Dicotyledonous plants, Rosaceae. Deciduous trees. Flowers pink or purple red. Since the flowers are mostly sterile, need cross-pollination. Fruit development by the ovary and the receptacle is made. Flesh crisp and sweet, to help digestion.
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No. 5
malus pumila mill. Rosaceae family and genus: Malus Form habit: deciduous tree, height up to 15 meters tall under cultivation 3 to 5 meters. Gray-brown trunk, the old skin with irregular longitudinal cracks or flakes peeling off, twigs smooth. Single Leaves alternate, elliptic to ovate, leaf margin serrate. Corymb, petals white with pink when in bud, stamens 20, styles 5. The fruit is a pome, color and size due to different varieties. Hi ray, hi slightly acidic to neutral soil. Most suitable for deep soil, rich in organic matter, subsoil sandy soil with good drainage ventilation. Cultivation Propagation by grafting. Rootstock with Joe of dwarfing rootstocks and. Joe of the rootstock used are: Catalpa son, West House Begonia, Shan Jing son, dwarfing the main introduction of the British species. With wide-row close planting, line the north and south. South side before the fall and winter planting soil frozen, thaw in spring when the northern side planting. Apple knot strength from poor pollination tree planting must be configured. Distribution of resources: origin of southeastern Europe, Asia Minor and the South Caucasus area. Introduced into China until after 1870 years ago of Yantai, in recent years, the south and north in the northeast, northwest provinces widely cultivated. Daily consumption of fruit today, mostly in China have a long history of cultivation, and its name is also found in very early historical records, Apple's situation is an exception. Although very early in ancient China and its kind are very close to the fruit, but the name Apple has to officially appear until the Ming Dynasty. Study of its origins, Apple is the "fruit Sterculia," short for "Sterculia" first writing "Frequency woman", and "Frequency woman" there are some "smoothing", "Ping Po" and Homophone write. This paper from the study, "Frequency woman" fruit starting to discuss the Chinese "Apple" in the source and history of ancient Chinese culture of Apple to provide some documentation, King criticized the correction to be the expert. Apple's Habit First, the flower buds and flowers: Apple's differentiation, the majority of species are from June until early winter to complete the whole process is divided into physiological differentiation, morphological differentiation and maturation of three periods. Bud mixed bud, inflorescence corymbose cyme. 5-8 flowers per spike, miscellaneous, mostly 5, the center flowers bloom after flowering side open, center the best quality flowers, fruit stability, the results of large flowers and flower and fruit thinning should be left center center fruit multi-edge thinning flowers and fruit edge. After starting leaf bud flowering and fruit stage drawn from the Health and Fu Shao, fruit Fushao pumping station the number of students and length with the species and result mother's nutritional conditions vary. Taiwan Fu Shao pumping raw fruit and strong (two), long and strong branches of the species, such as the wish of light, the fruit is small, production is not high, the results of a loose group of branches. Of such varieties, application to stay a sparse one and topping other ways to control Fushao twisted tip growth. Fushao growth Force (1 or 2), branches short (10 cm below) and thick varieties, such as gold handsome, Jonagold, etc., fruit, high yield, the results of compact groups branch, update easy ability row results strong. Fushao growth is weak (a), shoot a short (3 cm or less) of the species, such as Marshal, Department of En pie, fruit, the results of branch group compact, easy to form a group of chicken sticks, update easy, but fruit _set_s and more The results for the following year, branches should be prepared to stay in order to reduce the size of the results. Second, the fruit: Apple fruit development from ovary and the receptacle from the fake fruit, which results ovary development of the heart, the receptacle and development results of meat, embryos develop into seeds. The volume of fruit enlargement, pre-dividing cells by the cells rapidly increase in the number, the latter by cell volume enlargement. Volume of swollen fruit, medium to mature before the fast, early and late slow one month before the fruit weight to mature the fastest growing. Fruit development period is early maturing varieties generally 65-87 days, 90-133 days in the ripening varieties, late-maturing varieties of 137-168 days. Fruit color is an important indicator of goods. The good and the bad apple with colored sugar accumulation, the coordination of mineral elements, environmental conditions and hormone types, content, etc. A great deal. Late nitrogen control, increasing potassium and reducing chlorophyll in the peel, improve air and light conditions, increase the degree sunlight, good drainage, reduce air humidity, spraying NAA and 2.4-d and other hormones, can contribute to Apple color. Apple appears to harvest from the bud, Flower and fruit drop are generally four times. The first time in the final flowering stalk together with the flower faded and fall off, often referred to as falling. After falling the second time in about a week, the ovary slightly increased, sustainable 5-20 days, known as the early fruit drop. The third time in the second 7-14 days after fruit drop, fruit has reached the big thumbs Yuan, a greater impact on yield, known as the physiological fruit drop, Yunnan generally occurs in May, the phenology of the north later than Yunnan, the occurrence of In June, it said "June fruit drop." Before harvest, the fourth time, fell mature or nearly mature fruit, it said, preharvest fruit drop. The first and second falling drop, mainly nutritional deficiencies and poor pollination and fertilization caused. The third drop, competition between fruit nutrient addition, embryo growth hormone deficiency, the competition for nutrients is fierce due to tip fruits. Osmotic pressure due to the leaves than the young fruit, young fruit compete stronger than the power of nutrients, so the addition to timely make topping, cut the shoot growth inhibition of shoots, etc., should also prompt Xie flower fertilizer top dressing, add nutrients. Third, the seed: The embryo sac from the fertilized egg. The normal apple fruit, each fruit has five ventricle, each ventricle is seed 2. In the process of fruit development, seed pulp stimulate the secretion of growth hormone, so good pollination and fertilization, seed filling full, shape correct, plump flesh; the other hand, poor or no seed seed development side, the abnormal fruit pulp from depression thin, so be sure to configure the pollination of trees and improve pollination. On the external environmental conditions First, the temperature: Apple likes the cold dry temperate fruit trees require winter cold, summer is not Kushu, annual range is small, at less large. Appropriate temperature range is the average temperature 9-14 ℃, extreme winter temperatures not lower than the lowest -12 ℃, the highest monthly average temperature in summer is not higher than 20 ℃, ≥ 10 ℃ accumulated temperature is about 5000 ℃, the growing season (4 - October) the average temperature of 12-18 ℃, 7.2 ℃ in winter to be 1200-1500 hours the following low temperature, can be successfully through natural dormancy. Lack of time low, fat leaves, delayed flowering but not neat, and some do not even sprout flower buds, to the May release the scales fall off, a dry pile, severely reducing yields; absolute temperature lower than -30 - 32 ℃, frost damage has occurred . According to the survey, Apple and temperature at different altitudes in Yunnan Province, the performance of the region the following table. Table 1 apple and temperature at different altitudes in Yunnan, the performance of zone Altitude (meters) Average temperature (), high yield, fruit quality and suitability of growth pattern of diseases and pests `Worse than 1800 following 15 normal weight difference is not appropriate 1800-200014-15 heavier than normal times in the appropriate 2000-220013-14 abundance of light on the appropriate normal 2400-250012-12.5 2200-240012-13 very light normal high priority the most appropriate In the 2200-2400 m, the average temperature of 12-13 ℃ Strip, Apple good performance is mainly caused by temperature difference between day and night, summer and fall, accumulated enough, strong ultraviolet light, high and stable yield performance of apple, fruit color bright, fruit-shaped high-mounted, five distinct edge , sugar and vitamin c content, low acid content, pectin sticky, flavor, storability and resistance to cold strong. Winter cold feet, smooth through natural dormancy of fruit trees, flower buds of good quality, sub-sprout in spring time, germination, flowering and tidy, fruit _set_ting rate, fewer pests and light, it is Apple's most desirable areas. 2000-2200 meters above sea level, the average annual temperature of 13-14 ℃ and the elevation of 2400-2500 meters, the average annual temperature of 12-12.5 ℃ region, the most suitable area immediately under the belt and the belt, is Apple's suitable area. At an altitude of 2600 meters above the average annual temperature of 9 ℃ the following areas, but also on accumulated temperature and growing season temperature high enough, the tree dwarf, stem shorter, less the number of fruit cell division and enlargement coefficient is small, leading to small fruit, thick skin, meat hard, sugar is low, are not suitable for Apple area. Therefore, the development of Apple's most desirable and should be _select_ed suitable areas to build gardens in order to give full play to the natural advantages of fine character and variety, the fruit yield and quality, best value for money received. Second, the rainfall: Although the origin of Apple in the summer dry inland climate regions, hi drier the environment, but still plenty of water and appropriate growth stage of the air humidity, to normal growth and development; but excessive rainfall, high humidity, will result in foliage dense, serious pest, fruit color, sugar and low acid concentration. Generally 500-1,000 mm annual rainfall, air humidity 60% -70% is appropriate. The uneven spatial and temporal distribution of rainfall in Yunnan, dry rainy seasons, so the February-May dry season, irrigation should be flooded with top-dressing once a month to meet the fat leaves Choushao and water needed for flowering; the rainy season but also good drainage, reduce soil moisture and air humidity, in order to reduce pests and diseases and improve fruit quality. Third, the light: Apple is a happy light of the fruit trees. According to the determination of most varieties was 600-940 lux light compensation point, saturation point 24000-75000 lux. Insufficient light, directly reduces the level of photosynthesis and tree nutrition, and affect the coloring and sugar into the fruit; strong too, and exposure to direct sunlight for too long, the branches and fruit is also easily lead to burns. So be sure to choose the right garden and good pruning to improve air and light and leaves a reasonable screen layer, to avoid the aforementioned disadvantages. Fourth, the terrain: Plains, mountains, beaches, river coating can be grown, but sunny, open, leeward, surrounded by vegetation better slow ramp, the light is good, convenient irrigation and drainage, planting is best; depression, Qing ditch, although deep soil, However, poor light, easy to water during the rainy season, the air humidity is too large; steep slopes, shallow soil, the soil thin, heavy soil erosion, are not conducive to tree growth. For soil: Apple's strict requirements for soil, clay, sand, loam may be, but deep soil, loose fertile sandy loam soil is best. Shallow soil, gravel, heavy clay soil too much to be improved before planting. Ph adapt the range of pH values of 5.3-8.2, the optimum was 5.4-6.8. Less than 5.4, too acid, prone to boron deficiency, calcium deficiency caused reduced disease and bitter pit in fruit; higher than 7.8, slightly alkaline, prone to iron deficiency, caused leaf chlorosis. Ornamental flowering season for garden use; fruit ripening season, numerous fruits, colorful, lovingly. Apple native to Europe, Central Asian and Turkish area, the nineteenth century into China. VI, nuclear: For the five-pointed star-shaped cross section. "An apple a day" is a well-known health slogan. Indeed, Apple is rich in sugars, organic acids, fiber, vitamins, minerals, polyphenols and flavonoids nutrients by scientists known as the "full range of health fruit." So, in the end what health effects it has won such a reputation it? Lower blood lipids: Japan Institute of Pomology human trials showed that eating two apples a day, 3 weeks after the subjects blood triglyceride levels decreased by 21%, and high triglyceride levels is the hardening of the arteries of the culprit . Apple pectin into the body, with the bile acid binding, like a sponge to absorb excess cholesterol and triglycerides, and then excreted. Meanwhile, Apple is conducive to decomposition of acetic acid catabolism of the two substances. In addition, Apple's vitamins, fructose, magnesium can also reduce their content. Lower blood pressure: too much sodium causes high blood pressure and stroke is an important factor. Apple contains sufficient potassium, can be combined with the body of excess sodium and excreted, thereby reducing blood pressure. At the same time, potassium ions can effectively protect the blood vessels and reduce blood pressure, stroke incidence. British pharmacologist - Dr. Susan Orr Ridge found that apple polyphenols and flavonoids contained in the material can be effective in preventing cardiovascular disease. Prevent cancer: Japan Hirosaki University study confirmed that apple polyphenols can inhibit cancer cell proliferation. A study of Finland's more exciting: apples contain flavonoids is a highly effective antioxidant, it is not only the best cleaning agent of blood vessels, but also cancer killer. If people eat more apples, can reduce the risk of lung cancer 46% risk of other cancers was also reduced by 20%. French National Health Medical Research Institute's latest research also tells us that apple procyanidins can prevent colon cancer. Antioxidant: Cornell University research team dipped into rat brain cells with quercetin and vitamin c, liquid, found in the antioxidant capacity of brain cells was significantly enhanced. Compared with other fruits and vegetables, apples contain quercetin in the best, and yellow apples and red apples green apples off than good. Therefore, Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease patients, Apple is the best food. Strengthens bones: Apple can increase bone contains mineral elements boron and manganese. An American study found that boron can greatly increase the blood estrogen levels and other compounds, these substances can be effective in preventing calcium loss. Medical experts believe that postmenopausal women can be if the daily intake of 3 g B, then their rate of calcium loss can be reduced by 46% in postmenopausal women eat more apples, is conducive to calcium absorption and utilization of prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Maintaining acid-base balance: 70% of the disease occurred in the acidic person, and Apple is the basic food, eat apples too quickly in the body of acidic substances (including the movement of acid and fish, meat, eggs and other acidic food in the body of acidic metabolites), increased physical strength and resistance to disease. "An apple a day keeps the doctor away." Among the many fruits, apples can be said is the most common and most peaceful one, but its nutritional value but can not be underestimated. Chinese believe it can be "fluid lungs, spleen appetite"; nutrition on the analysis, pointed out that Apple is up to fructose, and contains a variety of organic acids, pectin and trace elements. Apple Pectin is soluble fiber, not only can promote cholesterol metabolism, reduce cholesterol levels, but also promote fat body. The French have done an experiment, a group of healthy middle-aged men and women daily consumption of two to three apples, a month later, measure their cholesterol levels, found that 80% of human blood low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (ldl also known as bad cholesterol) are decreased; the same time, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (hdl ie good cholesterol) is increased. Apple help for cardiovascular evident. Apple contains trace elements of potassium can expand blood vessels, enabling patients with hypertension, while zinc is necessary for the human body, will lead to a lack of glucose metabolism disorders and decreased sexual function. Raw apples, in addition to access to more benefits, but also conditioning the stomach, because it's rich in fiber will help drainage. On the other hand, diarrhea is also good for people who eat it, because the malic acid with convergence, but it should be noted that in the case of chronic diarrhea stomach Deficiency type shall be wrapped with aluminum foil to Apple, first cooked simmer until cooked or baked eat. Apple nutrient-rich, heat is not high, and even welcomed by the weight loss. Diet, the use of apple slices ginger boiled water to drink Piga can stop vomiting. Pears with the apples with pears cold can be reduced, more to strengthen the stomach and lungs run effect. Fall sugar, with apples, pears several, plus a two-Lily (30 grams), Dendrobium 5 money (15 grams), almonds 3 money (9 grams), can be lungs and cough. Weight Loss: Apple will increase satiety, reduce food intake before meals to eat to achieve weight loss goals. As to whether or not to eat the apple peeling, it is matter of opinion, not peeling, it may eat pesticides, peel it, Apple is the most nutritious part of the skin, and most of the fibers are skin Apple's Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak and ron wayn on April 1, 1976 was established. The spring of 1975, apple Ⅰ by the wozon designed by byte of the computer store to buy a 50 sells for $ 666.66 at the apple Ⅰ. 1976, woz finished apple Ⅱ design. 1977 Apple officially registered as a company, and enabled the new Apple logo still in use today. Meanwhile, Apple also received a first investment - mike markkula of $ 92,000. In 1978, Apple ready to stock market futures Apple Xerox $ 1,000,000 of the shares, and allow Apple engineers to study Xerox has long been regarded as waste parc operating system graphical interface. But Apple engineers miraculous, and a graphical interface into a new space. Apple described the company's results: Apple apple ii through the seventies of the twentieth century ignited the personal computer revolution, macintosh launch of the eighties of the twentieth century and reinvented the personal computer. Through its innovative hardware, software and internet technology and equipment, Apple Computer is committed to best use the experience to students around the world, educators, creative professionals and ordinary consumers. Apple apple ● ● Ingredients: apples rich in carbohydrates, protein, fat, vitamin c, pectin, tannic acid, organic acid and calcium, phosphorus, iron, potassium and other minerals. Detoxification effect: Apple high nutritional value, healthy, has always been talked about for the people. In addition it also has ruled out salt, lower blood pressure to cholesterol, stimulate peristalsis, diuretic laxative and so on. Apple pectin can be adjusted in the physiological functions. Taboo: easy to eat more food, should be restrained. Film: "Apple" Title: "Apple" Director: Li Yu Producer: Fang Lizhi Cast: Fan Bingbing Tony Leung Ka Fai Tong Dawei Genre: Drama / City Length: 97 min Issue: PolyBona Release Date: May 18, 2007 The 57th Berlin Film Festival competition films "Apple" is the theme of a modern urban black humor film tells the story of a first chance and the controversial "rape / adultery" events, leading to Tony Leung Ka Fai and his wife, Elaine Jin, and Tong Dawei Fan Bingbing and her husband broke out between two rich and poor families strange series of bizarre contradictions and conflicts and feelings of dislocation of the dramatic story. This is a true story of a poor suburb of Tehran occurred in a small village, a pair of twin sisters from the cruel birth parents, it will be of any import and export them in the home are equipped with iron bars. Neighbor's complaint, in exchange for the attention of social workers, will the two of them from the "Iron House" in to the rescued. Not words, never leave the house the two sisters, two of them happened to be is? First of all, I'm not sure the presentation of the film is a documentary or feature films, but I just want to take this to convey some idea: why in the male-dominated society, only boys could play running in the streets, but the girl is not the case? I also want to try to understand that for parents, why would not give love, care for two children, but imprisoned in cages in them? The residents of the neighbors, they understand this tragic thing? If you know why they turn a blind eye to this for many years? I still do not know, in the end who should be responsible for this matter, parents? Neighbor? Administration? ? ? Suomi La ╞ 马克卡巴夫, aged eighteen. Father is a famous Iranian director. Childhood in his father's movie that starred. After attending film school, filmed and directed two short films: "desert" (feature film) and "artschools" (documentary). "Apple" (theapple) is his first feature film, in addition to exhibitors invited to the Cannes Film Festival, the Cannes Film Festival and was nominated directors have ever been, in the youngest. "Apple" theapple invited to more than 20 film festivals in addition to outside, and has also released new achievements in national box office. Society in Iran, the girl from a half-year-old is considered a mature individual (ie, the concept of women in general.) In Iran's traditional values, the more there is a "daughter like flowers, the sun will make it wilt. Therefore, in order to prevent this situation from occurring, to allow them to stay away from the sun, and thus be a protective gauze scarf they are a tool. "If you do not do so, Iranian society will not exist for women and subjugation. Therefore, we can see the film when the blind to the Bureau of Social Affairs and the mother of his daughter when together, first off do not ask how the two of them, but asked how her daughter's head scarf was gone. Two daughters will return home after the scarf wrapped and locked in the house, in order to "protect" the plot of the two of them. This description, perhaps you would think that Iran is led by the matriarchal society of women. But in fact, the traditional Iranian society controlled by men, it was a Muslim country. Such a situation, until after the revolution of 1979 have improved. Female talent to go to school, to the city to work, can also go to the street and men to celebrate national event (such as the World Cup), or festive celebration. The rise of feminism, so that this ancient land of Islam Muslim new reflection. "Apple," a director Shami La in the film which is trying to express, not to shut their complaints which parents have twins, and perhaps questioning the values of this community, in the feminist movement 20 years later, really need to be reversed again. By social workers play a more "civilized" perspective, let's look at these two belong to the political, cultural, and religious issues. Iran, Iranian women are still leading the men into the future the only driving force. Since ancient times were.
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No. 6
malus pumila mill. Rosaceae family and genus: Malus Form habit: deciduous tree, height up to 15 meters tall under cultivation 3 to 5 meters. Gray-brown trunk, the old skin with irregular longitudinal cracks or flakes peeling off, twigs smooth. Single Leaves alternate, elliptic to ovate, leaf margin serrate. Corymb, petals white with pink when in bud, stamens 20, styles 5. The fruit is a pome, color and size due to different varieties. Hi ray, hi slightly acidic to neutral soil. Most suitable for deep soil, rich in organic matter, subsoil sandy soil with good drainage ventilation. Cultivation Propagation by grafting. Rootstock with Joe of dwarfing rootstocks and. Joe of the rootstock used are: Catalpa son, West House Begonia, Shan Jing son, dwarfing the main introduction of the British species. With wide-row close planting, line the north and south. South side before the fall and winter planting soil frozen, thaw in spring when the northern side planting. Apple knot strength from poor pollination tree planting must be configured. Distribution of resources: origin of southeastern Europe, Asia Minor and the South Caucasus area. Introduced into China until after 1870 years ago of Yantai, in recent years, the south and north in the northeast, northwest provinces widely cultivated. Daily consumption of fruit today, mostly in China have a long history of cultivation, and its name is also found in very early historical records, Apple's situation is an exception. Although very early in ancient China and its kind are very close to the fruit, but the name Apple has to officially appear until the Ming Dynasty. Study of its origins, Apple is the "fruit Sterculia," short for "Sterculia" first writing "Frequency woman", and "Frequency woman" there are some "smoothing", "Ping Po" and Homophone write. This paper from the study, "Frequency woman" fruit starting to discuss the Chinese "Apple" in the source and history of ancient Chinese culture of Apple to provide some documentation, King criticized the correction to be the expert. Apple's Habit First, the flower buds and flowers: Apple's differentiation, the majority of species are from June until early winter to complete the whole process is divided into physiological differentiation, morphological differentiation and maturation of three periods. Bud mixed bud, inflorescence corymbose cyme. 5-8 flowers per spike, miscellaneous, mostly 5, the center flowers bloom after flowering side open, center the best quality flowers, fruit stability, the results of large flowers and flower and fruit thinning should be left center center fruit multi-edge thinning flowers and fruit edge. After starting leaf bud flowering and fruit stage drawn from the Health and Fu Shao, fruit Fushao pumping station the number of students and length with the species and result mother's nutritional conditions vary. Taiwan Fu Shao pumping raw fruit and strong (two), long and strong branches of the species, such as the wish of light, the fruit is small, production is not high, the results of a loose group of branches. Of such varieties, application to stay a sparse one and topping other ways to control Fushao twisted tip growth. Fushao growth Force (1 or 2), branches short (10 cm below) and thick varieties, such as gold handsome, Jonagold, etc., fruit, high yield, the results of compact groups branch, update easy ability row results strong. Fushao growth is weak (a), shoot a short (3 cm or less) of the species, such as Marshal, Department of En pie, fruit, the results of branch group compact, easy to form a group of chicken sticks, update easy, but fruit _set_s and more The results for the following year, branches should be prepared to stay in order to reduce the size of the results. Second, the fruit: Apple fruit development from ovary and the receptacle from the fake fruit, which results ovary development of the heart, the receptacle and development results of meat, embryos develop into seeds. The volume of fruit enlargement, pre-dividing cells by the cells rapidly increase in the number, the latter by cell volume enlargement. Volume of swollen fruit, medium to mature before the fast, early and late slow one month before the fruit weight to mature the fastest growing. Fruit development period is early maturing varieties generally 65-87 days, 90-133 days in the ripening varieties, late-maturing varieties of 137-168 days. Fruit color is an important indicator of goods. The good and the bad apple with colored sugar accumulation, the coordination of mineral elements, environmental conditions and hormone types, content, etc. A great deal. Late nitrogen control, increasing potassium and reducing chlorophyll in the peel, improve air and light conditions, increase the degree sunlight, good drainage, reduce air humidity, spraying NAA and 2.4-d and other hormones, can contribute to Apple color. Apple appears to harvest from the bud, Flower and fruit drop are generally four times. The first time in the final flowering stalk together with the flower faded and fall off, often referred to as falling. After falling the second time in about a week, the ovary slightly increased, sustainable 5-20 days, known as the early fruit drop. The third time in the second 7-14 days after fruit drop, fruit has reached the big thumbs Yuan, a greater impact on yield, known as the physiological fruit drop, Yunnan generally occurs in May, the phenology of the north later than Yunnan, the occurrence of In June, it said "June fruit drop." Before harvest, the fourth time, fell mature or nearly mature fruit, it said, preharvest fruit drop. The first and second falling drop, mainly nutritional deficiencies and poor pollination and fertilization caused. The third drop, competition between fruit nutrient addition, embryo growth hormone deficiency, the competition for nutrients is fierce due to tip fruits. Osmotic pressure due to the leaves than young fruit, young fruit compete stronger than the power of nutrients, so the addition to timely make topping, cutting tip and so inhibit the growth of new shoots, we must also thank Flower timely topdressing fertilizer, add nutrients. Third, the seed: The embryo sac from the fertilized egg. The normal apple fruit, each fruit has five ventricle, each ventricle is seed 2. In the process of fruit development, seed pulp stimulate the secretion of growth hormone, so good pollination and fertilization, seed filling full, shape correct, plump flesh; the other hand, poor or no seed seed development side, the abnormal fruit pulp from depression thin, so be sure to configure the pollination of trees and improve pollination. On the external environmental conditions First, the temperature: Apple likes the cold dry temperate fruit trees require winter cold, summer is not Kushu, annual range is small, at less large. Appropriate temperature range is the average temperature 9-14 ℃, extreme winter temperatures not lower than the lowest -12 ℃, the highest monthly average temperature in summer is not higher than 20 ℃, ≥ 10 ℃ accumulated temperature is about 5000 ℃, the growing season (4 - October) the average temperature of 12-18 ℃, 7.2 ℃ in winter to be 1200-1500 hours the following low temperature, can be successfully through natural dormancy. Lack of time low, fat leaves, delayed flowering but not neat, and some do not even sprout flower buds, to the May release the scales fall off, a dry pile, severely reducing yields; absolute temperature lower than -30 - 32 ℃, frost damage has occurred . According to the survey, Apple and temperature at different altitudes in Yunnan Province, the performance of the region the following table. Table 1 apple and temperature at different altitudes in Yunnan, the performance of zone Altitude (meters) Average temperature (), high yield, fruit quality and suitability of growth pattern of diseases and pests `Worse than 1800 following 15 normal weight difference is not appropriate 1800-200014-15 heavier than normal times in the appropriate 2000-220013-14 abundance of light on the appropriate normal 2400-250012-12.5 2200-240012-13 very light normal high priority the most appropriate In the 2200-2400 m, the average temperature of 12-13 ℃ Strip, Apple good performance is mainly caused by temperature difference between day and night, summer and fall, accumulated enough, strong ultraviolet light, high and stable yield performance of apple, fruit color bright, fruit-shaped high-mounted, five distinct edge , sugar and vitamin c content, low acid content, pectin sticky, flavor, storability and resistance to cold strong. Winter cold feet, smooth through natural dormancy of fruit trees, flower buds of good quality, sub-sprout in spring time, germination, flowering and tidy, fruit _set_ting rate, fewer pests and light, it is Apple's most desirable areas. 2000-2200 meters above sea level, the average annual temperature of 13-14 ℃ and the elevation of 2400-2500 meters, the average annual temperature of 12-12.5 ℃ region, the most suitable area immediately under the belt and the belt, is Apple's suitable area. At an altitude of 2600 meters above the average annual temperature of 9 ℃ the following areas, but also on accumulated temperature and growing season temperature high enough, the tree dwarf, stem shorter, less the number of fruit cell division and enlargement coefficient is small, leading to small fruit, thick skin, meat hard, sugar is low, are not suitable for Apple area. Therefore, the development of Apple's most desirable and should be _select_ed suitable areas to build gardens in order to give full play to the natural advantages of fine character and variety, the fruit yield and quality, best value for money received. Second, the rainfall: Although the origin of Apple in the summer dry inland climate regions, hi drier the environment, but still plenty of water and appropriate growth stage of the air humidity, to normal growth and development; but excessive rainfall, high humidity, will result in foliage dense, serious pest, fruit color, sugar and low acid concentration. Generally 500-1,000 mm annual rainfall, air humidity 60% -70% is appropriate. The uneven spatial and temporal distribution of rainfall in Yunnan, dry rainy seasons, so the February-May dry season, irrigation should be flooded with top-dressing once a month to meet the fat leaves Choushao and water needed for flowering; the rainy season but also good drainage, reduce soil moisture and air humidity, in order to reduce pests and diseases and improve fruit quality. Third, the light: Apple is a happy light of the fruit trees. According to the determination of most varieties was 600-940 lux light compensation point, saturation point 24000-75000 lux. Insufficient light, directly reduces the level of photosynthesis and tree nutrition, and affect the coloring and sugar into the fruit; strong too, and exposure to direct sunlight for too long, the branches and fruit is also easily lead to burns. So be sure to choose the right garden and good pruning to improve air and light and leaves a reasonable screen layer, to avoid the aforementioned disadvantages. Fourth, the terrain: Plains, mountains, beaches, river coating can be grown, but sunny, open, leeward, surrounded by vegetation better slow ramp, the light is good, convenient irrigation and drainage, planting is best; depression, Qing ditch, although deep soil, However, poor light, easy to water during the rainy season, the air humidity is too large; steep slopes, shallow soil, the soil thin, heavy soil erosion, are not conducive to tree growth. For soil: Apple's strict requirements for soil, clay, sand, loam may be, but deep soil, loose fertile sandy loam soil is best. Shallow soil, gravel, heavy clay soil too much to be improved before planting. Ph adapt the range of pH values of 5.3-8.2, the optimum was 5.4-6.8. Less than 5.4, too acid, prone to boron deficiency, calcium deficiency caused reduced disease and bitter pit in fruit; higher than 7.8, slightly alkaline, prone to iron deficiency, caused leaf chlorosis. Ornamental flowering season for garden use; fruit ripening season, numerous fruits, colorful, lovingly. Apple native to Europe, Central Asian and Turkish area, the nineteenth century into China. "An apple a day" is a well-known health slogan. Indeed, Apple is rich in sugars, organic acids, fiber, vitamins, minerals, polyphenols and flavonoids nutrients by scientists known as the "full range of health fruit." So, in the end what health effects it has won such a reputation it? Lower blood lipids: Japan Institute of Pomology human trials showed that eating two apples a day, 3 weeks after the subjects blood triglyceride levels decreased by 21%, and high triglyceride levels is the hardening of the arteries of the culprit . Apple pectin into the body, with the bile acid binding, like a sponge to absorb excess cholesterol and triglycerides, and then excreted. Meanwhile, Apple is conducive to decomposition of acetic acid catabolism of the two substances. In addition, Apple's vitamins, fructose, magnesium can also reduce their content. Lower blood pressure: too much sodium causes high blood pressure and stroke is an important factor. Apple contains sufficient potassium, can be combined with the body of excess sodium and excreted, thereby reducing blood pressure. At the same time, potassium ions can effectively protect the blood vessels and reduce blood pressure, stroke incidence. British pharmacologist - Dr. Susan Orr Ridge found that apple polyphenols and flavonoids contained in the material can be effective in preventing cardiovascular disease. Prevent cancer: Japan Hirosaki University study confirmed that apple polyphenols can inhibit cancer cell proliferation. A study of Finland's more exciting: apples contain flavonoids is a highly effective antioxidant, it is not only the best cleaning agent of blood vessels, but also cancer killer. If people eat more apples, can reduce the risk of lung cancer 46% risk of other cancers was also reduced by 20%. French National Health Medical Research Institute's latest research also tells us that apple procyanidins can prevent colon cancer. Antioxidant: Cornell University research team dipped into rat brain cells with quercetin and vitamin c, liquid, found in the antioxidant capacity of brain cells was significantly enhanced. Compared with other fruits and vegetables, apples contain quercetin in the best, and yellow apples and red apples green apples off than good. Therefore, Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease patients, Apple is the best food. Strengthens bones: Apple can increase bone contains mineral elements boron and manganese. An American study found that boron can greatly increase the blood estrogen levels and other compounds, these substances can be effective in preventing calcium loss. Medical experts believe that postmenopausal women can be if the daily intake of 3 g B, then their rate of calcium loss can be reduced by 46% in postmenopausal women eat more apples, is conducive to calcium absorption and utilization of prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Maintaining acid-base balance: 70% of the disease occurred in the acidic person, and Apple is the basic food, eat apples too quickly in the body of acidic substances (including the movement of acid and fish, meat, eggs and other acidic food in the body of acidic metabolites), increased physical strength and resistance to disease. "An apple a day keeps the doctor away." Among the many fruits, apples can be said is the most common and most peaceful one, but its nutritional value but can not be underestimated. Chinese believe it can be "fluid lungs, spleen appetite"; nutrition on the analysis, pointed out that Apple is up to fructose, and contains a variety of organic acids, pectin and trace elements. Apple Pectin is soluble fiber, not only can promote cholesterol metabolism, reduce cholesterol levels, but also promote fat body. The French have done an experiment, a group of healthy middle-aged men and women daily consumption of two to three apples, a month later, measure their cholesterol levels, found that 80% of human blood low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (ldl also known as bad cholesterol) are decreased; the same time, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (hdl ie good cholesterol) is increased. Apple help for cardiovascular evident. Apple contains trace elements of potassium can expand blood vessels, enabling patients with hypertension, while zinc is necessary for the human body, will lead to a lack of glucose metabolism disorders and decreased sexual function. Raw apples, in addition to access to more benefits, but also conditioning the stomach, because it's rich in fiber will help drainage. On the other hand, diarrhea is also good for people who eat it, because the malic acid with convergence, but it should be noted that in the case of chronic diarrhea stomach Deficiency type shall be wrapped with aluminum foil to Apple, first cooked simmer until cooked or baked eat. Apple nutrient-rich, heat is not high, and even welcomed by the weight loss. Diet, the use of apple slices ginger boiled water to drink Piga can stop vomiting. Pears with the apples with pears cold can be reduced, more to strengthen the stomach and lungs run effect. Fall sugar, with apples, pears several, plus a two-Lily (30 grams), Dendrobium 5 money (15 grams), almonds 3 money (9 grams), can be lungs and cough. Weight Loss: Apple will increase satiety, reduce food intake before meals to eat to achieve weight loss goals. As to whether or not to eat the apple peeling, it is matter of opinion, not peeling, it may eat pesticides, peel it, Apple is the most nutritious part of the skin, and most of the fibers are skin Apple's Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak and ron wayn on April 1, 1976 was established. The spring of 1975, apple Ⅰ by the wozon designed by byte of the computer store to buy a 50 sells for $ 666.66 at the apple Ⅰ. 1976, woz finished apple Ⅱ design. 1977 Apple officially registered as a company, and enabled the new Apple logo still in use today. Meanwhile, Apple also received a first investment - mike markkula of $ 92,000. Apple's Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak and ron wayn on April 1, 1976 was established. The spring of 1975, apple Ⅰ by the wozon designed by byte of the computer store to buy a 50 sells for $ 666.66 at the apple Ⅰ. 1976, woz finished apple Ⅱ design. 1977 Apple officially registered as a company, and enabled the new Apple logo still in use today. Meanwhile, Apple also received a first investment - mike markkula of $ 92,000. In 1978, Apple ready to stock market futures Apple Xerox $ 1,000,000 of the shares, and allow Apple engineers to study Xerox has long been regarded as waste parc operating system graphical interface. But Apple engineers miraculous, and a graphical interface into a new space. Apple described the company's results: Apple apple ii through the seventies of the twentieth century ignited the personal computer revolution, macintosh launch of the eighties of the twentieth century and reinvented the personal computer. Through its innovative hardware, software and internet technology and equipment, Apple Computer is committed to best use the experience to students around the world, educators, creative professionals and ordinary consumers. Apple apple ● ● Ingredients: apples rich in carbohydrates, protein, fat, vitamin c, pectin, tannic acid, organic acid and calcium, phosphorus, iron, potassium and other minerals. Detoxification effect: Apple high nutritional value, healthy, has always been talked about for the people. In addition it also has ruled out salt, lower blood pressure to cholesterol, stimulate peristalsis, diuretic laxative and so on. Apple pectin can be adjusted in the physiological functions. Taboo: easy to eat more food, should be restrained. Film: "Apple" Title: "Apple" Director: Li Yu Producer: Fang Lizhi Cast: Fan Bingbing Tony Leung Ka Fai Tong Dawei Genre: Drama / City Length: 97 min Issue: PolyBona Release Date: May 18, 2007 The 57th Berlin Film Festival competition films "Apple" is the theme of a modern urban black humor film tells the story of a first chance and the controversial "rape / adultery" events, leading to Tony Leung Ka Fai and his wife, Elaine Jin, and Tong Dawei Fan Bingbing and her husband broke out between two rich and poor families strange series of bizarre contradictions and conflicts and feelings of dislocation of the dramatic story. This is a true story of a poor suburb of Tehran occurred in a small village, a pair of twin sisters from the cruel birth parents, it will be of any import and export them in the home are equipped with iron bars. Neighbor's complaint, in exchange for the attention of social workers, will the two of them from the "Iron House" in to the rescued. Not words, never leave the house the two sisters, two of them happened to be is? First of all, I'm not sure the presentation of the film is a documentary or feature films, but I just want to take this to convey some idea: why in the male-dominated society, only boys could play running in the streets, but the girl is not the case? I also want to try to understand that for parents, why would not give love, care for two children, but imprisoned in cages in them? The residents of the neighbors, they understand this tragic thing? If you know why they turn a blind eye to this for many years? I still do not know, in the end who should be responsible for this matter, parents? Neighbor? Administration? ? ? Suomi La ╞ 马克卡巴夫, aged eighteen. Father is a famous Iranian director. Childhood in his father's movie that starred. After attending film school, filmed and directed two short films: "desert" (feature film) and "artschools" (documentary). "Apple" (theapple) is his first feature film, in addition to exhibitors invited to the Cannes Film Festival, the Cannes Film Festival and was nominated directors have ever been, in the youngest. "Apple" theapple invited to more than 20 film festivals in addition to outside, and has also released new achievements in national box office. Society in Iran, the girl from a half-year-old is considered a mature individual (ie, the concept of women in general.) In Iran's traditional values, the more there is a "daughter like flowers, the sun will make it wilt. Therefore, in order to prevent this situation from occurring, to allow them to stay away from the sun, and thus be a protective gauze scarf they are a tool. "If you do not do so, Iranian society will not exist for women and subjugation. Therefore, we can see the film when the blind to the Bureau of Social Affairs and the mother of his daughter when together, first off do not ask how the two of them, but asked how her daughter's head scarf was gone. Two daughters will return home after the scarf wrapped and locked in the house, in order to "protect" the plot of the two of them. This description, perhaps you would think that Iran is led by the matriarchal society of women. But in fact, the traditional Iranian society controlled by men, it was a Muslim country. Such a situation, until after the revolution of 1979 have improved. Female talent to go to school, to the city to work, can also go to the street and men to celebrate national event (such as the World Cup), or festive celebration. The rise of feminism, so that this ancient land of Islam Muslim new reflection. "Apple," a director Shami La in the film which is trying to express, not to shut their complaints which parents have twins, and perhaps questioning the values of this community, in the feminist movement 20 years later, really need to be reversed again. By social workers play a more "civilized" perspective, let's look at these two belong to the political, cultural, and religious issues. Iran, Iranian women are still leading the men into the future the only driving force. Since ancient times were.
Translated by Google
No. 7
malus pumila mill. Rosaceae family and genus: Malus Form habit: deciduous tree, height up to 15 meters tall under cultivation 3 to 5 meters. Gray-brown trunk, the old skin with irregular longitudinal cracks or flakes peeling off, twigs smooth. Single Leaves alternate, elliptic to ovate, leaf margin serrate. Corymb, petals white with pink when in bud, stamens 20, styles 5. The fruit is a pome, color and size due to different varieties. Hi ray, hi slightly acidic to neutral soil. Most suitable for deep soil, rich in organic matter, subsoil sandy soil with good drainage ventilation. Cultivation Propagation by grafting. Rootstock with Joe of dwarfing rootstocks and. Joe of the rootstock used are: Catalpa son, West House Begonia, Shan Jing son, dwarfing the main introduction of the British species. With wide-row close planting, line the north and south. South side before the fall and winter planting soil frozen, thaw in spring when the northern side planting. Apple knot strength from poor pollination tree planting must be configured. Distribution of resources: origin of southeastern Europe, Asia Minor and the South Caucasus area. Introduced into China until after 1870 years ago of Yantai, in recent years, the south and north in the northeast, northwest provinces widely cultivated. Daily consumption of fruit today, mostly in China have a long history of cultivation, and its name is also found in very early historical records, Apple's situation is an exception. Although very early in ancient China and its kind are very close to the fruit, but the name Apple has to officially appear until the Ming Dynasty. Study of its origins, Apple is the "fruit Sterculia," short for "Sterculia" first writing "Frequency woman", and "Frequency woman" there are some "smoothing", "Ping Po" and Homophone write. This paper from the study, "Frequency woman" fruit starting to discuss the Chinese "Apple" in the source and history of ancient Chinese culture of Apple to provide some documentation, King criticized the correction to be the expert. Apple's Habit First, the flower buds and flowers: Apple's differentiation, the majority of species are from June until early winter to complete the whole process is divided into physiological differentiation, morphological differentiation and maturation of three periods. Bud mixed bud, inflorescence corymbose cyme. 5-8 flowers per spike, miscellaneous, mostly 5, the center flowers bloom after flowering side open, center the best quality flowers, fruit stability, the results of large flowers and flower and fruit thinning should be left center center fruit multi-edge thinning flowers and fruit edge. After starting leaf bud flowering and fruit stage drawn from the Health and Fu Shao, fruit Fushao pumping station the number of students and length with the species and result mother's nutritional conditions vary. Taiwan Fu Shao pumping raw fruit and strong (two), long and strong branches of the species, such as the wish of light, the fruit is small, production is not high, the results of a loose group of branches. Of such varieties, application to stay a sparse one and topping other ways to control Fushao twisted tip growth. Fushao growth Force (1 or 2), branches short (10 cm below) and thick varieties, such as gold handsome, Jonagold, etc., fruit, high yield, the results of compact groups branch, update easy ability row results strong. Fushao growth is weak (a), shoot a short (3 cm or less) of the species, such as Marshal, Department of En pie, fruit, the results of branch group compact, easy to form a group of chicken sticks, update easy, but fruit _set_s and more The results for the following year, branches should be prepared to stay in order to reduce the size of the results. Second, the fruit: Apple fruit development from ovary and the receptacle from the fake fruit, which results ovary development of the heart, the receptacle and development results of meat, embryos develop into seeds. The volume of fruit enlargement, pre-dividing cells by the cells rapidly increase in the number, the latter by cell volume enlargement. Volume of swollen fruit, medium to mature before the fast, early and late slow one month before the fruit weight to mature the fastest growing. Fruit development period is early maturing varieties generally 65-87 days, 90-133 days in the ripening varieties, late-maturing varieties of 137-168 days. Fruit color is an important indicator of goods. The good and the bad apple with colored sugar accumulation, the coordination of mineral elements, environmental conditions and hormone types, content, etc. A great deal. Late nitrogen control, increasing potassium and reducing chlorophyll in the peel, improve air and light conditions, increase the degree sunlight, good drainage, reduce air humidity, spraying NAA and 2.4-d and other hormones, can contribute to Apple color. Apple appears to harvest from the bud, Flower and fruit drop are generally four times. The first time in the final flowering stalk together with the flower faded and fall off, often referred to as falling. After falling the second time in about a week, the ovary slightly increased, sustainable 5-20 days, known as the early fruit drop. The third time in the second 7-14 days after fruit drop, fruit has reached the big thumbs Yuan, a greater impact on yield, known as the physiological fruit drop, Yunnan generally occurs in May, the phenology of the north later than Yunnan, the occurrence of In June, it said "June fruit drop." Before harvest, the fourth time, fell mature or nearly mature fruit, it said, preharvest fruit drop. The first and second falling drop, mainly nutritional deficiencies and poor pollination and fertilization caused. The third drop, competition between fruit nutrient addition, embryo growth hormone deficiency, the competition for nutrients is fierce due to tip fruits. Osmotic pressure due to the leaves than the young fruit, young fruit compete stronger than the power of nutrients, so the addition to timely make topping, cut the shoot growth inhibition of shoots, etc., should also prompt Xie flower fertilizer top dressing, add nutrients. Third, the seed: The embryo sac from the fertilized egg. The normal apple fruit, each fruit has five ventricle, each ventricle is seed 2. In the process of fruit development, seed pulp stimulate the secretion of growth hormone, so good pollination and fertilization, seed filling full, shape correct, plump flesh; the other hand, poor or no seed seed development side, the abnormal fruit pulp from depression thin, so be sure to configure the pollination of trees and improve pollination. On the external environmental conditions First, the temperature: Apple likes the cold dry temperate fruit trees require winter cold, summer is not Kushu, annual range is small, at less large. Appropriate temperature range is the average temperature 9-14 ℃, extreme winter temperatures not lower than the lowest -12 ℃, the highest monthly average temperature in summer is not higher than 20 ℃, ≥ 10 ℃ accumulated temperature is about 5000 ℃, the growing season (4 - October) the average temperature of 12-18 ℃, 7.2 ℃ in winter to be 1200-1500 hours the following low temperature, can be successfully through natural dormancy. Lack of time low, fat leaves, delayed flowering but not neat, and some do not even sprout flower buds, to the May release the scales fall off, a dry pile, severely reducing yields; absolute temperature lower than -30 - 32 ℃, frost damage has occurred . According to the survey, Apple and temperature at different altitudes in Yunnan Province, the performance of the region the following table. Table 1 apple and temperature at different altitudes in Yunnan, the performance of zone Altitude (meters) Average temperature (), high yield, fruit quality and suitability of growth pattern of diseases and pests `Worse than 1800 following 15 normal weight difference is not appropriate 1800-200014-15 heavier than normal times in the appropriate 2000-220013-14 abundance of light on the appropriate normal 2400-250012-12.5 2200-240012-13 very light normal high priority the most appropriate In the 2200-2400 m, the average temperature of 12-13 ℃ Strip, Apple good performance is mainly caused by temperature difference between day and night, summer and fall, accumulated enough, strong ultraviolet light, high and stable yield performance of apple, fruit color bright, fruit-shaped high-mounted, five distinct edge , sugar and vitamin c content, low acid content, pectin sticky, flavor, storability and resistance to cold strong. Winter cold feet, smooth through natural dormancy of fruit trees, flower buds of good quality, sub-sprout in spring time, germination, flowering and tidy, fruit _set_ting rate, fewer pests and light, it is Apple's most desirable areas. 2000-2200 meters above sea level, the average annual temperature of 13-14 ℃ and the elevation of 2400-2500 meters, the average annual temperature of 12-12.5 ℃ region, the most suitable area immediately under the belt and the belt, is Apple's suitable area. At an altitude of 2600 meters above the average annual temperature of 9 ℃ the following areas, but also on accumulated temperature and growing season temperature high enough, the tree dwarf, stem shorter, less the number of fruit cell division and enlargement coefficient is small, leading to small fruit, thick skin, meat hard, sugar is low, are not suitable for Apple area. Therefore, the development of Apple's most desirable and should be _select_ed suitable areas to build gardens in order to give full play to the natural advantages of fine character and variety, the fruit yield and quality, best value for money received. Second, the rainfall: Although the origin of Apple in the summer dry inland climate regions, hi drier the environment, but still plenty of water and appropriate growth stage of the air humidity, to normal growth and development; but excessive rainfall, high humidity, will result in foliage dense, serious pest, fruit color, sugar and low acid concentration. Generally 500-1,000 mm annual rainfall, air humidity 60% -70% is appropriate. The uneven spatial and temporal distribution of rainfall in Yunnan, dry rainy seasons, so the February-May dry season, irrigation should be flooded with top-dressing once a month to meet the fat leaves Choushao and water needed for flowering; the rainy season but also good drainage, reduce soil moisture and air humidity, in order to reduce pests and diseases and improve fruit quality. Third, the light: Apple is a happy light of the fruit trees. According to the determination of most varieties was 600-940 lux light compensation point, saturation point 24000-75000 lux. Insufficient light, directly reduces the level of photosynthesis and tree nutrition, and affect the coloring and sugar into the fruit; strong too, and exposure to direct sunlight for too long, the branches and fruit is also easily lead to burns. So be sure to choose the right garden and good pruning to improve air and light and leaves a reasonable screen layer, to avoid the aforementioned disadvantages. Fourth, the terrain: Plains, mountains, beaches, river coating can be grown, but sunny, open, leeward, surrounded by vegetation better slow ramp, the light is good, convenient irrigation and drainage, planting is best; depression, Qing ditch, although deep soil, However, poor light, easy to water during the rainy season, the air humidity is too large; steep slopes, shallow soil, the soil thin, heavy soil erosion, are not conducive to tree growth. For soil: Apple's strict requirements for soil, clay, sand, loam may be, but deep soil, loose fertile sandy loam soil is best. Shallow soil, gravel, heavy clay soil too much to be improved before planting. Ph adapt the range of pH values of 5.3-8.2, the optimum was 5.4-6.8. Less than 5.4, too acid, prone to boron deficiency, calcium deficiency caused reduced disease and bitter pit in fruit; higher than 7.8, slightly alkaline, prone to iron deficiency, caused leaf chlorosis. Ornamental flowering season for garden use; fruit ripening season, numerous fruits, colorful, lovingly. Apple native to Europe, Central Asian and Turkish area, the nineteenth century into China. "An apple a day" is a well-known health slogan. Indeed, Apple is rich in sugars, organic acids, fiber, vitamins, minerals, polyphenols and flavonoids nutrients by scientists known as the "full range of health fruit." So, in the end what health effects it has won such a reputation it? Lower blood lipids: Japan Institute of Pomology human trials showed that eating two apples a day, 3 weeks after the subjects blood triglyceride levels decreased by 21%, and high triglyceride levels is the hardening of the arteries of the culprit . Apple pectin into the body, with the bile acid binding, like a sponge to absorb excess cholesterol and triglycerides, and then excreted. Meanwhile, Apple is conducive to decomposition of acetic acid catabolism of the two substances. In addition, Apple's vitamins, fructose, magnesium can also reduce their content. Lower blood pressure: too much sodium causes high blood pressure and stroke is an important factor. Apple contains sufficient potassium, can be combined with the body of excess sodium and excreted, thereby reducing blood pressure. At the same time, potassium ions can effectively protect the blood vessels and reduce blood pressure, stroke incidence. British pharmacologist - Dr. Susan Orr Ridge found that apple polyphenols and flavonoids contained in the material can be effective in preventing cardiovascular disease. Prevent cancer: Japan Hirosaki University study confirmed that apple polyphenols can inhibit cancer cell proliferation. A study of Finland's more exciting: apples contain flavonoids is a highly effective antioxidant, it is not only the best cleaning agent of blood vessels, but also cancer killer. If people eat more apples, can reduce the risk of lung cancer 46% risk of other cancers was also reduced by 20%. French National Health Medical Research Institute's latest research also tells us that apple procyanidins can prevent colon cancer. Antioxidant: Cornell University research team dipped into rat brain cells with quercetin and vitamin c, liquid, found in the antioxidant capacity of brain cells was significantly enhanced. Compared with other fruits and vegetables, apples contain quercetin in the best, and yellow apples and red apples green apples off than good. Therefore, Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease patients, Apple is the best food. Strengthens bones: Apple can increase bone contains mineral elements boron and manganese. An American study found that boron can greatly increase the blood estrogen levels and other compounds, these substances can be effective in preventing calcium loss. Medical experts believe that postmenopausal women can be if the daily intake of 3 g B, then their rate of calcium loss can be reduced by 46% in postmenopausal women eat more apples, is conducive to calcium absorption and utilization of prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Maintaining acid-base balance: 70% of the disease occurred in the acidic person, and Apple is the basic food, eat apples too quickly in the body of acidic substances (including the movement of acid and fish, meat, eggs and other acidic food in the body of acidic metabolites), increased physical strength and resistance to disease. "An apple a day keeps the doctor away." Among the many fruits, apples can be said is the most common and most peaceful one, but its nutritional value but can not be underestimated. Chinese believe it can be "fluid lungs, spleen appetite"; nutrition on the analysis, pointed out that Apple is up to fructose, and contains a variety of organic acids, pectin and trace elements. Apple Pectin is soluble fiber, not only can promote cholesterol metabolism, reduce cholesterol levels, but also promote fat body. The French have done an experiment, a group of healthy middle-aged men and women daily consumption of two to three apples, a month later, measure their cholesterol levels, found that 80% of human blood low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (ldl also known as bad cholesterol) are decreased; the same time, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (hdl ie good cholesterol) is increased. Apple help for cardiovascular evident. Apple contains trace elements of potassium can expand blood vessels, enabling patients with hypertension, while zinc is necessary for the human body, will lead to a lack of glucose metabolism disorders and decreased sexual function. Raw apples, in addition to access to more benefits, but also conditioning the stomach, because it's rich in fiber will help drainage. On the other hand, diarrhea is also good for people who eat it, because the malic acid with convergence, but it should be noted that in the case of chronic diarrhea stomach Deficiency type shall be wrapped with aluminum foil to Apple, first cooked simmer until cooked or baked eat. Apple nutrient-rich, heat is not high, and even welcomed by the weight loss. Diet, the use of apple slices ginger boiled water to drink Piga can stop vomiting. Pears with the apples with pears cold can be reduced, more to strengthen the stomach and lungs run effect. Fall sugar, with apples, pears several, plus a two-Lily (30 grams), Dendrobium 5 money (15 grams), almonds 3 money (9 grams), can be lungs and cough. Weight Loss: Apple will increase satiety, reduce food intake before meals to eat to achieve weight loss goals. As to whether or not to eat the apple peeling, it is matter of opinion, not peeling, it may eat pesticides, peel it, Apple is the most nutritious part of the skin, and most of the fibers are skin Apple's Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak and ron wayn on April 1, 1976 was established. The spring of 1975, apple Ⅰ by the wozon designed by byte of the computer store to buy a 50 sells for $ 666.66 at the apple Ⅰ. 1976, woz finished apple Ⅱ design. 1977 Apple officially registered as a company, and enabled the new Apple logo still in use today. Meanwhile, Apple also received a first investment - mike markkula of $ 92,000. In 1978, Apple ready to stock market futures Apple Xerox $ 1,000,000 of the shares, and allow Apple engineers to study Xerox has long been regarded as waste parc operating system graphical interface. But Apple engineers miraculous, and a graphical interface into a new space. Apple described the company's results: Apple apple ii through the seventies of the twentieth century ignited the personal computer revolution, macintosh launch of the eighties of the twentieth century and reinvented the personal computer. Through its innovative hardware, software and internet technology and equipment, Apple Computer is committed to best use the experience to students around the world, educators, creative professionals and ordinary consumers. Apple apple ● ● Ingredients: apples rich in carbohydrates, protein, fat, vitamin c, pectin, tannic acid, organic acid and calcium, phosphorus, iron, potassium and other minerals. Detoxification effect: Apple high nutritional value, healthy, has always been talked about for the people. In addition it also has ruled out salt, lower blood pressure to cholesterol, stimulate peristalsis, diuretic laxative and so on. Apple pectin can be adjusted in the physiological functions. Taboo: easy to eat more food, should be restrained. Film: "Apple" Title: "Apple" Director: Li Yu Producer: Fang Lizhi Cast: Fan Bingbing Tony Leung Ka Fai Tong Dawei Genre: Drama / City Length: 97 min Issue: PolyBona Release Date: May 18, 2007 The 57th Berlin Film Festival competition films "Apple" is the theme of a modern urban black humor film tells the story of a first chance and the controversial "rape / adultery" events, leading to Tony Leung Ka Fai and his wife, Elaine Jin, and Tong Dawei Fan Bingbing and her husband broke out between two rich and poor families strange series of bizarre contradictions and conflicts and feelings of dislocation of the dramatic story. This is a true story of a poor suburb of Tehran occurred in a small village, a pair of twin sisters from the cruel birth parents, it will be of any import and export them in the home are equipped with iron bars. Neighbor's complaint, in exchange for the attention of social workers, will the two of them from the "Iron House" in to the rescued. Not words, never leave the house the two sisters, two of them happened to be is? First of all, I'm not sure the presentation of the film is a documentary or feature films, but I just want to take this to convey some idea: why in the male-dominated society, only boys could play running in the streets, but the girl is not the case? I also want to try to understand that for parents, why would not give love, care for two children, but imprisoned in cages in them? The residents of the neighbors, they understand this tragic thing? If you know why they turn a blind eye to this for many years? I still do not know, in the end who should be responsible for this matter, parents? Neighbor? Administration? ? ? Suomi La ╞ 马克卡巴夫, aged eighteen. Father is a famous Iranian director. Childhood in his father's movie that starred. After attending film school, filmed and directed two short films: "desert" (feature film) and "artschools" (documentary). "Apple" (theapple) is his first feature film, in addition to exhibitors invited to the Cannes Film Festival, the Cannes Film Festival and was nominated directors have ever been, in the youngest. "Apple" theapple invited to more than 20 film festivals in addition to outside, and has also released new achievements in national box office. Society in Iran, the girl from a half-year-old is considered a mature individual (ie, the concept of women in general.) In Iran's traditional values, the more there is a "daughter like flowers, the sun will make it wilt. Therefore, in order to prevent this situation from occurring, to allow them to stay away from the sun, and thus be a protective gauze scarf they are a tool. "If you do not do so, Iranian society will not exist for women and subjugation. Therefore, we can see the film when the blind to the Bureau of Social Affairs and the mother of his daughter when together, first off do not ask how the two of them, but asked how her daughter's head scarf was gone. Two daughters will return home after the scarf wrapped and locked in the house, in order to "protect" the plot of the two of them. This description, perhaps you would think that Iran is led by the matriarchal society of women. But in fact, the traditional Iranian society controlled by men, it was a Muslim country. Such a situation, until after the revolution of 1979 have improved. Female talent to go to school, to the city to work, can also go to the street and men to celebrate national event (such as the World Cup), or festive celebration. The rise of feminism, so that this ancient land of Islam Muslim new reflection. "Apple," a director Shami La in the film which is trying to express, not to shut their complaints which parents have twins, and perhaps questioning the values of this community, in the feminist movement 20 years later, really need to be reversed again. By social workers play a more "civilized" perspective, let's look at these two belong to the political, cultural, and religious issues. Iran, Iranian women are still leading the men into the future the only driving force. Since ancient times were.
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No. 8
Apple ("Southern Yunnan Materia Medica") Nai】 【synonyms ("Shuo Wen"), the frequency po ("Kwong Chi"), Nai child ("the daughter of food governance"), smoothing ("about to drink meal"), exceptional child, natural child (" South Yunnan Materia Medica "). 【Source】 Apple is the fruit of the rose family of plants. 【Form】 apple plants Deciduous tree, up to 15 meters. Downy shoots, buds are pubescent. Leaves elliptic to broad elliptic, or ovate, 4.5 to 10 cm long, 3 to 5.5 cm wide, apex slightly pointed, base broadly cuneate, margin with blunt teeth, young leaves are pubescent on both sides; petiole length of 1.5 ~ 3 cm, with short soft hair. Corymbs 3 to 7 flowers; flowers with white and blush; spend 1 to 2.5 cm long japonica; calyx persistent, lobes triangular-lanceolate, longer than the calyx, pedicel and calyx are down; petals 5 , obovate; stamens many; ovary inferior, style 5, lower part with short soft hair. Pear flat ball, usually about 7 cm, top and base are hollow. Flowering in April. Results of 8 to 10 months. Native to Europe and Central Asia. Now Northeast China, North China. East and other places widely cultivated. Cultivation of China's ancient apple varieties for these plants, the quality of cotton, sweet and sour, intolerant of storage, vulgar call "soft apple", the ancient so-called "nai." The species in northwest China and Hebei, Yunnan, are cultivated. The leaves of this plant (apple leaves), fruit (apple) also for medicinal purposes, the details of special articles. 【Collection】 9 to 10 months, the fruit ripe when harvested. Chemical Composition】 【Apple mainly contains carbohydrate, mostly sugar, with different varieties, about 4% sucrose, reducing sugar 6 to 9%. Heat fruit with starch minors, with the disappearance of mature fruit. Acid 0.5%, mainly malic acid, in addition to still contain quinic acid, citric acid, tartaric acid. Aromatic composition containing 92% alcohol, 6% of carbonyl compounds, esters and acid addition there. 【Pharmacological effects of apple pectin to remove injection to rabbits (normal or give insulin) intravenously, can increase blood sugar, which contained glucose more effective than those caused by the strong effect of the diuretic 2 to 3 times the latter. It also enables the exception of isolated rabbit intestinal movement (to atropine, acetylcholine, magnesium or barium salts caused inhibition of over-excited or over-) normalization of mild to prevent DNA corticosterone on the role of increased blood pressure. 】 【Taste sweet, cool. ① "Do not record": "bitter, cold." ② "daughter food governance": "Pickle bitter, cold, astringent, non-toxic." ③ "With the interest rate spectrum of home eating": "sweet, cool." 【Indications】 function fluid, lungs, Chufan, Xie Department, appetizers, sober. ① "daughter food governance": "Yixin gas." ② Meng Shen: "the main focus of various deficiencies in the gas fill, and spleen; death after suffering from food gas barrier, the Health Daozhi service to." ③ "about to drink meal"; "thirst quencher fluid." ④ "Dian Fu Materia Medica": "eat fluid cream stew." ⑤ "southern Yunnan, said the draft": "Governance spleen H.-S., Bu Zhong Yi Qi. Pain in bones with wine and food governance. Paint sores can be loose blush." ⑥ "medical Lin compile to": "thirst quencher, Chufan, hot weather, Qu Yu." ⑦ "With the interest rate spectrum of home eating": "lungs and heart Yue, Sheng Jin appetizer, sober." Usage and Dosage】 Oral: raw food, Daozhi or Aogao. External: Daozhi coating. 【Taboo】 "Do not record": "group of people eat is inflation, particularly the patient."
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Apple
Mosaic 1. Name 1. Chinese name Words】 【Apple Pinyin】 【píngguǒ A. explain】 【deciduous tree, oval leaves, serrate, reddish gray, round fruit, sweet, ordinary fruit. b. the fruits of this plant. 1.2. Language name English name: apple English plural: apples Japanese name: リ ン ゴ (ri n go) Branches and fruit Korean name: 사과 (sa / gua) 2. Overview 2.1. Cultural History Apple native to Europe, Central Asia and along China's western Xinjiang, cultivation history of more than 5,000 years, these have been a dynasty years. Central Asian wild apple is considered the birthplace of the modern cultivated apples, apple cultivation in Europe and the United States, the original species. European apple cultivation originated in Greece, with the discovery of the New World 300 years ago, Apple introduced to the Americas from Europe, Japan, the Meiji Restoration era from the introduction of cultivation in Europe and America, modern cultivation spread to Asia, Apple is, after Australia, Africa have also introduced cultivated . Origin of the cotton in China in the Qin and Han dynasty, there were recorded Apple, has been cultivated in the Wei and Jin Dynasties. Gusi Xie's "Arts for the People" on the elaboration of Nai and Ringo. McNair is now the apple, including the Penang sub-account. Ringo is Shaguo, so Apple has been in China two thousand years of cultural history, China's Shaanxi, Gansu, Xinjiang, Qinghai, are still soft apple distribution, the Hexi Corridor region is the center areas. Currently most of the cultivated varieties, as the economy entered from abroad, known as the Western apple cultivation it is less than 200 years. 2.2. Nutritional value Apple, ancient McNair, also known as Tao po, sweet and sour, rich in nutrition, is one of the young and old fruit Safe. Its nutritional value and health value is high, more and more people being referred to as "doctor first medicine." Many Americans are essential to Apple as a weight-loss, diet one day a week, this day to eat apples, known as "Apple Day." ◇ effect Vitamin C is the apple in the cardiovascular protection of God, the health of patients with heart disease elements. People who eat more apples than people who do not eat or eat cold apple lower probability. Therefore, some scientists and physicians to Apple as "a full range of health fruit" or "GP." Now more serious air pollution, eat apples can improve the respiratory system and lung function, protect the lungs from the air of dust and smoke. Apple glial and vector elements in the chromium to maintain steady blood sugar, so Apple is not only healthy snacks diabetic patients, but also all those who want to control blood sugar essential fruit. And it can effectively reduce cholesterol. Apple is also anti-cancer, anti-lead poisoning. Motherland medicine that Apple has a thirst, Chufan lungs, spleen and stomach, Yang Xin Qi, intestines, diarrhea, hot weather, hangover and other effects. Now the city pace of life is very tight, professional pressure groups, many people have different degree of tension, depression, then picked up an apple to smell bad mood would have a remission, as well as refreshment success. Mothers to eat an apple a day during pregnancy can reduce the response. Eat apples both to lose weight, and help digestion, the elderly would be good to eat. Apple contains vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, fats, etc., constitute the essential nutrients the brain. Apple fiber, useful for children's growth and development, can promote the growth and development. Apple in the memory of the child benefit of zinc, can enhance children's memory. However, the acid in apples can damage teeth, rinse mouth after eating the best apple. ◇ For people Very suitable for infants and young children, the elderly and patients eat. ◇ for the amount of Eat 1-2 apples a day is enough to achieve these effects. The number of men eating apples should be more than women, because Apple has cholesterol-lowering effect. Apple's nutrition is very rich. Slowly when eating apples, this is not only conducive to digestion and, more importantly, good for the reduction of human disease. Do not eat the fruit before meals, so interfere with normal eating and digestion. Apple is rich in carbohydrates and potassium, nephritis and diabetes should not eat. ◇ major nutrients (Each containing 100 grams) Content component name component name component name of the content of the Ministry of 86 edible moisture content (g) 85.8 Energy (kcal) 50 Energy (kJ) 209 Protein (g) 0.2 Fat (g) 0.2 Carbohydrates (g) 13.6 Dietary Fiber (g ) 1.7 Cholesterol (mg) 0 Ash (g) 0.2 Vitamin A (mg) of 8-carotene (mg) 50 Retinol (mg) 0 Thiamin (mg) 0 Riboflavin (mg) 0.01 Niacin (mg ) 0.2 Vitamin C (mg) 1 Vitamin E (T) (mg) 0a-E0 (β-γ)-E0δ-E0 calcium (mg) 4 P (mg) 0 Potassium (mg) 70 Sodium (mg) 0.6 Magnesium ( mg) 0 Iron (mg) 0.6 Zinc (mg) 0 Se (mcg) 0.03 Copper (mg) 0 Mn (mg) 0 Iodine (mg) 0 2.3. Therapeutic value 2.3.1. Effect Many apple varieties, such as the country light, green banana, yellow banana, red star, I wish the light, other than the famous victory. China's northeast, north, east, northwest and Sichuan, Yunnan and other places are growing. Summer and autumn fruit mature when harvested, washed with fresh or dried slices used. 【Properties】 sweet, slightly acidic, cool, spleen, lung, has a thirst, heat Chufan, lungs and appetizers, Yipi antidiarrheal effect; Indications of gas shortage, indigestion, gas obstruct unreasonable, mild diarrhea, constipation, Fan Re thirst, excessive drinking, high blood pressure. 【Reference】 containing sucrose, reducing sugar, malic acid, citric acid, tartaric acid, quinic acid, alcohols, pectin, vitamin C, potassium, sodium and other ingredients. Remove the apple pectin injection, intravenous injection to rabbits, can increase blood sugar, urine, adjusting the bowel function (excitatory or inhibitory turned over to the normalization), and light to prevent DNA corticosterone rise in rats high blood pressure. 【Uses】 for Fanre thirst, or excessive drinking; indigestion or spleen yin deficiency, Eat diarrhea. 【Usage】 raw food, Jiao Zhi, Aogao, or dried into powder, decoction. 2.3.2. Nutritional Analysis: 1. Apple gum and chromium to maintain steady blood sugar, but also effectively lower cholesterol; 2. In air pollution, environment, eating apples can improve the respiratory system and lung function, protect the lungs from the impact of pollution and dust; 3. Apple polyphenols and flavonoids with natural chemical antioxidants can reduce the risk of lung cancer, lead poisoning prevention; 4. Apple's unique flavor can ease the excessive pressure caused by negative emotions, as well as refreshing effect; 5. Apple is rich in crude fiber, can promote gastrointestinal motility, to assist the smooth discharge of human waste and the hazards of harmful substances on the skin; 6. Apple contains a lot of magnesium, sulfur, iron, copper, iodine, manganese, zinc and other trace elements, the skin delicate, smooth, ruddy gloss. 2.3.3. Related groups: General population can eat 1. Chronic gastritis, indigestion, unreasonable persons qi stagnation, constipation, chronic diarrhea, nervous colitis, hypertension, hyperlipidemia and obesity patients, cancer patients, anemia and vitamin deficiency is particularly suitable. Mothers to eat an apple a day during pregnancy can reduce the reaction; 2. Coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction, kidney disease, diabetes, people should not eat. Myocardial infarction patients are unfit for human consumption. (Apples are rich in carbohydrates and potassium salt) 3. Food and phase g: Apple bogey and fish with the food, can cause constipation. 2.3.4. With side Yurong Dan: Apples 1000g, chopped mash, Jiao Zhi, boiled thick paste, add appropriate amount of honey and mix. Every time a spoon, warm water. From the "southern Yunnan Materia Medica." This product is longer than the stomach fluid. For lack of stomach yin, throat thirsty. Apple yam powder: Dried apples 50g, Chinese yam 30g. Total research to fine. Each 15g, plus amount of sugar, with warm water. Apple and yam to the compatibility side, can benefit the spleen and stomach, aid digestion, stop diarrhea. For indigestion, diarrhea, deprivation, or Chronic Diarrhea and spleen yin is insufficient. Apple's formula of infant diarrhea: Several apple, the apples washed with water, peel, steam cooked, smashed into the mud and _set_ aside. Directions: 4 times a day, each about one hundred grams, infants under the age of about fifty grams each time, day for 3 to 4 times, then do not eat other foods, can be reduced until the symptoms improved after eating applesauce, The appropriate increase in cow cheese. Efficacy: Yipi stomach, thick intestinal diarrhea. Frequent loose stools also applies to thin. Production Director: cut off the skin of apples will be immersed in cold water to prevent oxidation of the apple crisp and sweet. Steaming Fresh Apple asthma therapy Qiaozhi I grew up poor physical fitness, with bronchial asthma, allergies or tired a little easier to attack, the grandmother would take me everywhere doctor to find drugs, limited success. Once, an old Chinese grandmother received from a Diet - Apple Steaming method, so I eat once a day, and even clothes for seven days, the condition has been alleviated. Is: Choose the bottom of the apple than the flat one, remove the stem end with a knife, took out some of stone and flesh, made of apple cup, and then take a fresh grass eggs, crack, pour in the apple cup, and then Spreading branches covered, into the Long Ti and steam, water, steam for 20 minutes after opening. Eaten while still hot out. Seven days later, my mother took me to an old Chinese medicine at the review, upon inspection, the condition is stable, but in order to prevent relapse, I would recommend taking the old Chinese rock sugar, egg yolk diet side. Method is to take 10 eggs, yellow rock sugar, 100 grams, mixed, stir, add rice wine, 500 grams, can be placed on the 10th. Each taking 25 grams, 2 times a day, taking some time my asthma symptoms disappeared. Beijing Chinese Medicine Hospital Dr. Zhao Wenshuo comments on private diet: Bronchial asthma is a common disease, and personal physique, the disease is very stubborn, and many patients, may be associated with his life. Modern medicine is currently no way to completely cure. Experience in the private sector side, there are many, have their own characteristics, such as those mentioned above, Apple Egg editing method, the editor has proved to be effective. Transferred out of thin green apple + beauty Chances are, you tried apple diet, green tea diet, apples and green tea are good diet food obviously, but why is it not obvious? You, you have not thought about the apples and green tea mixed together, used to lose weight it? Haha, come try it! Methods: an Apple branded juice, add 1 tsp green tea powder, 1 time each morning and evening to drink, to drink together with apple imports and can make you slim and beautiful. Apple is really delicious benefits, but also detox diet skin ... ... in this season is really the first choice for weight loss help. Cost: ... ... you just spent about as long as 1 yuan each. PS: green tea powder in the tea can be purchased, typically 20 packets of 10 dollars, equivalent to 5 per packet of hair, the amount of per packet key is about 3,4 or so. Experts read: For the object: can not control the appetite, to see what people what to eat. Drinking period: each meal, you can drink every day. Weight loss principle: Apples are rich in potassium, and potassium can not only mitigate the excessive intake of sodium caused by edema, potassium has a diuretic effect, can be the body of excess water are removed. PS: with the residue of apple juice is rich in pectin and cellulose, the fiber of each apple (about 3 grams), equivalent to half a jin of celery, they can help the stomach to digest, absorb and prevent constipation. Before eating a cup of green tea, apple juice (apple is not filtered out) will allow you first satiety, so you do not eat too much of things. Intimate suggestions: However, nutritionists recommend that, in order to make green tea, apple juice synergistic effect of weight loss, preferably 15-20 minutes before meals, drink a cup before, such as satiety message to the brain, and then began to eat like this, during a meal can reduce the intake of at least 1 / 3 (about 240 cards) of the heat. Apple treat prostatitis Prostatitis patients with eating 3-5 apples a day, or regular consumption of high concentration of apple juice, can increase the protein in prostatic fluid zinc zinc adults, thereby increasing prostate antibacterial, bactericidal capacity. In order to achieve the purpose of treatment and prevention of prostatitis! 2.4. Living in: the _select_ion and storage 2.4.1 Apple's _select_ion methods: Apple: Fuji, Gala, Red General, Jonagold, Red Star, Qin Guan, Golden Delicious, yellow bananas and other varieties. Fuji: 1 to see if Apple handles concentric circles, the full sunshine, rather sweet Apple ripe apple 2 to see whether the body stripes, the more the better 3 apples are more red, the more brilliant the better. Qin Guan Apple: Pick the size of the symmetry of a (preferably medium-large) 2 Press the apples by hand, by the action is sweet, by not moving is the acid 3 color should be uniform Golden Delicious Apple: 1 pick the color yellow, pitting the better 2, weigh by hand, comparison of light cotton, weight more brittle Yellow Banana Apple: 1, pitting the better 2 color is blue, and slightly yellowed good 2.4.2. Family Apple store Common household containers are cylinders, cans, the altar, cardboard boxes, wooden boxes, these containers can be used to store apples. Used in cylinders, cans, the altar must be dry cleaned and rubbed with a white tank, tank, the inner wall of the altar, but also put half a bottle of liquor in which (the amount can be based on the amount of storage may be), the mouth open. Apple harvest Spreading the shade after the first few days, and then layered on the cylinders, cans, or altar. Then sprayed on the bottles of liquor, according to storage of 50-150 grams of different ranges can be sprayed with a cotton cover on it and then covered with plastic sheeting and sealed to prevent the dissemination of alcohol, eating the apple-box cover, and can be Storage of more than six months. Apple's box for storage should be clean, odorless, floor and put two layers of paper around each Apple wrapped with a soft, white, neatly placed in the box. For the ruby, red star, round apples to bananas, put sideways, India and other varieties of light and the country round the standing flat place for good, this could make Apple more pressure. The most appropriate box at the temperature 0-2 ℃ Lord of the environment, inspected once every other month, the individual must promptly remove rotting fruit. 2.5. Other Apple-related areas Comes to Apple, they have to bring Lingbao, because the territory of the high altitude, especially for growing apples, fruit acidity and sweetness is higher than in other parts of the country. Lingbao three treasure as one of the strong support of government departments, and gradually formed a production, storage, processing and marketing of good industrial chain. Apple Tianshui Cattle in the international market of China was formally mark the first apple varieties. As early as forty years ago, Tianshui "Flower Cow" Apple with the United States, "Delicious" par. In 2008, the Ministry of Agriculture in Tianshui City, as the second batch of Chinese apple edge areas. Currently, the city's total area of 115.7 mu of apple, light "Flower Cow" area reached 75.8 million mu, with a total of 5.1 billion yuan, becoming the captain of the country's largest apple production base system. Apple is one of Yantai in Shandong famous products, producing the Qixia Yantai area, Zhaoyuan, Hai Duong, Muping, Fukuyama and other cities (districts) dominated. Yantai Apple's reputation for flavor and sweet, crisp and juicy truly a joy has always been for the domestic market. As the birthplace of Yantai Yantai Apple, Apple's development has entered a new stage of rapid development. By 2000, the city area of orchards, apple production than in 1978 increased by 6-7 times. Japan, South Korea, Singapore, Russia and other countries and regions, and by the countries of the world consumers. Predominance of Apple 3. Cultivation Introduction Botanical classification Apple's botanical classification is: Door: angiosperm ANGIOSPERMAE Programme: Dicotyledon DICOTYLEDONAE Head: Rosales Rosales Family: Rosaceae Rosaceae Subfamily: Apple Subfamily Maloideae Weber Genus: Malus Malus Group: True Apple Group Sect. Malus Department: Department of Ser.Pumilae Apple Kinds of: Apple Malus pumila Mill. Apple is the rose family (Rosaceae) Malus (malus) the fruits of plants, which are about 25 species of tree is the most widely cultivated fruit trees. Apple is a pear, from the ovary and the ovary tissue development from outside. Cross-pollination, mostly apple trees, 2 to 4% of the flowers fruit better. Although the mature apples the size, shape, color and acidity due to varieties and environmental conditions varies greatly, but usually circular, diameter 50 ~ 100 mm (2 to 4 inches), with red or yellow. Thousands of apple varieties, divided into varieties of wine, cooking varieties, the end of the food species and 3 categories. Class 3 varieties of color, size, flavor, smoothness (and possibly brittle, flavor) and so on are different. Many varieties of sugar high, medium acidity, tannin content is very low. Apple In addition to raw food, the cooking method is also a lot of eating, often used as a dessert pie, apple pie scones may be the end of the first American-style sweet food. Often associated with fried apple sausage, pork chops and other dishes with the food, especially in Europe so. 3.1. Cultural History Apple Country of Origin Central Europe, southeast Asia and even China in Xinjiang. Europe in the era of the first three years, MPCato apple varieties have been recorded. Later, the Romans started planting, and grafting. Eighteenth century, and TA JB Montessori has the use of natural hybridization breeding seedlings, and gradually promote the cultivation. When they find the New World, European immigrants introduced the Apple Americas, cultivated in the Americas and many new varieties. Japan in the Meiji Restoration era, Apple introduced from Europe and America, is introduced in Asia. Since then, Australia, Africa also have the introduction of Apple. The past century, the world's five continents and has been cultivated apple. The earliest Europeans have eaten apples, and was modified and the breeding of some species found as early as 2,000 years ago, before the colonization of the Americas, Europe, hundreds of known varieties. Chung later times as the waves of migration in North America, around the seedling apple varieties have spread to become a local legend of the roving emissary, in the Apple played a major role in transmission, most notably Chapman (John Chapman, nicknamed " Apple guys "〔〕 Johnny Appleseed), who widely grown in Ohio and Indiana, Apple. Indian and trapper may spread the apple. Apple in China for 2,000 years of cultural history. According to legend, Yu eat "Purple Nye", that is, red apple, Apple has seen China has very old. Guoyi Gong Jin dynasty of "Kwong Chi," said: "Western patients with multiple Nai, and everyone close to cut breast exposed dry, tens to hundreds Gok accumulation, that the frequency of the woman food." Known at the time, "the first month in February, the turning axes of the vertebral mottled, then Rao." Similar to that of the modern ring peeling techniques to promote more results. Shows China's growing apples Jin technology has reached a very high degree. Song of Li Yuan's "Ode to the South China Sea per copy," If Sterculia Wing has a poem: "Yu Fan from the house in the autumn, Cuiye exquisite cut is not working, flowery branch Yan mistaken, I do not know the scarlet pod sub suffix. "Up to the Ming Dynasty, not only has" Summer cooked "and" Su naphthalene, Zhu Nai, Nai green "and" Dong Nai has Liangzhou, cooked winter, sub-band Bise "(Li's" Compendium of Materia Medica "). However, the ancient Chinese cultivation Nai and Ringo, though, "smooth playable, Hong Wen a few steps," but "Sweet Song, who eat like immature cotton, over-ripe and rotten bear eating the sand" (see "Kwan Fong spectrum"). Apple naturalization mid-19th century Europe to China, China's cotton to gradually replace the apples. Apple's first European _set_tled in Yantai, Shandong, late 19th century to the beginning of this century, south of Qingdao, Shandong and Liaoning, and have been introduced, and began the economic cultivation. Now the apple producing areas of China, in addition to the original species Malus, the apple varieties grown as the economy mostly from Europe, the United States, Japan, the Soviet Union and other countries introduced, called the Western apple. History of apple cultivation in China First, McNair's cultivation history Second, the Western history of apple cultivation Mid-19th century, the ban on maritime trade and opening up large scale importation of Western culture, fruit trees, more frequent exchange of resources. Apple trees also will be introduced. 1, the early introduction of an overview of the early introduction of Apple Apple's multi-faceted way. Among the earliest of Shandong, according to records of Local Chronicles of Yantai, in 1861 members of the Presbyterian Church USA John Niwei Si (John L. Nevius) sent by the Presbyterian Church, from Shanghai to Shandong Dengzhou (now Penglai City). Ni wife due to illness, returned to the U.S. in 1864. Ni 1871, when the couple return to Yantai, bringing Western apple, pear, grapes Americas, Europe, etc. Lee and sweet cherry varieties of fruit trees, built in the foothills southeast of Yantai Yuhuangding planted garden, named "Kwong Hing orchard." 2,20 century, Apple introduced the first half of the 20th century and the beginning of the production profile, Liaoning, Shandong, Apple developed rapidly. 1909 Port Arthur biggest one apple (later changed to Port Arthur farms) of light 96 in the country, Japanese Kam 550. After the Russo-Japanese War, Port Arthur, Dalian lease transferred to Japan in 1909 to establish nurseries in Xiongyue (1913 to agricultural experiment station), and then introduce some cultivars from Japan, the introduction of red Quebec in 1910, I wish the light , Xu and Guo Guang, etc.; 1914-1921 years and the introduction of sleet and other 3 varieties of jade. 3, apple production recovery period from 1950-1952, the state adopted a series of respite policies to support agricultural production, fruit production and distribution of interest-free loans, tax relief for the fruit industry, while also establishing fruit tree fruit area key technical guidance agencies, through the supply and marketing organizations, fruit distribution, increase farmers income and promote the recovery of the fruit industry. In the old apple-producing areas, the remnants of the apple trees quickly restored tree vigor, the main effective pest control, and began to organize the first State Horticultural Farm (where the main north to Apple), therefore, yield rapid recovery. 4,50-60's apple industry sprang from l953 onwards, Rural Co-operative Movement in China, greatly encouraged by the enthusiasm of farmers to develop production, l955 the Ministry of Agriculture proposed the "mutual cooperation as the center, greatly enhance the existing fruit trees yield and quality, there are plans to actively mountains, hills extend the provision of new orchards cultivated "the orchard shall be exempt from the new agricultural tax, and accordingly improve the buying and selling work. 5, the establishment and development of commodity base since 1985, due to Apple's return on investment fast, effective, in addition to Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan, Hainan, and Shanghai, the five commodity production is not suitable for cultivation, the other areas as regard the development of apple production development of mountainous areas, poverty alleviation or the accumulation of funds to support an important means of agricultural production, which is especially prominent in Shaanxi Province, established in the region of 25 Weibei apple base counties, Qin Guan, Fuji and other varieties accounted for an absolute advantage, production also increased rapidly Later, those who are living on the trend. From 1992 to reach an annual output of 8.429 × 105t, only the second son of Shandong, and Liaoning. More than 1993 in Liaoning, ranking No. 2. 1995 area and production of the provinces. 3.2. Cultivation Status 3.2.1. Status of world apple cultivation States cultivars: Japan: Fuji, Tsugaru system, Wang Lin, Jonagold, Mutsu, Sansa, etc.; United States: Jonagold, Empire, Fuji, New Red Star, Gala, Bury this; Australia: Pink Lady, Granny Smith, Murui precious stones; New Zealand: Gala, Pacific Rose, Brittany this, gorgeous; South Korea: sweet red, red dew, dawn, Autumn, Red China 3.2.2. Status of apple cultivation In recent years, China's apple industry has made great progress, great achievements have been made. Cultivation area in 2005 to 189 million hectares, production reached 24 million tons, respectively in the world's total apple 2 / 5 and 1 / 3, China has become the world's largest apple producer. Yield per unit area in 1995 from 4.7 tons / ha in recent years increased to an average of 12 tons / ha. After nearly 10 years of regional layout adjustment, apple orchard area of the total area of the country's total rose from 34.9% in 1996 down to 18.8% in 2005, but continued growth in apple production in 2005, the country's total fruit yield of 27.2%. Bohai Bay and the Northwest Loess Plateau, the two major advantages of producing apples, apple cultivation area of the total area of the country accounted for 40%, 39%, yield 45%, respectively, 35%; Fuji and other varieties of the cultivated area ratio of 80% above, exports of apples and apple juice concentrate proportion of 90%. Apple Storage capacity from the 70s of last century the development of the national shortage of 100,000 tons to the current more than 5 million tons, accounting for about 25% of the total output of apples, fresh apple gradually increase the level of post-commercialization process, a group of apple production, marketing, processing Leading enterprises have been formed. China has become the world's largest producer of apple juice concentrate. At present the processing capacity of 10 tons / hour or more of concentrated apple juice production more than 35 companies; fresh apple apple processing volume of production from 1996 to 5% to 20% or more; production capacity of less than one thousand tons by the mid-80s soared to Now nearly 100 million tons. Rapid development in the apple industry, there are also some problems, such as varieties of resources and land resource constraints, growing; product overall quality to be improved; prenatal and postnatal out of touch with the births and so on, the further implementation of the apple industry also could sustainable development strategy. Apple production across China Division 2003-2007 Statistics (tonnes) 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Apple Apple Apple Apple Apple in the national total 21,101,77623,675,47324,011,08126,059,29827,859,934 Beijing 134,815134 68,06964 Tianjin 753138 447,131,071,119,459 721,660,396,407,659 709 Hebei 2,002,7692 14288222022732 3576202478845 02137216484131 Shanxi 1,801,7862 8670491872681 3196596161672 Inner Mongolia, Liaoning 51,94059 32762 1,089,9371 22211912995951 3013991514871 Jilin 190,133241 491,252 298,268,055,133,153 Heilongjiang 169,115160 003177 Shanghai 139,158,114,158,154 432,159,759,150,534 794,572,600,618,453, Jiangsu, Zhejiang 871552 494,611560 810, 524278 221,317283 143,341,828,403,627 Anhui Fujian Jiangxi and Shandong 6,118,5636 151244198189201 69055367166346 9304927249227 Henan 2,509,6142 86927230062453 2278883523310 4371186610351 Hubei 13,45810 93412 湖南 Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan Chongqing Sichuan 6,4416 854,609,463,266,693 923,248,022,296,977 225,384240 481242 26310 2301062811023 Guizhou, Yunnan, 9,26210 113,414141 239 159 396 201 962,234,855 327,567,439,343,994 Tibet Shaanxi 5,5775 4,617,9215 55205456011676 4997557015682 Gansu 829,959799 6501 012 5681 2541411424253 8,2467 198,731,659,395,804 Qinghai Ningxia Xinjiang 154,927156 333222 126,200,694,275,525 263,418293 850330 206,327,886,388,881 Statistics apple varieties in China Fuji varieties of Shaanxi province the proportion of 65%, 20 Gala Qinguan 10 other varieties Granny Smith 4.2 5.8 7.7 Shandong, the new Red Star Gala Fuji 70.2 4.7 1.3 Jonagold Red General 3.0 67 Marshall, Department of Gansu Fuji Golden Delicious 2 24 2 Other varieties Granny Smith Liaoning Fuji Guoguang 5 32.35 24.15 13.75 Marshal Department of Jonagold Hanfu 8.9 17.2 3.6 Other species Marshal, Department of Shanxi 51.4 14.6 Fuji Gala Golden Delicious 5.2 4.4 3.5 Other species Guoguang Fuji Henan 63.5 18.8 14.6 Star Qinguan Gala 1.9 Other 3.4 7.6 Arima 9 species 3.3. Biological characteristics 3.3.1. Growth Habit Apple is a deciduous tree, there is a strong polarity, usually vigorous growth, tall crown, height up to 15 meters tall under cultivation 3 to 5 meters. Gray-brown trunk, the old skin with irregular longitudinal cracks or flakes peeling off, twigs smooth. Single Leaves alternate, elliptic to ovate, leaf margin serrate. Corymb, petals white with pink when in bud, stamens 20, styles 5. The fruit is a pome, color and size due to different varieties. Hi ray, hi slightly acidic to neutral soil. Most suitable for deep soil, rich in organic matter, subsoil is sandy soil with good drainage ventilation. Cultivation Propagation by grafting. Rootstock with Joe of dwarfing rootstocks and. Joe of the rootstock used are: Catalpa son, West House Begonia, Shan Jing son, dwarfing the main introduction of the British species. With wide-row close planting, line the north and south. South side before the fall and winter planting soil frozen, thaw in spring when the northern side planting. Apple knot strength from poor pollination tree planting must be configured. 2 to 3 years after transplanting apple trees began to result in the general management of the economy under the conditions of life of 15 to 50 years, the soil barren, extensive management, only 20 to 30 years. As the top edge and shoot the combined effects of the heterogeneity of the results, Apple usually has a strong layer of dry and obvious nature. Force due to the seeds of varieties and branching forces are different, the level of significant different degrees. Apple 3.3.2. Buds characteristics Divided according to the nature of Apple's buds buds, flower buds two. Buds triangular, long and pointed, curved, long after the leaf expansion of branches, called the shoot, or vegetative shoots. Growth can be divided into branches by: leggy branches, common branches, thin branches, foliage branches: Apple's buds mixed sprouts. Bud sticks mixed results are generally divided into: Short Pod: length of 5 cm below the terminal bud to bud. The fruiting branches: 5 ~ 15 cm in length, shorter internodes, more stout branches, buds as the buds. Long fruit branch: length 15 cm above the fruit branches, buds as the buds. Long fruit branch with the development branch difficult to distinguish, according to the full extent of the terminal bud to judge. Axillary bud sticks, in the year old branches of the axillary buds formed at the second year to fruition is called axillary buds. Apple's differentiation, the majority of species are from June until early winter to complete the whole process is divided into physiological differentiation, morphological differentiation and maturation of three periods. Bud mixed bud, inflorescence corymbose cyme. 5-8 flowers per inflorescence flowering, mostly 5, the center flowers bloom after flowering side open, center the best quality flowers, fruit stability, the results of large flowers and flower and fruit thinning should be left center center fruit , and more flowers and side edge thinning fruit. After starting leaf bud flowering and fruit stage drawn from the Health and Fu Shao, fruit Fushao pumping station the number of students and length with the species and result mother's nutritional conditions vary. 3.3.3. Flowering and fruit Apple flowering period due to the climate differences are very different. Usually in 4-5 months, each flower bud 3 to 7 there, and the central flowers open first. Apple is a cross-pollination of plants, most of the species from the flowers can not be strong. The proportion of various types of results because of old branches, different species have changed. Usually long fruit branch and the young trees are more fruit branch, with the age increases, the rapid rise in the proportion of short fruit branches, until full fruit period, generally up to 70% or more, the aging of the fruit branch is almost entirely short. From the species point of view, gold and other varieties of long fruit branch handsome and more in the fruit branch, the new Red Star, Red Fuji and other varieties of the Short Pod proportion of large, easy to form Liao Fu axillary buds and other species. The normal apple fruit, each fruit has five ventricle, each ventricle is seed 2. In the process of fruit development, seed pulp stimulate the secretion of growth hormone, so good pollination and fertilization, seed filling full, shape correct, plump flesh; the other hand, poor or no seed seed development side, the abnormal fruit pulp from depression thin, so be sure to configure the pollination of trees and improve pollination. 3.3.4. The formation of fruit development and quality Apple fruit development from ovary and the receptacle from the fake fruit, which results ovary development of the heart, the receptacle and development results of meat, embryos develop into seeds. The volume of fruit enlargement, pre-dividing cells by the cells rapidly increase in the number, the latter by cell volume enlargement. Volume of swollen fruit, medium to mature before the fast, early and late slow one month before the fruit weight to mature the fastest growing. Fruit development period is early maturing varieties generally 65-87 days, 90-133 days in the ripening varieties, late-maturing varieties of 137-168 days. Fruit color is an important indicator of goods. The good and the bad apple with colored sugar accumulation, the coordination of mineral elements, environmental conditions and hormone types, content, etc. A great deal. Late nitrogen control, increasing potassium and reducing chlorophyll in the peel, improve air and light conditions, increase the degree sunlight, good drainage, reduce air humidity, spraying NAA and 2.4-D and other hormones, can contribute to Apple color. Apple appears to harvest from the bud, Flower and fruit drop are generally four times. The first time in the final flowering stalk together with the flower faded and fall off, often referred to as falling. After falling the second time in about a week, the ovary slightly increased, sustainable 5-20 days, known as the early fruit drop. The third time in the second 7-14 days after fruit drop, fruit has reached the big thumb nail, a greater impact on yield, known as the physiological fruit drop, Yunnan generally occurs in May, the phenology of the north later than Yunnan, took place in 6 month, it said, "June fruit drop." Before harvest, the fourth time, fell mature or nearly mature fruit, it said, preharvest fruit drop. The first and second falling drop, mainly nutritional deficiencies and poor pollination and fertilization caused. The third drop, competition between fruit nutrient addition, embryo growth hormone deficiency, the competition for nutrients is fierce due to tip fruits. Osmotic pressure due to the leaves than young fruit, young fruit compete stronger than the power of nutrients, so when you do except shoot topping, cutting tip and so inhibit the growth of new shoots, we must also thank Flower timely topdressing fertilizer, add nutrients. Development of fruit color Apple skin color, background and table colors are divided into two. When immature fruit peel background in general performance of the dark green mature fruit will appear in three ways: ① green fade, even disappear, the background is yellow; ② green is not dissipated, resulting in yellow or green, yellow background; ③ green does not go away completely, still dark green. Color in the fruit peel mature form, the general performance of the different degrees of red, green and yellow three types. Determine the fruit color pigments are chlorophyll, carotenoids, anthocyanins and other flavonoids. Water-soluble anthocyanin pigments are highly unstable, mainly in the cell fluid, or cytoplasm. Red in the low pH, neutral was purple, blue alkaline. When combined with various metal ions, will also present a variety of colors, so the fruit can be expressed as complex color. Factors that affect the formation of anthocyanins noon In addition to the genetic variety, the fruit sugar content in the form of Apple anthocyanins main factors. Anthocyanins are formed when strong pentose respiratory pigment of the original; other anthocyanins also often combined with sugar to form anthocyanins present in fruits. Therefore, the development of anthocyanin and sugar content are closely related. Sugar synthesis and accumulation of any of the factors that have affected the development of anthocyanin. Higher levels of tree nutrition, reasonable load, the appropriate ratio of P and K and N, the appropriate water control are conducive to the red fruit development. The impact of temperature on the color and the accumulation of sugar. Apple varieties in the late night temperature above 20 ℃, do not help coloring. Fruit firmness is an important indicator of fruit quality, flesh firmness not only affect the taste when fresh taste, but also with fruit storage and processing traits. Apple pulp hardness and cellulose content in the cell wall, cell wall pectin substances within the layer type and quantity of pulp cell turgor and are closely related. 3.3.5. The requirements of the outside weather conditions (1) temperature Apple is a temperate fruit trees hi low-temperature drying, requires no cold winter and hot in summer. Appropriate temperature range is the average temperature 9-14 ℃, winter, extreme low temperature not lower than -12 ℃, the highest monthly average temperature in summer is not higher than 20 ℃, ≥ 10 ℃ accumulated temperature is about 5000 ℃, the growing season (April-October ) the average temperature of 12-18 ℃, 7.2 ℃ in winter to be 1200-1500 hours the following low temperature, can be successfully through natural dormancy. Generally believed that the average temperature in the region 7.5 ~ 14 ℃, can be cultivated apple. Apple dormancy period longer. If winter temperatures are high, can not meet the required low temperatures of winter dormancy and spring germination missing. Apple from the world's most cultivated areas of view, the coldest month in winter (northern hemisphere in January, Southern Hemisphere in July) the average temperature between -10 ~ 10 ℃, in order to meet Apple's requirements for low temperature. The main apple producing areas of the January average temperature in this limit. Growth period (4 to 10 months) the average temperature in the 12 ~ 18 ℃, summer (6 to 8 months) the average temperature in the 18 ~ 24 ℃, the best Apple's growth. High summer temperatures, the average temperature over 26 ℃, bad apple flower bud. Calorie deficiency, flower bud differentiation is not good, small, sour fruit, color difference, intolerance storage. Autumn temperatures during the day and night high-low, the fruit sugar divided into high, good color, skin thick, fruit powder and more resistant to storage. (2) Precipitation Apple in the growing season rainfall to be about 180 per acre mm. A natural rainfall, the actual energy absorbed by the fruit is about 1 / 3, so that growing season rainfall to 540 mm, is enough to use. Monthly precipitation in the 4 to 9 mm below the region of 450 irrigation is required, the uneven distribution of precipitation in northern China, 70 ~ 80% concentrated in the 7 to 8 months, spring is water shortage. In the inland areas with little rainfall, water shortage, and therefore choose to build gardens, we must take into account the irrigation and moisture conservation measures, and measures should also pay attention to drainage during the rainy season. (3) sunshine Apple is happy light trees, adequate lighting, before they can grow normally. Shandong Agricultural University, according to the determination of Taian Golden Delicious, the new star, light compensation point of 600 to 800 meters candlelight, the saturation point in 3500 ~ 4500 m candlelight. Within this context, increasing light intensity, photosynthesis is also strengthened. And sunlight, then cause a series of reactions, such as branches and leaves leggy, weak, resistant to insect pests is weak, little flower bud differentiation, nutrition, storage of small, low rate of flowering and _set_ting fruit, root growth are also affected, the fruit of low sugar content, color also bad. (4) Soil Soil on Apple's growth, yield, quality is good or bad influence. The main factor is the soil, soil aeration, soil quality. In short, Apple needs deep soil, good drainage, rich in organic matter, slightly acidic to slightly alkaline. (5) wind Strong winds often bring to Apple's growth and development of many adverse effects such as causing crown deflection, influence flowering, pollination, leaf organ damage, and fallen fruit, etc., so the establishment of apple orchards in the wind region, we must create a leaked forest. 3.4. Pest control 3.4.1. Apple's major diseases: Apple leaf spot Apple powdery mildew Apple canker Apple leaf spot Apple ring rot Apple scab Apple anthracnose 3.4.2. Apple key pests: Red Spider Two-spotted spider mite Borer class Gold miner pattern Leaf roller class Aphis citricola Scale insect class Woolly apple aphid 3.4.3. Physiological diseases: Apple bitter pit Hot apple leaf disease Apple superficial scald Apple pox spot Apple watercore Apple leaf disease Yellows Apple Apple fruit shrink disease 3.5. The main varieties Liao Fu Early Jie (Geneva Early) Summer green Shuai Fu Anna (Anna) Rattan, animal husbandry, No. 1 Jesse Mack (Jerseymac) Shan Sa Tsugaru and mutant lines New Gala (Royal Gala) and mutant lines The first red New Red Star Super Red Ruby Chiaki Arima New World Jonagold and mutant lines Qin Guan Wang Lin India Fuji varieties Mutsu Granny Smith
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Film-related (domestic)
【Title】 Apple 【More】 Chinese title Lost Beijing Foreign Title】 【More Lost in Beijing ..... (International: English title) Directed by Li Yu (Yu Li) 【Producer】 Fang Lizhi Fang Li Li】 【writer Music Peyman Yazdanian 【Photo】 Wang Yu Zeng Jian】 【splicing 】 【Starring Tony Leung Ka Fai (Tony Leung) Fan Bingbing (Bingbing Fan) Tong Dawei (Dawei Tong) Elaine Jin Elaine Jin 【Type】 Drama / city 【】 China region 【Duration】 112 minutes 【】 Film Distribution distributors 【Language】 Chinese Mandarin dialogue 【Release Date】 May 18, 2007 China / (Germany) February 16, 2007 (Berlin) 1. Synopsis Version One: Video description of a dramatic story of the modern city, Fan Bingbing and feet created a simple girl Liu apple, her smart and capable, highly appreciated by the boss Chen Dong, but all odds with your boss a "rape" incident, so that the two relationship between the dislocation of families, but also let her into confusion, and finally her own sense of obedience, decided to make a surprising decision. Version Two: "Apple" is the theme of a modern urban black humor film tells the story of a first chance and the controversial "rape / adultery" events, leading to Tony Leung Ka Fai and his wife, Elaine Jin, and Tong Dawei Fan Bingbing and her husband broke out between two rich and poor families strange series of bizarre contradictions and conflicts and feelings of dislocation of the dramatic story. Version Three: Liu, Fan Bingbing plays Apple, and Tong Dawei husband is played by migrant workers seek jobs in cities, feeling better, happy life. Fan Bingbing as foot massage attendants, one back to their boss Tony Leung Ka Fai plays conceived of rape. Liu's husband refused to accept the extortion to the beam. 2. Related Reviews "Apple" the birth of many twists and turns, shooting is completed after 5 times through the movie department before excision, the Berlin Film Festival competition did not use the version after excision accused of illegal entry, followed by another comment that "Apple" has insulted the Chinese people is suspect. The film's director, Li Yu and producer Fang Li accepted an interview yesterday to clarify the various questions. For "" Apple "insulted the Chinese people," saying, Li appeared to be very frank: "absolutely no insult the Chinese people component, Pize Film Council will not be passed examined. Our intention is to show real creativity, not criticism. Is Jiangshu Under the rapid economic development on people's hearts and return loss, the entire film is full of hope. "There have been comments that the" apple "Apple was the boss actress Liu" rape "did not resist after, and the bosses finally neither repentance, but also fate has not been given, so that the tone of the movie was not very positive. 3. Wonderful comments From PolyBona company was informed by Li Yu directed, Tony Leung Ka Fai, Fan Bingbing, Tong Dawei starring "Apple" have been identified in the May 18 official release. "Apple" the birth of many twists and turns, shooting is completed after 5 times through the movie department before excision, the Berlin Film Festival competition did not use the version after excision accused of illegal entry, followed by another comment that "Apple" has insulted the Chinese people is suspect. The film's director, Li Yu and producer Fang Li accepted an interview yesterday to clarify the various questions. "Apple" filming is complete, has not been reviewed by the Film Bureau, delay can not get distribution and screening license. Leave to participate in the Berlin Film Festival until the first day, "Apple" cut shot after 15 minutes, 5 times to trial finally passed. Whether the "Apple" in what kind of lens to the CRIC "hell"? Producer Fang Li said the 15-minute cut lens in fact contains two narrative clues: First, "Spider-Man" City boss Tong Dawei and feet no sexual relations; another friend Liu Apple "little sister" of the scenes all been cut off. The original play, the young girl after being fired by the boss feet the city to make a lady out, and later killed by clients. Although cut off for 15 minutes as required, Fang Lizhi of the oversight committees of the decision and may not fully agree. "Tong Dawei and the boss as the relationship between the dew point does not involve neither political issues, what is the problem? Audit Committee of the answer is 'screen feels very uncomfortable' ... ..." Fang Lizhi with a bit puzzled tone in He called on the CRIC should be more young people. "See the film the audience is 10 years old to 30-year-old young people, and all of them are members of the CRIC is too large, the equivalent of grandparents to grandchildren election story." 4. Behind the scenes After five rounds of competition in Berlin for the review "Apple" was originally title "Lost Beijing", but the oversight committees that Beijing is a politically charged word, can not be used. Play a supporting role in the film is a work in cities from the countryside to the little girl, later became a prostitute, this line is the removed. Oversight committees that a country girl, should be very honest, how could you sink it? There is a drama that she was drunk, said: "Beijing is so big, how to tolerate me?" This sentence is to make them feel not very comfortable. The original main characters are four: feet girl Apple, Cabo's Tong Dawei, foot City boss Tony Leung Ka Fai and wife Jin Ling, Jin Ling's play was almost gone _delete_d. Character relationship changed, the original auxiliary lines that are not, only Fan Bingbing, Tong Dawei Tony Leung Ka Fai, and the relationship between the three of them human. Many auxiliary lines of characters, he actually _set_ off the main role of the rich and there is a very important role, and now a lot of people on the weak relationship. Li: to accept the result, not difficult, is the pain! No way, I can only stick to the present, or do not make movies in China. I have to accept this challenge and pain. I can only console myself - the story still, my point is still, if the domestic release, I still want to see the reaction of the domestic audience. I got the views of first instance on the crying. Was like, or I'll do it underground director, or so I went out, five-year ban for five years, I can do some other things. But, alas, the state as their parents, which is frustrating fact. And there are many objective conditions, the recovery of the producer or something, I thought for a long time, I feel it would be the expense of it. Finally, a total of fifty multiple changes. Young directors in China are faced with the problem. When no capital investment, after shooting the face of the review, following a review is the market. Excellent director and then have to face, you see, like Jia Zhangke, is likely to attract funding that step easier. This is now China's entire film environment. Story Source "Apple" is a realistic story art film, its artistic and commercial elements are the core themes of modern urban style and black humor organically combined: first chance and the controversial "rape / adultery" events, leading to Tony Leung Ka Fai and and his wife Elaine Jin Tong Dawei Fan Bingbing and her husband broke out between the two series of rich and poor families bizarre strange dislocation of the conflicts and feelings of the dramatic story. "Apple" was originally called "Lost Beijing", the story is "imaginary." Although it is to imagine, but the film as rich and poor caused by the opposition of values, moral values conflict and dislocation of family relationships but in reality everywhere. Directed by Li Yu want to use black humor to the performance of such a "rape / adultery" Event of modern urban story. As Tony Leung Ka Fai "tailored" The "Apple" is gathered in the three places and the cooperation of Japan's all-star lineup. Tony Leung starred in the film comes to your feet, the city boss, Lin Dong, Li explained: "I was writing when the forest owner, to think Ka Fai. I need an actor's life experiences rather than performing experience, Ka Fai itself is a very rich life experience of people, the accumulation of a unique personal charm, and I believe he not only qualified for this role, the audience will be many surprises. " As actor, heartthrob on the screen, triad brother, Tony Leung Ka Fai took a role in the feet, city bosses, and a far cry from his previous roles. "Because not played this role, I feel a great challenge, and I think the script is very special, very interesting story. In addition, and new directors, are not familiar with each other, and have actually more prone to spark." When the play that Tony Leung Ka Fai Director Li Yu is tailored for their excitement was palpable: "I think the director such as a new role, I feel very happy." 5. Awards * 2007 Bangkok International Film Festival, the fifth Jury Prize * 2007 Berlin International Film Festival Golden Bear Award seventh nomination * 2007 New York, the sixth Tribeca Film Festival screenplay Honor Award * 2007 Fourth Eurasia International Film Festival in Kazakhstan for best actress (Fan Bingbing)
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Movie related (foreign)
France 【Title】 Chinese Apple Foreign Title】 【The Apple / Sib / Pomme, La .....( France) Starring】 【Massoumeh Naderi Zahra Naderi Ghorban Ali Naderi 【Countries / regions】 Iran / France 【Type】 Drama 【Color】 Color 【Duration】 86 min Level】 【Australia: PG / Sweden: Btl / Argentina: 13 / UK: PG / France: U / Chile: 14 / Switzerland: 12 35 mm format】 【crew 35 mm format】 【printing photos 1. Synopsis Version One: Story takes place in a poor suburb of Tehran where a small village, a pair of twin sisters from the cruel birth parents, it will be any import and export them in the home are equipped with iron bars. Neighbor's complaint, in exchange for the attention of social workers, will the two of them from the "Iron House" in to the rescued. Not words, never leave the house the two sisters, two of them happened to be is? Version Two: This is a true story. Occurred in the outskirts of Tehran, a poor little village, a pair of twin sisters from the cruel birth parents, it will be of any import and export them in the home are equipped with iron bars. Neighbor's complaint, in exchange for the attention of social workers, will the two of them from the iron house "out in to the rescue. Not words, never leave the house the two sisters, two of them happened to be is? Suomi La. Makhmalbaf, called is the world's youngest and most legendary female director, this documentary style with a strong and get that year's Cannes Film Festival debut qualify for "Apple" came out, she was only eighteen years old. "Apple" has been in more than 30 countries, appeared in more than 100 film festivals, and to great acclaim. 2. Cast and crew Poster (France) Director】 【director Samira Makhmalbaf 莎米拉玛克 Martha Buff 】 【Screenplay Writer 莫森玛克玛 Makhmalbaf Mohsen Makhmalbaf 莎米拉玛克 Martha Buff Samira Makhmalbaf ....( as Samireh Makhmalbaf) 】 【Actor Actor Massoumeh Naderi .... MassoumehZahra Naderi .... Zahra Ghorban Ali Naderi .... Father Azizeh Mohamadi .... Azizeh Zahra Saghrisaz Produced by】 【producer Iraj Sarbaz .... executive producer 】 【Cameraman Mohamad Ahmadi Ebrahim Ghafori 【Clip】 Mohsen Makhmalbaf Film Assistant director】 【 Hana Makhmalbaf assistant director Akbar Meshkini assistant director Marzieh Makhmalbaf assistant director 【Sound】 Behroz Shahamat sound 】 【Other staff Hossein Amiri camera operator Maysam Makhmalbaf still photographer Reza Sheykhi camera operator John Robert Miller subtitler 3. Producers and Distributors Production Company 1. Hubert Bals Fund [Netherlands] 2. MK2 Productions [France] 3. Makhmalbaf Productions [Iran] Distribution company 1. Argentina Video Home (AVH) [Argentina] (Argentina) (VHS) 2. Artificial Eye [United Kingdom] (UK) (subtitled) 3. Kairos Filmverleih [Germany] (Germany) 4. MK2 Diffusion [France] (2007) (France) (all media) 5. Primer Plano Film Group SA [Argentina] (Argentina) 4. Release issued Poster (Japan) France France 1998 年 5 月 1 日 ......( Cannes Film Festival) France on May 27 France1998 Canada1998 Canada on August 28 ......( Montréal Film Festival) Canada1998 Canada on September 12 ......( Toronto Film Festival) The United States on September 30 USA1998 ......( New York Film Festival) Switzerland Switzerland1998 on November 20 ......( German speaking region) UK1998 United Kingdom on December 27 Brazil, on January 8 Brazil1999 Japan Japan1999 on January 30 ......( Tokyo) The United States on February 19 USA1999 Argentina Argentina1999 on April 2 ......( Buenos Aires International Festival of Independent Cinema) Argentina, on April 29 Argentina1999 New Zealand New Zealand1999 on July 17 ......( Auckland Film Festival) Sweden, on November 5 Sweden1999 Denmark, on November 26 Denmark1999 Germany, on December 2 Germany1999 Czech Republic Czech Republic2004 on July 7 ......( Karlovy Vary Film Festival) 5. Behind the Scenes The status of Muslim women in Islamic countries is a prominent issue, especially after the victory of Islamic Revolution of Iran to pursue "radical Islam", that strict compliance with "Koran" to regulate people's daily lives, Iranian women had to wear a veil. Out of this concept of the query "Apple" generated. Samira is a contemporary film of the amazing woman, then shot her, "Apple", when only 18 years old. Of course, her fame has come from its more famous father: Mohsen Makhmalbaf, "magic carpet", "silence", "Gish Island Story", "Kandahar" and so the director. Korean Movies Cast and crew Director: Kang Li Guan Screenplay: Kang Li Guan Cast: Li Wen Su Kim Tae-woo are high Enya Zhu Li Shan Cui Mingxiu Progressive Die Producer: Yong-bae Choi Original Music: Hyun-jung Shim Photo: Sun Xiufan Clip: Yi-kyung ParkYoo Kyung Park ....( uncredited) Art Direction: Hye-jin Song Plot The work of Yin in the trading company is, is a lively and cheerful woman, both work and love, are quite active. People love her boyfriend have been together seven years Hee, a look will be able to understand each other's wishes. However, in her work and love that are smooth, when the people hee was presented to her to break up a faint expression of his face, it seems that even an exact reasons are too lazy to provide. Yin moment of life is plunged into darkness, no longer believe the world will be unconditional love. Just then, there beside her, another suitor twelve fun activities. In the next phase hoon gentle Yin is gradually recovering, agreed to his proposal. After they married, Yin Xun is starting to become increasingly dependent on the phase, but also actively demonstrated, on the contrary, Sang-hoon is a poor expression of action-oriented man. They were very different just love the concept of a conflict gradually when the Yin Min Hee boyfriend first love is there, is he really can not tell Yin forget two of the past. Yin is the good choice of being caught in a dilemma.
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Apple
• Apple Computer founded by Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak • • Gary and Ron Wayn on April 1, 1976 was established. The spring of 1975, Apple Ⅰ by the Wozon designed by Byte computer store to buy the 50 sells for $ 666.66 at the Apple Ⅰ. In 1976, Woz completed the design of Apple Ⅱ. 1976, Steve Jobs (Steve Jobs) and Steve Wozniak (Steve Wozniak, referred to as the Wards) was founded. In the year to develop and market Apple I computer. In 1977, the first personal computer sold Apple II. In 1984, the launch of the revolutionary Macintosh computer. In 2001, the launch of iPod digital music player. In 2003, the launch of the first 64-bit personal computer Apple PowerMac G5. June 6, 2005, Steve Jobs announced that next year will use Intel processors. January 9, 2007, Apple launched iPhone, and officially changed its name to Apple. January 10, 2007, Apple's iPhone has high thermal and Zhao Chenhao Global brothers were signed, the election Brothers Global thermal heat song album "Global Thermal brothers to the" held in the iPhone Apple iPhone, so that the world of music lovers in the hot delivery, but also what makes the heat the only brothers to become spokesman for the Greater China region! January 15, 2008, Apple released the show in MacWorld2008 MacBook Air laptop, it is the thinnest laptop on the market. October 15, 2008, Apple introduced redesigned MacBook, MacBook Pro notebook computers and new products Apple LED Cinema Display monitors. Apple's major hardware products are: iPod classic, iPod, iPod nano, iPod shuffle, iPod mini, iPod touch (music player) PowerBook, iBook, MacBook, MacBook Pro, MacBook Air (laptop) PowerMac, eMac, Mac Pro, iMac (PC) Mac mini (small desktop computers) 20-inch, 23 inch or 30-inch Apple Cinema Display (Monitor) 24-inch Apple LED Cinema Display (Monitor) Xserve, Xserve RAID (server) iSight (Webcam) (PC camera accessories) AirPort Extreme (54Mbps 802.11g base station) (internet connection) iPhone (Mobile Phone) Apple TV (home video terminal) Apple's Web site: Apple's Web site: http://www.apple.com/ Apple China: http://www.apple.com.cn/ Apple's new product: iPod shuffle3: 2009 fall iPod launch, Apple showing the world a more powerful iPod touch 3, an increase of camera, FM radio, and putting in the iPod nano, of course, put on a colorful coat of iPod shuffle. This time, Apple's new products have increased by the beginning of the first by the iPod shuffle has a "whisper" feature. Recently, Apple also released a new 16:9 iMac, and the world's first multi-touch features with the mouse.
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Apple
Mosaic 1. Name 1.1 Chinese name Words】 【Apple Pinyin】 【píngguǒ A. explain】 【deciduous tree, oval leaves, serrate, reddish gray, round fruit, sweet, ordinary fruit. b. the fruits of this plant. 1.2. Language name English name: apple English plural: apples Japanese name: リ ン ゴ (ri n go) Branches and fruit Korean name: 사과 (sa / gua) 1.3. Related proverbs An apple a day keeps the doctor away. An apple a day, doctors do not find you. The rotten apple injures its neighbours. A bad group of friends can influence a good man. When the apple is ripe, it will fall. Apples ripen naturally fall off. 2. Overview 2.1. Cultural History Apple native to Europe, Central Asia and along China's western Xinjiang, cultivation history of more than 5,000 years, these have been a dynasty years. Central Asian wild apple is considered the birthplace of the modern cultivated apples, apple cultivation in Europe and the United States, the original species. European apple cultivation originated in Greece, with the discovery of the New World 300 years ago, Apple introduced to the Americas from Europe, Japan, the Meiji Restoration era from the introduction of cultivation in Europe and America, modern cultivation spread to Asia, Apple is, after Australia, Africa have also introduced cultivated . Origin of the cotton in China in the Qin and Han dynasty, there were recorded Apple, has been cultivated in the Wei and Jin Dynasties. Gusi Xie's "Arts for the People" on the elaboration of Nai and Ringo. McNair is now the apple, including the Penang sub-account. Ringo is Shaguo, so Apple has been in China two thousand years of cultural history, China's Shaanxi, Gansu, Xinjiang, Qinghai, are still soft apple distribution, the Hexi Corridor region is the center areas. Currently most of the cultivated varieties, as the economy entered from abroad, known as the Western apple cultivation it is less than 200 years. 2.2. Nutritional value Apple, ancient McNair, also known as Tao po, sweet and sour, rich in nutrition, is one of the young and old fruit Safe. Its nutritional value and health value is high, more and more people being referred to as "doctor first medicine." Many Americans are essential to Apple as a weight-loss, diet one day a week, this day to eat apples, known as "Apple Day." ◇ effect Vitamin C is the apple in the cardiovascular protection of God, the health of patients with heart disease elements. People who eat more apples than people who do not eat or eat cold apple lower probability. Therefore, some scientists and physicians to Apple as "a full range of health fruit" or "GP." Now more serious air pollution, eat apples can improve the respiratory system and lung function, protect the lungs from the air of dust and smoke. Apple glial and vector elements in the chromium to maintain steady blood sugar, so Apple is not only healthy snacks diabetic patients, but also all those who want to control blood sugar essential fruit. And it can effectively reduce cholesterol. Apple is also anti-cancer, anti-lead poisoning. Motherland medicine that Apple has a thirst, Chufan lungs, spleen and stomach, Yang Xin Qi, intestines, diarrhea, hot weather, hangover and other effects. Now the city pace of life is very tight, professional pressure groups, many people have different degree of tension, depression, then picked up an apple to smell bad mood would have a remission, as well as refreshment success. Mothers to eat an apple a day during pregnancy can reduce the response. Eat apples both to lose weight, and help digestion, the elderly would be good to eat. Apple contains vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, fats, etc., constitute the essential nutrients the brain. Apple fiber, useful for children's growth and development, can promote the growth and development. Apple in the memory of the child benefit of zinc, can enhance children's memory. However, the acid in apples can damage teeth, rinse mouth after eating the best apple. ◇ For people Very suitable for infants and young children, the elderly and patients eat. ◇ for the amount of Eat 1-2 apples a day is enough to achieve these effects. The number of men eating apples should be more than women, because Apple has cholesterol-lowering effect. Apple's nutrition is very rich. Slowly when eating apples, this is not only conducive to digestion and, more importantly, good for the reduction of human disease. Do not eat fruit after a meal, so as not to interfere with normal eating and digestion. Apple is rich in carbohydrates and potassium, nephritis and diabetes should not eat. ◇ major nutrients (Each containing 100 grams) Content component name component name component name of the content of the Ministry of 86 edible moisture content (g) 85.8 Energy (kcal) 50 Energy (kJ) 209 Protein (g) 0.2 Fat (g) 0.2 Carbohydrates (g) 13.6 Dietary Fiber (g ) 1.7 Cholesterol (mg) 0 Ash (g) 0.2 Vitamin A (mg) of 8-carotene (mg) 50 Retinol (mg) 0 Thiamin (mg) 0 Riboflavin (mg) 0.01 Niacin (mg ) 0.2 Vitamin C (mg) 1 Vitamin E (T) (mg) 0a-E0 (β-γ)-E0δ-E0 calcium (mg) 4 P (mg) 0 Potassium (mg) 70 Sodium (mg) 0.6 Magnesium ( mg) 0 Iron (mg) 0.6 Zinc (mg) 0 Se (mcg) 0.03 Copper (mg) 0 Mn (mg) 0 Iodine (mg) 0 2.3. Therapeutic value 2.3.1. Effect Many apple varieties, such as the country light, green banana, yellow banana, red star, I wish the light, other than the famous victory. China's northeast, north, east, northwest and Sichuan, Yunnan and other places are growing. Summer and autumn fruit mature when harvested, washed with fresh or dried slices used. 【Properties】 sweet, slightly acidic, cool, spleen, lung, has a thirst, heat Chufan, lungs and appetizers, Yipi antidiarrheal effect; Indications of gas shortage, indigestion, gas obstruct unreasonable, mild diarrhea, constipation, Fan Re thirst, excessive drinking, high blood pressure. 【Reference】 containing sucrose, reducing sugar, malic acid, citric acid, tartaric acid, quinic acid, alcohols, pectin, vitamin C, potassium, sodium and other ingredients. Remove the apple pectin injection, intravenous injection to rabbits, can increase blood sugar, urine, adjusting the bowel function (excitatory or inhibitory turned over to the normalization), and light to prevent DNA corticosterone rise in rats high blood pressure. 【Uses】 for Fanre thirst, or excessive drinking; indigestion or spleen yin deficiency, Eat diarrhea. 【Usage】 raw food, Jiao Zhi, Aogao, or dried into powder, decoction. 2.3.2. Nutritional Analysis: 1. Apple gum and chromium to maintain steady blood sugar, but also effectively lower cholesterol; 2. In air pollution, environment, eating apples can improve the respiratory system and lung function, protect the lungs from the impact of pollution and dust; 3. Apple polyphenols and flavonoids with natural chemical antioxidants can reduce the risk of lung cancer, lead poisoning prevention; 4. Apple's unique flavor can ease the excessive pressure caused by negative emotions, as well as refreshing effect; 5. Apple is rich in crude fiber, can promote gastrointestinal motility, to assist the smooth discharge of human waste and the hazards of harmful substances on the skin; 6. Apple contains a lot of magnesium, sulfur, iron, copper, iodine, manganese, zinc and other trace elements, the skin delicate, smooth, ruddy gloss. 2.3.3. Related groups: General population can eat 1. Chronic gastritis, indigestion, unreasonable persons qi stagnation, constipation, chronic diarrhea, nervous colitis, hypertension, hyperlipidemia and obesity patients, cancer patients, anemia and vitamin deficiency is particularly suitable. Mothers to eat an apple a day during pregnancy can reduce the reaction; 2. Coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction, kidney disease, diabetes, people should not eat. Myocardial infarction patients are unfit for human consumption. (Apples are rich in carbohydrates and potassium salt) 3. Food and phase g: Apple bogey and fish with the food, can cause constipation. 2.3.4. With side Yurong Dan: Apples 1000g, chopped mash, Jiao Zhi, boiled thick paste, add appropriate amount of honey and mix. Every time a spoon, warm water. From the "southern Yunnan Materia Medica." This product is longer than the stomach fluid. For lack of stomach yin, throat thirsty. Apple yam powder: Dried apples 50g, Chinese yam 30g. Total research to fine. Each 15g, plus amount of sugar, with warm water. Apple and yam to the compatibility side, can benefit the spleen and stomach, aid digestion, stop diarrhea. For indigestion, diarrhea, deprivation, or Chronic Diarrhea and spleen yin is insufficient. Apple's formula of infant diarrhea: Several apple, the apples washed with water, peel, steam cooked, smashed into the mud and _set_ aside. Directions: 4 times a day, each about one hundred grams, infants under the age of about fifty grams each time, day for 3 to 4 times, then do not eat other foods, can be reduced until the symptoms improved after eating applesauce, The appropriate increase in cow cheese. Efficacy: Yipi stomach, thick intestinal diarrhea. Frequent loose stools also applies to thin. Production Director: cut off the skin of apples will be immersed in cold water to prevent oxidation of the apple crisp and sweet. Steaming Fresh Apple asthma therapy Qiaozhi Apple Egg Law Is: Choose the bottom of the apple than the flat one, remove the stem end with a knife, took out some of stone and flesh, made of apple cup, and then take a fresh grass eggs, crack, pour in the apple cup, and then Spreading branches covered, into the Long Ti and steam, water, steam for 20 minutes after opening. Eaten while still hot out. I would recommend taking the old Chinese rock sugar, egg yolk diet side. Method is to take 10 eggs, yellow rock sugar, 100 grams, mixed, stir, add rice wine, 500 grams, can be placed on the 10th. Each taking 25 grams, 2 times a day, taking some time my asthma symptoms disappeared. Transferred out of thin green apple + beauty Chances are, you tried apple diet, green tea diet, apples and green tea are good diet food obviously, but why is it not obvious? You, you have not thought about the apples and green tea mixed together, used to lose weight it? Haha, come try it! Methods: an Apple branded juice, add 1 tsp green tea powder, 1 time each morning and evening to drink, to drink together with apple imports and can make you slim and beautiful. Apple is really delicious benefits, but also detox diet skin ... ... in this season is really the first choice for weight loss help. Cost: ... ... you just spent about as long as 1 yuan each. PS: green tea powder in the tea can be purchased, typically 20 packets of 10 dollars, equivalent to 5 per packet of hair, the amount of per packet key is about 3,4 or so. Experts read: For the object: can not control the appetite, to see what people what to eat. Drinking period: each meal, you can drink every day. Weight loss principle: Apples are rich in potassium, and potassium can not only mitigate the excessive intake of sodium caused by edema, potassium has a diuretic effect, can be the body of excess water are removed. PS: with the residue of apple juice is rich in pectin and cellulose, the fiber of each apple (about 3 grams), equivalent to half a jin of celery, they can help the stomach to digest, absorb and prevent constipation. Before eating a cup of green tea, apple juice (apple is not filtered out) will allow you first satiety, so you do not eat too much of things. Intimate suggestions: However, nutritionists recommend that, in order to make green tea, apple juice synergistic effect of weight loss, preferably 15-20 minutes before meals, drink a cup before, such as satiety message to the brain, and then began to eat like this, during a meal can reduce the intake of at least 1 / 3 (about 240 cards) of the heat. Apple treat prostatitis Prostatitis patients with eating 3-5 apples a day, or regular consumption of high concentration of apple juice, can increase the protein in prostatic fluid zinc zinc adults, thereby increasing prostate antibacterial, bactericidal capacity. In order to achieve the purpose of treatment and prevention of prostatitis! Apple anti-diarrhea and constipation side In the fall, diarrhea and constipation are the high incidence of disease, both symptoms of the disease can be used in exactly the opposite with a prescription: Apple. Apple is rich in tannic acid, pectin, dietary fiber and other special material, raw pectin can soften the stool, dietary fiber and play a catharsis. Therefore, raw apples can play a relieve constipation. And if the apple as soup material, heating can play a convergence, the role of diarrhea. Tannic acid and heating because of a convergence of the role of pectin, can reduce bowel movement within the water, so as to achieve the purpose of diarrhea. So if the children have diarrhea at home, parents can wash the apple, with skin into the boiling water for a few minutes, scraping the pulp with a spoon to feed their children. Or the apple into the water boiling, take Zhinong drink. 2.4. Living in: the _select_ion and storage 2.4.1 Apple's _select_ion methods: Apple: Fuji, Gala, Red General, Jonagold, Red Star, Qin Guan, Golden Delicious, yellow bananas and other varieties. Fuji: 1 to see if Apple handles concentric circles, the full sunshine, rather sweet Apple ripe apple 2 to see whether the body stripes, the more the better 3 apples are more red, the more brilliant the better. Qin Guan Apple: Pick the size of the symmetry of a (preferably medium-large) 2 Press the apples by hand, by the action is sweet, by not moving is the acid 3 color should be uniform Golden Delicious Apple: 1 pick the color yellow, pitting the better 2, weigh by hand, comparison of light cotton, weight more brittle Yellow Banana Apple: 1, pitting the better 2 color is blue, and slightly yellowed good 2.4.2. Family Apple store Common household containers are cylinders, cans, the altar, cardboard boxes, wooden boxes, these containers can be used to store apples. Used in cylinders, cans, the altar must be dry cleaned and rubbed with a white tank, tank, the inner wall of the altar, but also put half a bottle of liquor in which (the amount can be based on the amount of storage may be), the mouth open. Apple harvest Spreading the shade after the first few days, and then layered on the cylinders, cans, or altar. Then sprayed on the bottles of liquor, according to storage of 50-150 grams of different ranges can be sprayed with a cotton cover on it and then covered with plastic sheeting and sealed to prevent the dissemination of alcohol, eating the apple-box cover, and can be Storage of more than six months. Apple's box for storage should be clean, odorless, floor and put two layers of paper around each Apple wrapped with a soft, white, neatly placed in the box. For the ruby, red star, round apples to bananas, put sideways, India and other varieties of light and the country round the standing flat place for good, this could make Apple more pressure. The most appropriate box at the temperature 0-2 ℃ Lord of the environment, inspected once every other month, the individual must promptly remove rotting fruit. 2.5. Other Apple-related areas Comes to Apple, they have to bring Lingbao, because the territory of the high altitude, especially for growing apples, fruit acidity and sweetness is higher than in other parts of the country. Lingbao three treasure as one of the strong support of government departments, and gradually formed a production, storage, processing and marketing of good industrial chain. Apple Tianshui Cattle in the international market of China was formally mark the first apple varieties. As early as forty years ago, Tianshui "Flower Cow" Apple with the United States, "Delicious" par. In 2008, the Ministry of Agriculture in Tianshui City, as the second batch of Chinese apple edge areas. Currently, the city's total area of 115.7 mu of apple, light "Flower Cow" area reached 75.8 million mu, with a total of 5.1 billion yuan, becoming the captain of the country's largest apple production base system. Apple is one of Yantai in Shandong famous products, producing the Qixia Yantai area, Zhaoyuan, Hai Duong, Muping, Fukuyama and other cities (districts) dominated. Yantai Apple's reputation for flavor and sweet, crisp and juicy truly a joy has always been for the domestic market. As the birthplace of Yantai Yantai Apple, Apple's development has entered a new stage of rapid development. By 2000, the city area of orchards, apple production than in 1978 increased by 6-7 times. Japan, South Korea, Singapore, Russia and other countries and regions, and by the countries of the world consumers. Predominance of Apple 3. Cultivation Introduction Botanical classification Apple's botanical classification is: Door: angiosperm ANGIOSPERMAE Programme: Dicotyledon DICOTYLEDONAE Head: Rosales Rosales Family: Rosaceae Rosaceae Subfamily: Apple Subfamily Maloideae Weber Genus: Malus Malus Group: True Apple Group Sect. Malus Department: Department of Ser.Pumilae Apple Kinds of: Apple Malus pumila Mill. Apple is the rose family (Rosaceae) Malus (malus) the fruits of plants, which are about 25 species of tree is the most widely cultivated fruit trees. Apple is a pear, from the ovary and the ovary tissue development from outside. Cross-pollination, mostly apple trees, 2 to 4% of the flowers fruit better. Although the mature apples the size, shape, color and acidity due to varieties and environmental conditions varies greatly, but usually circular, diameter 50 ~ 100 mm (2 to 4 inches), with red or yellow. Thousands of apple varieties, divided into varieties of wine, cooking varieties, the end of the food species and 3 categories. Class 3 varieties of color, size, flavor, smoothness (and possibly brittle, flavor) and so on are different. Many varieties of sugar high, medium acidity, tannin content is very low. Apple In addition to raw food, the cooking method is also a lot of eating, often used as a dessert pie, apple pie scones may be the end of the first American-style sweet food. Often associated with fried apple sausage, pork chops and other dishes with the food, especially in Europe so. 3.1. Cultural History Apple Country of Origin Central Europe, southeast Asia and even China in Xinjiang. Europe in the era of the first three years, MPCato apple varieties have been recorded. Later, the Romans started planting, and grafting. Eighteenth century, and TA JB Montessori has the use of natural hybridization breeding seedlings, and gradually promote the cultivation. When they find the New World, European immigrants introduced the Apple Americas, cultivated in the Americas and many new varieties. Japan in the Meiji Restoration era, Apple introduced from Europe and America, is introduced in Asia. Since then, Australia, Africa also have the introduction of Apple. The past century, the world's five continents and has been cultivated apple. The earliest Europeans have eaten apples, and was modified and the breeding of some species found as early as 2,000 years ago, before the colonization of the Americas, Europe, hundreds of known varieties. Chung later times as the waves of migration in North America, around the seedling apple varieties have spread to become a local legend of the roving emissary, in the Apple played a major role in transmission, most notably Chapman (John Chapman, nicknamed " Apple guys "〔〕 Johnny Appleseed), who widely grown in Ohio and Indiana, Apple. Indian and trapper may spread the apple. Apple in China for 2,000 years of cultural history. According to legend, Yu eat "Purple Nye", that is, red apple, Apple has seen China has very old. Guoyi Gong Jin dynasty of "Kwong Chi," said: "Western patients with multiple Nai, and everyone close to cut breast exposed dry, tens to hundreds Gok accumulation, that the frequency of the woman food." Known at the time, "the first month in February, the turning axes of the vertebral mottled, then Rao." Similar to that of the modern ring peeling techniques to promote more results. Shows China's growing apples Jin technology has reached a very high degree. Song of Li Yuan's "Ode to the South China Sea per copy," If Sterculia Wing has a poem: "Yu Fan from the house in the autumn, Cuiye exquisite cut is not working, flowery branch Yan mistaken, I do not know the scarlet pod sub suffix. "Up to the Ming Dynasty, not only has" Summer cooked "and" Su naphthalene, Zhu Nai, Nai green "and" Dong Nai has Liangzhou, cooked winter, sub-band Bise "(Li's" Compendium of Materia Medica "). However, the ancient Chinese cultivation Nai and Ringo, though, "smooth playable, Hong Wen a few steps," but "Sweet Song, who eat like immature cotton, over-ripe and rotten bear eating the sand" (see "Kwan Fong spectrum"). Apple naturalization mid-19th century Europe to China, China's cotton to gradually replace the apples. Apple's first European _set_tled in Yantai, Shandong, late 19th century to the beginning of this century, south of Qingdao, Shandong and Liaoning, and have been introduced, and began the economic cultivation. Now the apple producing areas of China, in addition to the original species Malus, the apple varieties grown as the economy mostly from Europe, the United States, Japan, the Soviet Union and other countries introduced, called the Western apple. History of apple cultivation in China First, McNair's cultivation history Second, the Western history of apple cultivation Mid-19th century, the ban on maritime trade and opening up large scale importation of Western culture, fruit trees, more frequent exchange of resources. Apple trees also will be introduced. 1, the early introduction of an overview of the early introduction of Apple Apple's multi-faceted way. Among the earliest of Shandong, according to records of Local Chronicles of Yantai, in 1861 members of the Presbyterian Church USA John Niwei Si (John L. Nevius) sent by the Presbyterian Church, from Shanghai to Shandong Dengzhou (now Penglai City). Ni wife due to illness, returned to the U.S. in 1864. Ni 1871, when the couple return to Yantai, bringing Western apple, pear, grapes Americas, Europe, etc. Lee and sweet cherry varieties of fruit trees, built in the foothills southeast of Yantai Yuhuangding planted garden, named "Kwong Hing orchard." 2,20 century, Apple introduced the first half of the 20th century and the beginning of the production profile, Liaoning, Shandong, Apple developed rapidly. 1909 Port Arthur biggest one apple (later changed to Port Arthur farms) of light 96 in the country, Japanese Kam 550. After the Russo-Japanese War, Port Arthur, Dalian lease transferred to Japan in 1909 to establish nurseries in Xiongyue (1913 to agricultural experiment station), and then introduce some cultivars from Japan, the introduction of red Quebec in 1910, I wish the light , Xu and Guo Guang, etc.; 1914-1921 years and the introduction of sleet and other 3 varieties of jade. 3, apple production recovery period from 1950-1952, the state adopted a series of respite policies to support agricultural production, fruit production and distribution of interest-free loans, tax relief for the fruit industry, while also establishing fruit tree fruit area key technical guidance agencies, through the supply and marketing organizations, fruit distribution, increase farmers income and promote the recovery of the fruit industry. In the old apple-producing areas, the remnants of the apple trees quickly restored tree vigor, the main effective pest control, and began to organize the first State Horticultural Farm (where the main north to Apple), therefore, yield rapid recovery. 4,50-60's apple industry sprang from l953 onwards, Rural Co-operative Movement in China, greatly encouraged by the enthusiasm of farmers to develop production, l955 the Ministry of Agriculture proposed the "mutual cooperation as the center, greatly enhance the existing fruit trees yield and quality, there are plans to actively mountains, hills extend the provision of new orchards cultivated "the orchard shall be exempt from the new agricultural tax, and accordingly improve the buying and selling work. 5, the establishment and development of commodity base since 1985, due to Apple's return on investment fast, effective, in addition to Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan, Hainan, and Shanghai, the five commodity production is not suitable for cultivation, the other areas as regard the development of apple production development of mountainous areas, poverty alleviation or the accumulation of funds to support an important means of agricultural production, which is especially prominent in Shaanxi Province, established in the region of 25 Weibei apple base counties, Qin Guan, Fuji and other varieties accounted for an absolute advantage, production also increased rapidly Later, those who are living on the trend. From 1992 to reach an annual output of 8.429 × 105t, only the second son of Shandong, and Liaoning. More than 1993 in Liaoning, ranking No. 2. 1995 area and production of the provinces. 3.2. Cultivation Status 3.2.1. Status of world apple cultivation States cultivars: Japan: Fuji, Tsugaru system, Wang Lin, Jonagold, Mutsu, Sansa, etc.; United States: Jonagold, Empire, Fuji, New Red Star, Gala, Bury this; Australia: Pink Lady, Granny Smith, Murui precious stones; New Zealand: Gala, Pacific Rose, Brittany this, gorgeous; South Korea: sweet red, red dew, dawn, Autumn, Red China 3.2.2. Status of apple cultivation In recent years, China's apple industry has made great progress, great achievements have been made. Cultivation area in 2005 to 189 million hectares, production reached 24 million tons, respectively in the world's total apple 2 / 5 and 1 / 3, China has become the world's largest apple producer. Yield per unit area in 1995 from 4.7 tons / ha in recent years increased to an average of 12 tons / ha. After nearly 10 years of regional layout adjustment, apple orchard area of the total area of the country's total rose from 34.9% in 1996 down to 18.8% in 2005, but continued growth in apple production in 2005, the country's total fruit yield of 27.2%. Bohai Bay and the Northwest Loess Plateau, the two major advantages of producing apples, apple cultivation area of the total area of the country accounted for 40%, 39%, yield 45%, respectively, 35%; Fuji and other varieties of the cultivated area ratio of 80% above, exports of apples and apple juice concentrate proportion of 90%. Apple Storage capacity from the 70s of last century the development of the national shortage of 100,000 tons to the current more than 5 million tons, accounting for about 25% of the total output of apples, fresh apple gradually increase the level of post-commercialization process, a group of apple production, marketing, processing Leading enterprises have been formed. China has become the world's largest producer of apple juice concentrate. At present the processing capacity of 10 tons / hour or more of concentrated apple juice production more than 35 companies; fresh apple apple processing volume of production from 1996 to 5% to 20% or more; production capacity of less than one thousand tons by the mid-80s soared to Now nearly 100 million tons. Rapid development in the apple industry, there are also some problems, such as varieties of resources and land resource constraints, growing; product overall quality to be improved; prenatal and postnatal out of touch with the births and so on, the further implementation of the apple industry also could sustainable development strategy. Apple production across China Division 2003-2007 Statistics (tonnes) 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Apple Apple Apple Apple Apple in the national total 21,101,77623,675,47324,011,08126,059,29827,859,934 Beijing 134,815134 68,06964 Tianjin 753138 447,131,071,119,459 721,660,396,407,659 709 Hebei 2,002,7692 14288222022732 3576202478845 02137216484131 Shanxi 1,801,7862 8670491872681 3196596161672 Inner Mongolia, Liaoning 51,94059 32762 1,089,9371 22211912995951 3013991514871 Jilin 190,133241 491,252 298,268,055,133,153 Heilongjiang 169,115160 003177 Shanghai 139,158,114,158,154 432,159,759,150,534 794,572,600,618,453, Jiangsu, Zhejiang 871552 494,611560 810, 524278 221,317283 143,341,828,403,627 Anhui Fujian Jiangxi and Shandong 6,118,5636 151244198189201 69055367166346 9304927249227 Henan 2,509,6142 86927230062453 2278883523310 4371186610351 Hubei 13,45810 93412 湖南 Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan Chongqing Sichuan 6,4416 854,609,463,266,693 923,248,022,296,977 225,384240 481242 26310 2301062811023 Guizhou, Yunnan, 9,26210 113,414141 239 159 396 201 962,234,855 327,567,439,343,994 Tibet Shaanxi 5,5775 4,617,9215 55205456011676 4997557015682 Gansu 829,959799 6501 012 5681 2541411424253 8,2467 198,731,659,395,804 Qinghai Ningxia Xinjiang 154,927156 333222 126,200,694,275,525 263,418293 850330 206,327,886,388,881 Statistics apple varieties in China Fuji varieties of Shaanxi province the proportion of 65%, 20 Gala Qinguan 10 other varieties Granny Smith 4.2 5.8 7.7 Shandong, the new Red Star Gala Fuji 70.2 4.7 1.3 Jonagold Red General 3.0 67 Marshall, Department of Gansu Fuji Golden Delicious 2 24 2 Other varieties Granny Smith Liaoning Fuji Guoguang 5 32.35 24.15 13.75 Marshal Department of Jonagold Hanfu 8.9 17.2 3.6 Other species Marshal, Department of Shanxi 51.4 14.6 Fuji Gala Golden Delicious 5.2 4.4 3.5 Other species Guoguang Fuji Henan 63.5 18.8 14.6 Star Qinguan Gala 1.9 Other 3.4 7.6 Arima 9 species 3.3. Biological characteristics 3.3.1. Growth Habit Apple is a deciduous tree, there is a strong polarity, usually vigorous growth, tall crown, height up to 15 meters tall under cultivation 3 to 5 meters. Gray-brown trunk, the old skin with irregular longitudinal cracks or flakes peeling off, twigs smooth. Single Leaves alternate, elliptic to ovate, leaf margin serrate. Corymb, petals white with pink when in bud, stamens 20, styles 5. The fruit is a pome, color and size due to different varieties. Hi ray, hi slightly acidic to neutral soil. Most suitable for deep soil, rich in organic matter, subsoil is sandy soil with good drainage ventilation. Cultivation Propagation by grafting. Rootstock with Joe of dwarfing rootstocks and. Joe of the rootstock used are: Catalpa son, West House Begonia, Shan Jing son, dwarfing the main introduction of the British species. With wide-row close planting, line the north and south. South side before the fall and winter planting soil frozen, thaw in spring when the northern side planting. Apple knot strength from poor pollination tree planting must be configured. 2 to 3 years after transplanting apple trees began to result in the general management of the economy under the conditions of life of 15 to 50 years, the soil barren, extensive management, only 20 to 30 years. As the top edge and shoot the combined effects of the heterogeneity of the results, Apple usually has a strong layer of dry and obvious nature. Force due to the seeds of varieties and branching forces are different, the level of significant different degrees. Apple 3.3.2. Buds characteristics Divided according to the nature of Apple's buds buds, flower buds two. Buds triangular, long and pointed, curved, long after the leaf expansion of branches, called the shoot, or vegetative shoots. Growth can be divided into branches by: leggy branches, common branches, thin branches, foliage branches: Apple's buds mixed sprouts. Bud sticks mixed results are generally divided into: Short Pod: length of 5 cm below the terminal bud to bud. The fruiting branches: 5 ~ 15 cm in length, shorter internodes, more stout branches, buds as the buds. Long fruit branch: length 15 cm above the fruit branches, buds as the buds. Long fruit branch with the development branch difficult to distinguish, according to the full extent of the terminal bud to judge. Axillary bud sticks, in the year old branches of the axillary buds formed at the second year to fruition is called axillary buds. Apple's differentiation, the majority of species are from June until early winter to complete the whole process is divided into physiological differentiation, morphological differentiation and maturation of three periods. Bud mixed bud, inflorescence corymbose cyme. 5-8 flowers per inflorescence flowering, mostly 5, the center flowers bloom after flowering side open, center the best quality flowers, fruit stability, the results of large flowers and flower and fruit thinning should be left center center fruit , and more flowers and side edge thinning fruit. After starting leaf bud flowering and fruit stage drawn from the Health and Fu Shao, fruit Fushao pumping station the number of students and length with the species and result mother's nutritional conditions vary. 3.3.3. Flowering and fruit Apple flowering period due to the climate differences are very different. Usually in 4-5 months, each flower bud 3 to 7 there, and the central flowers open first. Apple is a cross-pollination of plants, most of the species from the flowers can not be strong. The proportion of various types of results because of old branches, different species have changed. Usually long fruit branch and the young trees are more fruit branch, with the age increases, the rapid rise in the proportion of short fruit branches, until full fruit period, generally up to 70% or more, the aging of the fruit branch is almost entirely short. From the species point of view, gold and other varieties of long fruit branch handsome and more in the fruit branch, the new Red Star, Red Fuji and other varieties of the Short Pod proportion of large, easy to form Liao Fu axillary buds and other species. The normal apple fruit, each fruit has five ventricle, each ventricle is seed 2. In the process of fruit development, seed pulp stimulate the secretion of growth hormone, so good pollination and fertilization, seed filling full, shape correct, plump flesh; the other hand, poor or no seed seed development side, the abnormal fruit pulp from depression thin, so be sure to configure the pollination of trees and improve pollination. 3.3.4. The formation of fruit development and quality Apple fruit development from ovary and the receptacle from the fake fruit, which results ovary development of the heart, the receptacle and development results of meat, embryos develop into seeds. The volume of fruit enlargement, pre-dividing cells by the cells rapidly increase in the number, the latter by cell volume enlargement. Volume of swollen fruit, medium to mature before the fast, early and late slow one month before the fruit weight to mature the fastest growing. Fruit development period is early maturing varieties generally 65-87 days, 90-133 days in the ripening varieties, late-maturing varieties of 137-168 days. Fruit color is an important indicator of goods. The good and the bad apple with colored sugar accumulation, the coordination of mineral elements, environmental conditions and hormone types, content, etc. A great deal. Late nitrogen control, increasing potassium and reducing chlorophyll in the peel, improve air and light conditions, increase the degree sunlight, good drainage, reduce air humidity, spraying NAA and 2.4-D and other hormones, can contribute to Apple color. Apple appears to harvest from the bud, Flower and fruit drop are generally four times. The first time in the final flowering stalk together with the flower faded and fall off, often referred to as falling. After falling the second time in about a week, the ovary slightly increased, sustainable 5-20 days, known as the early fruit drop. The third time in the second 7-14 days after fruit drop, fruit has reached the big thumb nail, a greater impact on yield, known as the physiological fruit drop, Yunnan generally occurs in May, the phenology of the north later than Yunnan, took place in 6 month, it said, "June fruit drop." Before harvest, the fourth time, fell mature or nearly mature fruit, it said, preharvest fruit drop. The first and second falling drop, mainly nutritional deficiencies and poor pollination and fertilization caused. The third drop, competition between fruit nutrient addition, embryo growth hormone deficiency, the competition for nutrients is fierce due to tip fruits. Osmotic pressure due to the leaves than young fruit, young fruit compete stronger than the power of nutrients, so when you do except shoot topping, cutting tip and so inhibit the growth of new shoots, we must also thank Flower timely topdressing fertilizer, add nutrients. Development of fruit color Apple skin color, background and table colors are divided into two. When immature fruit peel background in general performance of the dark green mature fruit will appear in three ways: ① green fade, even disappear, the background is yellow; ② green is not dissipated, resulting in yellow or green, yellow background; ③ green does not go away completely, still dark green. Color in the fruit peel mature form, the general performance of the different degrees of red, green and yellow three types. Determine the fruit color pigments are chlorophyll, carotenoids, anthocyanins and other flavonoids. Water-soluble anthocyanin pigments are highly unstable, mainly in the cell fluid, or cytoplasm. Red in the low pH, neutral was purple, blue alkaline. When combined with various metal ions, will also present a variety of colors, so the fruit can be expressed as complex color. Factors that affect the formation of anthocyanins noon In addition to the genetic variety, the fruit sugar content in the form of Apple anthocyanins main factors. Anthocyanins are formed when strong pentose respiratory pigment of the original; other anthocyanins also often combined with sugar to form anthocyanins present in fruits. Therefore, the development of anthocyanin and sugar content are closely related. Sugar synthesis and accumulation of any of the factors that have affected the development of anthocyanin. Higher levels of tree nutrition, reasonable load, the appropriate ratio of P and K and N, the appropriate water control are conducive to the red fruit development. The impact of temperature on the color and the accumulation of sugar. Apple varieties in the late night temperature above 20 ℃, do not help coloring. Fruit firmness is an important indicator of fruit quality, flesh firmness not only affect the taste when fresh taste, but also with fruit storage and processing traits. Apple pulp hardness and cellulose content in the cell wall, cell wall pectin substances within the layer type and quantity of pulp cell turgor and are closely related. 3.3.5. The requirements of the outside weather conditions (1) temperature Apple is a temperate fruit trees hi low-temperature drying, requires no cold winter and hot in summer. Appropriate temperature range is the average temperature 9-14 ℃, winter, extreme low temperature not lower than -12 ℃, the highest monthly average temperature in summer is not higher than 20 ℃, ≥ 10 ℃ accumulated temperature is about 5000 ℃, the growing season (April-October ) the average temperature of 12-18 ℃, 7.2 ℃ in winter to be 1200-1500 hours the following low temperature, can be successfully through natural dormancy. Generally believed that the average temperature in the region 7.5 ~ 14 ℃, can be cultivated apple. Apple dormancy period longer. If winter temperatures are high, can not meet the required low temperatures of winter dormancy and spring germination missing. Apple from the world's most cultivated areas of view, the coldest month in winter (northern hemisphere in January, Southern Hemisphere in July) the average temperature between -10 ~ 10 ℃, in order to meet Apple's requirements for low temperature. The main apple producing areas of the January average temperature in this limit. Growth period (4 to 10 months) the average temperature in the 12 ~ 18 ℃, summer (6 to 8 months) the average temperature in the 18 ~ 24 ℃, the best Apple's growth. High summer temperatures, the average temperature over 26 ℃, bad apple flower bud. Calorie deficiency, flower bud differentiation is not good, small, sour fruit, color difference, intolerance storage. Autumn temperatures during the day and night high-low, the fruit sugar divided into high, good color, skin thick, fruit powder and more resistant to storage. (2) Precipitation Apple in the growing season rainfall to be about 180 per acre mm. A natural rainfall, the actual energy absorbed by the fruit is about 1 / 3, so that growing season rainfall to 540 mm, is enough to use. Monthly precipitation in the 4 to 9 mm below the region of 450 irrigation is required, the uneven distribution of precipitation in northern China, 70 ~ 80% concentrated in the 7 to 8 months, spring is water shortage. In the inland areas with little rainfall, water shortage, and therefore choose to build gardens, we must take into account the irrigation and moisture conservation measures, and measures should also pay attention to drainage during the rainy season. (3) sunshine Apple is happy light trees, adequate lighting, before they can grow normally. Shandong Agricultural University, according to the determination of Taian Golden Delicious, the new star, light compensation point of 600 to 800 meters candlelight, the saturation point in 3500 ~ 4500 m candlelight. Within this context, increasing light intensity, photosynthesis is also strengthened. And sunlight, then cause a series of reactions, such as branches and leaves leggy, weak, resistant to insect pests is weak, little flower bud differentiation, nutrition, storage of small, low rate of flowering and _set_ting fruit, root growth are also affected, the fruit of low sugar content, color also bad. (4) Soil Soil on Apple's growth, yield, quality is good or bad influence. The main factor is the soil, soil aeration, soil quality. In short, Apple needs deep soil, good drainage, rich in organic matter, slightly acidic to slightly alkaline. (5) wind Strong winds often bring to Apple's growth and development of many adverse effects such as causing crown deflection, influence flowering, pollination, leaf organ damage, and fallen fruit, etc., so the establishment of apple orchards in the wind region, we must create a leaked forest. 3.4. Pest control 3.4.1. Apple's major diseases: Apple leaf spot Apple powdery mildew Apple canker Apple leaf spot Apple ring rot Apple scab Apple anthracnose 3.4.2. Apple key pests: Red Spider Two-spotted spider mite Borer class Gold miner pattern Leaf roller class Aphis citricola Scale insect class Woolly apple aphid 3.4.3. Physiological diseases: Apple bitter pit Hot apple leaf disease Apple superficial scald Apple pox spot Apple watercore Apple leaf disease Yellows Apple Apple fruit shrink disease 3.5. The main varieties Liao Fu Early Jie (Geneva Early) Summer green Shuai Fu Anna (Anna) Rattan, animal husbandry, No. 1 Jesse Mack (Jerseymac) Shan Sa Tsugaru and mutant lines New Gala (Royal Gala) and mutant lines The first red New Red Star Super Red Ruby Chiaki Arima New World Jonagold and mutant lines Qin Guan Wang Lin India Fuji varieties Mutsu Granny Smith
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Apple
• Apple Computer founded by Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak • • Gary and Ron Wayn on April 1, 1976 was established. The spring of 1975, Apple Ⅰ by the Wozon designed by Byte computer store to buy the 50 sells for $ 666.66 at the Apple Ⅰ. In 1976, Woz completed the design of Apple Ⅱ. 1976, Steve Jobs (Steve Jobs) and Steve Wozniak (Steve Wozniak, referred to as the Wards) was founded. In the year to develop and market Apple I computer. In 1977, the first personal computer sold Apple II. In 1984, the launch of the revolutionary Macintosh computer. In 2001, the launch of iPod digital music player. In 2003, the launch of the first 64-bit personal computer Apple PowerMac G5. June 6, 2005, Steve Jobs announced that next year will use Intel processors. January 9, 2007, Apple launched iPhone, and officially changed its name to Apple. January 15, 2008, Apple released the show in MacWorld2008 MacBook Air laptop, it is the thinnest laptop on the market. October 15, 2008, Apple introduced redesigned MacBook, MacBook Pro notebook computers and new products Apple LED Cinema Display monitors. Apple's major hardware products are: iPod classic, iPod, iPod nano, iPod shuffle, iPod mini, iPod touch (music player) PowerBook, iBook, MacBook, MacBook Pro, MacBook Air (laptop) PowerMac, eMac, Mac Pro, iMac (PC) Mac mini (small desktop computers) 20-inch, 23 inch or 30-inch Apple Cinema Display (Monitor) 24-inch Apple LED Cinema Display (Monitor) Xserve, Xserve RAID (server) iSight (Webcam) (PC camera accessories) AirPort Extreme (54Mbps 802.11g base station) (internet connection) iPhone (Mobile Phone) Apple TV (home video terminal) Apple's Web site: Apple's Web site: http://www.apple.com/ Apple China: http://www.apple.com.cn/ Apple's new product: iPod shuffle3: 2009 fall iPod launch, Apple showing the world a more powerful iPod touch 3, an increase of camera, FM radio, and putting in the iPod nano, of course, put on a colorful coat of iPod shuffle. This time, Apple's new products have increased by the beginning of the first by the iPod shuffle has a "whisper" feature. Recently, Apple also released a new 16:9 iMac, and the world's first multi-touch features with the mouse.
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Flowers encyclopedia
Apple introduced Apple (Malus pumila) Families and genera: Rosaceae Malus Alias: Characteristics: Gray ribbon flush, flowering from April to May Distribution and habits: South to the Yangtze River basin in North China Warm temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest in northern (major cities: Shenyang, Huludao, Dalian, Dandong, Anshan, Liaoyang, Jinzhou, Yingkou, Panjin, Beijing, Tianjin, Taiyuan, Linfen, Changzhi, Shijiazhuang, Qinhuangdao, Baoding, Tangshan, Handan , Xingtai, Chengde, Jinan, Texas, Yan'an and Baoji, Tianshui) With deciduous broad-leaved forest in southern warm (major cities: Qingdao, Yantai, Rizhao, Weihai, Jining, Tai'an, Zibo, Weifang, Zaozhuang, Linyi, Laiwu, Dongying, Xintai, Tengzhou, Zhengzhou, Luoyang, Kaifeng, Xinxiang, Jiaozuo , Anyang, Xi'an, Xianyang, Xuzhou, Lianyungang, Yancheng, Huaibei, Bengbu, Seoul, Tongchuan) North subtropical deciduous, evergreen broad-leaved mixed forest areas (major cities: Nanjing, Yangzhou, Zhenjiang, Nantong, Changzhou, Wuxi, Suzhou, Hefei, Wuhu, Anqing, Huainan, Xiangfan, Shiyan) In subtropical evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved forest (major cities: Wuhan, Shashi, Huangshi, Yichang, Nanchang, Jingdezhen, Jiujiang, Jian, Jinggangshan, Ganzhou, Shanghai, Changsha, Zhuzhou, Yueyang, Huaihua, Jishou, Changde, Xiangtan, Hengyang, Shaoyang, Guilin, Wenzhou, Jinhua, Ningbo, Chongqing, Chengdu, Dujiangyan, Mianyang, Neijiang, Leshan, Zigong, Panzhihua, Guiyang, Zunyi, Liupanshui, Anshun, Kunming, Dali) Temperate grassland areas (major cities: Lanzhou, Pingliang, Altay, Hailar, Manchuria, Qiqihar, Fuxin, Dandong, Daqing, Xining, Yinchuan, Tongliao, Yulin, Hohhot, Baotou, Zhangjiakou, Jining, Chifeng, Datong, Ceylon Haute ) Propagation and cultivation: No Application: Fruit trees, shade trees court Photo:
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Encyclopedia
pingguo Apple Malus pumila Rose family (Rosaceae) Apple is a deciduous tree, it is important temperate fruit trees. Malus about 35 world species. 23 species known in China. The apples and the same bonus for Catalpa child and other raw or processed fruits, and some species can be used as Apple's stock or breeding material. Apple Chinese Apple, also known as cotton, Choi Ping, also called Nai, and now widely cultivated in the Western apple kind. The earliest written records found in the 2nd century BC, such as the Western Han Dynasty Sima's "Shanglin Fu", since the Hexi Corridor in Gansu, Shanxi Yang Gao, Huailai, etc. Apple is still soft. "Compendium of Materia Medica," according to Tang Ning when dry (894 ~ 898) Chen Shiliang insights into the apple Nai, Ringo, Catalpa child three categories. Ancient called Nai, after the frequency po, po apple fruit, fruit and other frequency evolution of the name, except that Apple is now the cotton, but also including some species of apple and natural hybrids, including; Ringo, now the bonus (Shaguo, M . asiatica); Catalpa fruit sub that Begonia (M.prunifolia). Western apple varieties cultivated in China from a variety of channels. Before and after the first was in 1870, Yantai, Shandong introduced by American missionaries. After the German varieties enter Qingdao; the French and introduced into Yunnan; the British introduced into Tibet and Sichuan Yaan. Apple varieties in Liaoning LD region around the first introduction in 1902 by Russian, Japanese, enter the number in 1910, another species. Formed after 1930 in southern Liaoning, Shandong two apple producing areas. After the Yellow River and Qinling Mountains as well as Hebei and Shanxi Apple began to form a new base, the old areas of Bohai Bay is also expanding rapidly. Cultivation of apple in the world located in the coldest month average of -10 ~ 10 ℃ in the area. Mainly in Europe, North America and temperate Asia. Low latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere subtropical and tropical high altitudes and the southern hemisphere, Argentina, New Zealand, South Africa also have a culture. Apple plants in the form of cultivation conditions, generally about 3 to 5 meters high. Trunk grayish brown, with irregular longitudinal cracks or flakes peeling off. Twigs are pubescent, annual green yellow to purple-brown branches. Single Leaves alternate, elliptic to ovate, densely pilose on both sides childhood, a rough jagged edge. Bud mixed bud, corymbs apical, under which students may be drawn 1 to 3 axillary branches, known as the fruit _set_s branch. Inflorescence with flowers 3 to 7. Pome, fruit-shaped oval to oblong, green and yellow background color, fruit size, color varies by variety, crisp and juicy flesh, a small number of loose cotton, no stone cells. Sepals persistent, is a hair. Seeds oval, brown or brown seed coat. Construction of apple fruit Varieties of the world has more than 8,000 apple varieties, but the economy is only about 100 cultivated varieties, but also tends to concentrate. Europe, the "Golden Delicious" maximum, only the British to "orange ping" mainly; the United States, "Marshal", "Golden Delicious" mainly; East Asia "national light", "Fuji", "Golden Delicious", "Marshal" oriented. According to the Chinese cultivars in order of maturity are: "Good Light", "ruby", "Marshal" series, "Golden Delicious", "green bananas" and "Indian", "Fuji", "National Light" and so on. Among them, the "Good Light" and other early varieties of fruit growth period of 120 days, before the end of harvest at 8; "ruby" and other varieties of fruit growth in the mature 130 to 150 days, the harvest in late August 9 end; "green bananas" and other late-maturing varieties of fruit growth period of 150 days or more, between the harvest in October. Apple can also be used by end-use is divided into fresh, processing and cooking in Class 3. China is now mostly cultivated with varieties of fresh, a small number of fresh and processing use either variety. By species of origin can be divided into: group of Western European species, the Russian varieties group, the North American variety group and the Oriental species group and so on. Biological characteristics of the main root tree seedling rootstock was removed in transplanting and more, a number of points generated under the oblique growth of coarse roots, constitute the backbone of the root mass, in the sparse
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English Expression
n.: apple, pome, rennet, wring, round fruit with firm juicy flesh and green, red or yellow skin when ripe, pippin, type of apple that can be eaten raw