Generally considered the smallest unit cells are the body, which is composed of many smaller components with its own functional structure. Although human cells vary in size, but all the cells are very small. Even the largest cells such as eggs, is also the naked eye can not see. Human cells by a layer of film to its content package together. But this layer of film is not simply a pouch on it can identify many different cell receptors, these receptors can also be produced by the body and ingested the drug substance and react _select_ively to allow these substances or drugs enter or leave cells. Receptor response is often to change and control cell function. The cell membrane, there are two main components: the nucleus and cytoplasm membrane. Cytoplasm contains a number of energy consumption and the structural transformation and the implementation of the structure of cell function; nucleus containing the genetic material of cells and control cell division and reproduction of structure. Between cytoplasm and nucleus in the cell membrane, to complete a variety of cell life activity places.
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The internal structure of the trunk
解剖学 躯干内部结构
- Tissues and organs Link together a number of related cells, called tissues. An organization of the cells are not identical, but they may work together to accomplish a specific function. Tissue samples taken (biopsy), under the microscope, we can see various types of cells. Connective tissue is a tough, fibrous tissue, connective tissue structure in the body linked together, and supportive. Connective tissue exists in almost every organ, skin, ligaments and muscles by connective tissue most. The characteristics of connective tissue and cells, with its location in the body varies. - Organ systems An organ has its own special features, but it also serves as part of the group to function, called organ systems. Organ systems in medical research is an organizational unit, usually classified by organ system disease, the treatment plan is also built on the basis of organ systems. Most of this book is around the concept of organ systems, prepared by the Organization. For example, the cardiovascular system is an organ system, which includes the heart and blood vessels. Primarily of the cardiovascular system pumping and the blood in the body endless. Digestive system from mouth to anus, the exercise of acceptance, digest food and eliminate waste function. This system includes not only the stomach, small intestine, large intestine, also including relevant organs such as pancreas, liver and gallbladder, the former is mainly delivered food, which is to produce digestive enzymes to remove toxins and store the material necessary for digestion. Motion system, including bones, muscles, ligaments, tendons and joints, and exercise its function is to support the body. Of course, the exercise of organ system functions not in isolation. For example, the meal, the digestive system to perform its function, needs more blood, cardiovascular system and therefore need the help of the nervous system. Vasodilator digestive system in order to carry more blood. Transmission of nerve impulses to the brain, informing the additional work. Nerve impulses through the digestive system and released into the blood chemicals directly stimulate the heart, the heart pumps more blood, the brain to reduce hunger, there is the feeling of satiety, do not want to strenuous exercise. Organs and organ systems of information between the contact is very important. Information contact so that the body needs to adjust by the whole body of the function of each organ. At rest, heart rate, when organs need more blood, the heart to work to strengthen, rapid heart rate. When the body too much liquid, the kidneys excrete more urine, and when the body dehydrated, you should save more water. Through information contact, the body maintain its balance - called body balance or homeostasis. Through body balance, neither organ dysfunction, nor hyperthyroidism, and the activities of each organ are conducive to promoting the function of other organs. Maintain homeostasis of the information to contact or through the nervous system by chemical stimuli. Regulate the body functions of complex information networks, mainly by the autonomic nervous system to control. This part of the nervous system from the impact of individual thinking, nor is the exercise of functions to show the obvious signs. Contact from the role of chemicals called media. Produced by one organ, transported through the blood to other organs of the media, called hormones. In the nervous system to transmit information between the various parts of the media called neurotransmitters. One is well-known media, called adrenaline hormones. When a person suddenly nervous or scared, the brain immediately send a message to the adrenal glands, the secretion of adrenaline it quickly. Soon, this hormone into the alert status of the entire body, a kind of ready for a battle or escape response. At this point, rapid heartbeat and strong, eyes widened to allow more light to enter, breath and weakening of activity in the digestive system to allow more blood supply to muscles. This rapid and strong response. Other chemical links less noticeable, but equally effective. For example, when the body needs more water when dehydrated, blood volume circulating through the cardiovascular system, reduced perception of receptors on the carotid artery to reduce blood volume by nerve impulses to the brain at the bottom of the pituitary gland, pituitary production of anti-diuretic hormone. This hormone makes the kidneys produce less urine output, retain more moisture. Meanwhile, the brain thirst, stimulating water. A group of body organs - the endocrine system, its main function is to secrete hormones regulate functions of other organs. For example, thyroid hormone secretion, control the body's metabolic rate; the pancreas to produce insulin to control the use of sugar; adrenal secretion of adrenaline to stimulate the number of organs, so that the body produces stress. Click to view related charts - the main organ systems - Internal and external barriers In vitro to define what is and what is the body, is not very easy, because many of the body surface. Skin, precisely, an organ system, which is a very obvious on the surface, forming a number of harmful substances into the body to prevent the barrier. Although the canal is covered by a thin skin, but usually that it is in the body, because the ear canal deep into the head. Digestive system is a long pipeline begins in the mouth, bending coiled through the body and ends at the anus. When food is absorbed through the digestive tract, then the food in the body or in vitro? In fact, nutrients and liquids before they are absorbed into the blood is not really in the body. Air through the nose and throat into the trachea, bronchi and then into the lungs, which part of the airway in vivo and in vitro is the dividing line? Of oxygen in their lungs into the bloodstream before the body is not useful. To enter the blood and oxygen to the lungs through a thin layer of cells. This layer of cells constitutes a barrier to prevent air entering the lungs with virus and bacteria, such as tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis to stop into the body. Unless these organisms through the cell into the blood, otherwise they will not cause disease. Because many lung protective mechanisms, such as anti-infective antibodies, fragments of the damaged cilia sweeping out of the body, most infections microorganisms do not cause disease. The surface of the body not only separated in vivo, in vitro, but also to maintain the organ structure in the normal position, making them suitable for the exercise of functions. For example, under normal circumstances the blood flow in blood vessels and internal organs are not soaked in blood. If the blood vessels leak into the rest of the body (bleeding), not only causes tissue supply of oxygen and nutrients that barriers to, and may cause serious injury. For example, a small amount of cerebral hemorrhage caused by brain damage can be as limited by the skull, cranial cavity, there is no available expansion space. On the other hand, the same amount of blood into the abdominal cavity does not cause tissue damage. Saliva plays an important role in the oral cavity, but if inhaled, may cause serious injury. Gastric acid secretion, causing minimal damage to the stomach, but if the acid reflux, you may damage the esophagus, stomach if the leakage of gastric juice, may also damage other organs. Fecal undigested parts of food, excreted through the anus, if the leakage through the intestinal wall into the abdominal cavity, can cause life-threatening infections.
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Anatomy and disease
The body structure is very compact, most organs have a lot of reserve capacity, even if damaged, can still work properly. For example, the liver to destroy 2 / 3 or more serious damage can occur, removal of one lobe of lung, normal lung function as long as the other, people can survive. Some organ damage can result if a small malfunction. Such as stroke, the damage a small amount of brain tissue, patients may be unable to speak, not physical activity, can not be maintained. Heart attack, heart tissue damage may be only minor damage the heart's pumping ability and may cause death. Diseases affect the anatomy, anatomical changes can cause disease. Tissue dysplasia, such as cancer, can directly damage normal tissue or normal tissue pressure, causing damage. Another example is blocking the blood supply to tissues can cause tissue necrosis (infarction), such as myocardial infarction or stroke (cerebral infarction). Because of the close relationship between anatomy and disease, the method checks the internal structure of the body has become a major disease diagnosis and treatment of dependence means. The first major breakthrough was the discovery of X ray, so doctors can see the internal structure of the body, does not need surgery will be able to examine internal organs. Another important development is the computed tomography (CT), this technique is a combination of X line and the computer. CT scans produce detailed two-dimensional internal structure of the body image. The internal structure of the image produced other methods include ultrasound scanning, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the principle is to use the movement of atoms in a magnetic field, and radionuclide imaging, the method is a radioactive chemical injected into the body to Check. Compared with surgery, these tests are noninvasive and invasive surgery is the nature.
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Related works of modern anatomy
1. "Tessie said person shall" and "personal map said," is the translation of Ming Jesuits two books of Western anatomy. But the classic anatomy books obsolete. 2. "Cell's Anatomy (39th edition)" Since its inception in 1858 has been the world's most influential and most authoritative book of anatomy. After 39 amendments, republished, the content is not simply about the general macro-structure of human anatomy, is also involved in cell and molecular biology, particularly the combination of knowledge of anatomy describes some of the new effective surgery, greatly broaden the meaning and application of anatomical areas of the theory. Is suitable for researchers 3. "Atlas of Human Knight" very excellent anatomical artist, he drew the plans simple to understand without losing the true fidelity, it is suitable for beginners.
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Medical Dictionary
Graduate object of scientific development and morphology occur. According to the study objects, there are human anatomy, animal anatomy, comparative anatomy and other branches, of which the most in-depth study of human anatomy in detail. Anatomy commonly known as referring to human anatomy. Has a long history of human anatomy. 500 BC Chinese medical text "via" the information that is recorded in human anatomy. 400 BC, Aristotle had conducted a more detailed dissection of animals. 16th century, Vesalius autopsy and visually observed morphological structure of human organs, book into a "human construct" a book to correct some mistakes of their predecessors, creating a modern anatomy. Since the late 19th century due to the development of science and technology, X-ray, using B-mode ultrasound map, computer graphics, isotope tracer, immunofluorescence, frozen etching and other new technologies will advance the study of anatomy to a new level. Anatomy of development is closely related to production practices and medical practice, but also to promote the development of production and care. Such as the rise of the surface anatomy of promoting the study of body surface morphology and the correspondence between the deep structure, but also for the "look, palpable" checkups or treatment of disease of internal organs from the body surface provides a theoretical basis. Clinical development requirements for the internal organs such as the lungs branch morphology chlorine pipe arrangement, intrahepatic duct with cloth, which are more detailed understanding, and thus _set_ off depth study of lung segments, hepatic, renal segment, and thus also the lung , liver, kidney and other surgical procedures have to march on. Taxonomic study of anatomy is also the basis of anthropology, forensic science research. In economic construction, in the planning and design of China's civil industry and defense industry needs of the Chinese people and their physical constants reference standard, which also called for the adoption of the crowd for anatomical research to provide.
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English Expression
n.: anatomy, scientific study of the structure of animal bodies
image anatomy