Leguminosae. Annual or perennial herb. Important forage and green manure. Leaves alternate, compound leaves formed by the three leaflets. Butterfly and Flower-shaped, purple. Pod fruit. Distributed in Europe, Africa and Asia. Ancient specifically refers to the purple clover. Now also as purple clover, alfalfa, etc. referred to the South.
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mù xu
苜蓿 mù xu
A growth range of important European leguminous forage plant (Medicago sativa), with three leaflets, and blue-violet flowers, primarily as a forage and green manure crops can survive in the dry season, because they have particularly long roots, can adapt to different The climate and soil conditions
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No. 3
Great Court, the ancient language buksuk transliteration. Plant names. Legumes, annual or perennial. Western countries of origin, the Han Dynasty, Zhang Qian to the Western Regions, beginning from the Dawan pass. Also known as Huai-wind grass, light wind grass, grass with sticks. Two yellow purple flower color, were initially introduced for the purple. For feed or as fertilizer, can be consumed. "Biographies of Historical Dawan": "﹝ ﹞ Dawan popular alcoholic, Ma L. Alfalfa. Chinese to take a matter of fact to. So the Son of Heaven before alfalfa, Pu Tao fat to spare. And Pegasus and more foreign makes to the public, then Shang Lin View next best kind of Putao, alfalfa anxious. "Tang Xue make the" self-mourning, "poems:" Asahi last round and round, we see Mr. disk. tray Ho all, alfalfa long railings. "Ming Yao Shi-lin," see only the Code " volume: "Sea Salt Weng Yan of learning and training, Shouchang. stern man, but received generous persons. official poverty vegetarian cold, alfalfa willingly, perhaps a repair with the cold beam has been living."
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No. 4
Ma L. alfalfa, hence for the generation of said horse. Ming Xia Wanchun "great sorrow Fu": "cries the wind is alfalfa 1000 group, while lying wild Tao-Tu million accounts."
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No. 5
Introduction Scientific name: medicago sativa linn. English name: alfalfa / clover Family name: Leguminosae leguminosae Perennial herb; main root length, more branches. Stem usually erect, nearly glabrous, 30-100 cm high. Compound leaves with 3 leaflets, leaflets obovate or oblanceolate, 1-2 cm long, 0.5 cm wide, top round, slightly protruding in the rib, the upper leaves are toothed, narrow wedge-shaped base; stipules narrow lanceolate, entire. Racemes axillary, flowers 8-25, purple. Spiral-shaped pod, no thorns, the top tip exposure Tsui; seeds 1-8 pieces. Fruit of the May-June. Alfalfa of "king of grass" known, not only high yield, and excellent quality of the grass, all kinds of livestock are eating. The cultivation of alfalfa product is currently about 1.33 million hm2. With the development of commodity economy in recent years, rapid development of industrial scale alfalfa, alfalfa cultivation plot is expanding. In order to more scientific cultivation of alfalfa, improve product quality and yield of alfalfa, alfalfa now techniques of farming and cultivation and management are described below.
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Farming techniques
(A) the election to alfalfa adaptability, can be in a variety of terrain, soils. But the most suitable soil conditions are soft, sandy loam, ph is 6.5-7.5, the winter temperature of about -20 ℃, annual precipitation in the 300-800mm, and should not be planted in low-lying land in the water easily. Mildly saline land can be planted, but soil salinity than 0.3% of salt to take pressure measures. In order to facilitate mechanized transportation and operations management, try to choose transport facilities, large area of land with irrigation measures. (B) site preparation alfalfa seed is small, seedling growth slow, vulnerable to the hazards of weeds, soil preparation before sowing must be fine. Soil preparation, preferably in the summer, deep plowing, deep rake once, will be plunged into the deep weeds. Autumn before, such as weeds and more, they would go deep plowing a - once or rotary once and then Baping, to planting requirements. Alfalfa root nodules, the roots can provide nutrition, soil fertility conditions generally do not promote nitrogen. According to the study showed that the effect of alfalfa yield more obvious after P fertilizer, and a sufficient base fertilizer applied and after the fertilization effect of essentially the same stage. Organic fertilizer with soil preparation before sowing 2-3m2 / mu, pure P 8-16kg / acre single application people. As the growth process of alfalfa stems and leaves away large amounts of potassium, where conditions may be more appropriate facilities to maintain the high potassium, in order to prevent the occurrence of seedling weeds, before sowing trifluralin 48% (100m1 / acre) spray buried in soil with 5cm screw site preparation, the validity period of up to 3-5 months.
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Sowing
(A) the appropriate choice of seed _select_ion be a good first step in a successful alfalfa. Because alfalfa is a perennial plant, one after sowing, at least by 2-3 years, 4-5 years more than the use once wrong, damaged a few years. Better performance of domestic varieties of Baoding, alfalfa, Gannon Varia No. l, Xinjiang leaf clover, alfalfa Aohan, No. l in the salt-tolerant alfalfa alfalfa. Imported good Queen of the United States, wl323, wl320, An Sita, Green and Japan _set_ a hundred if the leaves and leaf clover, if the North. Imported varieties of good standing, beneficial to mechanical harvesting. (B) the domestic production of seeds of seed treatment and some impurities, the quality can not guarantee that, they must be cleaning, so that the net degree of 90%, 85% germination rate, purity of 98% or more Caixing. Best carried out before sowing the seed coat treatment pills. Press the seed coating material 150kg + 500kg + adhesives 1.5kg + 1.5kg of water 75kg + ammonium formula to allow the seeds in the seedling stage from pests, weeds and other hazards, to robust growth. (C) planting two crops a year in northern areas of time, the general autumn. Adequate soil moisture, suitable temperature, fewer weeds and pests. In Shaanxi, Hebei, Shanxi, Shandong, Tianjin, Beijing area, to the best autumn, sowing date was August 10 to September 10. Too late to affect the normal winter. (D) planting method and seeding rate in most parts of the drill-based, spacing 30cm, conducive to air and light, and field management. Seeding rate is generally lkg / mu, mining is less farming, more saline may be appropriate, excessive broadcast thin seedlings. Planting depth is the key to quality of emergence, usually planted too deep, the best depth of 0.5-1cm.
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Field management
(A) weeding weeding alfalfa field management is a key element, one - is at the seedling stage, and the other in the summer harvest, due to the two periods of alfalfa growth potential is weak, more serious damage by weeds , especially after the summer harvest, the water grass grows fast hot sync, no matter what method, there must be timely and specifications. _Select_ herbicide to be careful to avoid livestock poisoning. (B) alfalfa irrigation and drainage water consumption, water demand per dry matter production of lkg 800l. In the winter, before turning green after the drought to water. Coastal and low note to pay attention to drainage during the rainy season, flooding 24h alfalfa will die. (C) kept control of alfalfa insect pests and diseases encountered during the growing period when the control must be timely, otherwise it will affect the yield and quality. General use fenitrothion, dimethoate, fenvalerate and other spray, pest control, such as the occurrence of rust, leaf spot, downy mildew, with carbendazim, Tuobu Jin and other chemical control.
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Reap
(A) of the harvest is usually in the beginning of flowering period, which is the flowering of 1 / 10 began to harvest, no more than the latest flowering. (B) the frequency and stubble height of harvesting alfalfa as perennials, regeneration and strong, can be harvested 3-4 times a year, do not harvest too late last time, otherwise the accumulation of nutrients is not safe for the winter. Usually _set_ aside 40-50 days after harvest growing season. 5cm stubble height is appropriate. Alfalfa contains the most abundant vitamin k, components of the high, driving almost all the vegetables on top. Others such as vitamin c, b is also abundant, which is a valuable food. Alfalfa most species, mostly wild grasses. Alfalfa made in China, there are three: first, the purple clover, stem length of about six centimeters upright, bending turn purple bean pods. The second is yellow alfalfa, stems not erect, prostrate on the ground, open yellow flower, leaf, such as sickle. Both are produced in the northern provinces. The third is a field of alfalfa, a grass common name, also known as golden cauliflower, stem lying land, each slender stem, with three leaflets, the Yangtze River as wild and cultivated edible. Every fine alfalfa stems above the leaves are three teeth, such as the inverted heart-shaped, slightly rounded or recess in the upper tip serrated, leaf surface was thick green stems very short, eat when it comes to leaves, mainly in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces produce more than special, every market season, every household regarded it as a home-style vegetables. Eating alfalfa ancient records, in particular in the Kwan Fong spectrum recorded more than simply prepare numerous recorded. Tang Meng said Herbal of alfalfa said: "Lee five internal organs, are light and health of people. Wash away the taste between the evil heat, toxic heat through the small intestine."
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Use
Alfalfa anti-bleeding: all bleeding symptoms, such as nose bleeding, gingival blood, hematemesis, hemoptysis, hematochezia, uterine bleeding, anal bleeding. Each new drug with vitamin k, that is a condensation of vascular function of therapy. In fact, vitamin k in food, the most abundant, is the "alfalfa." Prevention of bleeding from the symptoms of alfalfa as the experimental results suggest that the high effective on a variety of small bleeding, and lung and stomach and duodenal bleeding, have access to preventive effect. Eat alfalfa, of course, the best fresh, but taste also Juan United States, because the fresh alfalfa, Four Seasons, even in the cold season, also produced, but because the relationship between climate and land, and sometimes very tender product, sometimes very old, patients may wish to take this Zuoshan used to prevent bleeding. With a saline system, "pickled golden cauliflower" effect equal. Alfalfa clear heat: a cool of alfalfa and vegetables, eating, after really can eliminate the fire, especially in the dry season strong for Zuoshan, the effect was significantly more than watercress. Alfalfa by Fry, take the hot food, taste very Xianjie. After cooling, the consumption of its taste is also good, and its juice have a clear sense of the Heart Qin, strong in the dry season, if they feel dry lips Shezao to Zuoshan, is to safeguard the health of top grade dishes. Family food law: 1. Old stems of alfalfa to pick the yellow leaves cleaned, stir frying and eating very fresh weight. 2. Shanghai Restaurant animate stir a grass supply is removed stems, complete with clover leaves fried, and it is particularly tender, the price is slightly expensive. 3. Alfalfa cold food, distinctive flavor, a grass juice, more refreshing, and delicious than the other vegetables. Alfalfa leaves, is ideal for vegetables, because the very nutrients in green leafy vegetables, it's the highest content of vitamin k, in particular, vitamin content and a minimal difference between the carrot, vitamin c three times more than white radish II These nutrients are more than spinach.
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Nutritional value
Purple for the legume Medicago sativa medicagosatival.'s Spear leaves. The nutritional value of alfalfa is High, hectogram fresh product contains 5.9 grams of protein, carbohydrates 9.7 g, 3.28 mg carotene, C92 mg of vitamin, vitamin b20.36 mg, 332 mg of calcium, phosphorus 115 mg, 8 mg of iron. It also contains a hemostatic effect of vitamin k. Some people use it to treat stomach prescription or hemorrhoids, intestinal bleeding. Alfalfa has a clear taste, Lee large intestine, bladder stones under the effect. ------------
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The Legend of alfalfa
The legendary four-leaf clover, alfalfa scientific name, is a perennial herb, usually only three small leaves, leaf was the heart shape, heart of the darker part of the leaf is heart-shaped. Legend of the Garden of Eden is Eve from heaven to the earth, beautiful words of happiness, it is said, if we can find a four leaf clover, you can be happy ... ... Alfalfa, also known as clover, alfalfa scientific name, a little herb stalk each piece has three leaves in general, only the rare species to find four pieces of leaves. According to statistics, about one hundred thousand years will have a four-leaf clover, is very rare, so the four-leaf clover is considered a symbol of luck, do not call Clover. Long on the legend of clover, there it was Adam and Eve from the Garden of Eden into the world of gift; also said that the name is derived from the Napoleonic Clover, passing through a march he once prairie, we found a four- Clover was very strange, looking at time off, just shoot him to avoid the bullets, escaped, since it was a lucky clover symbol. Four-leaf clover has now been internationally recognized as a symbol of luck. The Legend of clover in the United Kingdom, Ireland the most popular, and became the national flower of Ireland. Today, it has become a folk tradition in Western countries. Children will find four-leaf clover in the grassland for the music, and March each year at the Saint in New York, Germany and Japan (stpartick's day), people will wear green clothing, put on the mascot - four leaf clover jewelry to parade. The number of shops in Japan to do with the Clover name, or use it as a comic book background. Even Taiwan writer Qiong Yao had a "Clover" in the novel. This shows that the story about the Clover has been widely circulated, but also a long historical background. Each of its leaves have a different meaning, dream life, which includes four things: fame, wealth, love and health, if also have these things, and that is lucky. Clover four leaf clover The first leaf of true love (love) the second leaf represents health (health) Representative of the third leaf Honorary (glory) the fourth leaf represents wealth (riches) Legend, who can find the four-leaf clover, who can get lucky and enjoy happiness. Alfalfa flowers are beautiful words of hope.
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No. 13
Alfalfa ("Do not record") 【Name】 different grazing alfalfa ("Ya" Guo filling), wood millet ("Ya Wings"), pregnant wind, light wind, and even sticks grass ("Xijing"), light wind grass ("Schema") . 【Source】 purple clover or leguminous plant whole plant alfalfa in the south. 【Form】 ① purple alfalfa plants Perennial herb. Taproot up to 2 to 5 meters. Root development; have spread with or without stems, stem height of 30 to 100 cm, erect or prostrate, smooth, much branched, about 15 to 25 months. 3 compound leaves, small leaves obovate oblong, 2 to 2.5 cm, only the upper edge serrate; leaflets to the top with the ribs prominent; petiole long and smooth; Stipules large. Stalk out from the leaf axils, flowers are short-throw; 8 to 25 form a cluster-like raceme; calyx bell-shaped, with 5 teeth; Corolla purple. Spiral-shaped pod, 2 to 3 around the range, a little hair, dark brown, not crack. Seeds 1 to 8, kidney-shaped, brown, small. Flowering 5 to 6 months. Born in the wilderness and field. Is widely distributed in most parts of China are growing. ② South Alfalfa, also known as: Gold cauliflower, a grass, the mother of Qi head, yellow flowers and Son, Grass Seed disc, day lily. Year or biennial herb. Leaflets broadly ovate or inverted heart-shaped, apex slightly rounded, or concave, serrated upper and lower wedge. Flowers yellow. Spiral-shaped pod, no deep groove, a protruding spines sparse. Distribution of central, southern; cultivated in the Yangtze River. In both the roots of plants (alfalfa root) also for medicinal, and the other details of special articles. 【Collection】 summer, autumn harvest, dried, or fresh use. Chemical Composition】 【purple alfalfa with saponin, Luther alcohol, alfalfa phenol, test Mai Situo alcohol, gill formononetin, daidzein isoflavones and other derivatives, alfalfa Su, citrulline, Con acid. Containing protein by dry weight of 21.8 ~ 37.6%, sugar 4.0 ~ 9.5%. Phenol containing decaying vegetation purple clover. Leaves contain β-methyl-D-glucoside ,4-o-methyl-meso-inositol, l-galactosidase heptanone sugar. In addition, both leaves and stems with pectin acid. Anthocyanin containing flowers: blue and purple clover purple flowers with delphinium main elements of the 3,5 --glucoside, sunflower petunia Su and Jin Su; flowers volatile components are: linalool, myrcene, limonene Seeds with high Stachydrine, Stachydrine, sialic acid. South alfalfa containing carotene. 】 【Taste bitter, flat. ① "Do not record": "bitter, flat, non-toxic." ② "daughter food governance": "hard, flat, astringent, non-toxic. * ③ "Japan Hanako Materia Medica": "cool." ④ "Ben Cao Yan Yi": "slightly sweet, light." 【Indications】 clear function of the spleen and stomach, benefit large intestine, bladder stones under. ① Meng Shen: "Lee five internal organs, between the spleen and stomach to wash away evil, Zhu Wu toxic heat." ② "Japan Hanako Materia Medica": "go belly hidden evil, between the spleen and stomach heat, through the small intestine." ③ "Ben Cao Yan Yi": "Lee large intestine." ④ "Modern Practical Traditional Chinese Medicine": "Governance of uric acid bladder stones." Usage and Dosage】 Oral: Daozhi, 3 to 5 two; into powder, 2 to 3 money. ①】 【election party rule bladder stones: Fresh South alfalfa three to fifty-two, Daozhi service. (So doctors "herbal Manual") ② governance edema: five leaf clover money (into powder), a piece of tofu, lard two or three. Dunshu a dose, continuous use. ("Jilin Chinese herbal medicine")
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Field management
(A) weeding weeding alfalfa field management is a key element, one - is at the seedling stage, and the other in the summer after the harvest, because the two periods of alfalfa growth potential is weak, more serious damage by weeds , especially after the summer harvest, the water grass grows fast hot sync, no matter what method, there must be timely and specifications. _Select_ herbicide to be careful to avoid livestock poisoning. (B) alfalfa irrigation and drainage water consumption, water demand per dry matter production of lkg 800L. In the winter, before turning green after the drought to water. Coastal and low note to pay attention to drainage during the rainy season, flooding 24h alfalfa will die. (C) kept control of alfalfa insect pests and diseases encountered during the growing period when the control must be timely, otherwise it will affect the yield and quality. General use fenitrothion, dimethoate, fenvalerate and other spray, pest control, such as the occurrence of rust, leaf spot, downy mildew, with carbendazim, Tuobu Jin and other chemical control.
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Alfalfa uses
Alfalfa anti-bleeding: all bleeding symptoms, such as nose bleeding, gingival blood, hematemesis, hemoptysis, hematochezia, uterine bleeding, anal bleeding. Each new drug with vitamin K, that is a condensation of vascular function of therapy. In fact, vitamin K in food, the most abundant, is the "alfalfa." Prevention of bleeding from the symptoms of alfalfa as the experimental results suggest that the high effective on a variety of small bleeding, and lung and stomach and duodenal bleeding, have access to preventive effect. Eat alfalfa, of course, the best fresh, but taste also Juan United States, because the fresh alfalfa, Four Seasons, even in the cold season, also produced, but because the relationship between climate and land, and sometimes very tender product, sometimes very old, patients may wish to take this Zuoshan used to prevent bleeding. With a saline system, "pickled golden cauliflower" effect equal. Alfalfa clear heat: a cool of alfalfa and vegetables, eating, after really can eliminate the fire, especially in the dry season strong for Zuoshan, the effect was significantly more than watercress. Alfalfa by Fry, take the hot food, taste very Xianjie. After cooling, the consumption of its taste is also good, and its juice have a clear sense of the Heart Qin, strong in the dry season, if they feel dry lips Shezao to Zuoshan, is to safeguard the health of top grade dishes. Family food law: 1. Old stems of alfalfa to pick the yellow leaves cleaned, stir frying and eating very fresh weight. 2. Shanghai Restaurant animate stir a grass supply is removed stems, complete with clover leaves fried, and it is particularly tender, the price is slightly expensive. 3. Alfalfa cold food, distinctive flavor, a grass juice, more refreshing, and delicious than the other vegetables. Alfalfa leaves, is ideal for vegetables, because the very nutrients in green leafy vegetables, its highest content of vitamin K, especially vitamin A content and the minimal difference between carrots, vitamin C three times more than white radish II These nutrients are more than spinach. On alfalfa, which is purple alfalfa flowers. Spring, the highest value of its season, in every respect, this time shoots his excellent taste, but this time production is low, rare, delicious alfalfa level at this time, only people who can understand eating come, fat body, tender but not crisp, mouth feel of strong, taste, cool heat, taste different, the best female tonic, to keep fit far better than other items. And is green, pollution-free, because this time he was growing up, was completed in the winter (of course not the greenhouse.)
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Florid alfalfa
Alfalfa florid: lucky. Related legends: Long on the legend of clover, there it was Adam and Eve from the Garden of Eden into the world a gift; also said that the name is derived from the Napoleonic Clover, passing through a march he once prairie, we found a four- Clover was very strange, looking at time off, just shoot him to avoid the bullets, escaped, since it was a lucky clover symbol. Now four-leaf clover has been internationally recognized as a symbol of luck. Alfalfa and a florid, and that is hope, love, not despair but hope.
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Alfalfa History
Is not the origin of alfalfa in the Central Plains region, which is in the Han Dynasty by the "Western Regions" passed the Central Plains. (Han Dynasty, and the Yang Guan Pass to the west of Gansu, which is today's Xinjiang region and further afield, known as the "Western"), Zhang Qian to the Western Han Dynasty in 138 BC, respectively, and twice ambassador to 119 BC, "Western Regions "to strengthen the mainland with the" Western "economic and cultural exchanges between. Alfalfa is at this time began to spread into the Central Plains.
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Chinese herbal medicines
【Drug name】 alfalfa Meridian】 【spleen; stomach; kidney 【Effect】 clean taste; clear heat; diuretic; swelling 】 【Research from "doctors do not record." Legumes are classified】 【Branch 【Indications】 Urinary calculi; bladder stones; edema; leaching disease; Diabetes 】 【Environment 1. Purple clover: Born in the wilderness and in the field. 2. South alfalfa: the Yangtze River downstream of the cultivation. Harvesting and storage】 【summer, autumn harvest, dried, or fresh use. 】 【Resource distribution 1. Purple clover is widely distributed in most parts of China are growing. 2. South alfalfa distribution of central China, south; cultivated in the Yangtze River. 【Form】 animal and plant 1. Purple clover, perennial herb. Taproot up to 2-5m. Root development; have spread with or without stems, stem height 30-100cm, erect or prostrate, smooth, multi-branched, branches about 15-25 months. 3 compound leaves, small leaves obovate oblong, 2-2.5cm, only the upper edge serrate; leaflets to the top with the ribs prominent; petiole long and smooth; Stipules large. Stalk out from the leaf axils, flowers are short-throw; 8-25 racemes of flowers form a cluster; calyx bell-shaped, with 5 teeth; Corolla purple. Spiral-shaped pod, 2-3 around the range, a little hair, dark brown, not crack. Seeds 1-8 tablets, kidney-shaped, brown, small. Flowering from May to June. 2. South alfalfa, a year or biennial herb. Leaflets broadly ovate or inverted heart-shaped, apex slightly rounded, or concave, serrated upper and lower wedge. Flowers yellow. Spiral-shaped pod, no deep groove, a protruding spines sparse. 】 【Taste bitter; level; non-toxic 【Source】 medicine-based medicinal plants for the legume dicotyledonous purple alfalfa or whole plant alfalfa south. Dosage Oral: Daozhi ,3-5, two; into powder, 2-3 money. 【Source】 "Chinese Materia Medica"
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Therapeutic value
This leguminous herb alfalfa, alfalfa leaf, or on the ground south part. Alfalfa, also known as animal husbandry, residential, light wind grass, grass with sticks; purple clover, also known as alfalfa, alfalfa grass; also known as the golden cauliflower, day lily, the mother of Qi head. Purple clover is widely distributed in most parts of China have cultivated; distributed in the south of alfalfa in the south, the Yangtze River downstream cultivation. Summer and autumn harvest, wash with fresh or dried use. [Performance] sweet, light, slightly cold. Can Qingwei heat, diuretic dehumidification. [Reference] purple alfalfa with saponin, Luther alcohol, alfalfa phenol, daidzein, alfalfa Su, citrulline, β-methyl - glucoside, protein, sugar and so on. South alfalfa containing carotene. Raised from the purple alfalfa alfalfa factors, inhibition of the small intestine of experimental animals; still mild antioxidant, prevents oxidation of epinephrine and a mild estrogen-like effect. Whole plant extract can inhibit the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and inflammation in mice spinal cord gray matter effectively. [Use] for stomach heat and boredom, do not want to diet; heat-induced negative urine, Shilin, or damp yellow. [Note] interest because of an infiltration of the goods, it is not appropriate for a long time eating more food. Also, animals fed alfalfa in a variant of the South, may have light atopic dermatitis, should also be noted. [With square] 1, fresh alfalfa juice: Fresh South alfalfa 90 ~ 150g, smashed, twisted take juice clothing. Amount of honey can be added to taste. Fresh alfalfa better heat diuretic, the effect can be poured. Urine negative for the hot and humid, or Shilin, urinary astringent, urine poured ache Lek. Now used for urinary tract stones. 2, alfalfa capillaris soup: Alfalfa 50g, capillaris 15g. Jiantang water service. This side effect has dehumidification jaundice. For heat jaundice, hepatitis or jaundice.
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Grass Wikipedia
Name of alfalfa forage Generic Medic pasture Grass picture Alfalfa is a source and distribution of more than 60 species in the world. Alfalfa can be divided into: purple, yellow flowers and three types of hybrid. Alfalfa originated in ancient Persia in Midian (Media), term of the present Central Asia, Transcaucasia and Iran area. Former Soviet Union, scholars of alfalfa summarized as two centers of origin, outside the Caucasus, Asia Minor Heights and adjacent areas in northwestern Iran, the original center and the center of origin in the Asia region. Alfalfa was first recorded, according to the 10th century BC Iran first cultivated, introduced after the Arab, was named as "Alfalfa" means "horse feed." 490 BC introduced the Greek, 2nd century BC by the Greek spread to Rome. Introduced by the 1st century AD Roman France, Spain, Germany, Switzerland and other European countries. Lake Lucerne in Switzerland, widely cultivated for optimum growth, it is also called alfalfa Europe Lucerne. Development of alfalfa Medicago falcata play an important role in the resistance because it has a special gene, and the formation of a common natural hybrid alfalfa Varia, thereby enhancing the adaptability of alfalfa and expanding the distribution of alfalfa. Alfalfa from the 16th century has been all over the world on five continents. Cultivated area of the larger countries where the United States, the former Soviet Union and Argentina, accounting for about 70% of the total area, France, Italy, Canada and China accounted for about 17% of the total area of the world, and the remaining 13% of all countries, in addition to perennial alfalfa, the In some countries the distribution of annual alfalfa cultivars. Australia at least 13 species of annual production of alfalfa in the application. The most common are: small alfalfa (M. Minima), burr clover (M.polymorpha), tube-like alfalfa (M. Truncatule), clusters of alfalfa (M.1ittoralis) and lobular burr clover (M.praecox). Clusters of alfalfa cultivars are Habig (Harbinger), asked that alfalfa (M. Tornata) of the cultivated species have asked that Rumsfeld (Tonafield), tube-like alfalfa cultivars with Hannaford (Hannaford), Cyprus (Cyprus ) and bolon (Borung) and so on. China's cultivated and wild alfalfa, 8 kinds: namely, alfalfa, Medicago falcata, Medicago lupulina, South alfalfa, alfalfa, sickle pod moment alfalfa (M.Archiducis-nicolai G. Sirjaev), brown spots alfalfa (M.arabica (L .) ALL), a small alfalfa (M. Minima (L.) L.). With the international seed exchange and the deepening of research, some scholars believe that China now has 41 kinds of alfalfa, subspecies and varieties throughout the provinces. Cultivation area of the country in 1987 was 130 million hectares. Which accounted for 64% of the Northwest, North China 4%, 29% Northeast, Central and South East 3%. Medicago sativa (alfalfa, lucerne) is a species of legume alfalfa (Medicago sativaL.), Perennial high-quality forage. Mainly used for livestock forage, hay modulation, or mixed grazing grasses. Alfalfa originated in Gubosimi Austin (now Iran) and Central Asia, and now are distributed in five continents. 126 BC by the Chinese envoy Zhang Qian to the Western Regions (Central Asia Turkmen region) back when the seeds, first cultivated in the Chinese court, for viewing and for the Royal Horse feed, and later spread in the Yellow River Basin. Is mainly in the northwest, north, northeast provinces (regions) cultivation. Alfalfa is a legume forage alfalfa form a perennial herb, root system, root buried several meters to tens of meters deep; dense crown of many shoots, exposed on the ground or buried in the topsoil, neck tiller shoots up to more than to hundreds of articles. Oblique or vertical stem, smooth, slightly square, about 100 to 150 cm, many branches. Leaves pinnate three foliolate, leaflets oblong or oval, serrated tip, the middle slightly. Racemose clusters, each cluster has 20 to 30 flowers, Papilionaceae a short handle, stamens 10, from 9-in-1, to form a coalition stamen tube, flexible; pistil 1. Spiral-shaped pod, 2 to 4 back, smooth surface, there are less obvious veins, pale green when young, mature, dark brown, no cracking, each pod containing the seeds 2 to 9. Seed kidney-shaped, yellow or pale brown, surface glossy, dark old seed color; grain weight of 1.5 to 2.3 grams per kilogram from 30 to 500,000. Yellow clover, perennial herb. Thick roots, stems ramp or supine, long 30 ~ 60 (100) cm, and more branches. Three compound leaves, leaflets oblanceolate, obovate or oblong-obovate, the upper edges serrate. Into a head-like racemes dense, axillary, yellow flowers, butterfly. Pod is slightly flat, sickle-shaped, thin nearly vertical, long 1 to 1.5 mm long, hairs, containing the seeds 2 to 4 tablets. Strong resistance characteristics of alfalfa forage, wide, can grow in various types of climate, soil environment. Likes the dry, warmer, sunny and less rainy climate and Gaozao, loose, well drained, rich in calcium in the soil. The optimum temperature is 25 ~ 30 ℃; annual rainfall of 400 to 800 mm where the growth of well over 1,000 mm in the poor growth. Within 400 mm of annual rainfall, the need for irrigation was strong growth. Hot and humid and rainy summer weather in the most disadvantaged. Alfalfa transpiration coefficient, the growth of water demand and more. Constitute about 1 gram of dry matter per 800 grams of water, but very sensitive to water, if the continuous flooding from 1 to 2 days a large number of deaths. Adaptation of alfalfa in the neutral to slightly alkaline soil cultivation is not suitable strong acid, strong alkaline soil, and the optimum soil pH value of 7 to 8, soil containing soluble salts can be in the 0.3% growth. At an altitude of 2700 meters below the frost-free period 100 days or more, the annual accumulated temperature ≥ 10 ℃ 1700 ℃, annual average temperature is 4 ℃ over the region of alfalfa to plant area. The role of alfalfa plants are light, just carried out the maximum amount of leaf assimilation of carbon dioxide and 70 mg per square meter per hour; leaves large amplitude diurnal starch content, dry weight from the morning of 8% to 20% at sun_set_ , followed by sharp decline in content, leaf photosynthesis is a place, a well-developed alfalfa canopy leaf area index is usually 5 per square meter, a medium-sized leaves 5000 to 15,000. Feeding Value of Alfalfa and the use of technology as "the king of grass," the title of outstanding performance in the feed on the advantages of: (a) the amount of high grass. Yield of alfalfa due to the growth of life and range of natural conditions vary greatly, from 2 to 5 years after sowing fresh yield per mu from 2000 to 4000 kg in general, hay yield of 500 to 800 kg. Better thermal conditions in the areas of water per acre can produce 733 ~ 800 kg of hay; dry cold areas, hay per mu yield of 400 ~ 730 kg; desert oasis irrigation, hay per mu yield of 800 to 1000 kg. (B) the use of life is long. Alfalfa life span of 30 years, field cultivation by up to 7 years to 10 years. But its production into high-yield period, decreased with increasing age. (C) regeneration of strong resistance to cutting. Highly regenerative alfalfa, cutting back to life soon after, the general a year, cutting 2 to 4 times, and more may mowing 5 to 6 times. (D) of grass, good quality, palatability and strong. Delicious tender stems and leaves of alfalfa, whether fresh forage, silage, hay modulation, processing meal for feed or mixed feed, various types of livestock and poultry are the best eating, pig and poultry industry is the preferred forage. (V) nutrition. Alfalfa stems and leaves are rich in protein, minerals, vitamins and carotenoids, in particular, a higher content of leaves. Alfalfa fresh state, the leaf weight accounted for about 50% of the whole plant, leaf stalk crude protein content higher than 1 to 1.5 times the fiber content of less than half of the stem. In the same area of land, total digestible nutrients of alfalfa grass is 2 times, 2.5 times the digestible protein and minerals is 6 times. (Vi) fertilizers production. Well-developed root system of alfalfa can provide a lot of soil organic matter, and deep draw calcium from the soil, decomposition of phosphate, left in the cultivation layer, by the decomposition of organic colloids, can form a stable soil aggregates, improve soil physical and chemical properties; nodules can fix atmospheric nitrogen, improve soil fertility. 2 to 4 age alfalfa grass, fresh weight of root biomass per acre up to 1335 ~ 2670 kg per mu in the stubble of about 15 kg of nitrogen, total phosphorus and 2.3 kg, 6 kg of total K. Per acre per year of fixed nitrogen from the air, 18 kg, equivalent to 55 kg of ammonium nitrate. Made after three years of alfalfa stubble can no fertilization and high and stable yield. Increase rate is usually 30 to 50%, high by up to 1 times. Nongyan said: "The three kung acre of alfalfa, even the kind of strength that lingers for three years." (G) soil and water conservation. Alfalfa lush foliage, large coverage on the ground, turning green after the second alfalfa growth of 40 days, covering 95%. Is a perennial deep root in the improved soil, increase water permeability, retaining runoff, prevent erosion, reduce soil erosion to maintain the role of the slope is very significant. It has been determined: the slope, and planting alfalfa, compared with ordinary crops, the loss of large amount of water per acre per year to 16 times the amount of soil loss of a large 9 times. (H) nectar plants. Alfalfa is a strict cross-pollination of plants, often by external mechanical forces and insect nectar bounce tight package keel pollination, flowering up to 40 to 60 days, the flowering peak in field release, can greatly improve honey production , but also improve the yield of alfalfa seed. Use of technology: 1. Forage use by 30 to 40 cm in height begins when appropriate, early spring buds and delicate pinch of significantly cutting production cuts. Modulation of the appropriate cutting of hay is about the early flowering stage, the two are not allowed to extend the use of post-flowering stage. 2. Suitable plant species is a collection of the 1 / 2 to 2 / 3 of the pod from green to brown when. Grass can not continuously receive income seed. Seed fields should be closed every 1 to 2 years once the grass. 3. Alfalfa in the use of plantings should be based on needs and a planned production of seeds and grass products, providing product management. 4. Species of grass and income received by age, should be considered the amount of grass seed and the maximum term may be. 5. When alfalfa for grazing to pigs, chickens, horses are livestock most appropriate. Ruminant livestock grazing distention easy to get sick, to less frequent after pod. Grass for grazing to rotational grazing to maintain the strong vitality of alfalfa, the general grazing days, the interval 35 to 40 days of recovery time of growth. Ruminants such as cattle grazing, the mixed pasture grasses to the proportion of more than 50%; should be avoided when the hungry animal feed in the alfalfa, grazing before the first fed oats, Sudan grass and other grass hay, but also to prevent diarrhea in livestock . In order to prevent expansion in the grazing procaine penicillin with oral potassium, into the animal 50 to 75 mg per volume 6. When alfalfa hay for the modulation, to _select_ a cut sun sunny weather, from rain, so as not to reduce the loss of nutrient quality, flat bar with sun dried and then stacking bundles of bulk storage establishment. Qualified to be moved to the dark when the sun to semi-dry and ventilated place. Hay must be kept green. Storage process should be checked frequently to prevent mold losses. Rolling with the wrapped clip method (also called green dye method) modulation, the effect is very good. That the wheat harvest season or cutting drying green green alfalfa dry period, the tender will be cutting alfalfa grass, evenly spread out in the upper and lower levels of dry straw or other feed for the drying of cereal straw soft interlayer, repeatedly rolling stone drums to stem breakage. Fresh alfalfa can quickly dry. To avoid nutrient loss. Press out the juice inhalation alfalfa straw, mixed storage, broken or crushed mixed feeding guillotine. Not only improve the palatability of straw, but also improve the nutritional value. Cultivation techniques (a) soil tillage and fertilization. Alfalfa seeds small, thin shoots, top soil is weak, site preparation must be refined to require ground-level, clod crushing, no weeds, good soil moisture. Alfalfa root system, buried deep, deep plowing of planting to be in order to make fully developed roots. Alfalfa long service life and cutting the use of more times, absorption of nutrients from the soil having. It is reported that annual per acre alfalfa nutrient absorption and nitrogen is 13.3 kg, 4.3 kg of phosphorus, potassium, 16.7 kg. Nitrogen and phosphorus than 1 to 2 times more than wheat, more than 3 times the potassium. The land for planting alfalfa to be harvested in the last year, namely, shallow plowing stubble, and then deep plowing in winter and spring make rake Mo, repression Xushuibaoshang work. Enough irrigated land to irrigation water in winter before planting, rake again Yun shallow tillage or soil preparation, combined with deep plowing or shallow tillage before planting, organic fertilizer from 1500 to 2500 kg per mu, SSP 20 to 30 kg for base fertilizer. Low soil fertility, planting Zaishi other available nitrogen into ammonium nitrate, and promote seedling growth. After each cutting for topdressing superphosphate per acre to be 10 to 20 kg or phosphorus diamine 4 to 6 kg. (B) planting 1. Seeds. Shaizhong before planting 2 to 3 days to break dormancy and improve germination rate and seedling uniformity. Seed fields to sow seeds of national or provincial standards for the grass seed I level; with grass seeding Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ grade seed can be. 2. Vaccination. Been planted in alfalfa when the land planted to alfalfa inoculated with rhizobia, with 5 grams per kilogram of seed bacteria, sprinkle the seeds into broth, stir, with the mix with the broadcast. No agents, use the old soil and seed alfalfa mix, the ratio of at least 1:1. 3. Seeding rate. Seed fields 0.5 kg per mu 0.25, 0.75 with 1 kg of grass per mu, dry land, hillside or cold areas, seeding rate increased by 20 to 50%. 4. Sowing. Different because of the climate of Gansu can be divided into three types: spring: spring thaw of land, planted with spring crops at the same time, a good spring growth of alfalfa that year, high yield, sowing seeds Tian Yichun. Summer: Drought in spring drought, poor soil moisture, the moisture can be sown in the summer rain robbed. Autumn: in northern China, autumn can not be later than mid-August, otherwise it will reduce the winter survival rate of seedlings. 5. Sowing depth. Depending on soil moisture and texture, depending on depth of soil should be dry, wet soil is shallow, compared with loam should be deep, heavy clay soils are shallow, generally 1 to 2.5 cm. 6. Planting methods. Alfalfa seeding methods commonly used drilling, hole seeding sow and three; planting methods are unicast, planting mixture and protection (covers planting) three. Can be _select_ed according to specific conditions, according to. Seed fields to unicast, or wide row drilling Bunch, 50 cm row spacing, hill spacing 50 × 70 cm or 50 × 50 or 50 × 60 cm, Mei Xue Liu Miao 1 ~ 2. Income can drill can also be sown grass, can also be mixed unicast or protection planting. Drill spacing of 30 cm. Sow the seed after shallow plowing when the first, and then rake Mo. Mixture can be broadcast can also be drilled, drilling can peer, but also between the line drilling, protection of planting, protection of first drilling or to sow crops, alfalfa seed after sowing, and then rake Mo. Irrigation and fertilizer can be protected planting conditions are good areas to protect the crops are wheat, canola or oats hay cutting system, grass sorghum, millet and other grasses, but to protect the crop harvested as early as possible. Planting in arid areas to protect, not only the year of alfalfa production is not high, and even affect the harvest of the second year, the best spring practice unicast, mixture, alfalfa grow fast, more tillers, leaves Sheng, high yield, regeneration strong, cutting times more difficult to match in mixed pasture in the other, it is advisable to unicast. But to improve the nutritional value of pasture, palatability and winter survival rate, but also can be mixed. Appropriate mixture of grass are: feet grass, timothy grass, perennial ryegrass, goose grass crown, such as smooth bromegrass. Mixture ratio, 40% alfalfa 50% is appropriate. (C) Field Management 1. After sowing, before emergence, such as the rain soil compaction, a timely addition to compacted layer, to facilitate emergence. 2. Seedling growth is slow, vulnerable to weeds, cultivation, weed 1 to 2 times. 3. Seeding year, before the end of the growing season, using a cutting, plant height, reach the degree of utilization, we should Liumiao winter, winter grazing is strictly prohibited. 4. Second instar alfalfa over a year before the spring initiation, clearing the field stubble, and the arable land protection pick, last fall and received seed after cutting, to loose soil fertilizer. After each cutting should rake in fertilizer, irrigation with irrigation dressing, enough winter winter when irrigation water. 5. Cutting alfalfa stubble height of 3 to 5 cm, but the drought and cold in autumn last clipping stubble height should be 7 to 8 cm, the roots of nutrients and help to keep the winter snow, winter and spring initiation of a good effect. 6. Alfalfa pests and diseases are more common pests and diseases are downy mildew, rust, leaf spot, etc., can be used Bordeaux mixture, stone flow mixture, Tuobu Jin and other prevention and treatment. Pests are aphids, dust sub mirids, beetle and so on. Available dimethoate, trichlorfon and other drug prevention. But outcrops of a pest is found, that line cutting is appropriate to feed livestock. Common diseases of alfalfa grass rust, leaf spot of alfalfa, alfalfa downy mildew, powdery mildew of alfalfa, alfalfa-related macular disease, alfalfa spring black stem and leaf spot disease of alfalfa STEMPHYLIUM leaf spot, Cercospora leaf spot of alfalfa, alfalfa Small shell leaf spot, Alternaria leaf spot of alfalfa shell pin, white spot disease of alfalfa, alfalfa mosaic virus Common pasture pests Chorthippus fallax, grassland caterpillar type, the insect class, alfalfa seed bees, grubs, black cutworm, yellow cutworms, ground tiger, white edges cutworms, alfalfa armyworm, thrips small oatmeal
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Flowers encyclopedia
Alfalfa Introduction Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) Families and genera: Leguminosae Alias: Characteristics: Distribution and habits: Mainly in Jilin, drought, cold resistance, poor, happy warm and semi-arid climate Propagation and cultivation: Spring freeze damage in the affected regions, in order to secure winter alfalfa seeding year, should be frozen in the soil before the earth, earth up the high 5 ~ 8cm. Irrigated conditions can significantly increase the number of alfalfa harvest to improve the yield per unit area and quality, improve over-summering rate. Drought or severe winter areas, winter irrigation can increase soil temperature, is conducive to winter. Application: Wide range of uses. In addition to big-leaf clover Wada can be used as high-quality forage and green manure crops, the dry spring germination, Spear leaves can be eaten as a vegetable, delicious, can be used as the root development and utilization of food color. Alfalfa long flowering period, inflorescences and more, is of high quality honey bee plant.
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Buddhist Encyclopedia
】 【Alfalfa (object name) is one of Hong drugs Thirty taste. King of the Seven most wins said: "Alfalfa incense, plug complete power Ka." Miscellaneous Sanskrit Dubbed: "alfalfa, Sa Sa only more."
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English Expression
: lucern
n.: alfalfa, clover, medick, trefoil, lucerne, plant similar to clover, used for feeding animals
