A class of seed plants. Produce seeds, but not the formation of the ovary and fruit, ovules and seeds exposed. Most of the tall trees. Live this life there are nearly 800 kinds of 71, China 41 are nearly 300 kinds.
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luǒ zǐ zhí wù
裸子植物 luǒ zǐ zhí wù
裸子植物 luǒ zǐ zhí wù
A large class of plant seeds, ovules and seeds are exposed, pine, fir, ginkgo belong to the gymnosperms (as distinguished from "angiosperm")
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No. 3
裸子植物
裸子植物
裸子植物
Gymnosperms (gymnospermae) Lower-level seed plant category. Archegonium has both an archegonium plants, but also the seeds of plants to produce seed. Ovules outside of their package is not the ovary wall, do not form a skin, seeds are exposed, so called gymnosperms. Sporophyte plant that is extremely well-developed, mostly for trees, shrubs or vines of a small number of the wood (such as a tropical vine buy hemp), usually evergreen, needle-shaped leaves, linear, scale-shaped, very rarely flat hardwood (such as Podocarpus nagi .) Most of the secondary xylem tracheids only, very few with catheters (such as ephedrine), only the sieve cells and phloem cells and sieve unaccompanied. Most of the female gametophyte with archegonia, with a few types of sperm flagellum (such as cycads and Ginkgo). Gymnosperms appeared in the Paleozoic, Mesozoic most prosperous, and later due to the change history, and gradually decline. Modern gymnosperms about 800 species belonging to 5 classes, namely, Su Tiegang, ginkgo Gang Gang pine, yew and buy Gang Gang Ma Teng, 9 orders, 12 families, 71 genera. China has 5 classes, 8 orders, 11 families, 41 genera, 236 species and some varieties and cultivars. Many important forest of gymnosperms, especially in the northern hemisphere, a large forest more than 80% of gymnosperms, such as larch, fir, pine, spruce and so on. A variety of wood light, strength, do not bend, flexible, good architecture, travel, paper and wood. Leaves and seeds of cycads, gingko kernel, pine pollen, pine needles, pine oil, Ephedra, orientalis seeds can be used as medicine. Larch, spruce and other tree bark, tree trunks can be extracted tannins, volatile oil and resin, rosin and so on. Cycas spinosa leaves edible sago pith can be produced, ginkgo, pine, red pine, and the seeds of Torreya tree is edible nuts. Gymnosperms is the original seed plants, the development of its long history. The original of gymnosperms in the Paleozoic, Mesozoic to Cenozoic They are the major plants across the continent. Many modern types of living gymnosperms appeared in the Tertiary period and then retained through the ice, and reproduce so far. According to statistics, about 850 around the world living gymnosperm species belonging to 79 genera and 15 families, although the species is only 0.36% of angiosperm species, but distributed all over the world, especially in the northern hemisphere winter Zhongshan temperate and subtropical to alpine zone often composed of a large area of coniferous forest types. (1) the diversity of gymnosperms in China China's vast territory, climate and landform types are complex. In the Mesozoic to Cenozoic Tertiary has been a warm climate, Quaternary glacial Shiyou not directly affected by the destruction of northern continental ice sheet, basically maintained a relatively stable since Tertiary climate, resulting in Flora of China gymnosperms with a rich variety of ancient origin, many ancient relic and relict components, unique components and many other features of various types of coniferous forests. Angiosperms, gymnosperms, although China is only 0.8% of species, but its formation was slightly higher than the broad-leaved coniferous forest area forest area, about 52% of the total forest area. In northeast China, north and northwest coniferous forest species of gymnosperms fewer coniferous forests in the Southwest there are a wealth of gymnosperm species. In the southern, central and eastern regions of native coniferous forest than outside, the more common is a large area of artificial fir, pine and cedar forest. (2) China is facing the threat of gymnosperms and Protection Although China has a very rich gymnosperm species and forest resources, but because the majority of gymnosperms trunk-side straight, excellent material and the material is high, so it often composed of coniferous forest logging as a priority target, so that benefits of the resource is by intensive human activities, threats and destruction. If 50's the largest coniferous forest - Northeast, Xiaoxing'anling and natural forests in Changbai Mountains utilization by different degrees, 60's to 70's other big coniferous forest - natural forest and the mountains of southwest cross-sectional harvesting have been strong only in the inaccessible mountains and steep slopes of deep valleys, and the nature reserve there are natural coniferous forest preservation. Central, eastern and southern regions, the population density and economic development needs, Zhongshan various natural coniferous forest zone and more are cut down, replaced by the artificial pine, fir and cedar forest. With the various types of natural coniferous forest logging and destruction, the original ecological environment changes, speed up the disappearance of forest biology and endangered speed. Meanwhile, the great ornamental value and economic value of the gymnosperms is also severely damaged, such as the Panzhihua Cycas (cycas panzhihuaensis), Guizhou Cycas (c. guizhouensis), multiple discrimination cycads (c. multipinnata) and fork leaves Cycas (c. micholitzii) were In the new or newly discovered after the distribution of points were wantonly destroyed. Cephalotaxus (coarse Torreya) is (cephalotaxus) and Taxus (yew) is a (taxus) plants since the late 60's and 80's to early 90's as a novel anticancer medicinal plants found after the mass was immediately Logging damage and the sharp reduction in resources. Preliminary identification of the Chinese species are extinct gymnosperms Thuja (thuja sutchuanensis, has been re-discovered, not extinct); only wild plants cultivated without the extinction of wild species are cycads (sago palm) (cycas revoluta), South cycads ( c. taiwaniana), Sichuan cycads (c. szechuanensis); very narrow distribution, Critically Endangered species of rare plants (critically endangered) how differences cycads, pubescent Keteleeria (keteleeria pubescens), moment scales Keteleeria (k. oblonga), Hainan Keteleeria (k. hainanensis), Abies (abies beshanzuensis), Abies (a. yuanbaoshanensis), Kangding Yun fir (picea montigena), large fruit Picea wilsonii (p. neoveitchii), Larix Shan (larix chinensis), short leaf yellow cedar (pseudotsuga brevifolia), Qiaojia pine (pinus squamata), Gongshan Cephalotaxus (cephalotaxus lanceolata), Taiwan Amentotaxus (amentotaxus formosana), and yunnanensis (a. yunnanensis), etc. . Endangered and threatened about 63 species of gymnosperms, accounting for about 28% of species, including Abies (abies beshanzuensis) and Taiwan Amentotaxus (amentotaxus formosana) were included in the world's most endangered species (Table 1). Table 1 China's endangered and rare species of gymnosperms Cephalotaxaceae cephalotaxaceae * Kangding Yun Shan picea montigena * Cephalotaxus mannii cephalotaxus mannii * Big fruit Picea wilsonii picea neoveitchii * Cephalotaxus Gongshan cephalotaxus lanceolata Leaves spruce picea smithiana * Cephalotaxus oliveri cephalotaxus oliveri Dabie Mountain pine pinus dabeshanensis Cupressaceae cupressaceae Southern pine pinus kwangtungensis Cypress calocedrus macrolepis Yajia Song pinus massoniana var.hainanensis Taiwan cypress calocedrus macrolepis var. formosana * Qiaojia pine pinus squamata Chamaecyparis chamaecyparis fomosensis Changbai Pine pinus sylivestris var. sylvestriformis Min Kashiwagi cupressus chengiana Song Xingkai pinus densiflora var. ussuriensis Gigantea cupressus gigantea Pinus hair sticks pinus wangii Hodginsii fokienia hodginsii * Pseudotsuga brevifolia pseudotsuga brevifolia Thuja Korea thuja koraiensis Lancang Pseudotsuga pseudotsuga forrestii * Thuja thuja sutchuenensis Pseudotsuga pseudotsuga sinensis Cycadaceae cycadaceae Lijiang hemlock tsuga forrestii * All species of Cycas cycas spp. Tsuga chinensis tsuga longibracteata Ephedra Division ephedraceae Podocarpaceae podocarpaceae Spot sub Ephedra ephedra rhytidosperma loose feathers dacrycarpus imbricatus Pinaceae pinaceae Dacrydium dacrydium pectinatum * Abies abies beshanzuensis OM nagia fleuryi Abies abies chensiensis Hainan Podocarpus podocarpus annamiensis * Fanjingshan fir abies fanjingshanensis Orchid Podocarpus podocarpus costalis Taiwan fir abies kawakamii Taxaceae taxaceae Abies abies georgei Amentotaxus brevifolia amentotaxus argotaenis var.brevi-folius * Abies abies yuanbaoshanensis * Taiwan Amentotaxus amentotaxus formosana * Resource fir abies ziyuanensis * Yunnanensis amentotaxus yunnanensis * Silver fir caathaya argyrophylla White beans Angeles pseudotaxus chienii * Hainan Keteleeria keteleeria hainanensis * All species of Taxus taxus spp. * Moment scales Keteleeria keteleeria oblonga All species of genus Torreya torreya spp. * Soft wool Keteleeria keteleeria pubescens Taxodiaceae taxodiaceae * Chinensis larix chinensis * Cork glyptostrobus pensilis Sichuan Sequoia larix mastersiana * Metasequoia metasequoia glyptostroboides Michael hanging spruce picea brachytyla * Taiwan fir taiwania cryptomerioides * Give priority to the protection of species China has been attention to the protection of gymnosperms, has established the few relict or endangered gymnosperms protected areas for the protection of objects (such as silver fir, Abies, Panzhihua cycads, Abies, Metasequoia, etc.). Other species of gymnosperms, in its origin has been listed as protected areas, built the main object of protection. In order to maintain China's advantage in the gymnosperm group, should be banned or restricted harvesting of natural coniferous forest, harvesting should be the appropriate choice of cutting methods to ensure the natural regeneration. Also in a very dangerous species (such as multi-manifold cycads, etc) to build nature reserves of origin.
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Overview
裸子植物 概况
裸子植物 概况
Gymnosperms (Gymnosperm), seed plants in lower-level category. Archegonium has both an archegonium plants, but also the seeds of plants to produce seed. Ovules outside of their package is not the ovary wall, do not form a skin, seeds are exposed, so called gymnosperms. Sporophyte plant that is extremely well-developed, mostly for trees, shrubs or vines of a small number of the wood (such as a tropical vine buy hemp), usually evergreen, needle-shaped leaves, linear, scale-shaped, very rarely flat hardwood (such as Podocarpus nagi .) Most of the secondary xylem tracheids only, very few with catheters (such as ephedrine), only the sieve cells and phloem cells and sieve unaccompanied. Most of the female gametophyte with archegonia, with a few types of sperm flagellum (such as cycads and Ginkgo). Gymnosperms appeared in the Paleozoic, Mesozoic most prosperous, and later due to the change history, and gradually decline. Modern gymnosperms about 800 species belonging to 5 classes, namely, Su Tiegang, ginkgo Gang Gang pine, yew and buy Gang Gang Ma Teng, 9 orders, 12 families, 71 genera. China has 5 classes, 8 orders, 11 families, 41 genera, 236 species and some varieties and cultivars. Many important forest of gymnosperms, especially in the northern hemisphere, a large forest more than 80% of gymnosperms, such as larch, fir, pine, spruce and so on. A variety of wood light, strength, do not bend, flexible, good architecture, travel, paper and wood. Leaves and seeds of cycads, gingko kernel, pine pollen, pine needles, pine oil, Ephedra, orientalis seeds can be used as medicine. Larch, spruce and other tree bark, tree trunks can be extracted tannins, volatile oil and resin, rosin and so on. Cycas spinosa leaves edible sago pith can be produced, ginkgo, pine, red pine, and the seeds of Torreya tree is edible nuts. Gymnosperms is the original seed plants, the development of its long history. The original of gymnosperms in the Paleozoic, Mesozoic to Cenozoic They are the major plants across the continent. Many modern types of living gymnosperms appeared in the Tertiary period and then retained through the ice, and reproduce so far. According to statistics, about 850 around the world living gymnosperm species belonging to 79 genera and 15 families, although the species is only 0.36% of angiosperm species, but distributed all over the world, especially in the northern hemisphere winter Zhongshan temperate and subtropical to alpine zone often composed of a large area of coniferous forest types.
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(1) the diversity of gymnosperms in China
（1）中国裸子植物的多样性
China's vast territory, climate and landform types are complex. In the Mesozoic to Cenozoic Tertiary has been a warm climate, Quaternary glacial Shiyou not directly affected by the destruction of northern continental ice sheet, basically maintained a relatively stable since Tertiary climate, resulting in Flora of China gymnosperms with a rich variety of ancient origin, many ancient relic and relict components, unique components and many other features of various types of coniferous forests. Angiosperms, gymnosperms, although China is only 0.8% of species, but its formation was slightly higher than the broad-leaved coniferous forest area forest area, about 52% of the total forest area. In northeast China, north and northwest coniferous forest species of gymnosperms fewer coniferous forests in the Southwest there are a wealth of gymnosperm species. In the southern, central and eastern regions of native coniferous forest than outside, the more common is a large area of artificial fir, pine and cedar forest.
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(2) China is facing the threat of gymnosperms and Protection
Although China has a very rich gymnosperm species and forest resources, but because the majority of gymnosperms trunk-side straight, excellent material and the material is high, so it often composed of coniferous forest logging as a priority target, so that the resources are being the threat of intense human activity and destruction. If 50's the largest coniferous forest - Northeast, Xiaoxing'anling and natural forests in Changbai Mountains utilization by different degrees, 60's to 70's other big coniferous forest - natural forest and the mountains of southwest cross-sectional harvesting have been strong only in the inaccessible mountains and steep slopes of deep valleys, and the nature reserve there are natural coniferous forest preservation. Central, eastern and southern regions, the population density and economic development needs, Zhongshan various natural coniferous forest zone and more are cut down, replaced by the artificial pine, fir and cedar forest. With the various types of natural coniferous forest logging and destruction, the original ecological environment changes, speed up the disappearance of forest biology and endangered speed. Meanwhile, the great ornamental value and economic value of the gymnosperms is also severely damaged, such as the Panzhihua Cycas (Cycas panzhihuaensis), Guizhou Cycas (C. guizhouensis), multiple discrimination cycads (C. multipinnata) and fork leaves Cycas (C. micholitzii) were In the new or newly discovered after the distribution of points were wantonly destroyed. Cephalotaxus (coarse Torreya) is (Cephalotaxus) and Taxus (yew) is a (Taxus) plants since the late 60's and 80's to early 90's as a novel anticancer medicinal plants found after the mass was immediately Logging damage and the sharp reduction in resources. Preliminary identification of the Chinese species are extinct gymnosperms Thuja (Thuja sutchuanensis, has been re-discovered, not extinct); only wild plants cultivated without the extinction of wild species are cycads (sago palm) (Cycas revoluta), South cycads ( C. taiwaniana), Sichuan cycads (C. szechuanensis); very narrow distribution, Critically Endangered species of rare plants (critically endangered) how differences cycads, pubescent Keteleeria (Keteleeria pubescens), moment scales Keteleeria (K. oblonga), Hainan Keteleeria (K. hainanensis), Abies (Abies beshanzuensis), Abies (A. yuanbaoshanensis), Kangding Yun fir (Picea montigena), large fruit Picea wilsonii (P. neoveitchii), Larix fir (Larix chinensis), short leaf yellow fir (Pseudotsuga brevifolia), Qiaojia pine (Pinus squamata), Gongshan Cephalotaxus (Cephalotaxus lanceolata), Taiwan Amentotaxus (Amentotaxus formosana), and yunnanensis (A. yunnanensis), etc. . Endangered and threatened about 63 species of gymnosperms, accounting for about 28% of species, including Abies (Abies beshanzuensis) and Taiwan Amentotaxus (Amentotaxus formosana) were included in the world's most endangered species (Table 1). Table 1 China's endangered and rare species of gymnosperms Cephalotaxaceae Cephalotaxaceae * Kangding Yun Shan Picea montigena * Cephalotaxus mannii Cephalotaxus mannii * Big fruit Picea wilsonii Picea neoveitchii * Cephalotaxus Gongshan Cephalotaxus lanceolata Leaves spruce Picea smithiana * Cephalotaxus oliveri Cephalotaxus oliveri Dabie Mountain pine Pinus dabeshanensis Cupressaceae Cupressaceae Southern pine Pinus kwangtungensis Cypress Calocedrus macrolepis Yajia Song Pinus massoniana var.hainanensis Taiwan cypress Calocedrus macrolepis var. Formosana * Qiaojia pine Pinus squamata Chamaecyparis Chamaecyparis fomosensis Changbai Pine Pinus sylivestris var. Sylvestriformis Min Kashiwagi Cupressus chengiana Song Xingkai Pinus densiflora var. Ussuriensis Gigantea Cupressus gigantea Pinus hair sticks Pinus wangii Hodginsii Fokienia hodginsii * Pseudotsuga brevifolia Pseudotsuga brevifolia Thuja Korea Thuja koraiensis Lancang Pseudotsuga Pseudotsuga forrestii * Thuja Thuja sutchuenensis Pseudotsuga Pseudotsuga sinensis Cycadaceae Cycadaceae Lijiang hemlock Tsuga forrestii * All species of Cycas Cycas spp. Tsuga chinensis Tsuga longibracteata Ephedra Division Ephedraceae Podocarpaceae Podocarpaceae Spot sub Ephedra Ephedra rhytidosperma loose feathers Dacrycarpus imbricatus Pinaceae Pinaceae Dacrydium Dacrydium pectinatum * Abies Abies beshanzuensis OM Nagia fleuryi Abies Abies chensiensis Hainan Podocarpus Podocarpus annamiensis * Fanjingshan fir Abies fanjingshanensis Orchid Podocarpus Podocarpus costalis Taiwan fir Abies kawakamii Taxaceae Taxaceae Abies Abies georgei Amentotaxus brevifolia Amentotaxus argotaenis var.brevi-folius * Abies Abies yuanbaoshanensis * Taiwan Amentotaxus Amentotaxus formosana * Resource fir Abies ziyuanensis * Yunnanensis Amentotaxus yunnanensis * Silver fir Caathaya argyrophylla White beans Angeles Pseudotaxus chienii * Hainan Keteleeria Keteleeria hainanensis * All species of Taxus Taxus spp. * Moment scales Keteleeria Keteleeria oblonga All species of genus Torreya Torreya spp. * Soft wool Keteleeria Keteleeria pubescens Taxodiaceae Taxodiaceae * Chinensis Larix chinensis * Cork Glyptostrobus pensilis Sichuan Sequoia Larix mastersiana * Metasequoia Metasequoia glyptostroboides Michael hanging spruce Picea brachytyla * Taiwan fir Taiwania cryptomerioides
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* Give priority to the protection of species
China has been attention to the protection of gymnosperms, has established the few relict or endangered gymnosperms protected areas for the protection of objects (such as silver fir, Abies, Panzhihua cycads, Abies, Metasequoia, etc.). Other species of gymnosperms, in its origin has been listed as protected areas, built the main object of protection. In order to maintain China's advantage in the gymnosperm group, should be banned or restricted harvesting of natural coniferous forest, harvesting should be the appropriate choice of cutting methods to ensure the natural regeneration. Also in a very dangerous species (such as multi-manifold cycads, etc) to build nature reserves of origin.
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Gymnosperms (fossil)
裸子植物（化石）
裸子植物（化石）
裸子植物（化石）
luozi zhiwu (huashi) Gymnosperms (fossil) Gymnosperms and angiosperms (flowering plants, flowering plants) the difference is that the former non-coated material outside the ovule is the seed the more primitive group of plants is generally believed that the former evolved from gymnosperms. About 60 genera and nearly 700 modern species, but they are in the Mesozoic Era, from the distribution of the number to have reached the pinnacle of development. Trace their start times and origins, we can see that they had in the late Paleozoic flora occupies a certain position. The end of the Late Devonian, and appeared before the fern, while the ancient gymnosperms, the ancient seeds found in the United States (Archaeosperma) may be the oldest known so far with the structure of the fossil seeds, ovules in pairs was born in the palmate division the top branches, beads were split front end sheet, folded down into the tube, the shape of the micropyle, nucellus (large sporangia) contains tetrahedral megaspore. Later in the Carboniferous and the seeds of many types have been discovered, which was split by a separate sheet of beads to complete healing in the gradual healing of the top of the formation of micropylar nucellar tube pearl is the evolution of the table is the formation and development of ovules will become very important links, so that the nucellus is surrounded by the external environment is not affected, embryo protection before maturity. Including the possibility of gymnosperms evolved by different routes formed by a number of parallel groups, it is now no longer as a natural classification of a door, and all classes will be progressive for the door, so fern gymnosperm seed plants, including the door, the door to be cycad plants (This in cycad plant gate), ginkgo biloba and doors, cedar plant door. Uncertain systematic position of the door to buy hemp vine, some scholars have classified as gymnosperms. Iron within the Soviet Union as the extinction groups, only found in the Late Triassic to the Cretaceous period. Plants similar to modern cycads or more chunky. The difference is that the male and female reproductive organs were born the same gender flower plants, epidermal cells and stomata are also different from cycads. The door is from the cycad plants from the Late Carboniferous transitional fossils found there, from Spermopteris to Phasmatoc □ cas and Archaeoc □ cas that purpose by the seed fern cycad plants evolved, the fossil evidence also shows that in the Paleozoic, Mesozoic cycads plants had the type of slender stems. Modern door ginkgo biloba and only 1 genus and 1 species of the famous living fossil, but especially in the Mesozoic Jurassic to Early Cretaceous was a widespread temperate flora of the northern hemisphere an important member (such as Gink □ oites and Baira), some even reach the South hemisphere (eg Karkenis). Indeed found in the purpose of early members of the Early Permian, a Trichopit □ s, Sphenobaira, in recent years, the door is made under the ginkgo plant characteristics that the female ovule and seed coat of the seed fern plant projects on the door. The door from the late Cretaceous period, the number of distribution areas and species are drastically reduced. Evergreen plants have the door in the Early Carboniferous fossil record, are already extinct in the subjects eyes, the head was tree-like, late in the Late Carboniferous to Early Permian tropical plants in one of the major coal plants. V fat head between fir and pine head head between subjects living in the Permian to the Triassic, the representative of the important families and genera, such as Leba Taxodiaceae (Lebachiaceae), V fat Taxodiaceae (Voltziaceae) of the reproductive organs study since the Cretaceous origin of the purpose of thriving pine plays an important role. Evergreen Head existing sections have also been spotted in the Mesozoic fossil exact basis. (Yang Kwan Sau)
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