Dicotyledon of one subject. One of the largest seed plant families. Annual or perennial herbs. Capitulum, inflorescence the lower part of a noisy film. Fruit achene. Distributed in temperate and alpine up. Including the consumption of sunflower, lettuce, shoot, etc., medicinal flowers, herb, etc., for viewing chrysanthemum, dahlia, etc..
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No. 2
Asteraceae compositae Dicotyledon Ju subclass biggest Division One. The flowers have the same structure. Flowers tubular, radial symmetry, or tongue and bilaterally symmetrical, corolla tube and corolla lobes or two lips. Most dense arrangement of flowers, outside covered with bracts and flower heads form a consensus. A total of 13 family Asteraceae is 1,300, nearly 25,000 to 30,000 species, except Antarctica, the global distribution. China had approximately 220 are nearly 3,000 species, distributed throughout the country, including different crack genus, genus Mountain Complex, Taihang Chrysanthemum, Chrysanthemum brush, heavy feather genus, genus Ying Huang, Sichuan wood is, the ball genus , Ting Chrysanthemum, Chrysanthemum sumac wood is, grasshopper legs are, wear is a flower, a Chinese crab grass, China ragwort, purple Chrysanthemum, Chrysanthemum, etc. Fan Jun 15 genera endemic to China. An important feature of Asteraceae is completely replaced by starch inulin polysaccharide storage. Asteraceae contained sesquiterpene lactone with a strong heart, cancer, insecticide, analgesic effect. There are more than 350 undergraduate sesquiterpene lactones. To some species of the genus with biliary pain and different elements to bitter gall to gall factors. These ingredients are inhibition of tumor growth. Some species of the genus Eupatorium Eupatorium made bitter lactone, Zeeland 8 chlorine lactones sesquiterpene lactones are the active ingredients inhibit tumor growth. Ai is the many species of plants including Hill years. Asteraceae large number of medicinal, ornamental and economic plants. Medicinal plants Perrin, Blumea, edelweiss, days were fine, Herba Siegesbeckiae, Chrysanthemum, Chrysanthemum, Artemisia annua, coltsfoot, Senecio, Atractylodes, herb, burdock, snow lotus, saffron, milk thistle, dandelion, etc. . Compositae of China, about 300 species for medicinal purposes. Sunflower, safflower plants for the oil. Native of tropical America, stevia, with high sugar, raw materials for the food industry, introduction and cultivation. Yang Jiang tubers can be processed into pickles, Tonghaosu is all over the vegetables. Blumea balsamifera, also known as borneol grass, leaves containing borneol, can put ice sheet. Pyrethrum is an important insecticide or insect plants. Asteraceae There are many well-known ornamental plants, such as chrysanthemum, wood garland chrysanthemum, marigold and so on. According to the structure of flower heads is divided into two subfamilies, namely: ① tubular flowers subfamily. Discoid flower heads, all florets bisexual, tubular, or shaped flower heads, while the female flowers tubular and filamentous or thin tubular central bisexual flower, or tongue side of the female flowers while the central tubular hermaphrodite flowers. ② subfamily ray florets. Radial capitulum, the same type, all florets bisexual, ligulate, milk plants, and only 1 family, namely Ju lettuce family. Asteraceae compositae (asteraceae) 1. Tubular flowers subfamily carduoideae kitam. 01. Willd family vernonieae cass. 1. Willd subfamily vernoninae o. hoffm. 001. Du Li genus ethulia linn. 002. Willd is vernonia schreb. 003. Diao Ying genus camchaya gagnep. 2. To flabellata subfamily lychnophorinae o. hoffm. 004. To flabellata is elephantopus linn. 005. Flabellata is false to pseudelephantopus rohr. 02. Zeeland Family eupatorieae cass. 1. Pigg Compositae subtribe piquerineae o. hoffm. 006. Shimoda genus adenostemma jr et g. forst. 2. Subtribe Ageratum ageratinae o. hoffm. 007. Ageratum are ageratum linn. 008. Zeeland is eupatorium linn. 009. Stevia is stevia cav. 010. False Zeeland is mikania willd. 03. Astereae astereae cass. 1. Goldenrod subfamily solidaginae o. hoffm. 011. SOLIDAGO solidago linn. 2. Hypericum Yellow subfamily grangeinae o. hoffm. 012. Fisheye Genus dichrocephala dc. 013. Cup genus cyathocline cass. 014. Hypericum Yellow is grangea adans. 3. Daisy subfamily bellidinae o. hoffm. 015. Flask head Genus lagenophora cass. 016. Autumnal equinox Genus rhynchospermum reinw. Ex blume 017. Nien crown Genus myriactis less. 018. Daisy is bellis linn. 4. Aster subfamily asterinae o. hoffm. 019. Thorn crown genus calotis r. brown. 020. Bare-Wan is gymnaster kitam. 021. Malan is kalimeris cass. 022. Aster is callistephus cass. 023. Structure of Seven genus heteropappus less. 024. Dongfeng Cai is doellingeria nees 025. Female Wan is turczaninowia dc. 026. Aster aster linn. 027. Yan Wan is krylovia schischk. 028. Wood Aster is asterothamnus novopokr. 029. Milk Wan is galatella cass. 030. Ma Wan is linosyris cass. 031. Sha Wan is arctogeron dc. 032. Alkali Wan is tripolium nees 033. Short Star genus brachyactis ledeb. 034. Different genus heteroplexis chang crack 035. Maoguan Ju is nannoglottis maxim. 036. Cold bottle is psychrogeton boiss. 037. Erigeron is erigeron linn. 5. Liquor grass subfamily conyzinae o. hoffm. 038. Uvula genus microglossa dc. 039. Liquor Genus conyza less. 040. Dismutase umbrella genus thespis dc. 04. Inula family inuleae cass. 1. Chrysanthemum shell width subfamily plucheinae reichenb. 041. Draba genus cavea ww smith et j. small 042. Blumea is blumea dc. 043. To be genus Blumea blumeopsis gagnep. 044. Hexagon genus laggera sch.-bip. Ex hochst. 045. Wide bud genus pluchea cass. 046. Floral wood is karelinia less. 047. Ball genus (herbivorous geese do not belong) epaltes cass. 048. Wearing a Star of the Genus sphaeranthus linn. 049. Pterocaulon elliot genus stem wings 2. Bud grass subfamily symphyllocarpinae smolj. 050. Bud Genus symphyllocarpus maxim. 3. Xu Ju subfamily filagininae o. hoffm. 051. Flocculation genus filago linn. 4. Murine Dan grass subfamily gnaphalinae geichenb. 052. Antennaria is antennaria gaertn. 053. Leontopodium leontopodium r. br. 054. Anaphalis genus anaphalis dc. 055. Cotton genus phagnalon cass. 056. Murine Dan Linn gnaphalium linn. 057. Immortelle is helichrysum mill. 5. Inula subfamily inulinae o. hoffm. 058. Inula is inula linn. 059. Reed aspartate is pentanema cass. 060. Flea genus pulicaria gaertn. 061. Days were Polygonatum (gold digging ear is) carpesium linn. 062. Monk food is adenocaulon hook. 6. Bull's-eye daisy subfamily buphthalminae o. hoffm. 063. Bovine genus buphthalmum linn. 064. Shan Huang is anisopappus hook. Et arn. 05. Sunflower family heliantheae cass. 1. Subtribe milleriinae Daisy Miller 065. Shrimp genus sheareria s. moore be 2. Ragweed subtribe ambrosiinae 066. Xanthium xanthium linn. 067. Ragweed ambrosia linn. 3. Black foot daisy subfamily melampodiinae 068. Thorn fruit bud is acanthospermum schrank. 069. Guayule is parthenium linn. 4. Compositae subtribe zinniinae Hundred Days 070. Hundred Days genus zinnia linn. 071. Snake Head genus sanvitalia gualt. 5. Whip subfamily verbesiinae Ju 072. Herba Siegesbeckiae is siegesbeckia linn. 073. Biogas genus enydra lour. 074. Eclipta intestine is eclipta linn. 075. Jinguang Ju is rudbeckia linn. 076. Yimang genus (Platinum Wei is) blainvillea cass. 077. Wedelia trilobata is wedelia jacq. 078. Swollen stem genus tithonia desf. 079. Sunflowers are helianthus linn. 080. Gold buttons are spilanthes jacq. 6. Coreopsidinae subfamily Coreopsis 081. Rumped arrows are synedrella gaertn. 082. Genus Coreopsis coreopsis linn. 083. Dahlia is a dahlia cav. 084. Autumn British cosmos cav. 085. Bidens bidens linn. 086. Mushroom genus (genus Acropora) glossogyne cass. 7. Bidentata subfamily galinsoginae Ju 087. Achyranthes genus galinsoga ruiz et cav. 088. Yu Mountain genus tridax linn. 06. Heap heart daisy family helenieae cass. 1. Marigold subfamily tagetedinae 089. Tagetes tagetes linn. 2. Heap heart subfamily heleninae Ju 090. Heap heart genus helenium linn. 091. Indian Blanket is a gaillardia foug. 07. Tribe anthemideae cass. 1. Chun Huang subfamily anthemidinae o. hoffm. 092. Chamomile is anthemis linn. 093. If Xiangju is chamaemelum mill. 094. Achillea genus achillea linn. 095. Tianshan is handelia heimerl Achillea 2. Compositae subtribe chrysantheminae o. hoffm. 096. Wood Tonghaosu is argyranthemum webb ex sch.-bip. 097. Tonghaosu is a chrysanthemum linn. 098. Kohama genus leucanthemella tzvel. 099. Bin genus leucanthemum mill. 100. Short tongue genus brachanthemum dc. 101. Chrysanthemum dendranthema (dc.) des moul. 102. Mother genus matricaria linn. 103. Three ribbed fruit is tripleurospermum sch.-bip. 104. Horse genus pyrethrum zinn. 105. Taihang Chrysanthemum opisthopappus shih 106. Sheath crown genus coleostephus cass. 107. Tanacetum tanacetum linn. 108. Complex Mount genus formania ww smith et j. small 109. Bian Mount genus allardia decne. 110. F Artemisia hippolytia poljak. 111. Flowers Artemisia stilpnolepis krasch. 112. Small chamomile is cancrinia kar. Et kir. 113. Sub-genus ajania poljak. 114. Paintbrush genus ajaniopsis shih 115. Line leaves genus filifolium kitam. 116. Kashgar genus kaschgaria poljak. 117. Artemisia artemisia linn. 118. Seriphidium seriphidium (bess.) poljak. 119. Chlamys leaves of Artemisia neopallasia poljak. 120. Hibiscus genus crossostephium less. 121. Shek coriander is centipeda lour. 122. Mountain coriander is cotula linn. 123. Bare column genus soliva ruiz et pavon. 08. Senecioneae senecioneae cass. 1. Butterbur subfamily tussilaginae dum. 124. More palm genus doronicum linn. 125. Big Wu Feng Genus farfugium lindl. 126. Ligularia ligularia cass. 127. Nutation genus cremanthodium benth. 128. China is a crab sinacalia h. robins. Et brettel 129. Dismutase pen Chrysanthemum dicercoclados c. jeffrey et yl chen 130. Crab grass is a parasenecio ww smith et j. small 131. False Ligularia ligulariopsis yl chen 132. Cacalia umbrella is syneilesis maxim. 133. Butterbur is tussilago linn. 134. Butterbur food is petasites mill. 2. Tephroseridinae subfamily tephroseridinae c. jeffrey et yl chen 135. Po children genus sinosenecio b. nord. 136. Tephroseridinae is tephroseris (reichenb.) reichenb. 137. Bipinnata genus nemosenecio (kitam.) b. nord. 3. Senecioneae subfamily senecioninae dumort. 138. Co ear genus synotis (cb clarke) c. jeffrey et yl chen 139. Rattan genus cissampelopsis (dc.) miq. 140. Senecio senecio linn. 141. Wild Tonghaosu is crassocephalum moench 142. Ju Qin is erechtites rafin 143. Chrysanthemum genus Panax gynura cass. 144. That red is emilia cass. 145. Cineraria is pericallis d. don 09. Marigold family calenduleae cass. 146. Marigolds are calendula linn. 10. Echinops family echinopsideae cass. 147. Echinops is echinops linn. 11. Choi Ji family cynareae less. 1. Thorn bud subfamily carlininae o. hoffm. 148. Thorn bud genus (gill bud technique is) carlina linn. 149. Atractylodes atractylodes dc. 2. Crispus subfamily carduinae o. hoffm. 150. Ling genus jurinea cass. 151. Ball genus bolocephalus hand.-mazz. 152. Verbascum genus pilostemon iljin 153. Saussurea saussurea dc. 154. Echinops genus cousinia cass. 155. Tiger thistle is schmalhausenia c. winkl. 156. Burdock is arctium linn. 157. Top Yu genus acroptilon cass. 158. Huang Ying genus xanthopappus c. winkl. 159. Hystrix genus olgaea iljin 160. Fin membrane genus alfredia cass. 161. Xinjiang genus syreitschikovia pavl. 162. Dish thistle is cynara linn. 163. Thistle is cirsium mill. 164. Rib thistle fruit is ancathia dc. 165. Clay dish is hemistepta bunge Hu 166. Large winged thistle is onopordum linn. 167. Sichuan wood is dolomiaea dc. 168. Heavy genus diplazoptilon ling Yu 169. Crispus is carduus linn. 170. Oligochaete genus oligochaeta c. koch 171. Silymarin is silybum adans. 172. Leathery shell genus tugarinovia iljin 173. Semi-wool genus crupina cass. 3. Cornflower subfamily centaureinae o. hoffm. 174. Gentiana head is serratula linn. 175. Grain shell genus russowia c. winkl. 176. Oblique fruit genus plagiobasis schrenk 177. Mountain burdock is synurus iljin 178. Loulu is stemmacantha cass. 179. Safflower is carthamus linn. 180. Needle shell genus tricholepis dc. 181. Try to cover up the genus cnicus linn. 182. Mrs Chrysanthemum amberboa (pers.) less. 183. Cornflower is centaurea linn. 184. Nitraria genus schischkinia iljin 185. Thin scales genus chartolepis cass. 186. Ryukyu shell genus hyalea (dc.) jaub. Et spach 12. Broom wooden daisy family mutisieae cass. 1. Shiragiku wood subfamily gochnatinae o. hoffm. 187. Shiragiku wood is gochnatia hbk 188. Broom genus pertya sch.-bip. 2. Gerbera subfamily gerberinae o. hoffm. 189. Grasshopper legs are myripnois bunge 190. Cacalia wind is ainsliaea dc. 191. Sumac Ju wood is nouelia franch. 192. Gerbera genus gerbera cass. 2. Zhuanghua subfamily cichorioideae kitam. 13. Chicory family lactuceae cass. 1. Chicory subfamily hyoseridinae less. 195. Chicory is cichorium linn. 196. Heliconia genus koelpinia pall. 2. Scorzonera subfamily scorzonerinae dum. 197. Scorzonera is scorzonera linn. 198. Murine hair genus epilasia (bunge) benth. 199. Salsify is tragopogon linn. 3. Cat Daisy subfamily hypochaerinae less. 200. Cat genus hypochaeris linn. 201. Hair with dish is picris linn. 202. Little sore genus garhadiolus jaub. Et spach 4. Lettuce subfamily lactucinae less. 203. Chicory food is sonchus linn. 204. Lagedium soják genus Lactuca 205. Milk lettuce is mulgedium cass. 206. Thick beak genus dubyaea dc. 207. Mountain willow genus hieracium linn. 208. Yang also participate in an crepis linn. 209. Youngia is youngia cass. 210. Hexi genus hexinia hl yang 211. False positive argument is also crepidiastrum nakai 212. Suppository fruit genus launaea cass. 213. Flowers Pei genus faberia sch.-bip. 214. Fake flowers Pei genus faberiopsis shih et yl chen 215. False Fukuo paraprenanthes chang ex shih genus 216. Fukuo Genus prenanthes linn. 217. Tamarin is soroseris stebbins lettuce 218. Co-head genus syncalathium lipsch. 219. Meat genus stebbinsia lipsch. 220. Croucher rice dishes are lapsana linn. 221. Purple Chrysanthemum notoseris shih 222. Ear genus nabalus cass. 223. Rock parameters are cicerbita wallr. 224. Pterocypsela is pterocypsela shih 225. Lettuce is lactuca linn. 226. Finches lettuce is scariola fw schmidt 227. P. sonchifolia is ixeris cass. 228. Small Kumai is ixeridium (a. gray) tzvel. 229. Sha Kumai is chorisis dc. 230. Cucumber dish is paraixeris nakai 231. Capelin genus chaetoseris shih 232. Fine lettuce is stenoseris shih 233. Head mouth genus cephalorrhynchus boiss. 234. Pink bud genus chondrilla linn. 235. Taraxacum taraxacum fh wigg. 236. Different beak genus heteracia fisch. Et ca mey. 237. Leave little beak genus paramicrorhynchus kirp. Additional: 238. Unknown is asteriscus mill. 239. Medal genus gazania gaertn. 240. Snake genus liatris gaertn. Ex schreb. 240. Loose herbs are silphium linn. 241. Glass Chrysanthemum stokesia l'hér.
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Functional Morphology
菊科 形态功能
Capitulum solitary stem or scape-like roof made of grass (such as dandelion, daisy is), or most of the flower heads arranged in the top of the umbrella room stems, (such as the sub-genus) spicate, racemose or panicles ( such as Artemisia), or most of the flower heads arranged in dense compound flower heads (such as Echinops genus, genus to gall.) Phyllaries colors and kinds, or leaf quality or membranous, or green or red or yellow or black or white. Involucre bracts composed of the total, and its role are: ① protection capitulum in flower; ② attract pollinators; ③ protection from the spread of fruit or fruit and the role, such as Xanthium inner bracts with hook thorns. Most flowers are insect-borne, cross-pollination. Capitulum to the heart of development, the first stamens or pistils first cooked or cooked out in the corolla tube style top. Only a few genera are wind-pollinated, such as ragweed, brush genus, Artemisia Artemisia and Artemisia. Drooping flower heads, flowers without nectaries, pollen surface with weak, degradation is usually a small thorn characteristics of wind-pollinated Compositae, and flower heads upright and clear, flower nectar, pollen and insects while the surface of the barbed associated with the media. Tendency to adapt to insect pollination are: ① the majority of Compositae flowers densely arranged flower heads, in order to attract pollinating insects provided a favorable basis, while the edge of the ray florets and central gender heterochromic discoid flowers increase of insects attractive; but not radial capitulum of the genus is increased by capitulum, style and color or style stretch out the Corolla, large concentrations of small capitulum, bracts strongly aromatic plants such as coloring or to attract insects; ② flower heads of the central disk flowers densely arranged to form a flat, honey the insects from crawling in the plane for the pollinators provide favorable conditions; ③ nectaries deep in and around the base of tubular flowers into a style order, long or short kiss kiss class under any circumstances insects to the nectar Jieneng mining, while also ensuring the teaching role.
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Ecological distribution
Compositae chromosome numbers of big changes, from x = 2 to x = 110 ~ 120. However, this extreme number of chromosomes is very rare, the most common chromosome number, including polyploid, including, is x = 9. Asteraceae adapt to very wide range of ethnic and Zeeland Family Willd adapted to tropical or subtropical mainly in habitats. Astereae, Tribe, Inula chicory family of all races and major adaptation in temperate mountain and high latitude regions. However, that is, within the same family have different ecological preferences, such as the nature of the Zeeland family taxa often with nature, such as epiphytic Zeeland; Tribe in both extreme xeric desert plants such as short-tongue Daisy is, there are marsh plants, such as parthenolide is. Even within the same genus both extremely xerophytic taxa, there are extreme groups in the classification of nature, such as Erigeron genus that is born of water, there are species adapted to the desert region. Senecio is a series of habitat range. Compositae variety of living habits, less than 5 cm high grass of the annual, there are up to 10 meters of tropical or subtropical tree; have many strong herbaceous perennial, but also a strong cold perennial herbs, such as alpine habitats Saussurea are some of the species. Eupatorium genus Willd genus, P. sonchifolia and Senecio there are small trees, shrubs, semi-shrubs, perennial herbs, etc. to the year, female half of Artemisia is a small shrub, erect perennial herb, stem of grass without the cushion-like herb or a series of life-form.
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Chemical composition
An important feature of the Asteraceae is completely replaced by inulin polysaccharides starch as storage. Some families containing alkaloids. Approximately 1000 containing two or more different types of Compositae vinyl compounds, especially vinyl-containing compounds 10, 13 and 14 to 18 carbon atoms. This is the Asteraceae valuable chemical taxonomy classification features. Sesquiterpene lactones contained Asteraceae has a strong heart, cancer, anthelmintic, analgesic effects. There are more than 350 species of undergraduate sesquiterpene lactones. Aster family, clan and broom calendula daisy family absence of such secondary wood products. Vernonia spp aloesin containing Vernonia Vernonia door and aloesin; gall genus containing some kind of bitter bile pigment and iso bitter bitter bitter bile pigment. These components have the effect of inhibiting tumor growth. As with wide wood and dihydro-β-lactone wide lactone, can inhibit schistosome cercariae penetrate the skin. A species of the genus Eupatorium (Eupatorium rotundifolium) made bitter lactone Zeeland, Zeeland chlorine lactone 8 kinds of sesquiterpene lactones is the active ingredient in inhibiting tumor growth. Zeeland Zeeland contain false false lactone, inhibits Staphylococcus aureus and yeast growth. Stevia leaves can be extracted from 6 to 10% of Zeeland glycosides, is famous for its sweet substance, is an important raw material in the food industry. Elecampane is qi, pain, appetite medicine, and sesame oil extracted from the Civil alantolactone, Isoalantolactone and dihydrogen Alantolactone you have to kill intestinal parasites role, but also can inhibit seed germination and seedling growth. Inula flower containing inulicin with vomiting and irritation of the nasal mucosa role. Bidens and Coreopsis is a disulfide-containing metallocene compounds, namely 5 - methyl-5'-butadiene, 2,2 '- disulfiram Mao. Cocklebur contains a hypoglycemic ingredient. Many plants contain heap heap heart genus Chrysanthemum heart lactone with anti-human pathogenic fungus role. Some heap heart daisy milk containing bitter lactone, cattle eating, the milk becomes bitter. This reactor also contains two other heart daisy sesquiterpene, a bitterness heap heart daisy lactone analgesic effect in animal experiments show that morphine over; another heap heart daisy aromatic lactones, the has significant anticancer activity. Gaillardia is a beautiful Gaillardia Gaillardia containing lactone and beautiful Gaillardia lactone A, B, C, D, E and beautiful Gaillardia base. Beautiful Gaillardia lactones with anticancer activity. Tagetes genus of sulfur-containing α-three-mao, marigold and 7 flavin glucoside. Ai genus contains many species of plants Hill Road; Some species contain geraniol lactone type Aitan peace guaiac lactone of absinthe absinthe factors and safety factors, the latter two as bitter lactone drugs and insect repellents ; isolated from Artemisia annua, a new antimalarial active ingredient artemisinin, which is a group with the ring over sesquiterpene lactones. Pyrethrum insecticide active ingredient is pyrethrum lactone. Artemisia genus containing more acetylene compounds. Senecioneae some are rich in alkaloids; sesquiterpene lactones with special wooden Buddha lactone and butterbur lactones type, there are also fake guaiac lactone type. Several family are some plants that have pentacyclic triterpenoids such as butterbur. Calendula contain rubber, inositol, four terpenes pigments and other substances pentacyclic triterpenoids. Milk thistle fruits of silymarin and burdock burdock fruit glycosides are lignan compound; distill out from the liver and gallbladder artichoke artichoke acid composition has proven to be 1,5 - caffeoyl acid sodium chicken . Brooms genus found in tetracyclic triterpenoids. Lettuce is in some kind of milk called lettuce opium, narcotic antitussive effect. Poison lettuce lettuce lettuce bitter lactone and lactone are more sore lactone. Fake alcohol containing dandelion Taraxacum dandelion alcohol.
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Economic significance
Asteraceae large number of medicinal, ornamental and economic plants. Medicinal plants Perrin, Blumea, edelweiss, days were fine, sign, Chrysanthemum, Chrysanthemum, Artemisia annua, coltsfoot, Senecio, Atractylodes, herb, burdock, snow lotus, saffron, milk thistle, dandelion, etc. . Compositae of China, about 300 species for medicinal purposes. Sunflower, safflower plants for the oil in a large area of cultivation in northwest China. Native of tropical America, stevia, with high sugar, raw materials for the food industry, introduction and cultivation of China. Yang Jiang tubers can be processed into pickles, Tonghaosu is all over the vegetables. Blumea balsamifera, also known as borneol grass, leaves containing borneol, can put ice sheet. Pyrethrum is an important insecticide or insect plants. Asteraceae There are many well-known ornamental plants, such as chrysanthemum, wood garland chrysanthemum, marigold, daisy and aster, marigold, Tagetes patula, Compositae such as the Hundred Days. A common weed Cephalanoplos Compositae, mud Hu vegetables, and Eupatorium odoratum and so on.
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Evolution of classification
British botanist G. Bentham (1873) that the Asteraceae is the most recent one edge of the Branch Division lobelia, and the other is the angle flower calyx Division, which is actually advocating is binary Asteraceae occurred. J. Hutchinson (1969) also advocated the Compositae is a binary happen, he thought the purpose of the Campanulaceae Platycodon the original family is a class that Verbesininae Asteraceae sunflower family ancestors, and the other Division heads Campanulaceae , that lobelia Branch is a higher degree of Asteraceae in the evolution of a class of family ancestors. American botanist A. Cronquist (1955) not only that the sunflower family Asteraceae family is the original family, chosen by the other ethnic groups derived from sunflower family, and the head is madder confirmed the original ancestral Asteraceae. Soviet botanist А. Л. Ta Heta Jiang also put forward a similar view that the Asterales, Eustoma flower head and the head angle calyx common origin in the rough gentian, gentian, or the direct target of the former two original ancestors. However, the pollen from the Miocene fossil record view Compositae, Asteraceae is the origin of at least mid-Cretaceous, a family is quite old. Therefore, any of the existing families in the back the origin of the Asteraceae, or the original ancestor, it is more difficult. G. Bentham (1873) for the first time will be divided into 13 family Asteraceae: ① Willd family (Vernonieae), ② Zeeland Family (Eupatorieae), ③ Astereae (Astereae), ④ Inula family (Inuleae), ⑤ sunflower tribe (Heliantheae), ⑥ heap heart daisy family (Helenieae), ⑦ Tribe (Anthemideae), ⑧ Senecioneae (Senecioneae), ⑨ marigold family (Calenduleae), ⑩ Arototideae family (China there is no such tribe), food thistle family (Cynareae), wooden broom daisy family (Mutisieae), chicory family (Cichorieae). Some scholars later Asteraceae family level made by some small changes. Section lower level of the traditional classification is based on the structure of the capitulum 13 Bentham established family owned two subfamilies, namely: ① tubular flowers subfamily, discoid flower heads, all florets bisexual, tubular or shaped flower heads, while the female flowers tubular and filamentous or thin tubular central bisexual flower, or tongue side of the female flowers while the central tubular hermaphrodite flowers. ② ray florets subfamily, radial capitulum, the same type, all florets bisexual, ligulate, milk plants, only one family, the daisy-lettuce family. German botanist G. Wagner Leibniz (1976) According to the morphological characteristics of the ethnic groups reorganized into two groups. The first group is: Willd family, Liabeae family, wood broom chrysanthemum family, food thistle family, Lan thorn family, Arctotideae family, Ju lettuce family; the second group are: Zeeland family, sunflower family, heap heart daisy family, Senecioneae, marigold family, Astereae, Inula family spring Tribe. American botanist A. Cronquist (1966) based on wood anatomical properties Asteraceae, also proposed a similar classification, he divided to two subfamilies: ① chicory subfamily, including wooden broom chrysanthemum family, Willd family, food thistle family, Arctotideae family, chicory family, Zeeland family; ② Aster subfamily, including the sunflower family, Astereae, Inula race, marigold family, Senecioneae spring Tribe. The two systems with the existing generally accepted traditional classification methods, is actually a division by phylogenetic methods. The two systems with the American botanist in 1977, Guevara JJ LANDesk's terms of Asteraceae palynological data more consistent.
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Encyclopedia
ju ke Asteraceae Compositae Willd group focused on the northern and central South America, Africa has a larger development. Eupatorium tribe concentrated in Central America. Astereae global distribution. Tribe mainly Old World taxa, few species in North America. Inula family mainly in Africa and Oceania. Chicory family is mainly distributed in Europe, North America, there are a great species diversity. 13 family Asteraceae, sunflower family maximum, 221 genera, mainly in South America and North America; the smallest family is the marigold family, only 11 genera, mainly distributed in South America; these two families were all in the introduction and cultivation of China or naturalization. Table Asteraceae genera of all the genera of Asteraceae of all statistics. Functional morphology, or solitary flower heads from the top of scape-like herb stems (such as dandelion, daisy is), or most of the flower heads arranged in the top of the umbrella room stems, (such as the sub-genus) spicate, racemose or cone inflorescence (eg, Artemisia), or most of the flower heads arranged in dense compound flower heads (such as Echinops genus, genus to gall.) Phyllaries colors and kinds, or leaf quality or membranous, or green or red or yellow or black or white. Involucre bracts composed of the total, are: ① protect the flower heads of flowers; ② attract pollinators; ③ protection from the spread of fruit or fruit and the role, such as Xanthium inner bracts with hooked spines. Most flowers are insect-borne, cross-pollination. Capitulum to the heart of development, the first stamens or pistils first cooked or cooked out in the corolla tube style top. Only a few genera are wind-pollinated, such as ragweed, brush genus, Artemisia Artemisia and Artemisia. Drooping flower heads, flowers without nectaries, pollen surface with weak, degradation is usually a small thorn characteristics of wind-pollinated Compositae, and flower heads upright and clear, flower nectar, pollen and insects while the surface of the barbed associated with the media. Tendency to adapt to insect pollination are: ① the majority of Compositae flowers densely arranged flower heads, in order to attract pollinating insects provided a favorable basis, while the edge of the ray florets and central gender heterochromic discoid flowers increase of insects attractive; but not radial capitulum of the genus is increased by capitulum, style and color or style stretch out the Corolla, large concentrations of small capitulum, bracts strongly aromatic plants such as coloring or to attract insects; ② flower heads of the central disk flowers densely arranged to form a flat, honey the insects from crawling in the plane for the pollinators provide favorable conditions; ③ nectaries deep in and around the base of tubular flowers into a style order, long or short kiss kiss class under any circumstances insects to the nectar Jieneng mining, while also ensuring the teaching role. Ecological distribution of Asteraceae shrubs common to the original wood-ray hybrid shaped rays, rays short, secondary xylem ray cells and the length of tubular molecules of medium size. Asteraceae shrub life form is the subject of a primitive life form, herbaceous shrub or tree of life by the type of behavior
Osteospermum