate. After the war, concubine Xu Lansen due to heart failure, sudden death, she was still charged with the task of daily life take care of Yan Xishan.
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Chronology
Twenty-seven years Guangxu (1901) into the Shanxi Military Academy,? Went to study in Japan in the following year joined the League. Xuantong first year (1909) was promoted from the standard system in Japan (equivalent to head). After the Revolution, led his troops in the uprising, the occupation governor Yamen, he served as military governor of Shanxi, Shanxi Province began to grasp power. After they sell out to expediency, the first refuge Yuan, expressed support for him as emperor. Northern warlord Yuan Duan death and seek refuge. July 1916 appointed military governor and Shanxi governor. September 1917, Sun Yat-sen led the law enforcement war. Duan uphold his will, sent troops to go to Hunan military operations with law enforcement, was defeated. Northern warlord era in his fickle, political speculation, and took the opportunity to expand the force to 12 brigades. June 1927, achieved great success in the Northern Expedition of the situation, he claimed the North Revolutionary Army commander, flying flag of, then the army expanded to eight troops. July, in Shanxi to "purge", persecuted communists. February 1928, commander of the Third Army National Revolutionary Army, Manchurian warlord Chang Tso-lin to participate in the combat forces. March Renguo Min Taiyuan branch of the CPC Central Committee Political Council Chairman, Peking (now Beijing) Branch on behalf of the President, Pingjin garrison commander, sphere of influence extended to Hebei, Chahar, Suiyuan and Peking, Tianjin. The KMT in 1929 and concurrently deputy commander of the armed forces. In 1930, Chiang Kai-shek by "reorganize and discharge surplus personnel" of the machine, cut off dissent. Yen Hsi-shan Chiang Kai-shek with a sharp conflict of interest occurs, in August the United Feng Chiang, another group of the National Government in Peking, President. September, Chang supported Chiang Kai-shek in Shenyang power, sent troops into the Shanhaiguan. Jiang Feng Yan in the battle, Feng, Yan defeated. Yan Xishan fled from the Japanese occupation of Dalian. Shanxi military and political figures are due to cultivate his cronies, he could still control the situation and ready to make a comeback in Shanxi. August 1931, by Japanese planes secret back in Shanxi, lived by the river villages, remote Taiyuan. "Incident", the March 1932, he served as director of the Office of Taiyuan appeasement, re-ruled provinces of Shanxi and Suiyuan. He adopted the strategy of preserving automorphic environment, focusing on doing a good job building the province, full force. Suidong glimpse into the Japanese army in 1935, he proposed the "war to defend the" slogan. February 1936, the Red Army Eastern Campaign, the Yellow River into the northern Shanxi, Jun Yan defeated. Chiang Kai-shek took the opportunity to send five divisions into Shanxi. After the Red Army withdrew in Northern Chiang Kai-shek is still not withdrawn. He then proceeded to march on the face of Japanese, while Chiang Kai-shek also want to swallow his situation, the initial acceptance of the Communist Party's anti-Japanese national united front policy, adopted a "pro-Japanese alliance with Chiang" route. War broke out, the theater commander of the second term Yan Xishan. September 1937, after the Japanese invasion of Shanxi, on behalf of the county organized his troops in an active combat against the Japanese and Japanese cooperation with the Communist Party. But later received the Order of Chiang Kai-shek, began making anti-communist friction. 1939 Chiang Kai-shek launched the anti-Communist after the climax, he was in December to create "Jin West Incident", the Eighth Route Army offensive against Japan and the Daredevil team. With the Japanese invaders and later secretly contact between China and Japan in Japanese and down the speculation. After the victory, and actively participated in the civil war launched by Chiang Kai-shek. September 1945 to send troops to violations of the Nineteenth Army commander Shi Zebo Shangdang liberated areas, three million people was destroyed. Subsequently, the PLA's combat, his troops constantly destroyed, the share of the shrinking region, to July 1948, only two isolated city of Taiyuan and Datong, but still continued to resist stubbornly. March 1949, fled to Nanjing. June in Guangzhou, the Executive Yuan and Chairman of the Kuomintang government's defense minister. December to Taiwan. Died May 1960.
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Yen Hsi-shan - Personal works
Yen's remarks are mainly a compilation, "remarks Mr. Yan Bochuan series to", "Mr. Yan Bochuan War revival _set_ of speech", etc.
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Encyclopedia
Yan Xishan Yan Xishan West warlords. Word Bochuan. October 8, 1883 (eighth day of September, nine Qing dynasty) was born in the riverside village of Wutai County of Shanxi Province (now Dingxiang County) a landlord and commercial loan shark family. Shanxi Province in 1902 into the Military Academy, studied in Japan in 1904, first-Zhenwu schools, into the Military Academy after, in October 1905 joined the League. Returned in 1909, he served the Army in Shanxi Small school teacher, then rose supervision. 1910 was promoted to military standard systems Shanxi. 1911 after the outbreak of the uprising led his troops occupied the governor Yamen, he served as military governor of Shanxi. Since then, the attachment Yuan, Duan so long entrenched in Shanxi. After July 1916, he served as military governor and Shanxi governor. 1917 Army troops went to Hunan and law enforcement operations, was disastrous. Northern warlord period, the speculative market skills, the expansion of power. 1927, "four hundred and twelve" coup, followed Chiang Kai-shek against the Communists, support the Three Principles of power claims, with himself as commander of Revolutionary Armed Forces of the North, took the opportunity to incorporate military, expand power, under the jurisdiction of the military up to more than ten million people. Member of the CPC Central Committee Political Council spin Ren Guomin, the National Government and the Military Commission of the Standing Committee members, in Shanxi implement the "purge" anti-communist. February 1928, commander of the Third Army National Revolutionary Army, to participate in Fengtian operations. March, Ren Guomin Taiyuan branch of the CPC Central Committee Political Council Chairman, Section on behalf of the President and Pingjin Peking garrison commander and other staff. After 1929, concurrently Minister of the Interior National Government Administration Council, Deputy Commander of the Armed Forces and other staff. Expansion of their forces, with the Chiang Kai-shek become increasingly acute. August 1930, the United Feng Chiang Yen, organized in Peking Government, as chairman. Yan Feng Chiang followed World War II broke out, fled after the failure of Dalian. "Incident", the 1932 back to Shanxi, Taiyuan, any director of the Office of appeasement, regained control of Shanxi, Suiyuan provinces. Bibliography History Research Committee of Shanxi Province Political Consultative Conference Code: "Yan Xishan rule Shanxi facts", Shanxi People's Publishing House, Taiyuan, 1981. (Zheng Zemin)