Telephone complaints Tea Horse Road Lhasa City Tourism complaints Tel :0891-66508080891 -6324691 Tibet tourism complaints Tel :0891 -6,834,193 State Tourism Tel :010-65275315 Complaint Tea-Horse Road is actually a road base to be called a trend terms, in fact, a number of local lines, like rivers and tributaries of the main vein. The formation of the two main veins that are the Sichuan-Tibet Road and Yunnan Road. Starting from Sichuan Yaan Sichuan-Tibet Road, the Kangding, Batang, etc. to reach the Qamdo, and the other is by Kangding, Ganzi, Dege to Qamdo. Simao, Yunnan Pu'er tea producing area from the area near the Yunnan-Tibet Road, to the northwest by Dali, Lijiang, into Tibet, but also by the arrival Zogang Qamdo. Since Qamdo west of the Sichuan-Tibet and Yunnan-Tibet Road Trail integration occurs, from the beginning Qamdo by Lhorong, Jiali, Gongbo'gyamda to Lhasa. However, both the end and not an end in Lhasa. Broader sense of the Tea Horse Road will continue westward. Starting again from Lhasa, the Gyantse, Shigatse, southwest to central Asia, West Asia and South Asia. But the road to and from the time the goods have been different and the tea is not the main materials, and transportation is no longer responsible for the same number of caravans. In fact, very few people since ancient times thousands of miles long to finish this old road. Tea Horse Road "Tea Horse Road" originated in the ancient "tea-horse trade" can be said is it a "trade", after "Road." "Tea-horse trade" is the history of western China, a traditional Tibetan ethnic Yi tea for a horse or a horse for the content of tea trade. Song Mountain in Sichuan and other places also _set_ up a special tea-horse trade, government administration bodies, "Tea-Horse Division." Prosperity of the ancient tea-horse trade the western region's economic and cultural, but also created a Tea-Horse Road this transmission path. Tea-Horse Road is magnificent, and for the year to walk the trail for the caravan, it was a journey fraught with peril. Southwest high mountains and swift rivers, water transport imaginable. The Hill's steep ups and downs, they simply can not drive vehicles. Under such conditions, the caravan as the only appropriate mode of transport, the formation of the Tea Horse Road is a unique landscape on. Tea Horse Road can be said to be a horse's leg muscles with a human and walked out of the road. From one valley to another valley, from one village to another village, a caravan of communication have taken the road of life around and become a link between the southwest region. The caravan had stopped to stay, the commodity distribution of the Inn, as the later town. So far today, the Old Town of Lijiang Tea Horse Road is the best preserved ancient city, known as the "tea-horse town alive." Anti-Japanese War, in order to check the Nu River area to the east to the invading Japanese army, and I blew up the bridge-watchers Hui Tong engineers determined the bridge, cutting off the international traffic was the only one road - the Burma Road. Then late in the war against Japan, the transport on the Tea Horse Road flourished as a major international business behind the Southwest path.
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Introduction
Tea-Horse Road is that exist in China's southwestern region, Ma Gang as the main means of transport to the private international trade routes, Southwest China's economic and cultural corridor, Tea Horse Road is a very special geographical appellation, is a natural beauty in the world The most spectacular cultural tourism absolutely the most mysterious goods lines, it is the seat development of different cultural heritage. (Gaosh.com) Ancient Tea Horse Road from the southwest border of the tea-horse trade, flourished in the Tang and Song, Sheng Yu Ming and Qing dynasties, the most prosperous post-World War II. (Gaosh.com) Tea Horse Road sub-Sichuan-Tibet, Yunnan two connecting Sichuan Yunnan-Tibet, extending into Bhutan, Sikkim, Nepal, in India, until the West Asia, West Africa, the Red Sea coast. (Gaosh.com) Yunnan-Tibet Cha Ma Ancient Road approximately formed in the late sixth century AD, it is the main producing areas south from Simao, Yunnan tea, Pu'er, in the middle, after today's Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture and Lijiang, Shangri-La into Tibet, Lhasa direct. Some also from Tibet re-India, Nepal, China and South Asia, the ancient trade route of a major. (Gaosh.com) Pu'er Tea Horse Road is a unique advantage on the origin and transit of goods distribution center, has a long history. (Gaosh.com)
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Origin
The mountains and canyons in the mountain range in Yunnan, Sichuan and Tibet, "Triangle" area into the jungle wilderness, a mysterious stretch of trail circling, which is highest in the world lying spread of civilization and culture, one of the Trail "Tea Horse Road . " Tea Horse Road in Yunnan, Tibet line is: Xishuangbanna - Pu'er - Dali - Lijiang - Deqin - Zayu - Banda - Nyingchi - Lhasa. To Lhasa of tea, but also export to India by the Himalayas, Calcutta, a large number of marketing Europe and Asia, making it become an international channel. This international channel, life and death in the occasion of the Chinese Anti-Japanese War played an important role.
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History
According to historical records, Chinese tea was first transmitted to the overseas can be traced back to Northern and Southern Dynasties. Chinese businessmen were adjacent to the border with Mongolia, by way of barter tea, tea export to Turkey. Sui and Tang dynasties, with the development and expansion of border trade market, coupled with the opening of the Silk Road, Chinese tea to tea-horse trade the way, the Uighur and other Western Regions to the West Asia, North Asia and Arab countries such as transportation, eventually finding the middle of Siberia, the final arrived in Russia and European countries. From the Tang Dynasty, rulers are actively taking control of the means of tea-horse trading. Tang Suzong D'Dynasty (AD 756) to the first year of the millennium, in rode Mongolia Chashi Uighur region, creating a precedent for tea-horse trading. Northern Song Dynasty, tea-horse trading areas, mainly in Shaanxi and Gansu, easy horse to take place in Chuanshu tea, and in Chengdu, Qinzhou (now Tianshui, Gansu) to buy the home of tea and horses Monopolizing Division. Yuan Dynasty, the official repeal of the Song Dynasty Tea imposed border policy. The Ming Dynasty, but also restored the tea-horse policy, and intensified, as a rule the Northwest this policy an important means for people of all nationalities. The first Ming Emperor Hongwu, high-quality horses for a maximum of 120 pounds of tea. Ming Dynasty, the tea _set_ for thirty fine horses a grate, middle twenty, the lower fifth. Tang Ming writer in the "Tea," the poem reads: "Black tea a Ho, Ho Shu Qiang Ma." "Qiang Ma and yellow tea, Humayun ask Kim." Indicates the tea-horse trading market was booming and prosperity. To the Qing Dynasty, the tea-horse has loose border policy, more private tea merchant in the tea-horse trading costs more than tea and horses have been less. Qing Emperor Yongzheng thirteenth year, Horse and Tea Trading System terminated. Frontier Tea trading system beginning from the Tang to the Qing Dynasty ended, after almost a thousand years of vicissitudes. Tea market transactions in the long years, the Chinese businessmen in the northwest, southwest border, with their feet, take a rough stretch of Tea-Horse Road. The so-called Tea Horse Road, the caravan is in fact an authentic way. Tea Horse Road there are two main lines: one from Sichuan Yaan, passed Luding, Kangding, Batang, Qamdo to Lhasa, Tibet, to Nepal, India, the domestic route length of over 3100 km; another route from Yunnan Pu'er Tea Country of Origin (now Xishuangbanna, Simao, etc.), passes through Dali, Lijiang, mid Deqin, to Tibet Banda, Zayu or Qamdo, Lhorong, Gongbo'gyamda, Lhasa, and then by Gyangze, Yadong, respectively, to Myanmar, Nepal, India, the domestic route length of over 3800 km. In the two main lines along the way, thick with numerous large and small extension to Yunnan, Tibet, Sichuan, "Triangle" area closely linked together to form the world's highest terrain, the most dangerous mountain road, away from the most distant of tea Ma Wenming Road. Trail is hard in the caravan of thousands, day after day, year after year, in the camped difficult trip, with elegantly horses run around the ring and broke the thousands of years of quiet mountain valley, opened up a path to economic and trade extraterritorial road. Rushing to make a living in the snowy plateau special experience, bringing their trust and loyalty of character weight; exercise of their courage and ability to tell right from wrong. They are both businessmen trading business, but also to open up explorer Tea Horse Road. They relied on their own fortitude, courage and wisdom, effort and sweat watered with a way of life is leading to Tea Horse Road, exploration of the road and the road of life. History has proven that the original Tea Horse Road is a road beyond the humanistic spirit. Each caravan embark on the journey is a journey of life and death experience. Tea Horse Road unusually dangerous, but the spectacular natural scenery along the way but can inspire people to potential courage, strength and endurance, sublimation of the soul of man to bring out the true meaning of life and great. Moreover, Tibetan Buddhism's spread on the Tea Horse Road, but also further promote the Northwest Naxi, Bai, Tibetan, and other economic ties between the fraternal peoples and cultural exchanges, enhanced inter-ethnic unity and friendship. Along the way, some pious artists Mani Dui roadside rocks and painted, engraved a large number of Buddha, Bodhisattvas and monks, as well as animal spirits, conch, moon and stars and other images. Or coarse or fine those who shape the art of a long journey for the trail adds a spiritual sacred and solemn, that distant horizon for adding a dash of mystery. From the ancient Tang dynasty, until the twentieth century, the fifties and sixties Yunnan, Sichuan-Tibet Highway is through, and experienced a thousand years of vicissitudes, Tea Horse Road is like a large corridor connecting the various ethnic groups along the way, the development of the the local economy, revitalizing the commodity markets, and promote the border areas of agriculture, animal husbandry development. At the same time, areas along the art, religion, customs and culture, ideology has also been unprecedented prosperity and development. Today, thousands of years ago the ancient Tea Horse Road open, groups of caravan figure disappeared, and crisp, melodious Tuoling Sheng away, the ancient tea floating grass fragrance dissipated. However, leaving India in the Tea Horse Road and Horseshoe brand footprints of their ancestors, and the countless memories of the ancient, but turned into a noble descendants of the Chinese national entrepreneurship. The fighting spirit of the endless fighting in the history of the Chinese nation cast a seat carved monument of the eternal, shining future generations honor and glory of the Chinese nation. ● old, the field of human and animal communication path Qamdo is a long walk from the human and animal naturally formed. ● the 7th century, the rise of Tibet in the Tibetan Plateau. Early Tang Dynasty, Tibet south, the territory of the Jinsha River in Zhongdian, on the erection of iron bridges, open up the channel between the Yunnan-Tibet. ● Song, "off Shaanxi lost, can not deal", the tea-horse trade in the major markets moved to the southwest. ● Yuan, energetically open post road, _set_ting up post stations. ● Ming continue to strengthen the post road building. ● Post Station Qing Dynasty to Tibet organization was renamed the "pond" of Tong's management more strict and meticulous. ● Qing Dynasty, tea greatly increased. ● Anti-Japanese War in the late southwest Tea Horse Road into the rear major international business channel. ● 1950 years ago, Qamdo as a business center in eastern Tibet. ● History Ancient Tea Horse Road There are three main lines: the Qinghai-Tibet Railway (Tang the Road), Yunnan-Tibet line and the Sichuan-Tibet line. ● Yunnan-Tibet line Tea-Horse Road in the Tang Dynasty, Yunnan-Tibet Highway is broadly in line with the current phase approximation, starting from today in Dali, Yunnan, north to the Jianchuan, then north to Lijiang, the city continues along the north over the iron bridge, after 锛Yu DL sub-field to the city, the first line to the salt well, then north along the Lancang River to the horse dare (the Tibet Mangkang). Zogang, two Road to Tibet: one by Basu Banda, Caya to Qamdo; one straight to the Basu, Bomi, Nyingchi been to Lhasa. ● history of Yunnan Tea Horse Road Line has three roads: one from the flood in the town of Tacheng Jiang Heli, after collapsing sub-column, Adelaide Emirates, Tianzhu Village, wool and other places of public law, to Tibet; a Bai Jianchuan flood to the starting Weixi Association, after Adelaide Emirates, and then matched to a road and on Tibet; a departure from the Zhongdian, after Nigeria color down, Yin Island, collapsed in the field, sweep the slaves, and other places to Ebulaka Tibet. The main channel that Yunnan line with this approach. Formation The formation of ancient Sichuan-Tibet Tea Abstract: Tang and Song dynasties, China's tea exports to Tibet is the Qinghai-Tibet Road, the main. From the Ming Dynasty, tea was officially formed Sichuan-Tibet, Sichuan-Tibet Sichuan tea ceremony, the rise of commercial towns along the route to promote the rise of the Sichuan-Tibet and Tibet and the Mainland, the Sichuan-Tibet Tea is not only an economic lines, but also a political line and defense line, so that foreign forces no longer able to separate Tibet from China. China's tea production in the south, north and northwest of cold areas do not produce leaves. Sichuan is also the world of tea, the birthplace of tea. Han Previously, only tea and tea in Sichuan area of commodity production. To the Tang Dynasty, tea formed a rich situation, and from the Tang Dynasty, Sichuan Mianzhou, Shu states, state and other places Qiong tea, the tea from the other regions into Tibet, the Tibetan people began the history of tea, Tibet's tea exports to the emergence of the road. In the Tang Dynasty, the Qinghai-Tibet Road is between Tibet and the Central Plains the main traffic road. External expansion Tubo Dynasty, in addition to the South line of battle nearly all outside the south marsh by Qinghai, north west line of battle, Longyou, four Anxi towns compete for the Western, Eastern competition JN, between the Tang Dynasty and the pro, and asked employment and other envoys contacts are made Tianshui, large non-Chuan, Warm Springs, Heyuan, Tongtian to some logic (now in Lhasa.) Princess Wen Cheng and Princess Jincheng but also by the Qinghai Tibet. In short, the Tang Dynasty and Tibet, the Central Plains region of the Qinghai-Tibet Road Traffic Road instead of the Sichuan-Tibet Road. Tang Dynasty, tea exports to the mainland is of the Qinghai-Tibet Tibet Road, the tea ceremony. With the collapse of the Tubo Dynasty, Song Dynasty hit Tibetan areas in the sub-state, the Qinghai-Tibet Road has lost the role of the military hub and the Official Road. However, since the Tang Dynasty Tibet after the introduction of tea, tea with the help of the digestion, oily solution of special features that make livestock meat milk people drink tea are rife. All ethnic groups in the Northwest have sold horses to the border to buy tea, and Song in order to obtain horses, and decided to carry out tea-horse trade in the Northwest, selling tea, buy horses. After the Northern Song Xining will _set_ the tea-horse in the Division of Sichuan, the Sichuan annual output of 3,000 million kg of tea most of the transport of Gansu, Qinghai _set_ hundreds of buy to sell tea plantation and dozens of horse field, and provides names can only annual Camellia buy a horse can not use it in more than 15,000 a year to buy the motor. So that the Qinghai-Tibet Road from military and political hub of the Tang Dynasty as the tea ceremony. Therefore, "Tibet Will" of the concept of Xun Chen said that since the Tang and Song dynasties, China travel, Tibet mainly by the Qinghai-Tibet road, "past as a positive Station Road, built to open the first, all this road since the Tang Dynasty." Starting from the Ming Dynasty, Sichuan-Tibet Tea was officially formed. As early as in Song and Yuan Dynasties official Liya, Tibetan stone door (all day) and other places and other ethnic Tibetan tea-horse trade to carry out, but the small number of tea were sold only to local ethnic food supply. Up to the Ming Dynasty, the government provided for in Sichuan, Shaanxi and Gansu provinces were thinking mixed reception to pay tribute missions and Tibet, while the Ming envoys respectively from the Sichuan, Shaanxi, Tibet. Northwest entered the Ming Dynasty, delivered to all Tibetan areas of Sichuan tea production accounts for only one-tenth of that of 100 kg, cover areas in Qinghai and Gansu, "bad fat horses" required for tea, the other most of the Sichuan tea, enter the reservoir by Liya area. The leader of Tibet, Tibetan monks and tribute to the Ming court's main objective is to get tea. Therefore, from the Sichuan-Tibet Road, they have to pay tribute. "Qin Shu tea, from the Tibetan stone door, Liya Gan flowers arrived, the birds think possession of five thousand years are used. The land of the people not get no such" ("Ming Tai Zu Record" Volume 251.) Then thirty-one years of Hongwu (1398) May, at four positions in the Sichuan tea _set_, "lieutenant-governor of Sichuan, ordered six-Fan Zhao Tao transfer paper Tianquan Division, will enter the age classes are lost Diao Cha Cha lesson doors Division I note sent to new positions Shouzhu place, listen to commercial transactions and Passionflower City Horse "Tianshun year (1458) five years, the Ming provides for the future possession of the local birds think of the food reward tea, tea-horse in the sculpture, the Secretary for support to the door. And make the birds think that only by the possession of the Sichuan-Tibet Road tribute to pay tribute, not by the state road into Tibet's Tao Gong. To Chenghua two years (1470), the Ming court thinking more clearly defined possession of Chancery birds, illustrates teach, explain technology and secondary education are four kings, and the hidden places near Bird Articles by four Chuanlurugong Tibetan Tribute. The Ming Dynasty in the elegant state, _set_ the tea-horse sculpture, SECRETARY door, hundreds of kg of tea annually exports go to the birds think Kham Tibetan, so that extended to the tea ceremony from Kham Tibet. The birds think possession Tribute exchanges, but also facilitated the smooth flow of the tea ceremony. So the tea trade to open up the Sichuan-Tibet Tea also become Official Road, and replace the status of the Qinghai-Tibet Road. Further strengthened the Qing Dynasty and Tibetan Kham region of operation, _set_ the station, relaxing tea, lose possession, Tachienlu confluence of tea in South side of the road, the more so the further prosperity of the Sichuan-Tibet Tea. In this way, formed by Ya Ming and Qing Dynasties, the more Tianquan Ma On Shan, Luding to Kangding the "path of Tea" and by Yaan, the greater the phase Xing Jing Ling, over the ridge, Luding to Kangding's "tea road", and then After the Kangding Yajiang, in Tong, Batang, river card, Caya, South Road, Lhasa, Qamdo to Kangding via dry from the tea ceremony and Ning, Daofu, Luhuo, Ganzi, Dege crossing the Jinsha Jiang Zhichang meet with the Road to Lhasa The North tea ceremony. This from the Ya'an to Kangding Kangding to Lhasa, the tea ceremony, both the Ming and Qing Dynasties of the Sichuan-Tibet Road, is today's Sichuan-Tibet Road. Sichuan-Tibet Road, rugged, open up very difficult. Yaan to transport tea from the Kangding, a small mule by mule, most rely on manual handling, known as the "back back child." Determined by the severity of stroke, the light at line 40, the severe lines 2-30 in Japan. Respite on the way, back child does not unload the shoulder, with a T-shaped back child support Xie Qi Shui pestle. Head for the iron pestle, each will be on the hard stone pestle, the constant, daily, stone marks left on the nest, has still clearly visible. From Kangding to Lhasa, in addition to hell and high water, we should also go through many sparsely populated grasslands, dense forests, vast plains, to climb the steep cut in the rock, two horses meet, retreat a blind alley and had negotiated a price, the emaciated horses thrown into the cliff below, and let the other horses pass. To wade through the turbulent bubble whooping rivers, towering peaks. Long-distance transport, wind and rain hit, pack horses and mules cattle feed on grass, teams are required to bring their own pack of armed self-defense, carrying off the accompanying screen. Places the frame off dining, daily travel only 20-30 years. Plus plateau, Tian Han in the cold, thin air, climate change and unpredictable, Minyan said: "is two or three, snow seal off; four hundred fifty-six the rain and cried; seven hundred eighty-nine, slightly better away; ten winter wax, learning dog paddle, "vividly describes the difficulties in traveling in the situation. Sichuan tea, under the difficult conditions in which transport to the Tibetan areas, the Sichuan-Tibet Tea is a Chinese and Tibetan people in such difficult conditions to open up. Sichuan-Tibet Tea's development, also contributed to the rise of towns along the Sichuan-Tibet Road. Dadu River known as the gateway to the West Furnace Luding, late Ming and early Qing Dynasty, but is a mere "natives villages" throughout the village is a sink, cooking dam, the south side of the road for the important points of tea into the Tachienlu. Forty five years of Kangxi (1706) chain bridge was built. Foreign businessmen gathered in Luding business. To Xuantong three years (1911) _set_ the county seat, more than 30 merchants in 1930 has become the transshipment of goods between the Mainland and the land of Kangding. Kangding in the yuan is a desolate wilderness fashion, customs, etc. businessmen shipped overseas and native Tibetan tea cloth to this exchange, only the tower erected tents pot pile, the right place for accommodation, before the formation of a village in the Ming Dynasty. Tibetan and Chinese trade with the south, and gradually developed into a side of tea trading center. Yongzheng seven years (1729) _set_ Tachienlu Hall, located soldiers guarding the place, Han Ham fan _set_, cross-trade, known as the downtown Yan. Since then, "Nothing Han Fan, Fan would not join the Chinese" to break the barriers, a large number of Tibetan mountains into the business more Jingning Kham, a large number of Shaanxi and Sichuan to have the influx of business Kham. Han Fan and outside, all market tea. The tea market due to the rise of cities, Tibetan and Chinese trade through the "pot village" as the media, Yongzheng and Qianlong period, the pot from the 13 village development of 48, very prosperous business. Become one at western city, where in addition to Tong, Batang, Daofu, Luhuo, observing the wood more (Qamdo), Songpan and other places are in the development of the rise of the Qing Dynasty tea commercial town. In short, Sichuan Sichuan-Tibet Tea lose possession is to promote the development and the Sichuan-Tibet Plateau transport an important factor in the rise of towns. Sichuan-Tibet line is both an economic lines, but also a political line and defense line. It is the Mainland of China with Tibet more closely linked together, so that modern foreign imperialist forces could no longer afford to separate Tibet from China. After the Opium War, British imperialist invasion of Tibet in order to try to make Indian tea to replace Chinese tea in Tibet marketing. They think that once the Indian side of tea, tea can replace the status of Sichuan Province, Tibet, the United Kingdom to the political and economic monopoly. To this end, the British imperialists and even invade Lhasa, forcing Tibet and India tea output. Since then, the Sichuan tea has become a weapon against the British invasion of Tibet. Tibet against India tea sales, tea sales Sichuan Tibetan protection, against the British invasion of Tibet has become an important part. At that time the Tibetan people for national interests, preferring to ten times higher than the printed price of tea to buy Sichuan tea, and refuse to eat Indian tea. Local government of Tibet facing India tea sales to bring political and economic crisis in Tibet, it is strongly advocated against Indian tea to Tibet. Dalai Lama calls himself out for the Qing, the Qing government with the actions required to stop the possession of Indian tea sold. Governor of Sichuan Liubing Zhang Qing is forbidden assertive Indian tea Kozo, Yi-free recipe for disaster. Qing court ordered negotiations with the United Kingdom, "Tibet and India Trade Constitution" Yintang tea benefit from the Sichuan-Tibet, Tibetan economy, government taxes, and to consider the interests of farmers merchants also argue against the British invasion of Tibet and India tea sales to protect the Sichuan tea sales possession. Chao Chuan was later to oppose the British Royal Governor invasion of Tibet, to guard the national side in Yaan Tea company _set_ up to support the Tibetan people to resist Indian tea. The company improved varieties of tea, rectifying Sichuan tea, _set_ up branch offices in Tachienlu break off side baked tea without restrictions. And in the pond, Batang, selling tea _set_ Qamdo semicolon, reduce intermediate links, quickly transported to Tibet, Sichuan tea. Sichuan tea became a common Sino-Tibetan ethnic aggression against British imperialism in Tibet, India tea dumping fight weapons. Republic of China, the domestic civil war, a large number of Indian tea, took the opportunity to sell into Tibet, the Tibetan local upper instigated the attack on the British imperialism in the border of Sichuan, Sichuan and Tibet, a military conflict. Close contact has been weakened both sides, only the Sichuan tea still navigate the in between Sichuan and Tibet. At the time of the special historical conditions, the Sichuan tea have become a "national defense goods", to communicate the importance of the Mainland economic ties with Tibet, and to the promotion of the Tibetan local government and the central Tibetan political relations and national unity.
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Historical Route of Ancient Tea Horse Road
茶马古道历史线路
茶马古道历史线路
茶马古道历史线路
Horse Road are three lines: the Qinghai-Tibet Railway (Tangfangudao), Yunnan-Tibet line and the Sichuan-Tibet line, in the three Tea Horse Road in the rise of the Tang Dynasty, the Qinghai-Tibet line, the older; and later the Sichuan-Tibet line the greatest impact, the most well-known. These three roads are closely related with the Qamdo, where Yunnan and Sichuan-Tibet line cord must be Qamdo, their development is closely related to the tea-horse trading. Yunnan-Tibet line Tea Horse Road in the Tang Dynasty, it Tubo Dynasty and the outward expansion of trade is closely related to the Nanzhao 678 AD, the Tibetan forces into the Erhai Lake in Yunnan Province in northern West. God established the Governor 680 Du Fu Chuan, Tibetan officials in Nanzhao _set_, to the White Man, Heiman collecting taxes, assessed runner. The two sides also been considerable development of trade, tea is an important part of horse trading. Transport routes Nanzhao and Tubo this Yunnan-Tibet Highway roughly similar, ie starting from now buried in Yunnan Province, north to the Jianchuan, then north to Lijiang, the city continues along the north over the iron bridge, the Dalai 锛 sub-field to the city of Lut , the first line to the salt well, then north along the Lancang River to the horse dare (the Tibet Mangkang), Zogang, two Road to Tibet: one by Basu Banda, Caya to Qamdo; a straight from the Basu to Bomi , over Nyingchi to Lhasa. line of the history of Yunnan Tea Horse Road a three-way: a flood in the town from the inside Jiang Heli Tacheng, after collapsing sub-fields, Adelaide Emirates, Tianzhu Village, wool and other places of public law, to Tibet; one by the sword River flood in Weixi Association departure, after Adelaide Emirates, and then with the consistency of a road to Tibet; a departure from the Zhongdian, after Nigeria color down, Yin Island, collapsing sub-field, slave sweep the, Abulaka etc. to Tibet. The main channel that is close to the line with this Final Act of Yunnan. Tea Horse Road in Yunnan Province is the starting point for the capital of the Tang Dynasty all the way Nanzhao Dali regime. Among them, Dali, Lijiang, Zhongdian, A baidunzi (Deqin) and so is the tea-horse trade and the market is very important hub. Tea Horse Trade Yunnan-Tibet line tea, Pu'er tea of Yunnan-based, but also from Sichuan and other places of tea. Yunnan Tea line of trade has its own characteristics, from Yunnan, Han Chinese mainland business to transport tea and other items to resell the land to the local shopkeeper or merchant traffic in Tibet, and from the local shopkeeper to buy a horse or other livestock , native products, herbs, transported to Lijiang, Dali and Kunming sales. Tibet, Sichuan-Tibet Tibetan providers, most of the tea-based commodities exchange for the return to Tibet. Main means of transport such as mules and yaks.
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Tea Horse Road and the characteristics of historical and cultural value
First, the Tea Horse Road is an anomaly on the ancient Tibetan culture channel. Route from the Tea Horse Road Look, we can easily find Qamdo Tea Horse Road is a major hub, it is not only inhabited Road and Sichuan-Tibet Road, two roads must pass through, but also these two roads an intersection. In fact, the Tea Horse Road is not just in the Tang and Song Dynasties of Han, Tibetan tea was only opened after the horse trade and use, as early as the Tang and Song before, this hidden from the defense, the Nyingchi, Qamdo and to the hub, respectively Qamdo leading to this Sichuan, Yunnan region and prosperity of the road already exists, and connect and communicate this as Sichuan, Yunnan, Tibet's ancient culture of the three is a very important channel. It is not only health between the reservoir and this ancient ancestors of the Sichuan-Yunnan region is an important channel migration flows, but also this Sichuan, Yunnan, Tibet three dissemination and exchange between the ancient civilizations of the important channels. From the archaeological and cultural sites to see, far in the 4 to 5 thousand years ago, appeared in Qamdo sites such as the card if the continuation of large and extremely long time to ancient human _set_tlement sites. (19) This shows that at least the late Neolithic period, Qamdo card if the culture area in order to represent the ancient culture has been quite prosperous. Qamdo is able to produce such an early age so advanced ancient culture, the reason is in Qamdo is located in this Sichuan, Yunnan, Tibet three exchanges and communication between the ancient civilizations as an important channel on. If the culture from the card, we can see the western Sichuan, northwestern Yunnan and characteristics of the original cultural factors can also be seen such as the Yellow River region Majiayao some of the effects of primitive culture, but also found its own characteristics, (20 ) instruction card if the culture has a strong cultural characteristics of the compound, it is not an isolated development of the original culture, but with all the original culture week between neighboring regions have extensive contacts and exchanges. If the cultural characteristics of this card, just proof that not only the Guardian of Qamdo area and this Sichuan, Yunnan and the western region to contact the original cultural exchange occurred in a channel, but also a variety of original blend of cultural factors is an important communication and hubs. In addition, in this western Sichuan plateau Ganzi and Aba Autonomous Prefecture of mountainous territory and cross-sectional area of northwest and found a large number of sarcophagus burials, commonly known as the "sarcophagus burial." The sarcophagus was buried in the upper reaches of Minjiang River, the Yalong River and Jinsha River areas have a relatively dense distribution. Sichuan, Yunnan and the western region, although there are some local funeral sarcophagus difference, but its main characteristics and cultural landscape in general, consistent, its age is from the Shang and Zhou have been extended to the Eastern Han Dynasty. It should be noted that the sarcophagus was buried not only in the Mangkang Qamdo, Gongjue, Qamdo have found that (21) and in Nyingchi are general, mountain Nanlong son, wrong that, even in Cameroon are the areas of East Ren cloth, Sakya, etc. to also have been found. (22) scholars from the sarcophagus shape and burial artifacts buried on the sarcophagus was found in Tibet with Sichuan, Yunnan and western regions sarcophagus buried close correlation between, especially in the vicinity of the sarcophagus Qamdo and Nyingchi funeral, basically the western Sichuan and Yunnan coffin burial area is the same culture system. (23) from the distribution point of view, the more telling. Western Sichuan and Yunnan is the most popular coffin burial, and found that the largest number of the most concentrated areas, and the sarcophagus found in Tibet buried by the vast majority concentrated in the western Sichuan and Yunnan into Tibet Plateau along the main channel range. We know, from the western Sichuan and Yunnan plateau over the Jinsha River, Lancang River, Nu River and so on, through a Qamdo a Nyingchi an Shannan Shigatse, which is entered through the ages by the Guardian of the western Sichuan and Yunnan, a main thoroughfare, is the most convenient and most easily walk and the most important route. Generally speaking, the ancient main road along the river opposite direction chosen. Most sections of this route is precisely formed by the river's natural channel. Tea Horse Road (that now along the Yunnan-Tibet Highway and Sichuan-Tibet Highway) to just marching along the channel. Therefore, the sarcophagus burial can prove to Qamdo the hub since the Tea Horse Road is a long line of this possession, Sichuan, Yunnan original inhabitants of the three major channels of communication between. This channel is opened in the historical, archaeological finds from the view, at least can be traced back to about 4 ~ 5 years ago before the late Neolithic period or earlier. Second, the Tea Horse Road is the highest in human history, passing the most difficult trail on the plateau of civilization. Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is the world's highest and largest plateau, known as the "Roof of the World" or "the third pole of the earth." So, that Tea-Horse Road is the world's highest trail of civilization, there is no problem. Because it is the world's highest road and almost across the entire Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, so its passage difficulty of the various civilizations in the world is second to none when the trail of. Tea Horse Road that is the world's most difficult to pass on a trail of civilization, the main problems: First, the Tea Horse Trail through the eastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau is the world's mountain range region the most complex and unique terrain of the mountain valley, so the rugged steep and access is also rare in the world with difficulty. Tea Horse Road along the towering clouds are peaks, rivers emptying, mountains, river rapids. As Mr. Ren Naiqiang in the "Outline History between Tibet and" put it: "Kozo plateau, Wu Li Central Asia, like a whetstone to the ground, never hang round. In addition to due west of the Indian River, northeast of the Yellow River valley more moderate tilt, the other party , are for the steep fall of the steep wall-like. especially with the Sichuan Basin and Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau Phase Results of the department, Jun Sakamoto, the re-channeling the mysterious flow of chaos during which absolutely strait, everywhere are promoting into the cliff wall, the birds channel flow. The Item new transportation facilities in this exhibition almost hard. "(24) According to some statistics, the Sichuan-Tibet to Lhasa, the tea ceremony," total length of about four thousand seven hundred li, the inn had fifty-six, fifty-crossing where the main Once, crossing a rope bridge fifteen, ten iron bridge crossing the mountains since seventy-eight, the more altitude of more than nine thousand feet eleven mountains, the mountains more than twenty-five thousand feet and seven, the entire non-three to four months time can not be reached. "(25) Qing Dynasty on the Cha Ma Ancient Road of the steep rugged vivid descriptions, focus should be the flag of" Tibetan Cheng Ji strategy "in mind:" ice skiing, climbed Chong Kong, such as the silver one. bow under the vision, God faint, palpitations, horror, it is honest ... ... animate mortals Sugar Lee is not the realm of experience, also suffered a bad idea. "(26) Zhang Qiqin the" furnace possession of the latest hang test, "recorded by Tachienlu to Lhasa, where access to five month, "the hard road, in fact, are not life." (27) Du Chang D, etc. "possession of the broker process," said Hutchison Road, Yunnan tea, "Twelve railings to Zhongdian arteries, road only Chi Xu, even discount on the second layer, Liang Qi met, then in the mountains to avoid the first lumbar, side-line once too. high _insert_ day, overlooking the mountains, deep groove lofty ... ... absolutely no experience of life insurance is. "(28) passage of the tea ceremony difficult, can be seen. Second, the Tea Horse Road along the cold to cold, oxygen thin and the weather unpredictable. Written along the Qing Dynasty "has miasma," "is mortals Sugar Lee" phenomenon of altitude sickness caused by exercise in severe hypoxia, the ancients did not realize what the mistake was "miasma." Climate along the Tea Horse Road is the so-called "day has four seasons", a day at the same time being experienced snow, hail, sun and high winds, the temperature change range is enormous. Year is even more dramatic climate change, Minyan said: "is two or three, snow seal off; four hundred fifty-six the rain and cried; seven hundred eighty-nine, slightly better away; ten winter December, in the dog to climb." The hard road of can be imagined. For thousands of years, tea is in such an arduous journey on human and animal and transported to Tibetan areas. There is a saying in Tibetan people, said the tea leaves turn more valuable the more the mountain, said this was a vivid reflection of Tibetan tea is not easy. "History of the Ming Food and Money" contains: "Since the Watchtower doors, Li, Ya duo arrived in Gan, Ust-possession, the line of tea to five thousand years." Such a long arduous road to the plateau, so that the world called Tea Horse Road the most difficult to pass on the road. Third, the Tea Horse Road is the Han and Tibetan ethnic relations and the symbol of national unity and a tie. China is a multi-ethnic country, so China is largely multi-ethnic history of the gradual coming together of history. Tea Horse Road by witnesses, it is the Han, Tibetan and even what other people southwest of the historical process of gradual polymerization. We know that Han culture is characterized by agriculture and Confucianism; Tibetan civilization is the plateau region and the characteristics of Tibetan Buddhism, both deep background, but there are some differences. If so, what factors make the development process in the history of the two closely linked together? Tibetan is a historical stage in China played an important role in the nation, Tibetans have become the Chinese multi-ethnic family of a member of, though led by a variety of reasons, but certainly, this link Chinese and Tibetan among Tea-Horse Road which has played a very important role. That is, the Han, Tibetan between the economic complementarity and interdependence, is common to members of a Chinese family today, an important reason. Therefore, the Tea Horse Road clearly goes beyond just the meaning of the history of tea, horse exchange, in fact it is both the history of Han, Tibetan and integration of the two great civilizations occurred an important channel for the exchange, also contributed to the Han, Tibetan and the two peoples to communicate contact and the emotional, psychological, and move closer to each other close to the main link. Just as the Tibetan epic "King Gesar" put it: "the goods to the Han Bo (Tibet), is that we do not produce these things here? No, but both Chinese and Tibetan is to the hearts of the people together, nothing more. "(29) This is the Tibetan people on the Cha Ma Ancient Tea Horse Road and the nature of trade the most thorough, the most straightforward to understand. Therefore, from history and reality, the Tea Horse Road is Han and Tibetan ethnic relations and the symbol of national unity and ties. Fourth, the Tea Horse Road is by far the primary form of western culture to retain the best and most colorful of a national cultural corridor. Horse Trail through the western and eastern Tibet, Sichuan-Yunnan region is a typical mountain range area, but also in South Asia and East Asia plate formed by the plates of the Earth very typical wrinkled areas. Minjiang, Dadu, Yalong, Jinsha, Lancang and Nu six river from north to south, respectively, from west to east across from here, forming the world's most unique mountain valley landscape. Since the barrier mountains and deep valleys inconvenience foreign relations, national culture in the region presents two prominent characteristics: First, highlight the cultural diversity characteristic abnormalities. Along the Tea Horse Road trip, anyone can feel a profound phenomenon that, as the car forward, along the residential style, dress clothing, local customs, said sign language and even religion has always been like around their houses changing as a revolving door, so you could be overwhelmed. Of this phenomenon, there is a local proverb summed image, called "Wuli different sounds, ten different customs." This multi-cultural characteristics of the Tea Horse Road become a very attractive and colorful cultural corridor. Second, the accumulation and retention of the native form of a rich national culture. Tea Horse Road through the valley of the most ancient ethnic migration flows in the channel, where many ancient ancestors left their traces, many native form of the ancient heritage and cultural factors still remain in the local culture, language, religion and customs, but also has many historical mystery and solve the mystery of these historical clues hidden them. Thousands of years, not only the Han, Tibetan, between Tibetans and other minorities as well as Southwestern Tibetan cultural exchange between the various ethnic groups within and communication are there in silence, uninterrupted forward, where both conflict and national culture collisions, but also the positive interaction between the national culture, integration and assimilation. In fact, it was this thing across thousands of miles, through many different ethnic Tibetan Plateau (or the face of different ethnic groups), different languages and different cultural areas of the Tea Horse Road, like a ribbon to link up their organically so that they while maintaining their own characteristics, communication and contact with each other and coordinated development. Therefore, the Tea Horse Road is both a national multi-cultural blend of the corridor, but also a variety of cultural exchange, interaction and to maintain their inherent characteristics of a very attractive area. As Fei Xiaotong said, the region's "deposition of many now living legacy, history and language of science should be a Baby Corner"
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Tea Horse Road: three religious harmony
Three religious harmony in Kangding in southwestern China, eastern edge of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the middle mountain range Snowy Mountains, is located only 1.45 square kilometers with a small town - Kangding. 60 years from the 19th century, the town formed within Buddhism, Christianity, Islam, the pattern of co-existence, 100 years of missionary years, always live in harmony, as his brother's wife. Imam of the mosque is now 38, Mazet blog, he still remembered the Catholic Church in April 2003 Kangding when the new priest came to the throne Li Lun, invited him and came to the throne attended by representatives of various religious ceremony of the lively scene. 1646, Hui and people began to Kangding to make a living, and now, Kangding County, a total of more than 400 Muslims resident in the mosque next door, the local Muslims built a special school. 72-year-old Muslim mosque in Aunt Chen Fengyun is for the upcoming "Eid" in preparation, she has many Tibetan friends, and some believe in Tibetan Buddhism, some Catholic, "Our relations are very good ah, is it better friend. "Aunt Chen said. Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture in Sichuan Province Bureau of Religious Affairs, according to deputy director Zhang Jianquan introduction, he engaged in religious work in the 15 years of Kangding, rarely encountered a conflict between the various religions. Kangding is the capital of Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture in history was a thriving commercial trade center. 700 years, Tibet has brought business to the musk from Tibet, Cordyceps, gold, horses brought to Kangding, and mainland businessmen brought tea, silk transaction. It is this rise of trade between nations, each nation created a great fusion of Kangding. Less than 100 meters away from where the mosque is the Catholic church in Kangding. In 1860, the Paris Foreign Mission Society missionaries Dingsheng Rong Fu Xicang affected by the order of Missionaries of the Holy See, the way blocked, return to Kangding, located in the northern outskirts of Kangding Church missionary, opened the history of Catholic missionary in Kangding. Now, the whole county more than 300 Catholics, Tibetan followers accounted for 200. Li Lun Catholic priest, said: "Although the whole town over 30,000 population of Tibetan Buddhism, who accounted for the majority, but the local government were less active in protecting the religious beliefs, there are good religious environment." Kangding Catholic Church from the place of about 150 meters, is the largest Tibetan Buddhist temples - An Abbey, has 380 years of history. An iron bar Lama Wang Jue Temple A, told reporters in Kangding, whether you believe in Tibetan Buddhism Ye Hao, Islam, Catholicism, we all should be equal and united. "If other religions come to our temple, we will warm to introduce him. We will never force anyone to believe our own religion." Safety awareness in the Temple, 65-year-old aunt plays Tibetan prayer wheel is being before turning, turning around the tube around and around, silently chanting the text. "We are religious is a personal point of view, is to do good thing. Different religious views is just not the same, but they are to do good." Sub is said. Title: "Tea Horse Road" Type: Documentary Length: 110 minutes Director: Tian General Counsel: Cheng Photographer: Wang Yu, Wu Qiao produced: Beijing Digital Culture Communication Co., Ltd. Kunming impression Corridor Planning Co., Ltd. Television documentary " Tea Horse Road "Synopsis: Since ancient times, China's Yunnan Province to transport caravan tea, salt, food trail nearly one thousand years of history. Caravan is like today's cars, will be back in the mountain of goods shipped to the country. "Cha," hence the name. "Cha" is: - spread of civilization and culture trail - Foreign Exchange Channel - National Migration Corridor - Religious Communication Boulevard - the road of national peace focus of this documentary film will be located in Yunnan, Sichuan, Tibet mountain range within . It linked the Tibetan Plateau and the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, with an average elevation of more than two thousand five hundred meters, which Gaoligongshan, Biluo Snow Mountain Meili Snow Mountain, the formation of three major mountain ranges of three valleys, and mountain snow. Because North and South mountains, subtropical monsoon can enter the canyon. Here the formation of unique natural climate, forests, water resources, significantly enriched by Asian animals and plants, said Museum. In this land, Tibetan, Nu, Dulong, Naxi, Lisu have lived a hundred years almost a thousand years. Nu, Lancang and Jinsha River flows through from the canyon, the source of the Tibetan Himalayas. This magical area being called the "Shangri - La." And we have to take the "Tea Horse Road" walk through this magical place. Living in this magical land, the original is that we have to take national ownership. The national live here, like the mountain plateau, as reasonable manner, full of magic-like colors, co-exist in harmony with nature - from the outside to those of us who can only look up to them, appreciate them, admire them - here can give you a force, a peace and joy from the heart, they will not change because of your own praise. Today, human resources, a new understanding of the living environment, ecological balance, harmony of life cause many of the thought. Happy or sad your life is a lingering feeling. I hope to give you a little inspiration Shangri-La region. Holy Meili Snow Mountain, Kamba people in the highland pastures sing, the great tide of the Nu River valley, the Christ Church in the lips with four of the harmony, Bi Luo snow-capped mountains, Nu's spring sound, weaving the sound, children's play the sound of smoke being submerged in the sun_set_. Self-confidence and harmony, joy, and is where the original soul of a nation. TV drama "Tea-Horse Road", "Tea-Horse Road" Introduction: Evil in the mountains southwest of risk between the water and the wilderness jungle, a mysterious stretch of the trail. Thousands of years, numerous caravan on the road in this quiet walk, pierce many different ethnic and cultural exchanges. This is the world's highest-lying one trail - Tea Horse Road. Anti-Japanese War, the Japanese blocked the Burma Road, sea transport has also been _truncate_d. Tea-Horse Road at this time it has played an important role in ... ... General Counsel: hot ground (Tibetan) Producer: Zhao Xueyi (Manchu) Gou Remembrance Day Lin Zhu Tong Yang Wenhu director of the system often: Soundtrack Kelsang Namgyal (Tibetan) Vista (Tibetan ) Liu Yuhui Producer: Yaomao Chen (Dong) Han Hui Weng Wenliang executive producer: Zhang Mingzhi Producer: Jing Yi (Bai) Zhang Xiaofeng Plot story takes place in 1942 during World War II. China's Anti-Japanese War into the most difficult stage of the fall of Burma, the Japanese violation of Yunnan Wanding, Longling, Tengchong, the Burma Road was cut, thus, the last channel to the Chinese Theater has also been cut off, so that foreign aid to China's material can not be brought into China from Burma. When the Chinese nation is in danger, through Yunnan, Sichuan and Tibet directly to the mouth of the Indian Tea Horse Road to the delivery of international aid to China became the only supplies on the ground channel. Lhasa, southwest China, business travel has become a gathering of commercial cities. At this time the Tibetan, Han, Naxi, Bai, Pumi, Hui, Yi caravan composed of various ethnic groups of civil mighty caravan, continuing generations of flesh and blood of their fate and embark on Tea Horse Road. Lhasa, Tibet, Nyima Tsering giant, Sanjiang and Naxi chieftain son Gesang Jia measures to help big business, "Chang-wood home," the new treasurer of wood and stone Luo, Dali Bai generation tea master Wang Yang FY allies and enemies but also to mixed, contradictory, when mutated; Jing agents in Japan, a large kill-off refers to the wolf and the crane Jichang Seven boss Chen Peixiong's instigation, a new Revenge of the Tea Horse Road on the raging. However, the formidable enemy, a common destiny, the spirit of the Chinese nation's fine to make the National Business Group are among the scores of all the Qianchou be resolved to ensure the transport of war materials and the Mainland and Yunnan, Sichuan and Tibetan political and economic ties, performed picture of the magnificent scenes of epic magic. Both good and bad on the mysterious trail "Tea Horse Road" appeared in the southwest of the risk of screen evil mountain jungles of water and wilderness, between a mysterious stretch of the trail. Thousands of years, numerous caravan on the road in this quiet walk, pierce many different ethnic and cultural exchanges. This is the world's highest-lying one trail - Tea Horse Road. Anti-Japanese War, the Japanese blocked the Burma Road, maritime traffic was cut off. Tea-Horse Road at this time it has played an important role. Story: Mysterious both good and bad on the trail in 1942, is China's most difficult period of Sino-Japanese War. At that time the Japanese occupation of Burma, blocked the Burma Road, cut off all land access to the Chinese Theater. Tea-Horse Road to the delivery of international aid to China as the only terrestrial channel supplies ... ... Nyima Tsering, Lhasa, Tibet, giant, of Yunnan measures Sanjiang chieftain's son Gesang Jia, Naxi giants to help his son and the Dali Bai classic wooden tea house master Wang Yang generation of allies and enemies to the situation interwoven contradictions mutation, in this Japanese spies Jing'an, big kill-off "means the seven wolves," and Chinese business, "Crane Jichang" under the instigation of the boss Chen Peixiong, a new Revenge of the fierce in the Tea-Horse Road started. A little-known story, enveloped with a rich ethnic customs and mystery, the characters from the multi-ethnic group portrait posed in our TV drama creation story is the first time. Lineup: a powerful drama starring film production should the writer King is born in Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture of Yunnan Bai Heqing writer, "Cha" is the life she has accumulated a wealth of experience and reflection created a television series. Executive producer Zhang Mingzhi production of "Third Sister Liu", "I love my family" and other series, won several national awards. Directed by Sheng Wang Wenjie and holes, the former directed "Genghis Khan", "Daran Fang", "Red Cross side team," "Kong Fansen" and so on. Nyima Tsering drama One actor played by the Wang Shi Huai; Wang Kuirong another actor starred in the drama business in Myanmar, the play's heroine as Dai Jiao Qian, in addition to Duobu Jie, Liu Lei, Rinchen Dhondup, Lvzhuo Da, etc. In recent years, active in numerous film and television actor on the screen to play a role in the play. Characteristics: The total national fusion art design Huo Tingxiao play, once the "House of Flying Daggers," "Heroes," "Jingke Ci Qin" and other films were too graphic designer; composer Zhang thousand one, once said that "the Tibetan Plateau," " Wife Song "famous. In order to create "Tea-Horse Road" music, he has in-depth Shangri-La, Lijiang and Dali, collecting more than 20 ethnic musical material, a famous Tibetan Lang Duoji United States also took part in the composer's creation. According to industry experts predict that the play three theme song "Cha Song", "Dragon Love", "a man's heart" in the field of music creation and audio-visual publishing industry was launched. Crew of the ethnic composition of the play is also a major feature of the composition, more than 130 cast and crew, were from the Han, Bai, Tibetan, Manchu, Hui, Korean, Yi, Naxi, Pumi, more than 10 ethnic Mongolian . Shooting: is also a magnificent scenery of the drama film shoot across the Tibetan Plateau, western Sichuan and northwestern Yunnan Plateau, the landscape involving 11 ethnic autonomous areas; filming locations from Mira altitude of 4,500 meters to 200 meters Yamaguchi Lancang River, across the sub-tropical, temperate and frigid zones and other high altitude environments; culture encompasses three world cultural heritage site: Old Town of Lijiang, the Three Parallel Rivers region and the Potala Palace, is the world of culture, tourism and expedition destination. So the play is not only a wonderful feature, but also the magnificent scenery of a film. It is reported that the play has been translated into Tibetan Ethnic Publishing House, Tibet Television Station is the voice recording, and the Chinese version of the script published by the Ethnic Publishing House.
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Origin
The mountains and canyons in the mountain range in Yunnan, Sichuan and Tibet, "Triangle" area into the jungle wilderness, a mysterious stretch of trail circling, which is highest in the world lying spread of civilization and culture, one of the Trail "Tea Horse Road . " Lijiang Old Town which is near the Lashihai well-preserved ruins of Tea Horse Road. It should be noted that the above said Tea Horse Road is the main trunk, but also on the Tea Horse Road has long been an a conventional understanding and awareness. In fact, other than the main trunk, the Tea Horse Road also includes a number of extensions, as well as the connectivity of the Songpan-Ya Gannan leads the extension; from the northern part of Sichuan-Tibet Road Extension by the original Tang Ke County (now four-Chuan Dege County) through to Yushu in Qinghai Province, Xining, and even bypass the state Tao (Lintan) of the extension; from the north via Riwoqe Qamdo, Dengqen leading to an extension in northern Tibet, and so on. Because of this, some scholars believe that the history of the "Tangfangudao" (now the Qinghai-Tibet line) should also be included in the Tea Horse Road range. And some scholars believe that, although the sweet, the Qinghai-Tibet area by the Tea Horse Road is also a Tibetan input to an important destination for tea, Tea Horse Road and the "Tangfangudao" indeed cross, but "Tangfangudao" After all, is another specific concept, its meaning and "Tea Horse Road" is somewhat different. And Gansu, Qinghai-Tibet area was not in the history of Tea Horse Road trunk line, which lost possession of the tea is only one of the destinations. "Cha" and "Tangfangudao" these two concepts exist, sufficient to show in the history of both the function and role is not the same. As the world's most interconnected and road links, we can not therefore be confused with the role of their function. Of course, some scholars advocate the Tea Horse Road should include "Tangfangudao" subjective Tea Horse Road is to expand the financing of the package. This desire is understandable, but to do a great danger that any extension of a concept if its infinite expansion, its content will subsequently be lost. Therefore, in the treatment of "Tea Horse Road" this particular use of the concept of history as well as Tea Horse Road in the development process, to take a scientific, objective and realistic attitude is very important. The history of the Tea Horse Road is not the only one, but a vast transportation network. It is based on the Sichuan-Tibet Road, Yunnan-Tibet Road and the Qinghai-Tibet Road (Coombe Green Road) Road, three main lines, supplemented by numerous regional, with a line form the road system. Across Sichuan, Yunnan, Qinghai, Tibet, reaching out to South Asia, West Asia, Central Asia and Southeast Asia, as far as Europe. Three road in order to open the Sichuan-Tibet Road, the first and largest traffic, the larger historical role. This article discusses far as Sichuan-Tibet Tea-Horse Road, it is not this reach of channel. Tea Horse Road in Yunnan, Tibet line is: Xishuangbanna - Pu'er - Dali - Lijiang - Deqin - Zayu - Banda - Nyingchi - Lhasa. To Lhasa of tea, but also export to India by the Himalayas, Calcutta, a large number of marketing Europe and Asia, making it become an international channel. This international channel, life and death in the occasion of the Chinese Anti-Japanese War played an important role.
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History
According to historical records, Chinese tea was first transmitted to the overseas can be traced back to Northern and Southern Dynasties. Chinese businessmen were adjacent to the border with Mongolia, by way of barter tea, tea export to Turkey. Sui and Tang dynasties, with the development and expansion of border trade market, coupled with the opening of the Silk Road, Chinese tea to tea-horse trade the way, the Uighur and other Western Regions to the West Asia, North Asia and Arab countries such as transportation, eventually finding the middle of Siberia, the final arrived in Russia and European countries. From the Tang Dynasty, rulers are actively taking control of the means of tea-horse trading. Tang Suzong D'Dynasty (AD 756) to the first year of the millennium, in rode Mongolia Chashi Uighur region, creating a precedent for tea-horse trading. Northern Song Dynasty, tea-horse trading areas, mainly in Shaanxi and Gansu, easy horse to take place in Chuanshu tea, and in Chengdu, Qinzhou (now Tianshui, Gansu) to buy the home of tea and horses Monopolizing Division. Yuan Dynasty, the official repeal of the Song Dynasty Tea imposed border policy. The Ming Dynasty, but also restored the tea-horse policy, and intensified, as a rule the Northwest this policy an important means for people of all nationalities. The first Ming Emperor Hongwu, high-quality horses for a maximum of 120 pounds of tea. Ming Dynasty, the tea _set_ for thirty fine horses a grate, middle twenty, the lower fifth. Tang Ming writer in the "Tea," the poem reads: "Black tea a Ho, Ho Shu Qiang Ma." "Qiang Ma and yellow tea, Humayun ask Kim." Indicates the tea-horse trading market was booming and prosperity. To the Qing Dynasty, the tea-horse has loose border policy, more private tea merchant in the tea-horse trading costs more than tea and horses have been less. Qing Emperor Yongzheng thirteenth year, Horse and Tea Trading System terminated. Frontier Tea trading system beginning from the Tang to the Qing Dynasty ended, after almost a thousand years of vicissitudes. Tea market transactions in the long years, the Chinese businessmen in the northwest, southwest border, with their feet, take a rough stretch of Tea-Horse Road. The so-called Tea Horse Road, the caravan is in fact an authentic way. Tea Horse Road there are two main lines: one from Sichuan Yaan, passed Luding, Kangding, Batang, Qamdo to Lhasa, Tibet, to Nepal, India, the domestic route length of over 3100 km; another route from Yunnan Pu'er Tea Country of Origin (now Xishuangbanna, Simao, etc.), passes through Dali, Lijiang, mid Deqin, to Tibet Banda, Zayu or Qamdo, Lhorong, Gongbo'gyamda, Lhasa, and then by Gyangze, Yadong, respectively, to Myanmar, Nepal, India, the domestic route length of over 3800 km. In the two main lines along the way, thick with numerous large and small extension to Yunnan, Tibet, Sichuan, "Triangle" area closely linked together to form the world's highest terrain, the most dangerous mountain road, away from the most distant of tea Ma Wenming Road. Trail is hard in the caravan of thousands, day after day, year after year, in the camped difficult trip, with elegantly horses run around the ring and broke the thousands of years of quiet mountain valley, opened up a path to economic and trade extraterritorial road. Rushing to make a living in the snowy plateau special experience, bringing their trust and loyalty of character weight; exercise of their courage and ability to tell right from wrong. They are both businessmen trading business, but also to open up explorer Tea Horse Road. They relied on their own fortitude, courage and wisdom, effort and sweat watered with a way of life is leading to Tea Horse Road, exploration of the road and the road of life. History has proven that the original Tea Horse Road is a road beyond the humanistic spirit. Each caravan embark on the journey is a journey of life and death experience. Tea Horse Road unusually dangerous, but the spectacular natural scenery along the way but can inspire people to potential courage, strength and endurance, sublimation of the soul of man to bring out the true meaning of life and great. Moreover, Tibetan Buddhism's spread on the Tea Horse Road, but also further promote the Northwest Naxi, Bai, Tibetan, and other economic ties between the fraternal peoples and cultural exchanges, enhanced inter-ethnic unity and friendship. Along the way, some pious artists Mani Dui roadside rocks and painted, engraved a large number of Buddha, Bodhisattvas and monks, as well as animal spirits, conch, moon and stars and other images. Or coarse or fine those who shape the art of a long journey for the trail adds a spiritual sacred and solemn, that distant horizon for adding a dash of mystery. From the ancient Tang dynasty, until the twentieth century, the fifties and sixties Yunnan, Sichuan-Tibet highway is through, and after a thousand years of vicissitudes, Tea Horse Road is like a large corridor connecting the various ethnic groups along the way, the development of the the local economy, revitalizing the commodity markets, and promote the border areas of agriculture, animal husbandry development. At the same time, areas along the art, religion, customs and culture, ideology has also been unprecedented prosperity and development. Today, thousands of years ago the ancient Tea Horse Road open, groups of caravan figure disappeared, and crisp, melodious Tuoling Sheng away, the ancient tea floating grass fragrance dissipated. However, leaving India in the Tea Horse Road and Horseshoe brand footprints of their ancestors, and the countless memories of the ancient, but turned into a noble descendants of the Chinese national entrepreneurship. The fighting spirit of the endless fighting in the history of the Chinese nation cast a seat carved monument of the eternal, shining future generations honor and glory of the Chinese nation. ● old, the field of human and animal communication path Qamdo is a long walk from the human and animal naturally formed. ● the 7th century, the rise of Tibet in the Tibetan Plateau. Early Tang Dynasty, Tibet south, the territory of the Jinsha River in Zhongdian, on the erection of iron bridges, open up the channel between the Yunnan-Tibet. ● Song, "off Shaanxi lost, can not deal", the tea-horse trade in the major markets moved to the southwest. ● Yuan, energetically open post road, _set_ting up post stations. ● Ming continue to strengthen the post road building. ● Post Station Qing Dynasty to Tibet organization was renamed the "pond" of Tong's management more strict and meticulous. ● Qing Dynasty, tea greatly increased. ● Anti-Japanese War in the late southwest Tea Horse Road into the rear major international business channel. ● 1950 years ago, Qamdo as a business center in eastern Tibet. ● History Ancient Tea Horse Road There are three main lines: the Qinghai-Tibet Railway (Tang the Road), Yunnan-Tibet line and the Sichuan-Tibet line. ● Yunnan-Tibet line Tea-Horse Road in the Tang Dynasty, Yunnan-Tibet Highway is broadly in line with the current phase approximation, starting from today in Dali, Yunnan, north to the Jianchuan, then north to Lijiang, the city continues along the north over the iron bridge, after 锛Yu DL sub-field to the city, the first line to the salt well, then north along the Lancang River to the horse dare (the Tibet Mangkang). Zogang, two Road to Tibet: one by Basu Banda, Caya to Qamdo; one straight to the Basu, Bomi, Nyingchi been to Lhasa. ● history of Yunnan Tea Horse Road Line has three roads: one from the flood in the town of Tacheng Jiang Heli, after collapsing sub-column, Adelaide Emirates, Tianzhu Village, wool and other places of public law, to Tibet; a Bai Jianchuan flood to the starting Weixi Association, after Adelaide Emirates, and then matched to a road and on Tibet; a departure from the Zhongdian, after Nigeria color down, Yin Island, collapsed in the field, sweep the slaves, and other places to Ebulaka Tibet. The main channel that Yunnan line with this approach.
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Formation
茶马古道 形成过程
The formation of ancient Sichuan-Tibet Tea Tang and Song dynasties, China's tea exports to Tibet is the Qinghai-Tibet Road, the main. From the Ming Dynasty, tea was officially formed Sichuan-Tibet, Sichuan-Tibet Sichuan tea ceremony, the rise of commercial towns along the route to promote the rise of the Sichuan-Tibet and Tibet and the Mainland, the Sichuan-Tibet Tea is not only an economic lines, but also a political line and defense line, so that foreign forces no longer able to separate Tibet from China. China's tea production in the south, north and northwest of cold areas do not produce leaves. Sichuan is also the world of tea, the birthplace of tea. Han Previously, only tea and tea in Sichuan area of commodity production. To the Tang Dynasty, tea formed a rich situation, and from the Tang Dynasty, Sichuan Mianzhou, Shu states, state and other places Qiong tea, the tea from the other regions into Tibet, the Tibetan people began the history of tea, Tibet's tea exports to the emergence of the road. In the Tang Dynasty, the Qinghai-Tibet Road is between Tibet and the Central Plains the main traffic road. External expansion Tubo Dynasty, in addition to the South line of battle nearly all outside the south marsh by Qinghai, north west line of battle, Longyou, four Anxi towns compete for the Western, Eastern competition JN, between the Tang Dynasty and the pro, and asked employment and other envoys contacts are made Tianshui, large non-Chuan, Warm Springs, Heyuan, Tongtian to some logic (now in Lhasa.) Princess Wen Cheng and Princess Jincheng but also by the Qinghai Tibet. In short, the Tang Dynasty and Tibet, the Central Plains region of the Qinghai-Tibet Road Traffic Road instead of the Sichuan-Tibet Road. Tang Dynasty, tea exports to the mainland is of the Qinghai-Tibet Tibet Road, the tea ceremony. With the collapse of the Tubo Dynasty, Song Dynasty hit Tibetan areas in the sub-state, the Qinghai-Tibet Road has lost the role of the military hub and the Official Road. However, since the Tang Dynasty Tibet after the introduction of tea, tea with the help of the digestion, oily solution of special features that make livestock meat milk people drink tea are rife. All ethnic groups in the Northwest have sold horses to the border to buy tea, and Song in order to obtain horses, and decided to carry out tea-horse trade in the Northwest, selling tea, buy horses. After the Northern Song Xining will _set_ the tea-horse in the Division of Sichuan, the Sichuan annual output of 3,000 million kg of tea most of the transport of Gansu, Qinghai _set_ hundreds of buy to sell tea plantation and dozens of horse field, and provides names can only annual Camellia buy a horse can not use it in more than 15,000 a year to buy the motor. So that the Qinghai-Tibet Road from military and political hub of the Tang Dynasty as the tea ceremony. Therefore, "Tibet Will" of the concept of Xun Chen said that since the Tang and Song dynasties, China travel, Tibet mainly by the Qinghai-Tibet road, "past as a positive Station Road, built to open the first, all this road since the Tang Dynasty." Starting from the Ming Dynasty, Sichuan-Tibet Tea was officially formed. Early in the Song and Yuan Dynasties official in Liya, Tibetan stone door (all day) and other Tibetan and other ethnic carried out with the tea-horse trade, but the small number of tea were sold only to local ethnic food supply. Up to the Ming Dynasty, the government provided for in Sichuan, Shaanxi and Gansu provinces were thinking mixed reception to pay tribute missions and Tibet, while the Ming envoys respectively from the Sichuan, Shaanxi, Tibet. Northwest entered the Ming Dynasty, delivered to all Tibetan areas of Sichuan tea production accounts for only one-tenth of that of 100 kg, cover areas in Qinghai and Gansu, "bad fat horses" required for tea, the other most of the Sichuan tea, enter the reservoir by Liya area. The leader of Tibet, Tibetan monks and tribute to the Ming court's main objective is to get tea. Therefore, from the Sichuan-Tibet Road, they have to pay tribute. "Qin Shu tea, from the Tibetan stone door, Liya Gan flowers arrived, the birds think possession of five thousand years are used. The land of the people not get no such" ("Ming Tai Zu Record" Volume 251.) Then thirty-one years of Hongwu (1398) May, at four positions in the Sichuan tea _set_, "lieutenant-governor of Sichuan, ordered six-Fan Zhao Tao transfer paper Tianquan Division, will enter the age classes are lost Diao Cha Cha lesson doors Division I note sent to new positions Shouzhu place, listen to commercial transactions and Passionflower City Horse "Tianshun year (1458) five years, the Ming provides for the future possession of the local birds think of the food reward tea, tea-horse in the sculpture, the Secretary for support to the door. And promote the contribution of the birds think that only by the possession of the Sichuan-Tibet Road to pay tribute, not by the state road into Tibet's Tao Gong. To Chenghua two years (1470), the Ming court thinking more clearly defined possession of Chancery birds, illustrates teach, explain technology and secondary education are four kings, and the hidden places near Bird Articles by four Chuanlurugong Tibetan Tribute. The Ming Dynasty in the elegant state, _set_ the tea-horse sculpture, SECRETARY door, hundreds of kg of tea annually exports go to the birds think Kham Tibetan, so that extended to the tea ceremony from Kham Tibet. The birds think possession Tribute exchanges, but also facilitated the smooth flow of the tea ceremony. So the tea trade to open up the Sichuan-Tibet Tea also become Official Road, and replace the status of the Qinghai-Tibet Road. Further strengthened the Qing Dynasty and Tibetan Kham region of operation, _set_ the station, relaxing tea, lose possession, Tachienlu confluence of tea in South side of the road, the more so the further prosperity of the Sichuan-Tibet Tea. In this way, formed by Ya Ming and Qing Dynasties, the more Tianquan Ma On Shan, Luding to Kangding the "path of Tea" and by Yaan, the greater the phase Xing Jing Ling, over the ridge, Luding to Kangding's "tea road", and then After the Kangding Yajiang, in Tong, Batang, river card, Caya, South Road, Lhasa, Qamdo to Kangding via dry from the tea ceremony and Ning, Daofu, Luhuo, Ganzi, Dege crossing the Jinsha Jiang Zhichang meet with the Road to Lhasa The North tea ceremony. This from the Ya'an to Kangding Kangding to Lhasa, the tea ceremony, both the Ming and Qing Dynasties of the Sichuan-Tibet Road, is today's Sichuan-Tibet Road. Sichuan-Tibet Road, rugged, open up very difficult. Yaan to transport tea from the Kangding, a small mule by mule, most rely on manual handling, known as the "back back child." Determined by the severity of stroke, the light at line 40, the severe lines 2-30 in Japan. Respite on the way, back child does not unload the shoulder, with a T-shaped back child support Xie Qi Shui pestle. Head for the iron pestle, each will be on the hard stone pestle, the constant, daily, stone marks left on the nest, has still clearly visible. From Kangding to Lhasa, in addition to hell and high water, we should also go through many sparsely populated grasslands, dense forests, vast plains, to climb the steep cut in the rock, two horses meet, retreat a blind alley and had negotiated a price, the emaciated horses thrown into the cliff below, and let the other horses pass. To wade through the turbulent bubble whooping rivers, towering peaks. Long-distance transport, wind and rain hit, pack horses and mules cattle feed on grass, teams are required to bring their own pack of armed self-defense, carrying off the accompanying screen. Places the frame off dining, daily travel only 20-30 years. Plus plateau, Tian Han in the cold, thin air, climate change and unpredictable, Minyan said: "is two or three, snow seal off; four hundred fifty-six the rain and cried; seven hundred eighty-nine, slightly better away; ten winter wax, learning dog paddle, "vividly describes the difficulties in traveling in the situation. Sichuan tea, under the difficult conditions in which transport to the Tibetan areas, the Sichuan-Tibet Tea is a Chinese and Tibetan people in such difficult conditions to open up. Sichuan-Tibet Tea's development, also contributed to the rise of towns along the Sichuan-Tibet Road. Dadu River known as the gateway to the West Furnace Luding, Ming and early Qing Dynasty, but is a mere "natives villages" throughout the village is a sink, cooking dam, the south side of the road for the important points of tea into the Tachienlu. Forty five years of Kangxi (1706) chain bridge was built. Foreign businessmen gathered in Luding business. To Xuantong three years (1911) _set_ the county seat, more than 30 merchants in 1930 has become the transshipment of goods between the Mainland and the land of Kangding. Kangding in the yuan is a desolate wilderness fashion, customs, etc. businessmen shipped overseas and native Tibetan tea cloth to this exchange, only the tower erected tents pot pile, the right place for accommodation, before the formation of a village in the Ming Dynasty. Tibetan and Chinese trade with the south, and gradually developed into a side of tea trading center. Yongzheng seven years (1729) _set_ Tachienlu Hall, located soldiers guarding the place, Han Ham fan _set_, cross-trade, known as the downtown Yan. Since then, "Nothing Han Fan, Fan would not join the Chinese" to break the barriers, a large number of Tibetan mountains into the business more Jingning Kham, a large number of Shaanxi and Sichuan to have the influx of business Kham. Han Fan and outside, all market tea. The tea market due to the rise of cities, Tibetan and Chinese trade through the "pot village" as the media, Yongzheng and Qianlong period, the pot from the 13 village development of 48, very prosperous business. Become one at western metropolis, where in addition to Tong, Batang, Daofu, Luhuo, observing more than wood (Qamdo), Songpan and other places are in the rise of the Qing Dynasty tea ceremony for the commercial development of the town. In short, Sichuan Sichuan-Tibet Tea lose possession is to promote the development and the Sichuan-Tibet Plateau transport an important factor in the rise of towns. Sichuan-Tibet line is both an economic lines, but also a political line and defense line. It is the Mainland of China with Tibet more closely linked together, so that modern foreign imperialist forces could no longer afford to separate Tibet from China. After the Opium War, British imperialist invasion of Tibet in order to try to make Indian tea to replace Chinese tea in Tibet marketing. They think that once the Indian side of tea, tea can replace the status of Sichuan Province, Tibet, the United Kingdom to the political and economic monopoly. To this end, the British imperialists and even invade Lhasa, forcing Tibet and India tea output. Since then, the Sichuan tea has become a weapon against the British invasion of Tibet. Tibet against India tea sales, tea sales Sichuan Tibetan protection, against the British invasion of Tibet has become an important part. At that time the Tibetan people for national interests, preferring to ten times higher than the printed price of tea to buy Sichuan tea, and refuse to eat Indian tea. Local government of Tibet facing India tea sales to bring political and economic crisis in Tibet, it is strongly advocated against Indian tea to Tibet. Dalai Lama calls himself out for the Qing, the Qing government with the actions required to stop the possession of Indian tea sold. Governor of Sichuan Liubing Zhang Qing is forbidden assertive Indian tea Kozo, Yi-free recipe for disaster. Qing court ordered negotiations with the United Kingdom, "Tibet and India Trade Constitution" Yintang tea benefit from the Sichuan-Tibet, Tibetan economy, government taxes, and to consider the interests of farmers merchants also argue against the British invasion of Tibet and India tea sales to protect the Sichuan tea sales possession. Chao Chuan then Governor to oppose the British invasion of Tibet Timor, to guard the national side in Yaan Tea Company established to support the Tibetan people to resist Indian tea. The company improved varieties of tea, rectifying Sichuan tea, _set_ up branch offices in Tachienlu break off side baked tea without restrictions. And in the pond, Batang, selling tea _set_ Qamdo semicolon, reduce intermediate links, quickly transported to Tibet, Sichuan tea. Sichuan tea became a common Sino-Tibetan ethnic aggression against British imperialism in Tibet, India tea dumping fight weapons. Republic of China, the domestic civil war, a large number of Indian tea, took the opportunity to sell into Tibet, the Tibetan local upper instigated the attack on the British imperialism in the border of Sichuan, Sichuan and Tibet, a military conflict. Close contact has been weakened both sides, only the Sichuan tea still navigate the in between Sichuan and Tibet. At the time of the special historical conditions, the Sichuan tea have become a "national defense goods", to communicate the importance of the Mainland economic ties with Tibet, and to the promotion of the Tibetan local government and the central Tibetan political relations and national unity.
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The history of the role of Tea Horse Road
2, the Tea Horse Road led to the socio-economic development of Tibet. Along the way, with the tea-horse trade in the mainland is not only a large number of industrial and agricultural products are introduced in Tibetan Tibetan enriched material life, and the mainland of advanced technology, science and technology and craftsmen also will enter Tibetan areas, and promote the Tibetan economic development. For example, the need for transport of tea, leather technology introduction mainland Tibet, the Tibetan areas of the leather processing industry developed; Another example is the result of business development, China's gold rush, growing vegetables, building, gold and silver processing technology and technicians a lot of input through this channel to promote the Tibetan farming technology, gold mining technology and handicraft development. Meanwhile, the expansion of trade items, Tibetan caterpillar fungus, Fritillaria, rhubarb, Qin Metaplexis stauntoni and other herbs have been developed, mats, Mu son and ethnic handicrafts production has also been driven up, with great development. According to statistics, 3,000 kg of tea produced in Sichuan Song, half of them shipped by a Tibetan Tea Horse Road. By Li Ya Ming, sculpture, Sichuan tea trading port door up to 3 million lead, accounting for 80% of Sichuan tea cited above. After the Qing Dynasty in Sichuan exit Tachienlu 1,400 million kg of tea a year or more. Meanwhile, a large number of Tibetan native also through this output. According to 1934 statistics from Kangding entry to the mainland are musk lose 4,000 pounds, 30,000 pounds caterpillar fungus, wool 5.5 million pounds, more than 60,000 Mu sub-root, a total of more than 400 million of silver, two ⑩. Large-scale Sino-Tibetan trade shows. In this trade, driven by the rapid rise of commercial activities in Tibetan areas, there has been a number of well-known Tibetan providers, such as "Banda positions", "more than three positions," "Sunrise positions" and other (position, Tibetan word for home. Here used as a firm); appeared _set_ inn, shops, intermediaries as a special economic institutions - Guozhuang. Kham is the center of the avenue, under the influence of this environment, the first important change the concept of agriculture and light industry, to develop the habit of doing business. Kham shrewd businessman, which is well known. 3, promoted the emergence and development of Tibetan towns. Tea Horse Road and pack a lot of market forces, the distribution center for business travel, accommodation point, in the long-term business activity, gradually increase for the residents of the town Minato. Promote the development of urbanization in Tibetan society. If Tachienlu still during the Yuan Dynasty to the desolate valley. Stone Tower of Ming Dynasty to open the door, rock Tea Horse Road to the state, where pairs of the Dadu River, west of the gradual distribution of the pack team, the Qing Dynasty to open gas ditch road, built Luding Bridge, its tea to _set_ off, and rapidly became "Chinese Fan increase Minato, merchants, "the commercial city. Tibet and customs from around the pack streamed to and from this team, merchants around the country gathered here. Formed a professional management of tea to help, the franchise gold, musk incense to help, a franchise cloth, Hadad's Qiong cloth to help, a franchise medicinal yam help, exclusive silk, hides the House goods to help, exclusive food eating dried vegetables to help, and the franchise opium, groceries, etc. to help Yunnan. 48 Guozhuang appeared, No. 32, and dozens of tea of different commodities firm operating. The rise of the seam tea, leather, food, hardware and other emerging industries. Houses, shops, hospitals, schools, government offices, streets were established, and developed into a bustling prosperity of the world-famous "yo city." Another example is the Qamdo the Sichuan-Tibet, Yunnan, Qinghai-Tibet Cha Ma Ancient Road three traffic hub and material distribution center. With the tea-horse trade has become the development of Sino-Tibetan Kham trade center and another center. 4, the communication of the Tibetans and the Han and other ethnic and cultural exchanges. The rise of tea-horse trade a large number of Tibetan travel, the opportunity to in-depth tribute to the mainland; the same time, large numbers of Han, Hui, Mongolian, Naxi and other ethnic merchants, craftsmen, Shu army into Tibet. In the long-term exchanges, enhanced understanding of each other and different cultures the sense of kinship and respect for the formation of a compatible, the new culture of mutual integration pattern. Tea Horse Road in many towns, the Tibetans and the Han, Hui and other foreign nations close harmony, the Tibetan culture and Chinese culture, Islamic culture, Naxi culture and other cultures go hand in hand, and absorbed each other in some respects, appear complex, blend situation. For example, in Kangding, Batang, Ganzi, Songpan, Qamdo and other places, both magnificent monastery, there are temple, Sichuan main house, land and other Chinese cultural temple building, in some places there are mosques and Taoism. Merchants all over the city also established the Qin Jin Hall, Huguang Assembly Hall, North Sichuan Center and other organizations, will Sichuan, Shaanxi Opera, Peking Opera theater and introduced Tibet. There are different ethnic groups together to celebrate the holiday; different national diet is absorbed with each other; different ethnic customs and cultural harmony by mutual respect. Cultural harmony and affinity for the blood, Tibetan marriage produced a large number of families here. National unity to flourish on the Tea-Horse Road.
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Tea Horse Road: three religious harmony
Three religious harmony in Kangding In southwest China, the eastern margin of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the middle mountain range Snowy Mountains, is located only 1.45 square kilometers with a small town - Kangding. 60 years from the 19th century, the town formed within Buddhism, Christianity, Islam, the pattern of co-existence, 100 years of missionary years, always live in harmony, as his brother's wife. Imam of the mosque is now 38, Mazet blog, he still remembered the Catholic Church in April 2003 Kangding when the new priest came to the throne Li Lun, invited him and came to the throne attended by representatives of various religious ceremony of the lively scene. 1646, Hui and people began to Kangding to make a living, and now, Kangding County, a total of more than 400 Muslims resident in the mosque next door, the local Muslims built a special school. 72-year-old Muslim mosque in Aunt Chen Fengyun is for the upcoming "Eid" in preparation, she has many Tibetan friends, and some believe in Tibetan Buddhism, some Catholic, "Our relations are very good ah, is it better friend. "Aunt Chen said. Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture in Sichuan Province Bureau of Religious Affairs, according to deputy director Zhang Jianquan introduction, he engaged in religious work in the 15 years of Kangding, rarely encountered a conflict between the various religions. Kangding is the capital of Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture in history was a thriving commercial trade center. 700 years, Tibet has brought business to the musk from Tibet, Cordyceps, gold, horses brought to Kangding, and mainland businessmen brought tea, silk transaction. It is this rise of trade between nations, each nation created a great fusion of Kangding. Less than 100 meters away from where the mosque is the Catholic church in Kangding. In 1860, the Paris Foreign Mission Society missionaries Dingsheng Rong Fu Xicang affected by the order of Missionaries of the Holy See, the way blocked, return to Kangding, located in the northern outskirts of Kangding Church missionary, opened the history of Catholic missionary in Kangding. Now, the whole county more than 300 Catholics, Tibetan followers accounted for 200. Li Lun Catholic priest, said: "Although the whole town over 30,000 population of Tibetan Buddhism, who accounted for the majority, but the local government were less active in protecting the religious beliefs, there are good religious environment." Kangding Catholic Church from the place of about 150 meters, is the largest Tibetan Buddhist temples - An Abbey, has 380 years of history. An iron bar Lama Wang Jue Temple A, told reporters in Kangding, whether you believe in Tibetan Buddhism Ye Hao, Islam, Catholicism, we all should be equal and united. "If other religions come to our temple, we will warm to introduce him. We will never force anyone to believe our own religion." Safety awareness in the Temple, 65-year-old aunt plays Tibetan prayer wheel is being before turning, turning around the tube around and around, silently chanting the text. "We are religious is a personal point of view, is to do good thing. Different religious views is just not the same, but they are to do good." Sub is said.
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Tea Horse Road historical and cultural value
Qamdo bears ★ Three Rivers, mountains and canyons, mountain holy water, geothermal hot springs, wild flowers all over the ranch, smoke curl the tent, and teach the ancient rituals of the Tibetan Buddhist monastery in Tallinn, age-old carved stone, antique giant murals, there are colorful local customs and other rich natural and cultural tourism resources. ★ Tea-Horse Road is the natural and cultural tourism Qamdo an important clue, natural wonders, cultural heritage of mankind, and numerous traces of ancient national customs, endless, full of pathos in the story of most of the diaspora on the Tea Horse Road. It is the accumulation of history, it bears traces of the activities of thousands of years and the persistent desire. ★ Tea Horse Road through Sichuan, Yunnan, Gansu, Qinghai and Tibet corridor between the national, is a multi-ethnic place gave birth to fan interest, but also multi-ethnic interpretation of the history of tragicomedy of the big stage, there is always exploring different cultural treasure, worthy memorial, and body odor. ★ Tea Horse Road travel is the natural port return trip, the journey of harmony between man and nature, the spiritual journey is the city, but also exploration and discovery. ★ Tea-Horse Road is a comprehensive tourism development, we must first improve infrastructure, such as traffic and transport facilities, hotels and restaurants to meet the accommodation needs of the construction, electricity and water, and security protection at the same time vigorously develop tourism products, thereby stimulating development of various undertakings, the local economy alive Qamdo.
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Tea Horse Road socio-economic value
茶马古道的社会经济价值
☆ Tea Horse Road - the most special geographical Qamdo name ☆ Tea Horse Road - land transport artery Qamdo ☆ Tea Horse Road - the golden key to open Changdu ☆ Tea Horse Road - Qamdo important cornerstone of regional development ☆ Tea Horse Road - Qamdo the lifeblood of economic prosperity ☆ Tea Horse Road - Changdu the focus of tourism development
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Tea Horse Road Tourism Development Opportunities
☆ international trend of development of tourism boom ☆ China's accession to WTO as Chamdo unique opportunity to bring tourism development ☆ Qamdo development of west China bring new opportunities to tourism development
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Modern Tea Horse Road
☆ km Route construction, replacing the past, "Tea-Horse Road" feature. ☆ "two horizontal and one vertical" traffic pattern, the basic form of "dry" shape of the modern "Tea-Horse Road." In the eyes of experts and scholars, Tea Horse Road, Yunnan, Sichuan and Tibet, among the ancient trade route through the caravan of transport, Sichuan, Yunnan and Tibet tea to the horse, medicine trade. It is the history of the fifth passage of foreign exchange, has important historical value and status. However, experts in the eyes and the "Silk Road" as important as the Tea Horse Road, but at the time of the flies in silence over many years. With the growing development of modern means of transport, Tea Horse Road has long been replaced by State Highway 214,317,318. "The Silk Road was the world's attention by scholars, experts compete on, and triggered when the tourism boom; in the Silk Road has been renowned the world over, the Tea Horse Road is Beishoulengluo, silently into the jungle in the mountains . "specializes in wood experts Cha Ji-hong said the Tea Horse Road is a quiet historical necessity, but it is also dangerous remote important reason for the decline. Although inactive for many years, but today, Tea Horse Road "hot" it is not without its reasons. "Tea Horse Road is a rich historical and cultural heritage of the Chinese nation, on the very attractive travel enthusiasts." Philip of Wood Ji said, "Trail's own history, culture, charm aside, just along the Villages geography, scenery, folk customs, cultural differences, can attract many people. " "The main features of the tea culture, Tea Horse Road has become a cultural landscape." Peking University scholar Paul Chen told reporters Asia, Tea Horse Road is not only a transportation hub, but also the historical and cultural carrier. Such as the Tea Horse Road and the students with the caravan culture, Tibetan tea culture, business culture, because of Blending Tea Horse Road to the National Cultural ... ... "Now, the Tea Horse Road itself is a culture."
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Documentary film "Tea Horse Road"
Title: Tea-Horse Road Genre: Documentary Length: 110 minutes Director: Tian General Counsel: Ah Cheng Photographer: Wang Yu, Wu Qiao Product: Beijing Digital Culture Communication Co., Ltd. Kunming big impression Television Channel Planning Co., Ltd. Synopsis: Since ancient times, China's Yunnan Province to transport caravan tea, salt, food trail nearly one thousand years of history. Caravan is like today's cars, will be back in the mountain of goods shipped to the country. "Cha," hence the name. "Cha" is: - spread of civilization and culture trail - Foreign Exchange Channel - National Migration Corridor - Religious Communication Boulevard - the road of national peace The national live here, like the mountain plateau, as reasonable manner, full of magic-like colors, co-exist in harmony with nature - from the outside to those of us who can only look up to them, appreciate them, admire them - here can give you a force, a peace and joy from the heart, they will not change because of your own praise. Today, human resources, a new understanding of the living environment, ecological balance, harmony of life cause many of the thought. Happy or sad your life is a lingering feeling. I hope to give you a little inspiration Shangri-La region. Holy Meili Snow Mountain, Kamba people in the highland pastures sing, the great tide of the Nu River valley, the Christ Church in the lips with four of the harmony, Bi Luo snow-capped mountains, Nu's spring sound, weaving the sound, children's play the sound of smoke being submerged in the sun_set_. Self-confidence and harmony, joy, and is where the original soul of a nation.
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TV drama "Tea-Horse Road"
"Cha" Introduction: Evil in the mountains southwest of risk between the water and the wilderness jungle, a mysterious stretch of the trail. Thousands of years, numerous caravan on the road in this quiet walk, pierce many different ethnic and cultural exchanges. This is the world's highest-lying one trail - Tea Horse Road. Anti-Japanese War, the Japanese blocked the Burma Road, maritime traffic was cut off. Tea-Horse Road at this time but also play an important role in its ... ... Time: 2004 Production staff General Counsel: hot ground (Tibetan) Producer: Zhao Xueyi (Manchu) Gou Remembrance Day Lin Zhu Tong Chang Yang Wenhu Director of the system: Soundtrack Kelsang Namgyal (Tibetan) Vista (Tibetan) Liu Yuhui Producer: Yaomao Chen (Dong) Han Hui Weng Wenliang Executive producer: Zhang Mingzhi Producer: Jing Yi (Bai) Zhang Xiaofeng Director: Wang Wenjie Kong Sheng Cast List Liu Lei Wang Shi Huai Luo decorative wood and stone ornaments Nyima Tsering Wang Kuirong Dai Jiao Qian Duo Bujie Liu Lei Luo decorative wood and stone Rinchen Dhondup Lvzhuo Da Plot The story happened in 1942 during World War II. Lhasa, Tibet, Nyima Tsering giant, Sanjiang and Naxi chieftain son Gesang Jia measures to help big business, "Chang-wood home," the new treasurer of wood and stone Luo, Dali Bai generation tea master Wang Yang FY allies and enemies but also to mixed, contradictory, when mutated; Jing agents in Japan, a large kill-off refers to the wolf and the crane Jichang Seven boss Chen Peixiong's instigation, a new Revenge of the Tea Horse Road on the raging. However, the formidable enemy, a common destiny, the spirit of the Chinese nation's fine to make the National Business Group are among the scores of all the Qianchou be resolved to ensure the transport of war materials and the Mainland and Yunnan, Sichuan and Tibetan political and economic ties, performed picture of the magnificent scenes of epic magic. Related Content Both good and bad on the mysterious trail "Tea Horse Road" screen debut Mountains in the southwest of the risk of bad water and the wilderness between the jungle, a mysterious stretch of the trail. Thousands of years, numerous caravan on the road in this quiet walk, pierce many different ethnic and cultural exchanges. This is the world's highest-lying one trail - Tea Horse Road. Anti-Japanese War, the Japanese blocked the Burma Road, maritime traffic was cut off. Tea-Horse Road at this time it has played an important role. Story: Mysterious both good and bad on the trail in 1942, is China's most difficult period of Sino-Japanese War. At that time the Japanese occupation of Burma, blocked the Burma Road, cut off all land access to the Chinese Theater. Tea-Horse Road to the delivery of international aid to China as the only terrestrial channel supplies ... ... Lhasa, Tibet, Nyima Tsering giant, Yunnan Sanjiang chieftain's son Gesang Jia measures, helped the Naxi giant wooden tea master and his son, and Wang Yang Dali Bai generation classic family situation allies and enemies to the intertwined conflicts mutation, in this Japanese spies Jingan large kill-off "means the seven wolves" and the Han-business "Crane Jichang" boss Chen Peixiong's instigation, a new revenge on the Tea Horse Road raging. A little-known story, enveloped with a rich ethnic customs and mystery, the characters from the multi-ethnic group portrait posed in our TV drama creation story is the first time.
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Tea Horse Road South
Cave City, Hunan Anhua Tea Horse Road <--- There are thousands of the world's king of the two tea tea, here are the south end of the caravan> Hunan Anhua Cave City, located in the southeastern Anhua, Township 45 km east from the county, traffic, traffic is good. Some of the map of China, Hunan forum can be no "security" and not "Dongping" names, but there will be "Cave City," the names. Because there has always been the one to Shaoyang (formerly Baoqing), Xinhua County Loudi, Huaihua Xupu to pass. Changsha, Hunan tea tea, especially the government guarantee the safety of the cattle in the fields under the three districts, feet pick the horse focused on the cow field relay pack this hole city, with a bamboo raft along Ma River Ma Xikou into the capital in the water, and then by boat along information water, the Yiyang, the Xiangyin hundred and twenty miles into the lake; hundred and ten miles, by the government of Yueyang Baling into the Yangtze River, the Linxiang, Wuchang, Hubei government char, Jiangxia four hundred furlongs of Hanyang Hankou, Hanyang County, the town government. Eleven hundred dollars in promises. Changsha, Hunan, security or self-government on the field of cattle in three districts under the feet pick the horse focused on the cow field relay pack this hole city, with a bamboo raft along Ma River Ma Xikou into the capital in the water, and then by boat along the water resources, the Yiyang by xiangyin, hundred and twenty years into the Dongting Lake; over four hundred and twenty five miles concentrate Dongting Jinggang into the Xiangjiang River in Changsha. another land line after 2 to Baoqing Xinhua via Mei, Ningxiang to Changsha.. On city streets of the hole and the hole transposon text Au inscriptions Longxi Stone City, Ushiyama can fully reflect the history of this horse trade of tea. Road specialties include black tea, and thousands of the two most famous tea, black tea is fermented tea is after, is endemic to China, tea, dark tea, fresh leaves are taken to cut through the crank, the beginning of kneading, pile, re-kneading, drying, etc. made of five processes. All the two thousand tea manufacturing processes are done manually, takes 4-5 months, in response to this low production. Drinking tea can feel the flavor of two thousand full, mellow taste of sweet, refreshing, solution tired, promote blood circulation, help digestion, to alleviate abdominal distension, diarrhea significant effect. Safety of the Tea Horse Road Cave City, Cave City, Old Street Road Map Safety of the Tea Horse Road Cave City, the road map
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"Cha," the story behind the unforgettable
Flavor of folk drama reproduction Dali Bai in a caravan _set_ off the play, in order to reproduce the real scene, the crew spent a week's time to organize human and material resources to shoot the scene. Them from the cultural sector in Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture invited folklore experts, and from the white marble brought in a live theater director, also invited from the Dali Prefecture Song and Dance Troupe of professional actors, and finally, more than 300-strong extras show true representation of the current lineup of tea, Wang, Yang Bai farewell when the master _set_ off the grand scene. A friend in need hours see the truth "Cha" Choupai the beginning, when the crew in the part of the personnel directly took the opportunity to fly to Lhasa from Beijing, the crew had to take the car away equipment Qinghai-Tibet Highway in Tibet. Qinghai-Tibet around the deserted road, when the wolf is not infested. The road before the driver to buy several bags of oxygen, with increasing elevation, oxygen bags consumed quickly. Although few shifts in the master drive, altitude sickness can be just as strong "inhibition" as tormented them. However, when only a bag of oxygen, they are like "a Major positions there are only a bowl of water," just like anyone not want to whiff of oxygen.
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Related Phrases
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Tibetan Tea
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Tea ancient rules and methods adhesive behind the scenes narrative
