Deliberately small to the total time that good and bad points and good hesitate to whither One plot has Riza, wish I could become one of the first class. With the passage of time, I Only gradually to understand (of course maybe in the future now seems to understand or do not understand, but I can only tentatively to identify it), good and bad people can not draw a line Was opened, a few differences on the nature, coupled with the environmental impact of their management of things Solution, and so resulted in a step by step people good or bad. Jealousy, suspicion, stubborn; hatred, depression, love ... ... it is a drug - Poison
Thing from simple to complex, from lower to higher development and change gradually.
Translated by Google
jìn huà
The gradual development and change of things, especially a biological from a lower level than the simple state to a higher, more complex state of evolution
Translated by Google
No. 4
That thing from simple to complex, from lower to higher and gradually change. Yan Fu, "" Social Michiaki> order ":" Cardiff world of people men, and Yi Dynasty evolution of the class, everyone started totem, followed by patriarchal, made in the country. "Qu," On Translation ":" Buddhist Translation the evolution from the Han to Tang, is the evolution from the classical to the vernacular. "Ba Jin" life ":" social evolution, rise and nation, the prosperity of mankind, are based on the rule and line. "
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No. 5
Evolution (evolution) Evolution refers to the gene pool of a population in response to environmental pressures, natural _select_ion, and genetic mutations gradually (after several million years) have changed the process. All forms of life will experience the process. After the 19th century for biology, specifically refers to biological from simple to complex, from lower to higher development and change, also known as evolution. The word evolution comes from the Latin evolutio, that expand or volume to a volume release means tight. Darwin, the history of biological changes to previous thinking on the development of go with each other on the transformation and evolution of all things of nature can be traced back to early human civilization. For example, the Chinese "Book of Changes" in the yin and yang, gossip, said to restore the nature of heaven, earth, thunder, wind, water, fire, mountain, Ze eight basic phenomenon, and tried to use the "yin and yang", "gossip" to explain complex changes in the law of the material world. Greek Anaximander (6th century BC) believed that life was originally produced by the sea ooze, the original aquatic organisms through the transformation (similar to the insect larvae molt) and become a land creature. Middle Ages in Europe, the Christian Bible, described as things of the world God's special creation. This is the so-called creationists. Accompanied with the special purpose of creationism is that the nature of the arrangement is a purpose, "the cat was created in order to eat rats, mice were created in order to the cat, and the whole of nature in order to prove that God created the wisdom. " From the latter half of the 15th century the Renaissance to the 18th century, is the formation and development of modern natural science of the period. During this period the dominant in the scientific world view is the same theory. This view was being expressed i. Newton and Linnaeus cv laws of science: Earth as the first driving force and the so-called up and running, after going on forever in sports on, so the original species, present and future the same way . To half of the 18th century, i. Kant objects of the same on the first view of nature in the open on the first gap; Subsequently, the change of view of nature in various fields of natural science evolved. During this period some of the biologists, often in the loss of two ideas and views in the entry. Linnaeus in his later years such as "natural systems", a book by deleting the words of the same species; French biologist g.-l.de Buffon Although the transition into the biology of, but in changing his life hovering between theory and invariant theory. j.-b.de Lamarck published in 1809, "Animal Philosophy," a book detailing his views on the biological changes, and has never wavered. The late 18th century to the 19th century, most animal and plant scientists have not seriously studied the biological evolution, and deviation from the ancient Greek materialist tradition, plunged into idealism. "Dynamic theory", while recognizing species can change, but attributed the evolution of the intangible inner strength, that is the biological "internal force" that drives biological evolution activity, so that more and more complex sound. But the vitality of the lack of actual evidence, is an idealist speculation. The vitality of the most famous French biologist Lamarck who is. The late 19th century, the ultimate purpose of theory or straight and that there is an established biological evolution and direction of the line, regardless of changes in the external environment. Descendants of the Lamarckian view of evolution called Lamarckism or Lamarckian theory, the main point is: ① species is variable, and species variation of individuals from the group. ② biological in nature, there are a range from simple to complex level (step), there is an inherent biological itself the "will to power" driven by the low level of biological to a higher level of development and change. ③ organisms has great ability to adapt to the environment; changes in the environment cause biological changes, which will improve their biological adaptation; environment, diversity is the root cause of biodiversity. ④ changes in the environment can cause changes in animal behavior, behavior change will make regular use of certain organs have been developed, some organs do not use and degradation; in the environment that occurred under the influence of directional mutation that acquired traits can be Genetics. If the environment changes towards a certain direction, due to disuse of organs and acquired genetic, the gradual accumulation of small variations, and finally place of biological evolution. Lamarckian theory of inner strength with idealism and color; of acquired were mostly belong to the phenotypic variation, modern genetics has proven that it can not be inherited. ② too much emphasis on the biological evolution of Darwin's gradual change; he believed that "nature was no jumping", with "intermediate type of extinction" and "incomplete fossil record" to explain the paleontological data shows the evolution of jumping. His recent years this view is increasingly being punctuated equilibrium theory and the new catastrophism's fierce criticism. After the development of Darwin's theory of evolution gj 1865 Austrian botanist Gregor Mendel's pea hybridization experiments from the particles drawn the correct conclusions genetic. He proved that genetic material is not integration, in the breeding process of passage, separation and recombination can occur. Genetics 建立 the early 20th century, th Morgan, who in turn established the chromosomal genetics, genetic fully reveals the basic law. This should compensate for the shortcomings of Darwin theory, help the development of the theory of evolution; but then most of the geneticists (including Morgan included), are opposed to Darwin's natural _select_ion theory. People of faith in Darwinian evolution, there was a serious crisis. ③ neutral theory and the punctuated equilibrium theory. In 1968, Japanese scholars Kimura Zisheng materials based on molecular biology of the neutral theory of molecular evolution is proposed (referred to as the neutral theory.) That at the molecular level, the majority of evolutionary change and most of the variation within species is not caused by natural _select_ion, but by those who choose the neutral or nearly neutral mutant allele caused by random drift, against the modern integrated universal theory of natural _select_ion theory of evolution point of view (see the neutral theory of molecular evolution.) N. 1972, Eldredge and Gould sj jointly proposed a "punctuated equilibrium" model to explain the evolution of the apparent evolutionary paleontology discontinuity and jumping, that the role of natural _select_ion based on the gradual evolution of species of the following model , that line is the gradient model, can not explain more than the origin of taxa against the modern Darwinian evolution of the only progressive point of view. Debate continues (see the punctuated equilibrium theory). Evolution of species of these small evolutionary changes, including: ① small evolutionary factors and mechanisms of genetic mutation, natural _select_ion, random phenomena (such as genetic drift) caused by factors such as how to change the genetic composition and so on. ② species formation, the formation of new species approach and a process to study how the factors led to the evolution of small groups of the same kind of separation between the formation and development of intraspecific differentiation and the sub-species, semi-species to complete the development of species and so on. Evolution of species over large taxa in the geological time scale of evolutionary changes, and its main targets are the fossil, the smallest unit is the kind of research. The main contents include: ① species and taxa above the origin and evolution of the big factors. ② evolutionary patterns, the time dimension in the evolution of the line is on the changes and patterns. ③ the speed of evolution, and classification of morphological changes in the rate of cell production or extinction rate of species longevity. ④ the direction of evolution and trends. ⑤ the law of extinction because of its relationship with the evolution trend of the relationship between the speed. Small and large evolution in the evolution of the level of interrelated species, in fact, the evolution of small and large have studied the evolution of species formation. Big on small evolution and the relationship between evolution in recent years engaged in a fierce academic debate. Punctuated equilibrium school of thought that the mechanism of evolution can not be explained by a small big fact of evolution; and a comprehensive modern theory of evolution is that evolution is the great evolution of small base, the small mechanism of evolution is to some extent indicates that large evolutionary phenomenon. Adaptive radiation in a relatively short period of geological time, from a branch line is many differences in the classification unit, called radiation. Branch is usually due to radiation in different directions to adapt to the evolution, it is also known as adaptive radiation. Convergent evolution and parallel evolution of different line is independently evolved similar characteristics is called convergent evolution, referred to as convergence. Convergent evolution of morphology is often due to functional similarities, and often similar function is due to meet in a similar environment. Parallel evolution (the parallel) is the common ancestor of two or more of the line is in the genetic basis of their ancestors independently evolved similar characteristics. Often difficult to distinguish between parallel and convergence, in general, both involved with the power of parallel evolution also involves the homologous; if the degree of similarity between the descendants of their ancestors than the degree of similarity between the convergence can be called, if the descendants of the degree of similarity between the the degree of similarity between their ancestors almost can be called parallel. Large model of evolution: ① gradient mode. That the number of morphological evolution rate is constant, uniform, and morphological evolution was gradual; morphological changes in evolution is mainly caused by the line is, most of the period in the survival of species, has nothing to do with the kind of form and species formation (line is branched) itself just add a new evolutionary direction. ② discontinuous mode. Morphological evolution that speed is not constant, non-uniform, rapid "jump" alternated with long-term pause, that during the formation of the species evolution accelerated after the formation of species remained relatively stable. Evolution of the morphological changes associated with the kind of form, that most of the morphological changes were the formation of species in a relatively short period may last up to millions of years in the species does not occur during the lifetime of significant morphological changes. Two models have some of the evidence in their favor, but the evidence itself needs further study to confirm this. Evolution rate per unit time to change the amount of biological evolution. Measure of evolutionary rate must be determined two scales: the amount of time scales and the scale of evolutionary change. There are two time scales, that is the absolute and relative geological time geological time, the general should be an absolute time scale; only in the last resort, used only the relative time scale. Evolutionary trend from a long-term time scale of biological evolution was a direction, but this is not to say that the evolution of nature, there is an established track here that the direction is a statistical trend. Therefore, the evolutionary trend is any factor (including the non-random factors) caused by the evolution of the statistical trends. Evolutionary trends in the evolution trend of small means small species within natural populations, natural _select_ion caused the evolution of phenotypic change in tropism. This evolutionary trend is to adapt to local environment is often the result of evolutionary changes occur within the online system, so the system can also be called the line of evolutionary trends, the performance line is at the time - evolutionary changes in the tilt coordinate system. Major evolutionary trends in major evolutionary trend is the middle line in the phylogenetic trend of the main branch. Major evolutionary trends in the classification of units more than evolutionary lineage, so they can be called a spectrum evolutionary trends, the performance of the lineage skew. To explain the major evolutionary trends in the causes, many scholars put forward many hypotheses, but because of lack of evidence or convincing can be _set_ up very rare. Biological evolution is the process of evolving forward. In this process, the development of bio-from lower to higher, from simple to complex development. Today, a variety of Earth organisms, little is and exactly the same ancestors in ancient times. Similarly, in the future, and today a variety of different biological will, and this is the result of evolution. The process of evolution is extremely slow, to go through a long gradual evolution by natural _select_ion. Apart from lower to higher evolution, the biology of the species also continue to increase. Today, the species of species than 500 million years ago, much more in the future will continue to increase. ---------------------------- ◎ translation of evolution ◎ title evolution ◎'s 2001 ◎ United States ◎ category Science Fiction / Comedy ◎ Language English / Mandarin ◎ Subtitles English / Chinese ◎ imdb rating 5.7/10 (23,375 votes) ◎ imdb link http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0251075 ◎ file format xvid + ac3 ◎ Video size 704 x 384 ◎ file size 3cd 3 x 49 x 15mb Length 101 min ◎ Directed by Ivan Reitman ivan reitman ◎ ◎ Starring David Duchovny david duchovny ..... dr. Ira kane Julianne Moore julianne moore ..... dr. Allison reed, cdc 奥兰多琼斯 orlando jones ..... prof. Harry phineas block Xienweilian Scott sean william scott ..... wayne grey ted levine ..... general russell woodman Ethan Su Puli ethan suplee ..... deke michael bower ..... danny (as michael ray bower) pat kilbane ..... officer sam johnson Taibu Montreal ty burrell ..... colonel flemming Dan Aykroyd dan aykroyd ..... governor lewis katharine towne ..... nadine gregory itzin ..... barry cartwright ashley clark ..... lieutenant cryer michelle wolff ..... carla 萨拉丝沃曼 sarah silverman ..... denise richard moll ..... fire training inspector michael mcgrady ..... fireman steven gilborn ..... judge guilder Wayne Duvall wayne duvall ..... dr. Paulson Michael Chapman michael chapman ..... sheriff long Kyle Gass kyle gass ..... officer drake ◎ Introduction Extraterrestrial life have recorded a meteor crashed into the desert in Arizona after the evolution. Not weeks, these alien life forms to evolve from a single cell organism to the class of birds and primates of the biological classes. The evolution of extraterrestrial life is so rapid, so that they will soon dominate the whole world and lead to the extinction of mankind! Eel is a somewhat hypocritical, but very talented researchers, due to the downturn in the business only in Arizona, a university lecturer, and his friend Harry is the study of geology. They found a meteor with alien life in the track implies, Il also recognize the rapid evolution of extraterrestrial life, the threat to humans. But the start of the study the two men did not take long, the entire research project was taken over by military scientists. Allison is the Centers for Disease Control under the military researcher, she is an extreme conservative and professional, but contacts with the IL-falling in love, the military's loyalty and affection of the IL generated the conflict. Doyle and Harry surreptitiously collect data on the military, want to stop the aliens control the world to find ways to Wayne in the enthusiastic help of the crew, they finally designed a strange way, to stop the aliens from Arizona State spread out. Synopsis "Evolution" is a light comedy about when a meteor crashed into the desert in Arizona after the horror caused by the chain of events. Meteor originally recorded this track extraterrestrial life, landing in the desert after the start of the evolution, not weeks, these alien life forms to evolve from a single cell organism to the class and the class of birds, primates creatures. The evolution of extraterrestrial life is so rapid, so that they will soon dominate the whole world and lead to the extinction of mankind! Evolution is really terrible! But do not worry, this is a comedy ^ _ ^ Doyle (David Duchovny) is a somewhat hypocritical, but very talented researchers, due to the downturn in the business only in Arizona, a university lecturer, and his friends is to study the geology of Harry (Orlando Jones). They found a meteor with alien life in the track implies, Il also recognize the rapid evolution of extraterrestrial life, the threat to humans. But the start of the study the two men did not take long, the entire research project was taken over by military scientists. Alison (Julianne Moore) is attached to the military, Centers for Disease Control researcher, she is an extreme conservative and professional, but contacts with the IL-falling in love, the military's loyalty and affection of the Eel had a conflict. Doyle and Harry surreptitiously collect data on the military, want to stop the aliens control the world to find ways, in the enthusiastic fireman Wayne (Xienweilian Scott) help, they finally designed a singular way to prevent the spread of alien life out from Arizona.
Translated by Google
No. 6
Evolution (evolution) Evolution refers to the gene pool of a population in response to environmental pressures, natural _select_ion, and genetic mutations gradually (after several million years) have changed the process. All forms of life will experience the process. After the 19th century for biology, specifically refers to biological from simple to complex, from lower to higher development and change, also known as evolution. The word evolution comes from the Latin evolutio, that expand or volume to a volume release means tight. Darwin, the history of biological changes to previous thinking on the development of go with each other on the transformation and evolution of all things of nature can be traced back to early human civilization. For example, the Chinese "Book of Changes" in the yin and yang, gossip, said to restore the nature of heaven, earth, thunder, wind, water, fire, mountain, Ze eight basic phenomenon, and tried to use the "yin and yang", "gossip" to explain complex changes in the law of the material world. Greek Anaximander (6th century BC) believed that life was originally produced by the sea ooze, the original aquatic organisms through the transformation (similar to the insect larvae molt) and become a land creature. Middle Ages in Europe, the Christian Bible, described as things of the world God's special creation. This is the so-called creationists. Accompanied with the special purpose of creationism is that the nature of the arrangement is a purpose, "the cat was created in order to eat rats, mice were created in order to the cat, and the whole of nature in order to prove that God created the wisdom. " From the latter half of the 15th century the Renaissance to the 18th century, is the formation and development of modern natural science of the period. During this period the dominant in the scientific world view is the same theory. This view was being expressed i. Newton and Linnaeus cv laws of science: Earth as the first driving force and the so-called up and running, after going on forever in sports on, so the original species, present and future the same way . To half of the 18th century, i. Kant objects of the same on the first view of nature in the open on the first gap; Subsequently, the change of view of nature in various fields of natural science evolved. During this period some of the biologists, often in the loss of two ideas and views in the entry. Linnaeus in his later years such as "natural systems", a book by deleting the words of the same species; French biologist g.-l.de Buffon Although the transition into the biology of, but in changing his life hovering between theory and invariant theory. j.-b.de Lamarck published in 1809, "Animal Philosophy," a book detailing his views on the biological changes, and has never wavered. The late 18th century to the 19th century, most animal and plant scientists have not seriously studied the biological evolution, and deviation from the ancient Greek materialist tradition, plunged into idealism. "Dynamic theory", while recognizing species can change, but attributed the evolution of the intangible inner strength, that is the biological "internal force" that drives biological evolution activity, so that more and more complex sound. But the vitality of the lack of actual evidence, is an idealist speculation. The vitality of the most famous French biologist Lamarck who is. The late 19th century, the ultimate purpose of theory or straight and that there is an established biological evolution and direction of the line, regardless of changes in the external environment. Descendants of the Lamarckian view of evolution called Lamarckism or Lamarckian theory, the main point is: ① species is variable, and species variation of individuals from the group. ② biological in nature, there are a range from simple to complex level (step), there is an inherent biological itself the "will to power" driven by the low level of biological to a higher level of development and change. ③ organisms has great ability to adapt to the environment; changes in the environment cause biological changes, which will improve their biological adaptation; environment, diversity is the root cause of biodiversity. ④ changes in the environment can cause changes in animal behavior, behavior change will make regular use of certain organs have been developed, some organs do not use and degradation; in the environment that occurred under the influence of directional mutation that acquired traits can be Genetics. If the environment changes towards a certain direction, due to disuse of organs and acquired genetic, the gradual accumulation of small variations, and finally place of biological evolution. Lamarckian theory of inner strength with idealism and color; of acquired were mostly belong to the phenotypic variation, modern genetics has proven that it can not be inherited. ② too much emphasis on the biological evolution of Darwin's gradual change; he believed that "nature was no jumping", with "intermediate type of extinction" and "incomplete fossil record" to explain the paleontological data shows the evolution of jumping. His recent years this view is increasingly being punctuated equilibrium theory and the new catastrophism's fierce criticism. After the development of Darwin's theory of evolution gj 1865 Austrian botanist Gregor Mendel's pea hybridization experiments from the particles drawn the correct conclusions genetic. He proved that genetic material is not integration, in the breeding process of passage, separation and recombination can occur. Establishment of the early 20th century genetics, th Morgan, who in turn established the chromosomal genetics, genetic fully reveals the basic law. This should compensate for the shortcomings of Darwin theory, help the development of the theory of evolution; but then most of the geneticists (including Morgan included), are opposed to Darwin's natural _select_ion theory. People of faith in Darwinian evolution, there was a serious crisis. ③ neutral theory and the punctuated equilibrium theory. In 1968, Japanese scholars Kimura Zisheng materials based on molecular biology of the neutral theory of molecular evolution is proposed (referred to as the neutral theory.) That at the molecular level, the majority of evolutionary change and most of the variation within species is not caused by natural _select_ion, but by those who choose the neutral or nearly neutral mutant allele caused by random drift, against the modern integrated universal theory of natural _select_ion theory of evolution point of view (see the neutral theory of molecular evolution.) N. 1972, Eldredge and Gould sj jointly proposed a "punctuated equilibrium" model to explain the evolution of the apparent evolutionary paleontology discontinuity and jumping, that the role of natural _select_ion based on the gradual evolution of species of the following model , that line is the gradient model, can not explain more than the origin of taxa against the modern Darwinian evolution of the only progressive point of view. Debate continues (see the punctuated equilibrium theory). Evolution of species of these small evolutionary changes, including: ① small evolutionary factors and mechanisms of genetic mutation, natural _select_ion, random phenomena (such as genetic drift) caused by factors such as how to change the genetic composition and so on. ② species formation, the formation of new species approach and a process to study how the factors led to the evolution of small groups of the same kind of separation between the formation and development of intraspecific differentiation and the sub-species, semi-species to complete the development of species and so on. Evolution of species over large taxa in the geological time scale of evolutionary changes, and its main targets are the fossil, the smallest unit is the kind of research. The main contents include: ① species and taxa above the origin and evolution of the big factors. ② evolutionary patterns, the time dimension in the evolution of the line is on the changes and patterns. ③ the speed of evolution, and classification of morphological changes in the rate of cell production or extinction rate of species longevity. ④ the direction of evolution and trends. ⑤ the law of extinction because of its relationship with the evolution trend of the relationship between the speed. Small and large evolution in the evolution of the level of interrelated species, in fact, the evolution of small and large have studied the evolution of species formation. Big on small evolution and the relationship between evolution in recent years engaged in a fierce academic debate. Punctuated equilibrium school of thought that the mechanism of evolution can not be explained by a small big fact of evolution; and a comprehensive modern theory of evolution is that evolution is the great evolution of small base, the small mechanism of evolution is to some extent indicates that large evolutionary phenomenon. Adaptive radiation in a relatively short period of geological time, from a branch line is many differences in the classification unit, called radiation. Branch is usually due to radiation in different directions to adapt to the evolution, it is also known as adaptive radiation. Convergent evolution and parallel evolution of different line is independently evolved similar characteristics is called convergent evolution, referred to as convergence. Convergent evolution of morphology is often due to functional similarities, and often similar function is due to meet in a similar environment. Parallel evolution (the parallel) is the common ancestor of two or more of the line is in the genetic basis of their ancestors independently evolved similar characteristics. Often difficult to distinguish between parallel and convergence, in general, both involved with the power of parallel evolution also involves the homologous; if the degree of similarity between the descendants of their ancestors than the degree of similarity between the convergence can be called, if the descendants of the degree of similarity between the the degree of similarity between their ancestors can be called almost parallel (Figure 1). Figure 1, adaptive radiation, convergent evolution and parallel evolution of the graphic Large model of evolution: ① gradient mode. That the number of morphological evolution rate is constant, uniform, and morphological evolution was gradual; morphological changes in evolution is mainly caused by the line is, most of the period in the survival of species, has nothing to do with the kind of form and species formation (line is branched) itself just add a new evolutionary direction. ② discontinuous mode. Morphological evolution that speed is not constant, non-uniform, rapid "jump" alternated with long-term pause, that during the formation of the species evolution accelerated after the formation of species remained relatively stable. Evolution of the morphological changes associated with the kind of form, that most of the morphological changes were the formation of species in a relatively short period may last up to millions of years in the species does not occur during the lifetime of significant morphological change (Figure 2). Two models have some of the evidence in their favor, but the evidence itself needs further study to confirm this. a discontinuous mode of b large gradient model in Figure 2 are two modes of evolution Evolution rate per unit time to change the amount of biological evolution. Measure of evolutionary rate must be determined two scales: the amount of time scales and the scale of evolutionary change. There are two time scales, that is the absolute and relative geological time geological time, the general should be an absolute time scale; only in the last resort, used only the relative time scale. Evolutionary trend from a long-term time scale of biological evolution was a direction, but this is not to say that the evolution of nature, there is an established track here that the direction is a statistical trend. Therefore, the evolutionary trend is any factor (including the non-random factors) caused by the evolution of the statistical trends. Evolutionary trends in the evolution trend of small means small species within natural populations, natural _select_ion caused the evolution of phenotypic change in tropism. This evolutionary trend is to adapt to local environment is often the result of evolutionary changes occur within the online system, so the system can also be called the line of evolutionary trends, the performance line is at the time - evolutionary changes in the tilt coordinate system. Major evolutionary trends in major evolutionary trend is the middle line in the phylogenetic trend of the main branch. Major evolutionary trends in the classification of units more than evolutionary lineage, so they can be called a spectrum evolutionary trends, the performance of the lineage skew. To explain the major evolutionary trends in the causes, many scholars put forward many hypotheses, but because of lack of evidence or convincing can be _set_ up very rare. Biological evolution is the process of evolving forward. In this process, the development of bio-from lower to higher, from simple to complex development. Today, a variety of Earth organisms, little is and exactly the same ancestors in ancient times. Similarly, in the future, and today a variety of different biological will, and this is the result of evolution. The process of evolution is extremely slow, to go through a long gradual evolution by natural _select_ion. Apart from lower to higher evolution, the biology of the species also continue to increase. Today, the species of species than 500 million years ago, much more in the future will continue to increase. ---------------------------- ◎ translation of evolution ◎ title evolution ◎'s 2001 ◎ United States ◎ category Science Fiction / Comedy ◎ Language English / Mandarin ◎ Subtitles English / Chinese ◎ imdb rating 5.7/10 (23,375 votes) ◎ imdb link http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0251075 ◎ file format xvid + ac3 ◎ Video size 704 x 384 ◎ file size 3cd 3 x 49 x 15mb Length 101 min ◎ Directed by Ivan Reitman ivan reitman ◎ ◎ Starring David Duchovny david duchovny ..... dr. Ira kane Julianne Moore julianne moore ..... dr. Allison reed, cdc 奥兰多琼斯 orlando jones ..... prof. Harry phineas block Xienweilian Scott sean william scott ..... wayne grey ted levine ..... general russell woodman Ethan Su Puli ethan suplee ..... deke michael bower ..... danny (as michael ray bower) pat kilbane ..... officer sam johnson Taibu Montreal ty burrell ..... colonel flemming Dan Aykroyd dan aykroyd ..... governor lewis katharine towne ..... nadine gregory itzin ..... barry cartwright ashley clark ..... lieutenant cryer michelle wolff ..... carla 萨拉丝沃曼 sarah silverman ..... denise richard moll ..... fire training inspector michael mcgrady ..... fireman steven gilborn ..... judge guilder Wayne Duvall wayne duvall ..... dr. Paulson Michael Chapman michael chapman ..... sheriff long Kyle Gass kyle gass ..... officer drake ◎ Introduction Extraterrestrial life have recorded a meteor crashed into the desert in Arizona after the evolution. Not weeks, these alien life forms to evolve from a single cell organism to the class of birds and primates of the biological classes. The evolution of extraterrestrial life is so rapid, so that they will soon dominate the whole world and lead to the extinction of mankind! Eel is a somewhat hypocritical, but very talented researchers, due to the downturn in the business only in Arizona, a university lecturer, and his friend Harry is the study of geology. They found a meteor with alien life in the track implies, Il also recognize the rapid evolution of extraterrestrial life, the threat to humans. But the start of the study the two men did not take long, the entire research project was taken over by military scientists. Allison is the Centers for Disease Control under the military researcher, she is an extreme conservative and professional, but contacts with the IL-falling in love, the military's loyalty and affection of the IL generated the conflict. Doyle and Harry surreptitiously collect data on the military, want to stop the aliens control the world to find ways to Wayne in the enthusiastic help of the crew, they finally designed a strange way, to stop the aliens from Arizona State spread out. Synopsis "Evolution" is a light comedy about when a meteor crashed into the desert in Arizona after the horror caused by the chain of events. Meteor originally recorded this track extraterrestrial life, landing in the desert after the start of the evolution, not weeks, these alien life forms to evolve from a single cell organism to the class and the class of birds, primates creatures. The evolution of extraterrestrial life is so rapid, so that they will soon dominate the whole world and lead to the extinction of mankind! Evolution is really terrible! But do not worry, this is a comedy ^ _ ^ Doyle (David Duchovny) is a somewhat hypocritical, but very talented researchers, due to the downturn in the business only in Arizona, a university lecturer, and his friends is to study the geology of Harry (Orlando Jones). They found a meteor with alien life in the track implies, Il also recognize the rapid evolution of extraterrestrial life, the threat to humans. But the start of the study the two men did not take long, the entire research project was taken over by military scientists. Alison (Julianne Moore) is attached to the military, Centers for Disease Control researcher, she is an extreme conservative and professional, but contacts with the IL-falling in love, the military's loyalty and affection of the Eel had a conflict. Doyle and Harry surreptitiously collect data on the military, want to stop the aliens control the world to find ways, in the enthusiastic fireman Wayne (Xienweilian Scott) help, they finally designed a singular way to prevent the spread of alien life out from Arizona.
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Glossary
Evolution (Evolution) Many people who are not engaged in scientific research for the precise definition of evolution is very confused. When we discuss the evolution of the time, the existence of evolutionary mechanisms with a variety of specific theories about the evolution to distinguish it is very important. Make it clear that it is the true definition, we need to understand the origin of the word. I understand, "Evolution" is a word abbreviations. Many people think it's a complete sentence is "motivated to change", in fact, called "forward change" is more accurate. Although this is only one letter, but the expression of two lines mean it is completely different. "Progress" is abstract, "Forward" is specific. We can not give "good" under a definition of "progress" is the same. Biological evolution is not individuals for the purposes of population, the change must be passed to the next generation, recognizing that this is very important. In practice, this means: evolution in a population over many generations can result in continuation of the process of genetic change. This is valid for the evolution of a scientific definition; it can be used to distinguish between evolution and similar changes are not evolutionary. Another common short definition of evolution can be found in many textbooks: "In fact, evolution can be precisely defined as: a gene library of any allele frequency changes from one generation to the next." - Helena Curtis, N . Sue Barnes, Biology (fifth edition), 1989 Worth Publisher, p.974 This definition also conveys "What is evolution" of the essence. Biologists say they observed the time evolution, meaning that they found a change in gene frequency in the population (usually, genetic changes can be inherited by the inferred phenotype). Biologists say that humans and chimpanzees evolved from a common ancestor, and their mean, since the separation between the two after the two different populations have undergone genetic changes that can be extended. Unfortunately, outside the scientific community, the evolution is usually defined is different. For example, in the Oxford Concise Science Dictionary we find the following definition: "Evolution: the current variety of plant and animal life from the early evolution of the most primitive from the evolutionary process, it is believed that the process of the past 30 billion years has been carrying out." For a science dictionary, which is inexcusable. This definition not only prokaryotes, protozoa and fungi exclusion, and it clearly contains the "gradual process" of the word, it should not be part of this definition. More importantly, this definition seems to focus more on the history of evolution, not evolution itself. Using this definition can be used to discuss whether evolution occurred, however, evolution and other processes can not distinguish. For example, in the past few hundred years, height growth is Caucasian is an example of evolution? Pepper moth populations in the evolution of color change mean? This is not a scientific definition. Standard dictionaries even worse: "Evolution: ... ... higher organisms from the lower organisms gradually evolved a theory ... ..." - Chambers Dictionary (Chambers) "Evolution: the species, life forms from the original body or organ to modern, from simple to the development of specialization; phylogeny or ontogeny school" - Webster's Dictionary (Webster's) These definitions are completely wrong. Unfortunately, the non-scientific professions with such a definition is often joined the discussion about evolution. "Modern Chinese Dictionary" definition: things from simple to complex, from lower to higher gradually evolving. From the "Modern Chinese Dictionary" definition given can be seen, not just biological evolution and the evolution of the meaning, but covers all the changes in the general direction of progress.
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The historical evolution of
After the 19th century for biology, specifically refers to biological from simple to complex, from aquatic to terrestrial, from lower to higher development and change, also known as evolution. The word evolution comes from the Latin evolutio, that expand or volume to a volume release means tight. Darwin, the history of biological changes to previous thinking on the development of go with each other on the transformation and evolution of all things of nature can be traced back to early human civilization. For example, the Chinese "Book of Changes" in the yin and yang, gossip, said to restore the nature of heaven, earth, thunder, wind, water, fire, mountain, Ze eight basic phenomenon, and tried to use the "yin and yang", "gossip" to explain complex changes in the law of the material world. Greek Anaximander (6th century BC) believed that life was originally produced by the sea ooze, the original aquatic organisms through the transformation (similar to the insect larvae molt) and become a land creature. Fossils are important evidence of biological evolution. Middle Ages in Europe, the Christian Bible, described as things of the world God's special creation. This is the so-called creationists. Accompanied with the special purpose of creationism is that the nature of the arrangement is a purpose, "the cat was created in order to eat rats, mice were created in order to the cat, and the whole of nature in order to prove that God created the wisdom. " From the latter half of the 15th century the Renaissance to the 18th century, is the formation and development of modern natural science of the period. During this period the dominant in the scientific world view is the same theory. This view was I. Newton and Cv Linnaeus was expressed as the laws of science: Earth as the first driving force and the so-called up and running, after going on forever in sports on, so the original species, present and future the same way . To half of the 18th century, I. Kant, objects of the same on the first view of nature in the open on the first gap; Subsequently, the change of view of nature in various fields of natural science evolved. During this period some of the biologists, often in the loss of two ideas and views in the entry. Linnaeus in his later years such as "natural systems", a book by deleting the words of the same species; French biologist Buffon G.-L.de Although the transition into the biology of, but in changing his life hovering between theory and invariant theory. J.-B.de Lamarck published in 1809, "Animal Philosophy," a book detailing his views on the biological changes, and has never wavered. ① species is variable, and species variation of individuals from the group. ② biological in nature, there are a range from simple to complex level (step), there is an inherent biological itself the "will to power" driven by the low level of biological to a higher level of development and change. ③ organisms has great ability to adapt to the environment; changes in the environment cause biological changes, which will improve their biological adaptation; environment, diversity is the root cause of biodiversity. ④ changes in the environment can cause changes in animal behavior, behavior change will make regular use of certain organs have been developed, some organs do not use and degradation; in the environment that occurred under the influence of directional mutation that acquired traits can be Genetics. If the environment changes towards a certain direction, due to disuse of organs and acquired genetic, the gradual accumulation of small variations, and finally place of biological evolution. Lamarckian theory of inner strength with idealism and color; of acquired were mostly belong to the phenotypic variation, modern genetics has proven that it can not be inherited. Darwinism: July 1, 1858 CR Darwin and AR Wallace, read in Lunduilinnai learned papers on the origin of species. Later called their theory of natural _select_ion as Darwin - Wallace theory. In 1859 Darwin published "Origin of Species," a book systematically expounds his theory of evolution. The core principle of natural _select_ion along the following lines: biological reproduction has a tendency to excess, while the living space and food is limited, so the biological need to "struggle for survival." Individuals in the same population there is variation, those with a favorable environment to adapt to individual variations will survive and reproduce, individuals do not have a favorable variance to be eliminated. If the changes in natural conditions, there is a direction, then in the course of history, natural _select_ion over a long period, the accumulation of small variations to be become a significant variation. Subspecies and thus may lead to the formation of new species. Darwin's theory of evolution, biological and environmental interactions from the point of view, that the biological variation, the role of genetics and natural _select_ion can lead to adaptive changes in organisms. It is due to be based on sound scientific facts, they are able to withstand the test of time, more than a century in the academic community had a profound impact. Darwin's theory of evolution, but there are still some significant weaknesses: ① his natural _select_ion theory is based on the then popular "genetic fusion" hypothesis above. In accordance with the integration of genetic concepts, the father, the mother's genetic material to the body that occur as fusion of the blood; that the variation caused by any new fusion of several generations will disappear, how can the accumulation of mutation, natural _select_ion, how can it work? ② too much emphasis on the biological evolution of Darwin's gradual change; he believed that "nature was no jumping", with "intermediate type of extinction" and "incomplete fossil record" to explain the paleontological data shows the evolution of jumping. His recent years this view is increasingly being punctuated equilibrium theory and the new catastrophism's fierce criticism. Darwin developed the theory of evolution after the 1865 Austrian botanist Gregor Mendel GJ hybridization experiment from the pea genetic drawn the correct conclusion of the particles. He proved that genetic material is not integration, in the breeding process of passage, separation and recombination can occur. Genetics to establish the early 20th century, TH Morgan, who in turn established the chromosomal genetics, genetic fully reveals the basic law. This should compensate for the shortcomings of Darwin theory, help the development of the theory of evolution; but then most of the geneticists (including Morgan included), are opposed to Darwin's natural _select_ion theory. People of faith in Darwinian evolution, there was a serious crisis. Evolution of species of these small evolutionary changes, including: ① small evolutionary factors and mechanisms of genetic mutation, natural _select_ion, random phenomena (such as genetic drift) caused by factors such as how to change the genetic composition and so on. ② species formation, the formation of new species approach and a process to study how the factors led to the evolution of small groups of the same kind of separation between the formation and development of intraspecific differentiation and the sub-species, semi-species to complete the development of species and so on. Evolution of species over large taxa in the geological time scale of evolutionary changes, and its main targets are the fossil, the smallest unit is the kind of research. The main contents include: ① species and taxa above the origin and evolution of the big factors. ② evolutionary patterns, the time dimension in the evolution of the line is on the changes and patterns. ③ the speed of evolution, and classification of morphological changes in the rate of cell production or extinction rate of species longevity. ④ the direction of evolution and trends. ⑤ the law of extinction because of its relationship with the evolution trend of the relationship between the speed. Small and large evolution in the evolution of the level of interrelated species, in fact, the evolution of small and large have studied the evolution of species formation. Big on small evolution and the relationship between evolution in recent years engaged in a fierce academic debate. Punctuated equilibrium school of thought that the mechanism of evolution can not be explained by a small big fact of evolution; and a comprehensive modern theory of evolution is that evolution is the great evolution of small base, the small mechanism of evolution is to some extent indicates that large evolutionary phenomenon. Adaptive radiation in a relatively short period of geological time, from a branch line is many differences in the classification unit, called radiation. Branch is usually due to radiation in different directions to adapt to the evolution, it is also known as adaptive radiation. Convergent evolution and parallel evolution of different line is independently evolved similar characteristics is called convergent evolution, referred to as convergence. Convergent evolution of morphology is often due to functional similarities, and often similar function is due to meet in a similar environment. Parallel evolution (the parallel) is the common ancestor of two or more of the line is in the genetic basis of their ancestors independently evolved similar characteristics. Often difficult to distinguish between parallel and convergence, in general, both involved with the power of parallel evolution also involves the homologous; if the degree of similarity between the descendants of their ancestors than the degree of similarity between the convergence can be called, if the descendants of the degree of similarity between the the degree of similarity between their ancestors almost can be called parallel. Large model of evolution: ① gradient mode. That the number of morphological evolution rate is constant, uniform, and morphological evolution was gradual; morphological changes in evolution is mainly caused by the line is, most of the period in the survival of species, has nothing to do with the kind of form and species formation (line is branched) itself just add a new evolutionary direction. ② discontinuous mode. Morphological evolution that speed is not constant, non-uniform, rapid "jump" alternated with long-term pause, that during the formation of the species evolution accelerated after the formation of species remained relatively stable. Evolution of the morphological changes associated with the kind of form, that most of the morphological changes were the formation of species in a relatively short period may last up to millions of years in the species does not occur during the lifetime of significant morphological changes. Two models have some of the evidence in their favor, but the evidence itself needs further study to confirm this. Evolution rate per unit time to change the amount of biological evolution. Measure of evolutionary rate must be determined two scales: the amount of time scales and the scale of evolutionary change. There are two time scales, that is the absolute and relative geological time geological time, the general should be an absolute time scale; only in the last resort, used only the relative time scale. Evolutionary trend from a long-term time scale of biological evolution was a direction, but this is not to say that the evolution of nature, there is an established track here that the direction is a statistical trend. Therefore, the evolutionary trend is any factor (including the non-random factors) caused by the evolution of the statistical trends. Evolutionary trends in the evolution trend of small means small species within natural populations, natural _select_ion caused the evolution of phenotypic change in tropism. This evolutionary trend is to adapt to local environment is often the result of evolutionary changes occur within the online system, so the system can also be called the line of evolutionary trends, the performance line is at the time - evolutionary changes in the tilt coordinate system. Evolutionary trends in major evolutionary trend is in large phylogenetic branch of the middle line of the main trend. Major evolutionary trends in the classification of units more than evolutionary lineage, so they can be called a spectrum evolutionary trends, the performance of the lineage skew. To explain the major evolutionary trends in the causes, many scholars put forward many hypotheses, but because of lack of evidence or convincing can be _set_ up very rare. Biological evolution is the process of evolving forward. In this process, the development of bio-from lower to higher, from simple to complex development. Today, a variety of Earth organisms, little is and exactly the same ancestors in ancient times. Similarly, in the future, and today a variety of different biological will, and this is the result of evolution. The process of evolution is extremely slow, to go through a long gradual evolution by natural _select_ion. Apart from lower to higher evolution, the biology of the species also continue to increase. Today, the species of species than 500 million years ago, much more in the future will continue to increase.
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Movies
Basic information ◎ translation of evolution ◎ title Evolution ◎'s 2001 ◎ United States ◎ category Science Fiction / Comedy ◎ Language English / Mandarin ◎ Subtitles English / Chinese ◎ IMDB score 5.7/10 (23,375 votes) ◎ IMDB link http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0251075 File format XviD + AC3 ◎ ◎ Video size 704 x 384 ◎ file size 3CD 3 x 49 x 15MB Length 101 Min ◎ Directed by Ivan Reitman Ivan Reitman ◎ ◎ Starring David Duchovny David Duchovny ..... Dr. Ira Kane Julianne Moore Julianne Moore ..... Dr. Allison Reed, CDC 奥兰多琼斯 Orlando Jones ..... Prof. Harry Phineas Block Xienweilian Scott, Sean William Scott ..... Wayne Grey Ted Levine ..... General Russell Woodman Ethan Ethan Suplee ..... Deke Su Puli Michael Bower ..... Danny (as Michael Ray Bower) Pat Kilbane ..... Officer Sam Johnson Taibu Montreal Ty Burrell ..... Colonel Flemming Dan Aykroyd Dan Aykroyd ..... Governor Lewis Katharine Towne ..... Nadine Gregory Itzin ..... Barry Cartwright Ashley Clark ..... Lieutenant Cryer Michelle Wolff ..... Carla 萨拉丝沃曼 Sarah Silverman ..... Denise Richard Moll ..... Fire Training Inspector Michael McGrady ..... Fireman Steven Gilborn ..... Judge Guilder Wayne Duvall Wayne Duvall ..... Dr. Paulson Michael Chapman Michael Chapman ..... Sheriff Long Kyle Gass Kyle Gass ..... Officer Drake Synopsis A meteor with alien crashed in New Mexico desert. These aliens increasing at an alarming rate and threatening to control the whole world. A community college professor of Social Sciences, in his eccentric geologist a friend ---- and a firefighter, a concerted assistance of government scientists, work together to deal with this invasion. "Evolution" is a light comedy about when a meteor crashed into the desert in Arizona after the horror caused by the chain of events. Meteor originally recorded this track extraterrestrial life, landing in the desert after the start of the evolution, not weeks, these alien life forms to evolve from a single cell organism to the class and the class of birds, primates creatures. The evolution of extraterrestrial life is so rapid, so that they will soon dominate the whole world and lead to the extinction of mankind! Evolution is really terrible! But do not worry, this is a comedy ^ _ ^ Doyle (David Duchovny) is a somewhat hypocritical, but very talented researchers, due to the downturn in the business only in Arizona, a university lecturer, and his friends is to study the geology of Harry (Orlando Jones). They found a meteor with alien life in the track implies, Il also recognize the rapid evolution of extraterrestrial life, the threat to humans. But the start of the study the two men did not take long, the entire research project was taken over by military scientists. Alison (Julianne Moore) is attached to the military, Centers for Disease Control researcher, she is an extreme conservative and professional, but contacts with the IL-falling in love, the military's loyalty and affection of the Eel had a conflict. Doyle and Harry surreptitiously collect data on the military, want to stop the aliens control the world to find ways, in the enthusiastic fireman Wayne (Xienweilian Scott) help, they finally designed a singular way to prevent the spread of alien life out from Arizona. Role Description Play a major role in the drama star is: David - Duchovny (David Duchovny), who starred in "X Files" ("The X-Files"), "find his own" ("Return to Me"); Orlando - Jones (Orlando Jones), has taken over "and the Magic trade" ("Bedazzled"), "the bench" ("The Replacements"); Sean - William - Scott (Seann William Scot), who filmed " humouring the road "(" Road Trip ")," American Pie "(" American Pie "); and second Oscar nomination (" End of circumstances "(" The End of the Affair ")," Boogie Nights "(" Boogie Nights ")) of Julianne - Moore (Julianne Moore) and so on. Several stars in the drama that played the world were the only people who can overcome those aliens ...... this planet, is really bad news. Great stills
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Encyclopedia
jinhua Evolution evolution The genetic composition of biological parts or all of the irreversible change. This shift is mainly based on the interaction between organisms and their environment. The word evolution comes from the Latin "evolvere" that expand or volume to a volume release means tight. Ancient evolutionary development of ideas about the evolution of thought and evolution of mutual transformation of all things of nature can be traced back to early human civilization. For example, the Chinese "Book of Changes" in the "yin and yang", "gossip," said the reduction of the natural world as heaven, earth, thunder, wind, water, fire, mountain, Ze eight basic phenomenon, and tried to use the "yin and yang," " gossip "to explain the complex changes in the law of the material world. Greek Anaximander (6th century BC) believed that life was originally produced by the sea ooze, the original aquatic organisms through the transformation (similar to the insect larvae molt) and become a land creature. This may be the world's first on the hypothesis of the origin of life and evolution. And purpose of creationists on the Middle Ages in Europe, the Christian Bible, described as things of the world the special creation of God. This is called "creationism." Accompanied with the special purpose of creationism is that the nature of the arrangement is a purpose, "according to this theory, cats were created to eat rats, mice were created in order to the cat, and the whole created nature in order to prove the wisdom of the Creator "(Engels:" Dialectics of Nature "* Introduction). And the constant change of the debate on the latter half of the 15th century "Renaissance" to the 18th century, is the formation and development of modern natural science of the period. During this period the dominant in the scientific world view is the same theory. This view was I. Newton and C.von Linnaeus was expressed as the laws of science: Earth as the so-called "first driving force" and working again, after going on forever in motion, the original species is the case, now and in the in the future as well. To half of the 18th century, the continuous development of natural science in conflict with this same view. I. Kant's "object of" On the first view of nature in the same open on the first gap; Subsequently, "transformation theory" view of nature in various fields of natural science evolved. During this period some of the famous biologist, often in both ideas and views in the □ helpless. Linnaeus later years in his famous example, "natural systems", a book by deleting the words of the same species; French biologist Buffon G.-L.de Although the "transition theory" into the biology, but his life are on the "transition theory" and "change theory" between the two. J.-B.de Lamarck published in 1809, "Animal Philosophy," a book detailing his views on the biological changes, and has never wavered. China since the Han, Tang, along with agriculture, medicine, the development of explanations of natural phenomena of life there have been a lot of description about the species and the variable "change of" point of view. For example, the Northern Wei Jia Sixie (6th century) in the "Arts for the People", Tang Guo Tuo camel in the "planting the book", the late Ming and Sung in the "Heavenly Creations" have on the animal or plant by crossing through the grafting caused the variations described. Tang Yen Chen-ching (8th century), Song Shen Kuo (11th century) are under the "gloomy" view of the causes of the fossil made the correct interpretation. Uniformitarianism and catastrophism British geologist C. Lyle early 19th century, first in the "transformation theory" into the geology. His state of the modern crustal observations to infer the ancient geological phenomenon, that the earth experienced a slow, gradual changes. This view is called uniformitarianism. On the contrary, the French paleontologist G. Cuvier made catastrophism. That biological change is sudden, all the time all but disappeared later be re-created. He believes that the earth experienced a number of such catastrophes.
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English Expression
: evolution
n.: development, progress, evolve into, gradual development of the characteristics of plants and animals over many generations, esp the development of more complicated forms from earlier, simpler forms
v.: evolve
vt.: evolving
French Expression
n. évolution
Thesaurus
darwinism Jinhua Village Evolution Neighborhood, evolution Community Jinhua Town jinhua Township