① steel and iron together, and sometimes refers specifically to steel. ② metaphor strong ~ soldiers.
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No. 2
Food and iron and steel is a very important country
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No. 3
Iron will
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No. 4
PLA is a great wall of steel to defend the motherland
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Steel and iron referred to, and sometimes specifically refers to steel
Steel and iron collectively. Sometimes specifically refers to steel. "Water Margin" fourth back: "Wu That Official Titles, good iron it?" Goose-wing, "Poplar song in the steel plant": "The Warriors furnace repair that can ... ... in the belly of the steel melting furnace, enjoy joke. "
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Strong analogy
Strong analogy. Lao She, "two horses" fifth paragraph 3: "Will is great, is a steel!"
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Steel - Overview
Different carbon content, iron-carbon alloy steel and pig iron into two categories, steel is the carbon content of 0.03% to 2% of the iron-carbon alloys. Carbon steel is the most common ordinary steel, smelting convenient, easy processing, low prices, and in most cases be able to meet the requirements, the application is very common. Different carbon content, divided into low carbon steel, carbon steel and high carbon steel. With the carbon content increases, the hardness of steel increased toughness decreases. Called special steel alloy, adding one or more alloying elements on the basis of carbon steel, steel structure and properties of the tissue changes, which have some special properties, such as high hardness, high wear resistance, high toughness, corrosion resistance, and the like. Often added alloying elements in steel Si, W, Mn, Cr, Ni, Mo, V, Ti and the like. Alloy abundant resources, except for Cr, Co deficiency, low grade Mn addition, W, Mo, V, Ti and rare earth reserves are high. Beginning of the 21st century, alloy steel production in the proportion will be greatly increased. Carbon content of 2% to 4.3% of the iron-carbon alloy called pig iron. Pig iron hard and brittle, but pressure resistant. According to the presence of carbon in the form of pig iron can be divided into different white iron, gray iron and ductile iron. White iron in the form of distribution of carbon in Fe3C, the fracture was silvery white, hard and brittle and can not be machined, a steelmaking raw material, it is also known steelmaking pig iron. Flake graphite form of carbon known to the distribution of gray iron, the fracture was silver, cutting, easy to cast, wear. If the distribution of carbon called ductile iron with nodular graphite, its mechanical properties, processing performance is close to steel. Add special alloying elements available in cast iron special cast iron, such as adding Cr, can greatly improve the wear resistance under very special conditions have important applications. Sources of carbon steel: iron is one of the raw material iron ore, iron ore is the main ingredient Fe2O3, no carbon. The second is the raw material of iron coke Ironmaking process for coke left in the molten iron, causing the molten iron containing carbon. Production of steel from iron ore smelting iron. Pig iron for the production of steel, the process of steelmaking process is mainly carbon addition. Can not divisible carbon steel requires a certain amount of carbon, to reach optimum performance.
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Classification of steel
Classification Category Name Description 1 Press the chemical composition of (1) Carbon steel Carbon steel is iron-carbon alloy steel, iron, carbon, but also contains small amounts of manganese, silicon, sulfur, phosphorus and other elements, according to the different carbon content can be divided into: 1) low carbon - carbon wc ≤ 0.25% 2) carbon steel - carbon wc> 0.25% ~ 0.60% 3) high carbon - carbon wc> 0.60% High carbon steel is generally military-industrial and industrial medical industry more (2) In order to improve the properties of steel alloy, based on a carbon steel smelting, alloying elements and adding some Tempered steel, such as chromium steel, manganese steel, chrome steel, chrome-nickel steel. Their total content of alloying elements can be divided into: 1) Low Alloy Steel - total content of alloying elements ≤ 5% 2) the alloy - the total content of alloying elements 5% ~ 10% 3) high-alloy steel - the total content of alloying elements is> 10% 2 Press the smelting of Equipment of (1) converter blowing converter steel with steel, can be divided into bottom-blowing, side-blown, top-blowing and air blowing, blowing oxygen converter steel and other training; according to different lining, and two sub-acidic and alkaline (2) open-hearth steel refining with open-hearth steel, lining material is divided into different acidic and alkaline two, generally more for basic open-hearth steel (3) electric furnace steel refining furnace steel, steel electric arc furnace, induction furnace steel and vacuum induction furnace steel. Industrial mass production, alkaline EAF 3 Press before pouring the degree of deoxygenation (1) boiling steel is deoxidized steel incomplete, resulting in the ingot mold in boiling pouring. The advantage is smelting loss, low cost, good surface quality and deep drawing performance; drawback is uneven composition and quality, poor corrosion resistance and mechanical strength, are generally used for rolling steel cable structure of carbon steel and steel (2) fully killed steel is deoxidized steel, pouring the molten steel in the ingot mold in sedation, no boiling. The advantage is that a uniform composition and quality; drawback is low yielding metal, high costs. General quality carbon structural steel alloy and are killed steel (3) semi-killed steel deoxidation between the degree of sedation between steel and steel rimmed steel, because production is difficult to control. Currently yield less 4 Press the quality of steel (1) ordinary steel steel contains more impurity elements, sulfur ws generally ≤ O.05%, phosphorus wP ≤ 0.045%, such as carbon steel, low alloy steel, etc. (2) high quality steel steels containing less impurity elements, sulfur and phosphorus content ws, wp, generally ≤ 0.04%, as high-quality carbon structural steel, alloy structural steel, carbon tool steel and alloy tool steel, spring steel , bearing steel, etc. (3) High quality steel steel containing very little impurity elements, sulfur ws generally ≤ O.03%, phosphorus wP ≤ 0.035%, such as alloy structural steel and tool steel. High quality steel behind steel, usually plus sign "A" or Chinese characters, "high", in order to identify 5 by the use of steel (1) structural steel 1) construction and engineering with structural steel - referred to as construction steel, which refers to the production of steel metal structures used on buildings, bridges, ships, boilers or other works. Such as carbon steel, low alloy steel, reinforced steel 2) machinery manufacturing structural steel - is the steel used in the manufacture of structural parts of machinery and equipment. Such steels are basically high-quality steel or high quality steel, mainly in high-quality carbon structural steel, alloy structural steel, free cutting steel, spring steel, bearing steel, etc. (2) Tool steel is generally used in the manufacture of various tools, such as carbon tool steel, alloy tool steel, high speed tool steel. As can be divided according to purpose cutting tool steel, tool steel, gauge steel (3) Special Steel steel with special properties, such as acid-resistant stainless steel, heat-resistant steel can not afford leather, high-resistance alloy, wear-resistant steel, magnet, etc. (4) This refers to professional steel steel for professional use in various industrial sectors, such as automotive steel, machinery steel, aviation, steel, chemical and mechanical steel, boiler steel, electrical steel, welding steel, etc. 6 Press the manufacturing process in the form of (1) refers to the use of cast steel casting method produced a steel castings. Some steel is mainly used for the manufacture of complex shapes, forging or machining difficult but requires high strength molded plastic parts and (2) refers to the use of forged steel forged steel forging method produced a variety of forgings and forgings. Quality forgings higher than that of steel castings, can withstand large impact force, ductility, toughness and other mechanical properties of steel castings are also relatively high, so all important machine parts should adopt forgings (3) refers to the hot-rolled steel hot-rolled steel produced by hot rolling method and a variety of hot-rolled steel. Most are hot-rolled steel into hot-rolled steel used to produce steel pipe, steel and other large steel, but also for rolling wire (4) cold-rolled steel cold-rolled steel is produced by cold rolling method and various cold-rolled steel. Compared with hot-rolled, cold-rolled steel is characterized by smooth surface, precise size, good mechanical properties. Used to rolling cold rolled sheet, strip and steel (5) cold drawn steel cold drawn steel cold drawing method refers to a variety of cold drawn steel produced. Cold drawn steel characteristics are: high precision, good surface quality. Mainly used for the production of cold-drawn steel wire, but also for the production of 50mm or less in diameter, round and hexagonal, and 76mm diameter steel pipe in the following
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Steel Industry Overview Analysis
Iron and steel industry is the most important basic industries, is the material basis for other industrial development. With steel, makes the transformation of China's economy is possible. Meanwhile, the development of the steel industry also depends on the development of the coal industry, mining industry, metallurgical industry, power, transportation and other industrial sectors. Because of the relationship between the steel industry and other industries very close, so many countries regard the development of the steel industry in a very important position, and to this development and the development of the national economic departments coordinate with each other to maintain normal proportional relationship. In 2006 the rapid development of China's steel industry, the production reached 400 million tons, while the product structure and organizational structure was further optimized, the continuous development of foreign trade, industry efficiency has improved significantly. But progress slow elimination of backward production capacity and pressure on domestic resources, energy, the environment and other issues deserve further increase attention. 2006 full annual steel 417.87 million tons, an increase of 65.38 million tons, an increase of 18.5%; produce iron 404.17 million tons, an increase of 19.8%; production of steel 466,850,000 tons, an increase of 24.5%. Sub-regions, Hebei, Jiangsu, Liaoning, Shandong output growth fastest production four provinces together account for nearly half of the country. Of companies to see, Anshan Iron and Steel Group (22.56 million tons), Baoshan Iron and Steel (22.53 million tons), Tangshan Iron and Steel (19.06 million tons), Sha Steel (14.63 million tons), Wuhan Iron and Steel (13.76 million tons), Jinan Iron and Steel (11.24 million tons), Ma Steel (10.91 million tons), Laiwu Steel (10.79 million tons), Shougang (10.55 million tons) and other nine steel companies with an annual output of steel more than 10 million tons; key steel enterprises produced 335.71 million tons of steel, up 15.2%, accounting for the proportion of was 80.2%, down 2.3 percentage points over the previous year. January to December 2006, China's steel industry completed a total industrial output value of 492,244,115 yuan, an increase of 20.56% over the previous year; achieve total sales revenue 496,471,514 yuan, an increase over the previous year 20.64; achieve cumulative total profit 24,086,180 thousand Yuan , an increase of 23.3% over the previous year; total accumulated losses of loss-making enterprises was 719,629 thousand, a decrease of 22% over the previous year. By the end of 2006, the whole industry enterprises above designated size of 391, of which 76 loss-making enterprises, the loss was 19.4%. The first half of 2007, China's steel industry invested 125.16 billion yuan in fixed as_set_s, an increase of 8.4%, lower than the total fixed as_set_ investment over the same period increased by 17.5 percentage points. From the analysis of investment structure in the direction of investment in the first half accounted for 7.82% investment iron and steel projects accounted for 32.24%, steel deep processing projects accounted for 59.94 percent of funds invested significant portion of deep processing step backward transfer; in the investment project, the half of 10 billion yuan investment in the project is completed (59.2%), from 100 million to 1 billion yuan projects accounted for 26.4%, from 50 million to 100 million yuan project accounted for 5.7%, 50 million yuan of the following items (9.1%), to large-scale investment projects , modern direction; sources of investment capital in the first half of corporate self-financing accounted for 82.1%, 12.3% of domestic bank loans, foreign investment accounted for 1.8%, accounting for 0.1% of the state budget funds, other sources accounted for 3.7% Description of investment ability of enterprises to enhance the development of self-transformation; half investment in new production capacity projects, 12.01 million tons of iron, steel 9.76 million tons, 9.45 million tons of hot-rolled, cold-rolled 2.62 million tons, an increase of new capacity has obviously put slow. Steel production in the first half of 2007 showed a high overall growth in the state. January to June, China produced a total of 237,580,600 tons of crude steel, an increase of 18.92%; production of steel 270,246,700 tons, an increase of 23.93%. It is worth noting that, in the first quarter and second quarter growth of steel production showed different characteristics. On the basis of a rapid growth in steel production in the quarter, due to the second quarter of the country have introduced a number of austerity measures, the second quarter growth trend in steel production slowed down considerably compared with the first quarter. This trend will be maintained until the second half. In recent years, China's steel industry is one of the macro-control of key industries, in 2004 the state issued a series of curb expansion of investment, land and credit tightening measures gate. 2005 promulgated the "Steel Industry Development Policy" to guide the development of the steel industry norms. 2006 country is frequently introduced various policy measures, summary, including the elimination of backward production capacity, standardize foreign mergers and acquisitions and adjust export tax and other three areas, the implementation of these policy measures enacted a far-reaching impact on China's steel industry. Domestic demand in the next three years, China's steel industry is probably the best development opportunities; while in the next nine years, the actual growth in demand for steel in China will maintain an average annual growth rate of 7.57 percent. China and South Africa are expected to become the future demand for steel products in China's most promising regions, Wuhan Steel, Anshan Iron and Steel is the most benefit from the downstream industry demand growth companies. Steel consumption in the next five years will change varieties, demand in the construction industry and the proportion of resources and energy sectors will decline, and machinery, light industry and automotive industry needs to increase the percentage. Expected after 2012, China's steel demand growth will remain relatively low for some time, in 2020 is expected to reach a peak.
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Steel - steel industry status quo
Production of iron and steel industry has been nine consecutive years, ranking first in the world, but that does not mean that China is a steel powerhouse. Brilliant production not conceal the internal crisis in the steel industry, the key to the performance of its crisis on two issues. First, the energy consumption per ton of steel used in the production of an ore, coal, electricity and other resources is much higher than in developed countries, and even the world average. Moreover, with the development of the steel industry, iron and steel in some places, the unit consumption of steel resources in increments. Second, the product structure is irrational, low value-added long steel products accounted for more than 60%, while the required automotive, machine tools, household appliances and other industries to import large quantities of high-grade steel. Study the deeper reason is that steel companies are too small to reach the required level of economies of scale in production, nor have the ability to innovate. Therefore, the results of the development of the steel industry is to import large quantities of ore, steel and then processed into a low-grade massive exports, consuming valuable resources, resulting in overall tension of coal, leaving a contaminated earned only negligible profits. This extraordinary development of the steel industry does not comply with China to achieve sustained growth, the establishment of a conservation-oriented economy overall direction. So, on July 20 the State Council announced the "Steel Industry Development Policy", the implementation of the New Deal of steel, is extremely significant. Has strategic significance which made the reasonable control of the production scale, improve industrial concentration to optimize the product mix, such as the development of China's steel industry.
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Steel industry trends
1 further slowdown in demand growth, the market will remain weak balance pattern The main factors affecting the domestic steel market in 2009 are: to stimulate the release of steel demand and market supply and demand balance of international and domestic economic development, the domestic production capacity. Stimulating demand from the economic point of view, in 2009 the steel industry is facing both domestic and international situation is very grim, steel demand growth will slow further. First, the financial crisis continues to deepen under the difficult world economic recovery. U.S., EU and Japan, the three major economies bleak prospects for economic growth, economic globalization, the world economy caused by the amplification cycle synchronization subprime crisis drag on the real economy of the world, the 2009 world economic growth and trade growth will be low in 2008. According to the International Monetary Fund recently forecast made in 2009, the world economy will grow by 3% year on year, much lower than previously projected 3.9% for 2009 shows that the world economy pessimism. In a further slowdown in world economic growth in the context of the existing export policy if kept unchanged, the 2009 China's steel industry exports than in 2008 there was a substantial decline, the reasons are: on the one hand domestic price difference will gradually close narrow, on the other hand Vietnam, Indonesia and other emerging destination countries affected by domestic economic downturn, have increased the domestic steel industry protection, import policies more stringent. Steel exports in 2009 is expected to fall to around 40 million tons. Secondly, the domestic economy will continue to decline in 2009, in addition to government investment, business investment, consumption and export situation is not optimistic, although the impact of the financial crisis on China's financial market is relatively limited, but the impact on the real economy has become increasingly evident , China's foreign trade enterprises by the blow. According to the forecast of the State Information Center, in 2009 the domestic economic growth of 9%, a decrease of approximately 0.5 percentage points higher than in 2008. Investment, the 2009 government fiscal policy tends to positive, will increase agricultural construction, disaster and accelerate the construction of a number of key investment projects, but business investment by the economic impact of the callback will drop slightly, overall total social investment in 2009 growth still remained at around 20%, it will constitute a strong support for the steel industry, domestic steel demand growth in 2009 is expected to decline in 2008, based on, but the decline is not too large. Integrated domestic and external demand, domestic steel apparent consumption in 2009 than in 2008 is expected to grow slightly increase between 1% -2% of the total of about 500 million tons. From the point of view of domestic production release, in 2009 the steel industry is facing greater pressure. In 2008 the steel industry primarily in fixed as_set_s investment growth rose sharply, some short-term investment projects will be put into operation. Cumulative January-August 2008, the national steel companies actually invested 189.949 billion yuan, an increase of 26.7%, an increase of nearly 20 percentage points higher than a year earlier, the highest level in three years. Further accelerate investment in the steel industry, indicating that the expansion of production capacity is still, in 2009 the domestic steel industry oversupply problem more serious. Overall, the impact of increased rather than decreased by supply and demand, in 2009 the steel industry will remain weak balanced pattern of demand-led market, the annual steel production is expected around 510 million tons, an increase of basic flat with 2008. 2 prices will show a gentle down trend, slow growth efficiency of the sector Steel companies for several months in 2008 limited production price measures, business inventories have been at low prices gradually stabilize in late October. In 2009, steel prices will continue to fall in the balance of market weakness, but the decline is relatively flat. Several major factors driving steel prices continue to fall, one driven by international steel prices, the second is the overall market is still oversupply situation, the third is pulling raw material prices. In the 2001-2003 recession when the domestic steel prices began to fall from the peak of the cycle length and magnitude estimates, and taking into account the hikes in 2008, in 2009 the average steel price decline than in 2008 by about 20% year on year. Despite the decline in the general price was, and further slowed production scale, but due to the decline in raw material costs, expected 2009 profits of the steel industry will continue to grow, but the increase would be more significant decline compared to 2008. Decline in efficiency of the sector growth, differentiation will increase in 2009 domestic steel companies, some smaller, relatively backward technology and equipment steel enterprises will be forced out of the market even at a loss, while large-scale steel enterprises through mergers and acquisitions continue to optimize the product structure, and other means to improve the unit gross profit increased profitability, ability to resist risks of falling demand caused by relatively strong. 3. Industry mergers and acquisitions will further accelerate Next few years, with the reduction of steel production capacity and demand the release of incremental, market competition will become increasingly fierce, mergers and acquisitions will be the main theme of the steel industry to the next stage of development, most of the steel companies will be involved restructuring or merging. According to the steel industry policy, to 2010, through the consolidation and reorganization, China will form 2-3 30 million tons level, with several million-ton steel internationally competitive large enterprise groups, while the country's top ten iron and steel enterprises steel production to account for the proportion of national output reached more than 50%. At present, Hebei, Shanghai, Beijing, Liaoning, Shandong, Jiangsu, Hubei, Chongqing, Sichuan, Inner Mongolia, Shanxi and other provinces by a large iron and steel enterprises unify the province's leading iron and steel industry and the restructuring of regional situation, is stepping up efforts to form or have been formation. Disadvantaged businesses brutal competition will be forced to opt out of the market, be eliminated or be integrated. Many disadvantaged businesses will begin to look for opportunities and advantages of steel companies seeking joint reorganization. Because only with resource protection, advanced technology and equipment, strong corporate restructuring market, in order to get rid of out of the market fate.
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Steel Wallet
Wallet this thing, although it plays a very important role in our lives, but we do not seem to spend too much on it's mind. But now it has started to pay attention from someone, oh, New York designer Theo Stewart-Stand to create such a "steel wallet" it. In fact, the wallet, it is not made from solid steel. It is actually using a mesh, industrial-grade steel material, strong and durable, and feels like a silky smooth, it will not retractable, feel too cool, not rusty. Additional benefits of this wallet is a wallet using stainless steel can be used as a protective layer, forming a physicist called "Faraday cage" that can block RFID hacking to make your wallet from high-tech thieves harassment. Iron and steel enterprises in China's top 500 enterprises Source: China doors Information Network Time :2009-9-15 No. Rank Company Name Region Operating income (million) 112 Shanghai Baosteel Group Corporation Shanghai 12041545 234 Shougang Corporation, Beijing 4791338 349 Liaoning Anshan Iron and Steel Group Company 3,147,476 455 Iron and Steel Group, Benxi, Liaoning 2948530 559 2731316 Hubei Wuhan Iron and Steel Group 663 2634533 Sichuan Panzhihua Iron and Steel Group 780 Guangzhou Iron and Steel Enterprises Group Company, Guangdong 2102981 883 Taiyuan Iron and Steel Group Company Shanxi 2073985 986 Jiangsu Sha Steel Group Corporation, Jiangsu 2040198 1087 2018900 Handan Iron and Steel Group Company, Hebei 1192 Nanjing Iron and Steel Group Corporation, Jiangsu 1856343 12105 Maanshan Iron and Steel Group Corporation, Anhui 1636816 13107 Tangshan Iron and Steel Group Company, Hebei 1630176 14117 Hunan Valin Iron & Steel Group Corporation, Hunan 1573513 15120 Hangzhou Iron and Steel Group Corporation, Zhejiang 1526636 16127 Tianjin Metallurgy Group Company, Tianjin 1461489 17129 Inner Mongolia Baotou Iron and Steel Group Company 1,402,246 18135 Laiwu Iron and Steel Group, Shandong 1341629 19141 Shandong Jinan Iron and Steel Group Corporation 1288354 20144 Shandong Qingdao Iron and Steel Holding Group Company 1,268,542 21145 Henan Anyang Iron and Steel Group Company 1,264,775 22179 Guangdong Province, Guangdong Shaoguan Iron and Steel Company 1,008,046 23216 804433, Gansu Jiuquan Iron and Steel Group Company Jiangxi Xinyu Iron and Steel Company 24219 797985 25255 688312, Yunnan Kunming Iron and Steel Group Corporation 26258 Chongqing Iron and Steel Group, Chongqing 680465 27269 Jianlong Steel Holding Company Beijing 653609 28270 650194, Hebei Xuanhua Iron and Steel Group Company 29272 Guangxi Liuzhou Iron and Steel Group Company 640566 30296 Jiangsu Jiangyin Xingcheng Special Steel Company 583818 31300 576576 Jilin Tonghua Iron and Steel Group 32301 Xinjiang Bayi Iron and Steel Group Company, Xinjiang 565611 33309 Iron and Steel Group Company, Hubei 547544 Echeng 34311 Fujian Sanming Iron and Steel Group Company, Fujian 540010 35316 537013 Hebei Xinxing Ductile Iron Pipes Company 36317 534570, Jiangsu Jiangsu Yonggang Group 37325 Hebei Jinxi Iron and Steel Company, Hebei 522815 38329 Liaoning Special Steel Group Company, Liaoning 517730 39330 Tianjin Steel Group Corporation, Tianjin 516806 40338 Shanxi Haixin Iron and Steel Company, Shanxi 512291 _Set_ Hebei Xingtai Iron and Steel Company 41361 474380 42363 Tianjin Steel Tube Company, Tianjin 473604 Jiangxi Pingxiang Iron and Steel Company 43372 461857 44379 447463, Hebei Chengde Iron and Steel Group Company 45383 438316 Guizhou Shuicheng Iron and Steel Group Corporation 46387 425017 Jiangxi Nanchang Iron and Steel Company 47407 Lingyuan Iron and Steel Group Company, Liaoning 404711 48414 399290 Shijiazhuang, Hebei Iron and Steel Company 49456 351150 Shanxi Changzhi Iron and Steel Group Company
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Steel production process
Mining beneficiation → → → sintered iron casting → → → rolled steel and other steel production process