Of a large class of algae, grown in sea water or fresh water land ﹑ wet places. From a single cell or multiple cells, normal is the blue-green, and red or purple.
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Introduction
Cyanobacteria is the algae, also known as blue-green algae; most cyanobacteria glial cell wall outside of clothing, so called sticky sp. In all algae, the cyanobacteria are the simplest, most primitive kind. All cyanobacteria contain a special kind of blue pigment, algae is its name. But not all blue algae, cyanobacteria contain a different number of different colors, some with chlorophyll, and some algae contain lutein, and some contain carotenoids, some of phycocyanin containing cyanobacteria, and some contain cyanobacteria red pigment. Red Sea is because of the water contains large amounts of phycoerythrin in cyanobacteria, the water showing red.
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Classification of families and genera
Cyanophyta Cyanophyta is divided into Two Programs: Chroococcaceae Gang Gang and algae yield segment. Chroococcaceae Gang algae single cell body or group; algae yield segment as the key link filamentous algae, algal colonization segment. Cyanobacteria appear on Earth about 3.3 billion years ago 35, about 2,000 species of algae are known, China has recorded about 900 species. Widely distributed throughout the world, but the majority (75%) of fresh water production, a small number of seafood; some cyanobacteria can live in the 60 ~ 85 ℃ hot springs; some species and bacteria, mosses, ferns and gymnosperms symbiotic; some calcareous rocks or shells can penetrate (such as through calcium algae) or deep in the soil (eg soil cyanobacteria). Cyanobacteria are single-celled organisms, there is no nucleus, but the cell center containing nuclear material, usually granular, or reticular, chromosomes and pigment evenly distributed in the cytoplasm. The nuclear membrane and nucleolus of nuclear substances are not, but with the nuclear function, it is called prokaryotic. And bacteria, cyanobacteria are "prokaryotes." It with the original nucleus together with bacteria and other single stand for the prokaryotic community.
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Form
Algae does not have chloroplasts, mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum and the vacuole and other organelles, including chlorophyll a, no chlorophyll b, with several xanthophyll and carotene, also contains phycobilin (is phycoerythrin, phycocyanin, and other algae blue pigment general). Generally speaking, all containing chlorophyll a and phycocyanin large amount of cells was mostly blue and green. Similarly, there are a few types of phycoerythrin contain more, mostly red algae, such as the one born in the Red Sea algae called Trichodesmium erythraeum, because it contains phycoerythrin volume, takes the shape of the red algae and reproduction is also fast, so that water is also red, which will be named the Red Sea. Although there is no algae chloroplasts, but in the electron microscope, the cytoplasm of many photosynthetic membrane, called thylakoids, a variety of photosynthetic pigments are attached thereon, the process of photosynthesis carried out in this. The cell walls of cyanobacteria and bacteria similar to the chemical composition of the cell wall, mainly sticking peptide; storage of photosynthetic products were mainly algae such as starch and algae particles body. Two points inside and outside the cell wall, the inner layer is cellulose, a few people think that the pectin and hemicellulose. Glial sheath outer layer is to pectin-based clothing, or a small amount of cellulose. The outside wall can continue to increase the secretion of glial plastic sheath. Some types of plastic sheath can have a very firm dense bedding mix, and some types of plastic sheath is the Yi River, adjacent cells can be co-mingled plastic sheath. Plastic sheath can have brown, red, gray and other non-photosynthetic pigments. Cyanobacteria algae are single cell bodies, groups and filamentous. The simplest is a single cell body. Some single cell body as the daughter cells after cell division of the parent gel embedded in the cell walls become groups, should the repeated division of cells can be a lot of groups, larger groups can be broken into several smaller groups. Some single cell body attached to life because, with the polarity of the base and top of the division, filament cell division due to a split face repeatedly by the same division, daughter cells formed phase. Some of the cells on the filaments are the same, there are some filamentous heterocyst differentiation; some filaments are false or true branching sticks, and some filaments the top of the hair cells into the body gradually narrow tip, This is also called a polar differentiation. Filaments can also be connected into groups, including clothing in public glial sheath, which is composed of many individual groups of cells.
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Reproduction
Two types of reproduction of cyanobacteria, one for vegetative propagation, including cell division directly (ie fission), the group produced rupture and filamentous algae such as colonial section of several methods, and the other for some cyanobacteria can produce endospores or exogenous spores to reproduce asexually. Spores without flagella. Cyanobacteria has not yet found a real sexual reproduction.
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Value
Cyanobacteria were the first photosynthetic oxygen evolution biology, on the surface of the Earth's atmosphere from anaerobic into aerobic conditions played a huge role. Many cyanobacteria (eg Anabaena) can fix atmospheric nitrogen (reason: containing nitrogenase, nitrogen fixation can be directly) to improve soil fertility, the crop yield. There are food for the people of cyanobacteria, such as the famous and ordinary Nostoc Nostoc (Nostoc), spirulina.
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Hazards
Related News Withstand the "model" (creation of the National Environmental Protection Model City) hat some of the city managers, faced with "smelly tap water in Wuxi, Jiangsu residents rush to buy pure water price hikes were even out of stock" ("Yangzi Evening News," May 30 ) so the drinking water crisis in the "creative thinking" is really amazing. Smell match for the local tap water overnight. Water company explained that "a continuous high-temperature heat, leading to accumulation of Taihu algae outbreak in the short term, leading to deterioration of water quality"; water quality testing department's professional guidance is "to buy some pure water"; environmental protection and water resources bureau are being "urgently The incident "... ... the number to the number that is not seen the incident of water pollution in Wuxi government issued an official statement, as contingency plans, it is lacking. When war was "defeated country in the" now "broken the country in the mountains and rivers"; Taihu Lake was the "breadbasket" of reputation, but now it is notorious; as people south of Yangtze River, but not on the qualified drinking water - this What is a group of ironic contrast. So in online forums, the local people on the "smelly because of" the kinds of speculation over the place, they are the "algae bloom" Most scoff at the quasi-official statement, and vigorously the possibility of industrial pollution - that the government side of Lake Taihu inadequate sewage plants in the remediation. It covers from wide, seriously affecting people's daily life and social order of events, vaguely have the tendency of the government public crisis. Since tap water is often affected by seasonal outbreaks of algae, why the Government did not normal preventive mechanism? Since "Back in May 7 the first major outbreak of blue algae in Taihu Lake, the water companies in Wuxi City, a water source on the disabled", why the Government did not formulate timely response? The efficiency of the government response to the crisis can be described as low, but the other side, the "leadership" is superb. Sage said the difference with the ordinary people, is that Di Liushi - unconscious (intuition, feeling) the intensity level. In fact, folks do not have the Sage of the state, but also can determine the smell of tap water is not "good water", and bureaucrats do not have your nose to drink Lake Xiu Shui is the. Last year, a special law enforcement inspection of drinking water source protection held a spot in Jiangsu Province, local media singing: to drink straight tap water for the characterization of the construction of ecological city in Jiangsu is an "upgrade" the momentum. In contrast situation, we can easily judge how many wore "a familiar" hat of the city, is only completed some facade decoration, trick on the peak of the work. According to non-local media reports, "With the 'Taihu' project launched on May 6, cited in the Yangtze River water will be inevitable with the introduction of the sewage discharged Wuxi Taihu Lake" ("Suzhou Daily," May 20), contact project to start working closely with the algae bloom time for the degree of doubt that wearing a hat and environmental management projects have not adopted the EIA? Of course, the light green "veto power" face of the gdp index for the official hat of the pulling effect of the status quo, the question is really not a problem. Last year, the public face of the Songhua River in Harbin toxic water buy pure water, this year is the public face of the Taihu Lake in Wuxi Xiu Shui buy pure water, what s next city? Everyone according to their own personal experience as possible to make judgments. And I'm afraid people do in Wuxi, "Dragon Boat Festival this year, not gifts, gifts to receive clean water," the long war preparation; As for that first song, "Taihu Lake United States U.S. Yes, the United States to the United States in Taihu Lake," the song, a little pessimistic that , can proceed to apply for "oral and intangible cultural heritage protection" of the.
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Introduction
Cyanobacteria are prokaryotes, also known as blue-green algae cyanobacteria; most cyanobacteria glial cell wall outside of clothing, so called sticky sp. In all algae, the cyanobacteria are the simplest, most primitive kind. Cyanobacteria are single-celled organisms, there is no nucleus, but the cell center containing nuclear material, usually granular, or reticular, chromatin and pigment evenly distributed in the cytoplasm. The nuclear membrane and nucleolus of nuclear substances are not, but with the nuclear function, it is called the original nucleus (or nucleoid). There is also a ring in cyanobacteria DNA - plasmids, played in the genetic engineering of the transport carrier. And bacteria, cyanobacteria are "prokaryotes." It with the original nucleus together with bacteria and other single stand for the prokaryotic community. All cyanobacteria contain a special kind of blue pigment, algae is its name. But not all blue algae, cyanobacteria contain a different number of different colors, some with chlorophyll, and some algae contain lutein, and some contain carotenoids, some of phycocyanin containing cyanobacteria, and some contain cyanobacteria red pigment. Red Sea is because of the water contains large amounts of phycoerythrin in cyanobacteria, the water showing red.
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Classification of families and genera
Cyanobacteria, including basketball algae, Oscillatoria and Nostoc sp. Cyanophyta Cyanophyta is divided into Two Programs: Chroococcaceae Gang Gang and algae yield segment. Chroococcaceae Gang algae single cell body or group; algae yield segment as the key link filamentous algae, algal colonization segment. Cyanobacteria appear on Earth about 3.3 billion years ago 35, about 2,000 species of algae are known, China has recorded about 900 species. Widely distributed throughout the world, but the majority (75%) of fresh water production, a small number of seafood; some cyanobacteria can live in the 60 ~ 85 ℃ hot springs; some species and bacteria, mosses, ferns and gymnosperms symbiotic; some calcareous rocks or shells can penetrate (such as through calcium algae) or deep in the soil (eg soil cyanobacteria).
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Propagation and Value
Two types of reproduction of cyanobacteria, one for vegetative propagation, including cell division directly (ie fission), the group produced rupture and filamentous algae such as colonial section of several methods, and the other for some cyanobacteria can produce endospores or exogenous spores to reproduce asexually. Spores without flagella. Cyanobacteria has not yet found a real sexual reproduction. Cyanobacteria were the first photosynthetic oxygen evolution biology, on the surface of the Earth's atmosphere from anaerobic into aerobic conditions played a huge role. Many cyanobacteria (eg Anabaena) can fix atmospheric nitrogen (reason: containing nitrogenase, nitrogen fixation can be directly) to improve soil fertility, the crop yield. There are food for the people of cyanobacteria, such as the famous and ordinary Nostoc Nostoc (Nostoc), spirulina.
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Hazards and natural enemies
In some nutrient-rich water, often in the summer some of the large population of algae and the water formed a layer of blue-green while stench of floating foam, known as "bloom", massive algae bloom, known as the "Green boom "(and the ocean red tide occurred in the corresponding.) Green tide caused by deterioration of water quality, and in severe depletion of oxygen in the water caused the death of fish. More serious is that some species of cyanobacteria (eg Microcystis) also produce toxins (referred to as MC), approximately 50% of the green tide contains a large number of MC. MC In addition to direct fish, toxic to humans and animals, the liver is an important incentive. MC heat, boiling water can not easily be decomposed, but can be activated carbon absorption, we can use activated carbon for water purification to purify contaminated water. Cyanobacteria and other algae are food for silver carp, you can put these fish to algae control and prevent algae outbreaks.
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Cause of the outbreak
Algae bloom into because of eutrophication. Excessive nutrients mainly from the following sources: 1. Fertilizer loss, a lot of fertilizer is the main nutrient eutrophication of regional sources, such as the Mississippi River, 67% of nitrogen into the water, with the attendant into the Gulf of Mexico, the Baltic and the Taihu Lake has more than 50% of nitrogen from the fertilizer loss. 2. Domestic sewage, including human life, water and phosphorus detergents. 3. Livestock and poultry breeding, poultry manure contains a lot of waste nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus, these elements can lead to eutrophication. 4. Industrial pollution, including chemical plants and waste water discharge. 5. Burning of fossil fuels in the Baltic Sea, about 30% of the nitrogen in the Mississippi River, about 13% of the nitrogen from this
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Review of cyanobacteria in a foreign country
Cyanobacteria is the scientific name for blue-green algae (cyanobacteria scientific name blue poison) Cyanobacterial toxins are the naturally produced poisons stored in the cells of certain species of cyanobacteria. (In cyanobacteria there a specific area within the blue-toxin) These toxins fall into various categories. Some are known to attack the liver (hepatotoxins) or the nervous system (neurotoxins); others simply irritate the skin. These toxins are usually released into water when the cells rupture or die. (Although many people have become ill from exposure to freshwater cyanobacterial toxins, death from algal-contaminated drinking water is unlikely to occur given that water resources are usually effectively managed to control taste, odour and other algae-related problems. It's possible that extended exposure to low levels of cyanobacterial hepatotoxins could have long -term or chronic effects in humans. (Blue toxin into a variety of toxins, one of which is classified as liver toxins and nerve toxins, which are known to be invasive liver and nerve toxins, another class of toxins on the skin stimulation, when the blue-toxin cell rupture or death, the above classification of toxins will be released into the water) Although many people have become ill from exposure to freshwater cyanobacterial toxins, death from algal-contaminated drinking water is unlikely to occur given that water resources are usually effectively managed to control taste, odour and other algae-related problems. It's possible that extended exposure to low levels of cyanobacterial hepatotoxins could have long-term or chronic effects in humans. (when exposed in the presence of cyanobacterial toxins in the lake, Although a department will get sick, but drink water containing contaminated algae may not necessarily lead to death. long exposure to the liver in the presence of cyanobacterial toxins in the water, even if the content is low, the human body may also have long-term or chronic adverse effects ) If you ingest water, fish or blue-green algal products containing elevated levels of toxins, you may experience headaches, fever, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting. If you swim in contaminated water, you may get itchy and irritated eyes and skin, as well as other hay fever-like allergic reactions. If you suspect you might have come into contact with cyanobacterial toxins and are experiencing any of these symptoms, rinse any scum off your body and consult your physician immediately. (if you keep intake of water containing algae, fish or other aquatic products, may cause headache, fever, diarrhea, abdominal pain, nausea or vomiting. If you're swimming in contaminated water may also cause itchy skin or eyes, skin irritation If you suspect that direct exposure to the contaminated water and the body had adverse reactions, with clean water to wash the body and immediately contact a doctor) Boiling water does not remove toxins from the water. As it is impossible to detect the presence of toxins in the water by taste, odour or appearance, you must assume that they are present until testing is completed. (boiling water does not remove the toxins in cyanobacteria, with the water because you can not look, smell or taste to detect the presence of toxins, and only Chemical tests can) If there is a safe source of water available, don't use contaminated water for washing clothes or dishes. If no alternative supply is available, use rubber gloves to avoid direct contact with the water. Bathing or showering in contaminated water should be avoided, as skin contact with the algae can lead to skin irritation and rashes. (If possible, do not use contaminated water to wash clothes and dishes, if there is no other water source, water must be doing housework to wear rubber gloves, the use of contaminated water for bathing should be avoided, because direct contact with water may cause skin irritation and skin rash) Algal toxins water soluble and heat resistance. Soluble in water, methanol or acetone, non-volatile, anti-pH changes. The formulas for MC-LR C49H74N10O12, a molecular weight of 995.2 (calculated, often by 1000 dollars). Solubility in water than 1g / L, chemically very stable. Algal toxins in water, the natural degradation process is very slow, when the water content of 5ug / L, the three days, only 10% of the particles absorbed by water, 7% with sand deposition. Algal toxin has a high heat resistance, heat to boil toxin can not destroy, nor can it remove; water treatment process sedimentation, filtration, chlorination nor can its removal. Experimental studies have shown that a survey around the lake at a water plant of the factory 3 in water with low concentrations of algal toxin detection (128 ~ 1400ng / L), results suggest that conventional disinfection of drinking water can not completely eliminate the water of the algae toxin. It is a liver toxin is a strong promoter of liver cancer agent. Livestock and wild animals drinking water containing toxic algae, there will be diarrhea, fatigue, anorexia, vomiting, drowsiness, symptoms such as eye and mouth secretions increase, or even death. Pathological lesions are enlargement of the liver, congestion or necrosis, enteritis, hemorrhage, pulmonary edema.
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Cyanobacteria Events
May 28, 2007, the Wuxi Taihu Lake area large outbreak of algae, causing serious pollution of tap water in Wuxi City, the urban clean water was looting, although the Government to take timely measures, but the lives of people already have a huge impact.
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Wikipedia Daquan
lanzao Cyanobacteria blue green algae Cyanophyta plants collectively. Generally divided into basketball algae, rib sp, possession of algae, algae Nostoc and multi-column head 5, a total of about 2000 taxa, China had approximately 900 taxa. Cyanobacteria exist on Earth, 28 ~ 32 million years, is the oxygen's oldest creatures on the Earth's surface from anaerobic into aerobic environment played a significant role. Some species of cyanobacteria can be used as nitrogen source crops, fish and poultry feed and direct for human consumption. However, the formation of algae blooms overproduction, leading to corruption of water, which aquaculture and the environment of harmful effects. Cyanobacteria form a single cell structure of individual, group or cell clusters of filaments arranged in filaments, unbranched, false or true branch branch. Peptide in the extracellular polysaccharide mainly composed of a cell wall, and often clay or plastic wrapped plastic sheath. Cytoplasmic pigment can be divided into the color quality of the surrounding area and the central colorless center of mass with areas of nuclear matter. Cytoplasm often has a strong reflective particles of different sizes. Planktonic algae tend to have pseudo-empty cells (also known as bubbles), tapered at both ends consisting of micro-air cylinder, a shading and floating features. Biological characteristics of algae cells proliferation by direct division mode. When cell division constriction formed next to the middle income will be divided into two cells, filamentous algae cells are often broken into short columns, you can continue to divide to form new filaments. Cyanobacteria are asexual lines, the formation of endogenous or exogenous spores spores. Many filamentous cyanobacteria can form thick-walled spores, storage inclusions rich, strong resistance to adverse external environment. Thick-walled spores in the cytoplasm can be split to generate new filaments. Nostoc branch projects and real purpose of many types of algae in heterocysts from vegetative cells differentiate to form, and its respiration stronger than the vegetative cells, resulting in anaerobic conditions within the heterocyst, nitrogenase nitrogen fixation is the main site. Cyanobacteria are widely distributed in fresh water and sea water, wet and dry soil and rocks, tree trunks and leaves, and hot springs, snow, even in the brine pool, rock joints, etc. can survive, and some can also penetrate the calcareous rock or calcareous crusts (such as through calcium algae) life, has great adaptability. In tropical and subtropical habitats neutral or slightly alkaline grown particularly strong. Many species are universal nature, such as terrestrial Nostoc (Nostoc commune), not only in tropical, subtropical and temperate, boreal and even in Antarctica have discovered. Cyanobacteria strong resistance, the ability of drought, some dried specimens can be stored 65 to 106 years to maintain vigor. China's nitrogen-fixing Anabaena (Anabaenaazotica) 19 years after re-drying preservation can foster the growth and nitrogen fixation time. Some cyanobacteria can grow in the spring breeding 76 ℃, 54 ℃ under the conditions of some of the growth and nitrogen fixation can (such as whip sticks algae Masti □ ocladus laminosum); some low-temperature-resistant -35 ℃ (such as Nostoc); there are some in a saturated salt water can also grow. Therefore, cyanobacteria are often pioneer species. About 150 kinds of training and use of cyanobacteria (mostly for the purpose of Nostoc species) can fix atmospheric nitrogen in a combination of molecular nitrogen, and further protein synthesis. The abundant extracellular polysaccharide gum, and contain a growth-stimulating substances, suitable for paddy fertilizer, improve soil, improve soil and fertilizer, water-retention capacity. These algae known as Cyanobacteria. In tropical and subtropical regions, fixing cyanobacteria in rice fields per year per hectare of nitrogen fixation 1 to 70 kg. China has _select_ed species of nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria and the creation of artificial breeding techniques. The methods were first cultured in the laboratory species, and then inoculated into the depth of 3 to 5 cm of soil fertility ─ ─ algae pond pool or plastic film to expand the pool training. Ikegami plus small arch film covering the temperature rain. Algae that covered the surface to dry storage of spare time to fish, or inoculated to the free rotation systems fields, expand production of hybrid rice farming algae species. Harvesting of the algae species can be dried or fresh algae were inoculated into the rice planting Tanaka breeding just as the plots of the fertilizer. Algae can also gain some fresh or dried breeding Tanaka received the other application equipment next year. In addition, the use of growth-stimulating substance contained in nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria to plants seeds or seedlings, seedling and root system get strong plants. Spirulina contains high protein (typically 20 to 50%), compared with complete amino acids and vitamins. Some algae can be used as food, such as Nostoc (Nostoc fla □ elliforme, arid region in northwest China produced), Nostoc sphaeroides (N.sphaeroides, producing central and southern mountainous areas of rice paddies and wetlands), ground fungus and so on. Spirulina (Spirulina platensis) crude protein content of up to 70% for Chad and Mexico, traditional food, in recent years has been artificial culture as a commodity, used as fish feed. Chinese breeding spiral Anabaena (Anabaena spiroides) good effect as fish bait, and some fish such as carp and other non-adult fish to algae as food. Harmful effects in the eutrophic water, red tide algae blooms can form, leading to hypoxia leaving water aquarium fish floating head or even death, will also affect seaweed, razor clam, clams and other normal growth. In addition, algal blooms and red tide occurs when the secretion of mutant toxic cyanobacteria toxins and algal decomposition rotten stench will affect the distribution of the water quality of drinking water sources, so that people and livestock poisoning. (Li Shanghao)