United Kingdom, the United States and other countries and regions, or the official language of Mandarin. Number of users more than 300 million, in the 7th century onwards literature, writing with the Latin alphabet. United Nations official languages and working languages.
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yīng yǔ
Britain and the United States and most of the British colonies and dominions of the language
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Basic interpretation of English
【English】 English (also called the U.S. language, such as Hong Kong and Singapore), the Commonwealth all, the United States and other countries and regions, national or official language. 3rd century AD have been recorded from the text using the Latin alphabet. United Nations official languages and working languages. The history of the English language has become an important figure in the powerful are: 1, John Wycliffe (John Wycliffe 1329-1384) English Bible translator. The Vulgate (Latin Bible) translated into English, make English the nation the truth because the Bible, Christian, and which many missionaries to the medium of English, learning other languages, to spread the gospel around the world. 2, William Shakespeare (William Shakespeare 1564-1616) the British world-famous of the great Renaissance playwright and poet. 3, Samuel Johnson (Samuel Johnson 1709-1784) compiled the first "English Dictionary"; Editor's note, "Shakespeare Collection", and do the preamble. English belongs to the Indo-European in the Germanic languages West Germanic language branch under. Indo-European language family is the world's largest, including over a dozen languages, mainly in Europe, the Americas and Asia. The number of Indo-European language speaking about one seventh of the world's population. Among the various languages, English and German, Dutch and the Scandinavian peninsula, closest to the Germanic languages. English originated in western Europe. In about AD 499, living in the north-western Europe the three Germanic tribes - Angles, Saxons and Jutes - infringement of Britain. After their conquest of the British Isles the English gradually form a unified nation, they use their own dialect is gradually integrated into a new language - the Anglo - Saxon, which is Old English (Old English, AD 450 to 1150 .) During this period, people who speak English, but millions of people, but its use was only limited to the British Isles. Later, English and through a long historical evolution, from the Middle English (Middle English, 1150 年 至 1500) Development of Today's Modern English (Modern English, 1500-present). As the world's most open language, in its 1,500 years of development, English eclectic, almost any language from the world are more or less to absorb vocabulary. Today, English has become the world's large vocabulary for the widest range of language, it is also the closest to the common language of human language. According to the calculation of the number of English-speaking, English may be the world's third largest or fourth largest language (according to the May 1996 "Twenty-first Century" report, the current English-speaking world, the number is 300 000 000 7 million people), but it is the world's most widely used second language in numbers second only to Chinese. As early as 1919, the Versailles peace conference, English had become the most important language in the diplomatic field. Numerous international bodies - from the International Olympic Committee to the United Nations - all with English as the main working language. Many government leaders are proficient in English. Such as former German Chancellor Helmut Kohl will be able to use fluent English and talk to former U.S. President Bill Clinton. The last two centuries, the United Kingdom and the United States in foreign countries, cultural, economic, military, political and scientific leadership in areas such as making English as an international language. English is the five working languages of the United Nations. English is undoubtedly the closest and Frisian, the language is still north of Friesland in the Netherlands about 50 million people. Some people think that Scottish Gaelic is close to an independent English language, and some people think it is a dialect of English. Scots traditionally been considered a separate language [Some even think that Ebonics (African American English) is an independent language, but this is controversial]. In addition to English, Frisian is the closest outside the eastern Netherlands and northern Germany in the lowlands Saxon. Other related languages include Dutch, German, Dutch and South Africa. Norman conquest of England in the 11th century, bringing a large number of French words, greatly enriched the English language. English is now the majority of the language of the Chinese people the most headaches, most Chinese people are not English, so now the government is very concerned about the students of English. Learned English, received a sum equivalent to wealth. (English is a West Germanic language that originated in Anglo-Saxon England and is the first language for most people in the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and Ireland, as well as the Anglophone Caribbean and other former regions of the British Empire. It is used extensively as a second language and as an official language in Commonwealth countries and is the preferred language of many international organizations. Historically, English originated from several dialects [now called Old English] which were brought to Britain by Anglo-Saxon _set_tlers beginning in the 5th century. The language was heavily influenced by the Old Norse language of Viking invaders. After the Norman conquest, Old English developed into Middle English, borrowing heavily from the Norman French vocabulary and spelling conventions. Modern English developed from there and continues to adopt foreign words, especially from Latin and Greek.)
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The origins of English
English, as a matter of fact the world of international social language, which is unprecedented success. From the use of its population, the number of English-speaking world's second largest after the Chinese door, about four hundred million people. However, English as a second language, or the use of English to some extent, the number of far more than that much more can be said distributed in all corners of the world, each nation. At this point, Chinese is unmatched. How it developed it? The first batch of the British Isles Celtic Indo-European residents. There may be earlier, the original inhabitants of the island, but sparsely populated, so much did not leave traces. Previously mentioned, is an ancient Indo-European Celts a people, about four thousand five hundred years ago from their hometown of westward migration in Eastern Europe, in the first millennium BC (the equivalent of the Shang Dynasty, the early Western Zhou Dynasty years), they became southern Germany, northern foot of the Alps a strong nation. About five hundred years BC (equivalent to our Spring and Autumn Period), they began to migrate westward, and later to the British Isles. This is the first Indo-European people "invasion." Indo-European people is in the second invasion of the mid-fifth century, when living in Germany and Denmark is now the junction of two tribes: one is the Schleswig (Schleswig) Anglo (Angles), the other is the Hall Shi Stein (Holstein) of Saxony (Saxon). Schleswig, Huoershitan because it is the most northern of the two German states, is from Denmark during World War I Germany, where the "acquire" the. The two tribes from there across the North Sea, occupied England, the original Celtic people quickly back to Wales, Ireland and the Scottish Highlands. English word to come from Angles, meaning "corner", which means they came from a corner of the continent of Europe (some say the first fight for Englaland, meaning "the Anglo people of the land", after the loss of the middle of the syllable la become England, and English is the word inflection England). Angle in Old English writing Engle, their language is called Englisc (in Old English, "sc" read as "sh", such as "sceep" - "sheep"). In addition, the "Celtic" (Celt) in c can be read as s or k, it is also called "Celtic", many Americans come from Scotland and Ireland, the so-called "American accent" may be Kyle Special accent. (Boston has a famous team called "the Celtics.) Old English has been developed to the 1066 Norman invasion of France. Prior to this, due to the impact of the Nordic and Romans, many of Scandinavian and Latin vocabulary words melt into the room. The former, such as egg, cake, skin, leg, window, husband, sky, fellow, skill, anger, flat, ugly, odd, get, give, take, raise, call, die, they, their, them; the latter, such as street , kitchen, kettle, cup, cheese, wine. Celtic remain in the remains of most of the names, such as the Thames, Kent, Dover. English Norman invasion brought a lot of French words, which makes modern English there are a lot of synonyms, synonyms: shut / close, answer / reply, smell / odor, yearly / annual, ask / demand, room / chamber, wish / desire, might / power (English words / French word). An interesting phenomenon is that meat animals are mostly English words (such as ox, cow, calf, sheep, swine, deer), and their meat is the French word (such as beef, veal, mutton, pork, bacon, venison .) Mostly about the French aristocracy holding rulers, only pay attention to their meat on the table, and do not care about animals are called. Also in the existing English, Scandinavian languages based on synonyms, such as the wrath of English and Scandinavian language of anger, the French brought in ire. Even our Chinese also contributed words: kowtow (prostration), typhoon (Typhoon), sampan (junk), kaolin (kaolin), tea ([Min dialect] tea), shanghai (kidnapping, coercion). The English as a foreign language so expressive and rich language. Although the integration of so many "exotic" language, Old English still constitute the core of it - less than five thousand of the Old English words remain to this day. During this period senior English gradually to the development of the throne 1399 Henry IV was the first English-speaking king of England. Towards the end of the fourteenth century, when Chaucer (Chaucer) completed "The Legend of Canterbury" (Canterbury Tales), the London dialect as the representative of modern English finally began to appear: one from the Past "corner" of the language.
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Related History
West branch of early Germanic tribes (the Angles, Saxon, Jutes and the Frisian ethnic group) emigrated to England, English is the language changes from their inherited. According to the "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle" records, around 449 AD, the British Isles to mention the King V G (Vortigern) invited the "Anglo relatives" to help him fight the Picts, and he gave the territory of south-eastern Angles in return. He then sought further support for the Saxon, Angles and Jutes tribe would have come. "Chronicle" records, and ultimately these "immigrants" established seven kingdoms: Northumbria Siberia, Mercia, East Anglia, Kent, Essex, Sussex, Wessex. After the Germans invaded, ruled the local Celtic peoples, the local language mainly in Scotland, Wales, Cornwall and Ireland survived. The language of these invaders gradually formed a "Old English", and very similar to modern Frisian. English (England, English), England (England) and East Anglia (East Anglia) were the three words that describe the Angles from the vocabulary developed from: Englisc, Angelcynn, Englaland. Ninth century, Scandinavians large-scale invasion of northern England. IX century, the invaders occupied almost the entire eastern half of the UK. Vikings say is that the North Germanic languages. North Germanic and West Germanic language differences are not very poor. Scandinavian invasion resulted in a large number of Norse (Old Norse language in Gunuo Si represented) words into Old English vocabulary. Gu Nuosi Old English language and there are many synonyms exchange, the results of Gu Nuosi words in the English vocabulary of Old English words are often taken and replaced. 1066, three hundred years after the Norman Conquest, King of England only speak French. Therefore a large number of French words into Old English, Old English itself has lost most of twists and turns to form Middle English. About 1500 over the Middle English vowels large deformation of the Modern English. Old English literature's most famous work is "Beowulf", Middle English is the "Canterbury Tales." Modern English in the period in which Shakespeare began to prosper, some scholars have divided it into early modern English and late Modern English, the line is about 1800. Most parts of the world as the British occupation and colonization, have great influence on the local English language development.
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English Phonetics and letters
English letters, Chinese characters with the same basic words in English. It should in fact be called the Latin alphabet, Latin alphabet from the Greek alphabet evolved. English is an alphabetic writing, but its pronunciation and irregular compared to many other European languages. So we have to learn IPA.
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English-speaking countries and regions
English-speaking world's 172 countries and regions. English as official language are: United Kingdom, Australia, Bahamas, Botswana (but language is _Set_swana), Canada (with French), Fiji (Fiji, but Mandarin is the language), Hong Kong (together with the Chinese dialect Cantonese), India (along with Bengali, Telugu, Maratha, Tamil, Urdu, Gujarati, Malayalam, Ena German, Oriya, Punjabi, Assamese, Kashmiri, Sindhi, Sanskrit), Kenya (with Kiswahili), Kiribati, Nigeria , Pakistan, Barbados, Bermuda, Ireland (but the second language, first language is Irish), South Africa (with South African Dutch, Ndebele, Northern Sotho, Sotho, Swazi, Tsonga, Tswana, Venda, Xhosa, Zulu), New Zealand (the official language habits; other legal requirements in the Maori language), Singapore (with Malay, Tamil and Chinese. language is Malay), Philippines ( But the national language is Filipino), Gambia, Guyana, Jamaica, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Trinidad and Tobago, Puerto Rico (with Spanish), parts of the United States. [U.S. Federal Government has no official language; English is the first language habits, and not under the law. English in the following is the official language of the state or territory: Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, Colorado, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii (with Hawaiian language), Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Montana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Mexico (with Spanish), North Carolina, North Dakota, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee State, Virginia, Wyoming], Malta. In addition, the English in Europe and Japan are the most common language as a foreign language (32.6%), followed by French, German and Spanish. Basic English is used in order to simplify the international exchange of English. It is usually some aircraft manufacturers and other written manuals for international business and exchange. Some schools in the Far East it as a basis to teach English. English-speaking countries have 6: UK, USA, Canada, New Zealand, Australia, Ireland.
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The situation in mainland China
China's basic education (primary school fourth and fifth grades to high school) stage, especially secondary schools, English as a compulsory foreign language to more than 80%. China since the late 1980s to the early 1990s, the implementation of full-time regular University English Test, as a first foreign language of choice of English as a compulsory course of compliance requirements. Mainland China from 1949 to the mid-1960s, due to very close relationship with the Soviet Union, mainly in the Russian language as the first foreign language, since the mid 1960s, choose English as their first foreign language in 1978, especially after 1983, English (Foreign Language) is the entrance examination at the College, and the same treatment as other subjects. This as a guide, China's secondary school curriculum, especially in secondary education is basically all the courses in English as a foreign language a compulsory subject, over 80% of high school courses in English as a compulsory subject; unless the English language professional, full-time regular university, generally English as a compulsory subject, and other foreign languages as elective courses.
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English dialects
Dialect of English referred to here is that the British local dialects. The following English dialect and standard English grammar, whether in words or in word order and spelling, there are significant differences. These can generally be considered the standard of English dialects and English are two totally different languages. Moreover, even in the English dialect and Standard English tense areas have significant differences. North Cheshire / Cumbrian dialect / Humberside / Lancastrian / Mancunian Northeast Geordie (Newcastle upon Tyne) / Mackem (Sunderland) / Pitmatic (Durham and Northumberland) / Yorkshire (also known as Tyke) / Scouse (Merseyside) Midlands East Midlands / West Midlands / Black Country English / Brummie (Birmingham) / Potteries South East Anglian / stuary English / Cockney / Multicultural London English West Country Scotland: Scottish English Wales: Welsh English North East English a toned down Scouse / Manchester accent / Pembrokeshire dialect Ireland: Hiberno-English Yola dialect Mid Ulster English Isle of Man Manx English Channel Islands Guernsey English / Jersey English Malta: Malt English The reason for this difference between English as the type of American English, because American English and British English although there are some differences, but not as big as these dialects of English, American English and British English can be shared, and between these English dialects impossible. In fact, between these English dialects, dialects all over the country than the difference between the much larger.
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Division of historical periods
First, the Old English period - 449 to 1100 AD Old English period there were four main dialects: (1) dialect of Northumbria - Hongbo River (the Humber) north of the dialect; (2) Mel West dialect - of between Hong Bo River and the Thames in central England between the dialect; (3) Kent (Kentish) dialects - live in the South East region Zhu treats of the dialect; (4) West Saxon dialect - the dialect of the south of the River Thames. Northumbria and Murcia both regret together Anglia dialects and dialect, which dialect of Anglo-inhabited areas. Second, the Middle English period - 1100 to 1500 AD Third, the modern English (Modern English, Mod E.) Period - Since 1500 Subdivided into Modern English period: (1) Early Modern English period - 1500 to 1700, Kenneth; (2) Late Modern English period - 1700 to present.
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English Grammar
English syntax is based on Germanic origin, although some 18th and 19th century scholars tried to apply Latin grammar in English, but was not successful. English and other Indo-European languages than all, is not so complicated twists and turns, and have lost almost all of yin and yang of change, basically, other than English in addition to personal pronouns have been lost and grid, respectively, and it emphasizes between the relatively fixed word order, that English is the direction towards the development of language. English still retains the twists and turns are: 1, the possessive: He is Fred's best friend. (- 'S) 2, verb present tense third person singular: Alfredo works. (-S) 3, verb past tense: Fred worked. (-Ed), but some irregular changes. 4, the present participle / progressive tense: Fred is working. (-Ing) ([Note] If the last syllable verbs ending in closed syllables consonants are required to write the end of double consonants, such as running) 5, the past participle: The car was stolen. (-En); Fred has talked to the police. (-Ed), but some irregular changes. 6, gerunds: Working is good for the soul. (-Ing) 7 plural: Fred has two blue eyes. (-S) ([Note] If the end of the verb word is s or h, you need to add-es, such as dishes) 8 Comparison of adjectives: Fred is smarter than Rick. (-Er) adj end of the plus-er, multi-syllable in front, "plus more, such as" more difficult ". 9, the very best: Fred has the fastest car. (-Est) adjective at the end of plus-est, plus multi-syllable word in front of most, such as "the most difficult". The basic word order in English is SVO, and basically can not transform any word order, except in a few other poems; the other hand, sometimes using the OSV word order in English. (Note: S: Subject [subject]; V: Verbal phrase [predicate]; O: Object [object]) All words in English can be divided into ten categories, each word in a sentence has its specific location and role. The ten parts of speech are: First, the term: the name of a person or thing that word. Second, the adjective: the characteristics of people or things that word. Third, Adverbs: modify verbs, adjectives and adverbs word. Fourth, pronouns: in place of nouns, adjectives and numerals of the word. V. numeral: the number and order of that word. Sixth, the verb: that the state action and words. VII, article: with nouns, the role of that person or thing. Eight prepositions: usually placed before nouns and pronouns, nouns and pronouns that the relationship with other words. IX conjunctions: conjunctions and words, phrases and phrases, sentences and words of sentences. X. interjection: that the speaker's words the feelings or mood.
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English tenses
There are sixteen tenses in English, the four individuals. (Note: Four individual is - typically, conduct, complete, perfect progressive.) The equivalent of four individuals in English French, Spanish and all the Romance languages in Indo-European type, such as: straight Chen style, imperative and so on. (1) present tense Basic form (to do an example): Main News: do; Be dynamic: doing, be done; Past tense: did; The third person singular: does (non-third person singular subject); Affirmative: subject + verb walk to school; Negative: Subject + don't + walk to school; General questions: Do + subject + verb walk to school. Affirmative answer: Yes, + subject + do. Negative answer: No, + subject + don't. (2) past tense be verb + the past tense action verbs was / were + not; action verbs in front didn't, while reducing action verbs was or were put in a sentence; with the auxiliary verb do in the past tense did ask questions, and restore the action verbs (3) simple future am / are / is + going to + do will / shall + do am / is / are / about to + do am / is / are to + do When the expression of the general method of the future be going to + verb prototype be + infinitive, be to + verb prototype, be about to + verb prototype be able to + infinitive be about to + verb prototype Over the past future tense: be (was, were) going to + verb prototype be (was, were) about to + verb prototype be (was, were) to + verb prototype Affirmative: Subject + be (was, were) going to + verb prototype ~. Negative: Subject + be (was, were) not going to + verb prototype ~. Questions: Be (Was, Were) + subject + going to + verb prototype ~? Affirmative: subject + would (should) + verb prototype ~. Negative: Subject + would (should) not + verb prototype ~. Questions: Would (Should) + subject + verb prototype ~? Now in progress: Subject + be + verb ing form 〔〕 present participle First Person + am + doing + sth The second person + are + doing + sth Third person + is + doing + sth Past Forward: Affirmative: Subject + was / were + doing + Other Negative: Subject + was / were + not + doing + Other Question and Answer General Language: Was / Were + subject + doing + Other A Language: Yes, I was. / No, I wasn't. Special Questions: a special question word + was / were + subject + doing + Other When the future: When the future of the verb be + present participle Present perfect: Basic structure: subject + have / has + past participle (done) ① Affirmative: Subject + have / has + past participle + other ② Negative: Subject + have / has + not + past participle + other ③ general question: Have / Has + subject + past participle + other ④ Special Questions: a special question word + general questions (have / has + subject + past participle + other Past perfect: Basic structure: Subject + had + past participle (done) ① Affirmative: Subject + had + past participle + other ② Negative: Subject + had + not + past participle + other ③ general question: Had + subject + past participle + other Affirmative answer: Yes, subject + had Negative answer: No, subject + hadn't ④ Special Questions: a special question word + general questions (had + subject + past participle + others) Syntax found: (1) by + the last time. Such as: I had finished reading the novel by nine o'clock last night. (2) by the end of + the last time. Such as: We had learnt over two thousand English words by the end of last term. (3) before + past point in time. Such as: They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday. Future perfect: (Shall) will + have + past participle verb before + by + the future time or future time before or by the time the clause to guide the present tense Until Now: have / has been +-ing sub-word Past perfect continuous: had been +-ing sub-word Future perfect continuous: Subject + shall / will have been doing Future when the past: should (would) + be + present participle Over the past future perfect: should / would have done sth. Past future perfect continuous: should + have been + present participle for the first-person would have been + present participle for the other person For example: Major in English when there are 12 states, all from three o'clock (past, present, future) Now I listen, for example, English for example when there are 12 major states as follows: Present tense: I listen Now in progress: I am listening Past continuous tense: I was listening Present perfect: I have listened Until Now: I have been listening Simple future: I shall listen "or" I will listen. " Future time: I shall be listening Simple Past: I listened Past Perfect: I had listened Past perfect continuous: I had been listening The future is complete: I shall have listened Future perfect continuous: I shall have been listening There is no genitive in English A common misconception is that in English there is only a "'s" at the end of that belongs genitive. However, linguists have shown that English possessive is not a complete lattice, but a separate word and in writing and pronunciation of a word is not part of the former, which can show the following sentence: The King of Sparta's wife was called Helen. (the wife of Spartan king called Helen.) If "'s" is the genitive, then the "wife" (wife) to be a "Spartan" (Sparta), but "' s" is not the only means "Spartan" (Sparta), but that "the Spartan king" (King of Sparta). The above example does not show that the genitive in English is not their own; but now it has become another form. In Old English, ban the genitive form of banes. Later, in modern English, this developed into the use of "'s" that the "bone's". In the 18th century, it was explained that an ellipsis instead of a genitive pronoun, as "the King's horse" is "the King, his horse" in the acronym. But this interpretation is not correct. It also is believed to be an ellipsis in place of the Old English "e". English and "dative" In modern English, and the grid is no longer a part of English grammar, it is only expressed in some of the language used. A good example is the word methinks (it seems to me). It comes from the Old English form and format changes: me (with the grid pronouns) + thinks (to seem, and very close to the verb phrase to think of a phrase.) Dative prepositions in English can not, for example, "He built me a snowman." In the same. In this case, "me" with the grid.
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English Version
English personal pronouns are nominative, accusative, and the sub- Nominative on the subject and the predicative sentence do, accusative on the end of the sentence or the sentence is a verb and a preposition. Analogy, the owner invited guests, as owner of the nominative, accusative as guests. Nominative precedes the verb, a verb or preposition in the back of Bingo. In practice, the nominative and accusative pronouns are sometimes confused. The following is a common problem: ⒈ in the composite structure, the personal pronoun in the nominative and accusative when used alone, no problem, as few people would commit such a mistake: (1) Wilcox spoke to I. (2) Her knew what had happened. But in the composite structure, the error is inevitable, such as: (3) Wilcox spoke to my friend and I. (4) He and her knew what had happened. (5) This is between you and he. Such errors could be avoided. First, there is a preposition in the compound structure, with particular attention to the second personal pronoun, we must use the object, such as: "for you and me" and "between Maria and him". Second, the test compound structure to another part of being enclosed in brackets, then it is easy to identify with the cell, such as: (6) This message is for (My father and) I or me. (7) (Marry and) he or him went downtown together. Obviously, (5) where the pronoun is accusative of "me", (6) where the pronoun is nominative "he". ⒉ In comparing the structure, the conjunction "as" or "than" back, supposedly with the main format, but in the spoken language, people often use the accusative, learning American English speakers, especially: (8) a. You did as well as she. b. You did as well as her. (9) a. I am older than he. b. I am older than him. (A) and (b) two arguments can be accepted. But if "as" and "than" clause of the subject and the words come to be a complete action arises, when the personal pronoun, it must be nominative, as follows: (10) You did as well as she did. (11) I am older than he is. In addition, another point to note is that "as" and "than" behind though good in grammar nominative, accusative can, but sometimes the meaning is different. Compare (a) and (b): (12) a. Jason praised Maria more highly than I. b. Jason praised Maria more highly than me. (12) a and b are acceptable, but (12) a is equal to (13) a, and (12) b is equal to (13) b: (13) a. Jason praised Maria more highly than I did (= I praised Maria). b. Jason praised Maria more highly than he praised me. Obviously, the deeper meaning of these two great differences. In such cases, in order to avoid misunderstanding, it may be used according to the meaning of the expression to express the full sentence. In other words, if necessary, use (13) this sentence. Otherwise, the (13) a into (14), (13) b becomes (15) can also be: (14) I did not praise Maria as highly as Jason did. (15) Jason did not praise me as highly as he praised Maria.
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English Vocabulary
Source of almost all the Germanic words (including all the basic vocabulary, such as pronouns, conjunctions, etc.) are relatively shorter, more informal. Latin vocabulary sources usually represent a more elegant or more educated. English speakers in the choice of words, it is usually the source from the Germanic and Latin words meaning close to the source _select_ed. Such as "sight" and the "vision", "freedom" and "liberty". These are subtle differences between synonyms, the user can freely _select_ the combination of different views expressed. Daily life, the most basic words are Germanic source. The Latin source of the word in the form a little complex, but in today's large proportion of English words, more than fifty percent. Most of the Greek etymology of the word is the academic and professional terms, the number is relatively small, its importance can not be ignored. Electronic computer, which made a lot of related words with this area into public life; the other hand, new words related to telecommunications technology, many are available through the combination of affixes to create new words. For example: "wiki" is Hawaiian language itself, but because of the popularity of Wikipedia, created the "wikify" (wiki +-fy, wiki of the meaning); then from wikify created the "wikification" (wiki of the process or action). In addition, a new database created using the word "serializability" (written to the database to prepare the feasibility of data streams), who is also another new creation from the word "serialize" (written to the database to prepare stream of data, from the "serial", or streaming).
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English Etymology
Etymology of the word in English, by a wide range. As has been the impact of French and English vocabulary to some extent, divided into Germanic etymology (mostly from the Old English) and Latin sources (derived from the Latin, mostly from Norman French, there are also directly from the Latin language borrowed). In 1973, Thomas Finkenstaedt and Dieter Wolff published "Ordered Profusion", the book published a report on the earlier version of "Concise Oxford Dictionary" (third edition), about eighty thousand words in a computerized survey. The report found that English words from the following sources: ① French, including Old French and early Anglo-French: 28.3%; ② Latin: Latin vocabulary of modern technology, including: 28.24%; ③ Old English and Middle English, Old Norse, and Dutch: 25%; ④ Greek: 5.32%; ⑤ unknown: 4.03%; ⑥ from proper names: 3.28%; ⑦ Other languages: less than 1%.
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Features of English
Ⅰ Characteristics of English spelling and pronunciation English is the world's most irregular spelling and pronunciation of the language, to a certain extent, can speak English does not belong to the scope of alphabetic writing - send multiple letters or letter combinations with a tone, in turn, can be the same number of letters or sounds combination of letters issued. Such as the letter A can send up to eight audio; TH combination of three sounds as one made Thailand, Thyme, Thames and other words made irregular / t / sound; ough pronunciation of letter combinations total of nine, the nine representatives of pronunciation word is: [① though (although) ② thought (thinking, thinking, thinking, thought) ③ enough, rough (enough, rough; so uneven) ④ thorough (complete, full, full) ⑤ cough (cough) ⑥ through (through, through, from beginning to end ...) ⑦ hiccough (hiccup) ⑧ plough (farming, frown) ⑨ lough (lake)] If a sentence: Though the rough cough and hiccough plough me through, I ought to cross the lough. In this sentence the same combination of letters ough, actually have eight different pronunciation. The eight tones were, respectively: ① [o] ② [Λf] ③ [f] ④ [Λp] ⑤ [au] ⑥ [u] ⑦ [):] ⑧ [) k] Particularly large number of silent letters, such as debt, Comb, ptarmigan, viscount, island, hour, indict and other words have silent letters. Follow the spelling of words completely chaotic random lot Czech, Cello, Cafe, One, mnemonic, maugham, Vaughan, chalet, debut, etc. do not rely on phonetic word do not know how to pronounce. Which English accent should be on no fixed rules on the syllables, unstressed syllables are often weakened in the umlaut vowel, the spelling of the other already become more chaotic mess, even more frightening is the accent if the word or phrase wrong time or wrong, it means that part of speech, semantic change, resulting in the sense of misunderstanding. In addition to spelling irregular and the accent is not fixed, the English word is also divided into strong and weak reading reading, and the other to the already chaotic spelling English spelling from its master it becomes impossible to correct pronunciation, which is Why is China a large number of deaf English reasons, such as the weak reading in English listen, can: / kæn /, weak reading I can go / a kŋ ɡo /, and: / ænd /, weak reading you and me / ju ː ən mi ː /, he: / hi ː /, the weak reading will he go? wl go / etc. Summary (De Man Nanning Valley volcanic English Summary: If you know the pronunciation of English words from the word would be a great help.) The English accent and English spelling and pronunciation are no rules to follow, along with English are divided into strong and weak reading reading, making a written spelling from the master becomes the correct pronunciation of English is not possible, integrated the spelling confusion, stress is not fixed, do not pronounce the letters particularly, sub-strong form and weak reasons for reading the future, may lose their world-wide English language dominance. 2 English sentence structure is simple, natural, logical thinking, the natural order, that is, English word order word order is more natural. English does not like German or Russian, is less complex sentence structure, word order is not so much flip phenomenon (inversion). English "grammar" Gender and the "natural" gender is consistent, unlike Russian, Latin, as all the terms, in accordance with the "grammar" of gender, are divided into positive, negative and neutral. This eliminates the need for modern English nouns and adjectives to the complex changes in the grid, while the German and Russian are still a lot to save these changes. So, the first feature in English is its relatively simple structure, so the comparison to understand, easy to learn. The second characteristic of English vocabulary is that it is very rich, so its expression is particularly high. It is estimated that the word English vocabulary, including more than a million, ranking first in the world's languages. Means also a lot of word formation in English-like, so the continuous generation of new words in English. Another phenomenon is the English meaning is changing, the original word can also get a new meaning, and this change is more natural meaning, appear effortless. For example, sophisticated original meaning is: "very experienced, sophisticated, sophistication," its basic meaning is "lost the simple." From this basic meaning to "a complex, delicate," the process is very natural, without effort of. In this way, we can use modified weapons, and get "sophisticated weapons" this new concept. In this way, the original sophisticated word becomes two words, because it got completely new meaning. In addition. There are a large number of phrases of English verbs, adverbs by the verb form. How to quickly back English words? Games images and homophonic memory to remember English words method to abstract the letters into the familiar image, and then combine these images to Lenovo. Thus, abstract words in the original into a vivid picture, you can like watching TV, watching movies, as for memory, not only remember the quick, remember prison, and the process of memory filled with fun, make you fall in love back from word! After in-depth systematic study, the word memory means can be summed up in four simple steps: The first step: to find words (including looking for whole words, similar words, root affixes); Step two: look alphabet (including looking for spelling, similar to pinyin, pinyin initials); Step three: find encoding (look for the letter coding); Step four: find homonym (including whole and partial homonym homonym). A few examples: change change. Pinyin Lenovo chang e (Chang) a story: "Chang'e", "change" view of Journey, agrees with him married. (I think, this story combined with the strange story that you will not forget the word out) smother the suffocation imagine a scenario: a "snake" (s) entangled in the "mother" (mother), the mother "choking." (Horrible, but impressive) This candidate candidates split the memory can did ate "to" (can) "to do" (do the past tense) to "eat" (eat in the past tense) the person to as "candidate" (Oh, no wonder an official of all corruption) The following words, just give tips, stories along the meaning of their own code: astonish vt. so surprised 【】 Love is something you take off you are off to her love of things you will certainly "Make" her "surprise" beautiful a. beautiful, beautiful Excellent body than women】 【excellent body than beautiful women, of course beauty n. beautiful; beautiful; good things Who than optimal body】 【than optimal body? Of course, beautiful, beautiful college n. universities, colleges 【】 You can rely on to college determined, first of all rely on determined delay n. & v. delay, delay 【】 Our mines mines delayed the pace of enemy attack Envelope envelope n. 【】 To write a letter to comfort his wife to comfort his wife into the envelope fan n. fan, fan; lovers vt. fan; into the fan out 【】 Turn the fan turned, to the fans cool down Fan】 【fans are fanatical fans fans gentle a. gentle; gentle; soft; noble 【】 Pillow is soft pillow hover v. (birds, airplanes, etc.) fly; wandering; hesitant, anxious and 】 【Fun flying in the sky, fun! English words have an 8-word write tips to tell you that 8 characters are: Shape meaning in recent past, meaning through the sounds. That is, shape or words of similar pronunciation, probably homologous. This is the ancestors of we come to the conclusion when the ancient Chinese. Chinese example: less: "tiny" Subtle: small eyes Miao: young people, young (as young) Tip of: tree Seconds: this refers to the tip of the small end of the Wo Yarn: silk micro also. English example: dr-, gr-, tr-, scr-"grasping" grab draw, drag grab grab trawl tow grasping scratch, scratch The similarities is that if the simplified mathematical formula: If A = BB = CC = D Then A = D _Set_ about using this formula, the following word pronunciation and word forms are similar, so the meaning shared, and all that "high" or "long high." old old adult adults (ad-prefix, "stressed") abolish abolished (ab-, prefix, "not") altitude height (-tude noun suffix altar altar alto alto aughty proud alb white (the color of the snow mountain top) Alps Alps (the highest mountain in Europe) Altaire Altai Mountains (mountain) And we found that root alter (= other other) sound and shape and alt-(high) similar to that by the "mountain side" means extended to the. Also, Mongolia "obo" and "high" means rubble, there are also pronounced "alt", may not be accidental. In different Indo-European languages, vowels and consonants sound change occurred, meaning similarities also common. VW Volkswagen = folks wagon kindergarten = child garden
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English Test
Public English Test System (PETS): National Public English Test System (PETS), community-oriented, open to all citizens of targeted non-degree level English examination to test the candidate's level of communicative competence in English exam , is a test of the candidates of the language communication ability as the core, is a multi-level English examination system, at all levels of examination standards established in the same capacity scale, the obvious difference between them both have intrinsically linked. College English Test is a national Ministry of Education in charge of teaching exams with the aim of the practical English ability of college students to conduct an objective and accurate measurement, providing services for the college English teaching. English CET as a national teaching exam by the "State Department of Higher Education", organized into four Test (CET-4) and CET (CET-6), held twice each year . From January 2005, the reported results out of 710 points, where the test scores of 220 points or more candidates, the State Department of Higher Education commissioned the "National University CET Committee" issued transcripts. Date of Examination: National College English CET held twice a year, 1 months, 6 months each time, four and six on the same day. Note: 1. Our school has _set_ up test centers in the inter-institution students may not take the test, once identified, to cancel examination results; 2. Of the provisions of Article 5 of the candidates, by the provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities for a total commission examiners, two University _set_ up a special test center.
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International English Language Test
IELTS: IELTS is a Cambridge ESOL, British Council and IDP Education Australia jointly manage the Department of English language proficiency test, the main aspects of the test four language skills, listening, speaking, reading, writing, and the total is divided into 9 points. TOEFL: TOEFL Educational Testing Service by the United States organized by an English proficiency test score is 120 points, speaking and writing 4 hours, 30 minutes for each door. SAT: U.S. high school students to enter the United States university exams, but also around the world apply to enter the U.S. high school students can be admitted undergraduate learning and scholarship can be an important reference. SAT test is divided into two parts, including the language of mathematical reasoning tests SAT Ⅰ, including mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology and other subjects of special tested SAT Ⅱ. For Chinese students, the general results as long as the provision of SAT Ⅰ, score is 2400 points. U.S. universities are particularly good subjects to be more than 3 SAT Ⅱ score, 800 points out of each subject. GRE: Graduate School of North American universities all kinds (except Management University, School of Law) require the applicant must have an examination of the results, Professor of whether the applicant is granted a scholarship based on the most important criterion. Three parts (language skills, math and analytical skills) the score is 2400 points, each part out of the 800 points, the lowest was divided into 200 points, that is, if the candidates did not answer one question or all of the wrong answer can get 200 points . ESL: is any general course in teaching English, both in English-speaking countries or non-English-speaking countries, can be said to learn esl courses. In Europe and America, esl courses are common for new immigrants and new students, or for some specialized to the study of foreign scholars. BEC exams test the candidates in reading, writing, listening, speaking the language of communication skills in four areas, focusing on the application test students ability and acceptance, and the ability to profile the candidates to make a more comprehensive and objective evaluation. BEC exams at three levels, BEC1 for primary language proficiency test, the difficulty of College English equivalent of four to Cambridge English exam series, it ranged from entry English test (Key English Test) and the Preliminary English Test (Preliminary English Test) between; BEC2 between college English four, six, equal to the Cambridge First Certificate English exam (First Certificate in English); BEC3 between college English between six and eight English equivalent to Cambridge Proficiency English Certificate (Certificate of Proficiency in English).
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The trend of English in China
With the changing times, China's continuous development of increasingly higher level of English language requirements, students studying abroad more. Ensuing question is: The school specializes in hard work, basic skills are grammar and vocabulary, the actual use to study not only simple, verbal communication and expression is the most spoken language. English learning and gradually develop into an indispensable part of life. Therefore, the prevalence of oral range constantly expanding, the importance of spoken language also will be increasingly important.
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Early Old English literature
Early Old English dialect of Northumbria literature is created. As Costa's invasion of Scandinavia, the British cultural center moved to repent by the Northumbria Murcia, to the ninth century AD, but also moved into the area west of the capital withdrawal grams Weisaikesi (wessex). West Saxon King Alfred the Great (Alfred the Great) on the one hand the Danish people to resist aggression by force, on the other hand vigorously promoting art and education, and personally organized and participated in foreign literary works and academic works of translation, and their literature sand writing and revision work. Old English poetry, by the West Saxon scribe efforts, was able to survive. Alfred the Great in the period of Old English prose works great development, these works are mainly written by the West Saxon dialect. Old English vocabulary is different from the modern English vocabulary, most of the Old English words are inherent in the West Germanic word. Old English vocabulary there are some borrowed words from other languages, you can see from these words the impact of early Rome is a great businessman. With the introduction of Christianity UK, with more Latin words into Old English vocabulary. Celtic had lived in the language of the United Kingdom, there are very few English words into numerals, there are a number of Celtic names in the United Kingdom kept inside words.
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English Expression
n.: English, ex, the English language, the language of England, used in Britain, most countries in the British Commonwealth, the USA and some other countries, English (language)
English education