I am not as good as Liezi, fugue Skyguard air; There should be like Ashmore, leisurely sea of clouds. See ten Po lying, curved if the bow. Tide to Chung Yinshan, suddenly re-grinding bronze. Hungry falcon swept side of the ship, fish dance void. Living mention the road, pride swing lung chest. Song of the sea stop moving color, change the content all day long poem. Lines carry back across Peng, Mi section Penglai Palace.
I am old lying Kew Gardens, Pepsi careless lazy learning, Only Khan, roaming, can not be semantic. Or half hanging wind sail, or storage cloud a Ge, Ming Chao chaos to take advantage of scull, over moraine fine supporting Tuo, Noir Ling smoke near the sea, what a laugh from the fruit. Encounter may wonder, How can creatures pay me? Ancient stone meandering marsh, island pine Lei heap. Xiangzhu Bi E Temple, Yu Huai strange dark locks, Rhinoceros spirits Hai Ju, world Heron fire. Guiqi poor status quo, Kunpeng still Meme. Diverse rotation or forget, this quite WORM. Poetry complete with harmony, made the child laugh tooth luster of gems.
Angle and open to Ni, where the vast stage. Star back Ximu times, day hanging hibiscus branches. Shen Shi find solitary island, floating-pin distinguish four-dimensional. Floated a raft and Italy, want to maintain the security of.
Sailing in the ocean. "Selected Works by Yan <3 March Qushui poem" Preface ":" Stack Hill Navigation, over sand Yi desert of the tribute, the government no virtual month. "Lu Yan Economic Note:" Words are the distance of the country, mountains to the cliff, sea Ji-Zhou Hang More than degree desert, to tribute soil properties. "" Sung Chang Tibetan English Biography ":" Zhou Guangshun three years, the rate of soldiers inside and outside the family and his troops more than a thousand people, and cooking salt, seven thousand families young and old population, oxen and horses of thousands, Zhou hundreds of boats, go sailing week. "" Twenty years have witnessed the strange status quo, "the 20th back:" So talk all day, not only forgot to leave home, and forgot the hard sailing. "Qing Qiu Jin" Shenjiang the wall "Poetry:" a return sailing further south, a short stay Wusong willing to actually breach. "
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No. 6
航海
Driving vessels sailing in the ocean: ~ Home 丨 ~ log.
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Brief introduction
Humans at sea, across the oceans, the land went from one party to the other land-based activities. In front is a risky behavior, because human knowledge is limited geographically, the other side of the world is unknowable. Late Neolithic humans would have been sailing activities. At that time some of the items made in mainland China and Taiwan Island, Oceania, as well as Ecuador and other places have been found. 4th century BC Greek navigator Intuit Aspen skin boats from now on driving Marseille starting from the sea to reach the mouth of the Elbe, became the first western sea voyage. 490 BC, the Persian and Greek naval warfare, Greece had more than one hundred feet long battleship war. Chinese Han Dynasty has voyage to India, to the Roman Empire and China linked. Tang Dynasty to expand overseas trade, opened the Maritime Silk Road, the ship sailed to near the Gulf of Aden. Under the prevailing conditions of science and technology, marine water potential and shape feature is the patron of navigation marks, possessions text navigation; sun and the moon and the stars for the pilot to mark, then it is a kind of celestial navigation techniques. Compass is a great invention of Chinese history, the Song will be applied to the marine, maritime navigation to solve the orientation, navigation instruments have created a precedent. Modern use of magnetic compass on board, after the 12th century marine magnetic compass was introduced to Europe by the British Kelvin improved Navy magnetic compass. NAVAID lighthouse early had to use. 280 BC in Alexandria, Egypt built more than 60 meters high lighthouse. 1732 Britain _set_ up a lighthouse in the Thames Estuary. 1767 Delaware established a buoy in the Americas. 15th century is something Fanghang Hai career development period. 1405 ~ 1433, Chinese navigator Zheng He's seven voyages fleet, after more than 30 countries and regions, is the voyage to Somalia and Kenya along the east coast of Africa, became pioneering Chinese maritime history. 1420 Portugal founded the sailing school; Captain Dias sailed to the southern tip of Africa in 1487, named for the Cape of Good Hope; 1497 fleet gamma rates starting from Lisbon to India around the Cape of Good Hope. After the Portuguese arrived in China and Japan. October 1492 Italian navigator Christopher Columbus discovered the American continent. 1499 ~ 1500, the Italian navigator Amerigo two times on the American continent investigation, confirmed this piece of land is a newly discovered land, rather than Columbus then consider Indian islands, so named for the New World american continent, referred Americas. Beginning of the 16th century, the rapid development of marine technology. Projection 1569 geographer Mercator invention became the basis of modern nautical charting. After the 20th century, modern navigation technology has made significant achievements, the 1960s appear Omega navigation system, followed by the emergence and application of satellite navigation systems, automatic radar plotting. Require ships sailing quickly and safely driving, under modern conditions, requires the use of modern navigation equipment, understand the international waterway regulations, the world maritime traffic management system. To ensure personal safety of the ship, cargo and the marine environment, the need to _set_ up rescue, fire, pollution prevention equipment and marine instrumentation and communications equipment on the ship.
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Ancient maritime technology introduction
历代航海技术介绍
First, the Qin Dynasty Shang and Western Zhou Dynasty, people will create in addition to the ship, which has been able to take advantage of the wind into sails sailing. Oracle use the "Where" through false "sail", which explained Yin people have used sail sails, however, when the main sail is generally used in terrestrial rivers voyage. With the rise of the Spring and Autumn Period Ocean countries, geographical knowledge seafaring people gradually increased, the different measurements of water outside the eastern Chinese divided into "North Sea" (now the Bohai Sea), "East Sea" (now the Yellow Sea), "South China Sea" ( Today the East China Sea). It has been learned that "rivers to the sea," and a start in the coastal cruising. Meanwhile, people in the course of rivers and marine gradually realized the wind, and the use of wind and sail. Qin period, people in understanding the wind, but also an understanding of some of the cloud meteorology, from the stars, from the rain, "such as" Book fan "," month, and so are the people pay attention to weather changes in sailing and summed Experience the law. During this period, people oceanographic especially tides have a certain understanding. Such as "Shang Yu Gong", "welcome the day and night, and then carry out the" and so on, indicating that it is known that while the tide out to sea, use of marine directional trend, down the river. It is worth mentioning that the Spring and Autumn Period, marine navigation technology has been linked with astronomy. Warring States period, it has been for twenty-eight stars and some stars were quantified observations, and achieved gratifying results, and the combination of maritime navigation and astronomy, navigation use Polaris as directed. Warring States period, magnet "Sinan" has been invented. However, its use is mainly used for land-based positioning. Feet, the sun and the Spring and Autumn Period Polaris mainly for offshore navigation signs. In short, the Qin Dynasty seamanship has a foundation, people increasingly profound understanding of the oceans, to the ocean currents, wind, tides, and sea astronomy, meteorology knowledge have some knowledge, using the sun and Polaris as marine navigation signs and invention measuring the height of the sea celestial instrument. Second, the Qin and Han Dynasties Offshore sailing Han Dynasty, people have begun to consciously use the monsoon sailing. Chinese people have mastered the laws of the western Pacific monsoon and the northern Indian Ocean, and has been applied to maritime activities. In fact, Han Yingxun in "Su Tung Yi" has already been mentioned:. "May there Lamei wind, JAC that the trade winds", "Lamei wind" meaning emerged after the southeast monsoon rainy season. Han people only use the monsoon period, in order to make ocean voyage. In celestial navigation on the basis of the Qin Dynasty, Qin and Han Dynasties navigation technology has been further improved. According to the "Han Dynasty History" _set_, Western Han Dynasty maritime navigation astrology book has "sea star accounted experience," 12 volumes, "sea star through chores," twenty-two other related books totaling one hundred and thirty-six of more likely to be Chinese mariners Nautical astronomy course summed up the experience and laws. Which should be recorded in the right navigation constellations, planets and other position determination to confirm the route. In addition to celestial navigation, the physiographic navigation and positioning also account for the status of the land is very important in navigation. Han, people have been able to take advantage of "heavy Poor Law" accurate measurement of sea topography. The Tang Chunfeng "island actuarial" recorded this moment or table use two observations, can be obtained from the sum of the height of the island with the boat, which has a profound effect on future generations mapping and projected voyage aeronautical charts. Han, people are not only confined to the tidal fluctuations and the water, and can find out why. Wang Chong in "On balance virtual book chapter" for the first time scientifically with the motion of the moon causes tides linking reflects a progressive understanding of the tides, while sailing through the tide of people flowing in and out of the harbor has some help group. In short, the Qin and Han dynasties developed shipbuilding industry, has been able to take advantage of the monsoon navigation, astronomy and geography when further improve navigation, and to make scientific and rational explanation of the tides, marine technology advances, so that China has entered the world's most advanced maritime nations ranks. Third, the Southern and Northern Dynasties At the same time the development of the Three Kingdoms and Northern Dynasties shipbuilding, marine knowledge and technology has been further strengthened and improved. Three Wang Zhen "South Carolina foreign body" was sailing on the ship sailing in the waters of the South China Sea wind driving techniques are described: "in front of their four errors to sail, are driving the evil shift, together have taken the wind, take pictures with the evil atmosphere "This story illustrates the time change in the South China Sea Voyager has four sail boat with the appropriate master" evil Zhang Xiang taking ethos "of missed driving wind technology, and in the Indian Ocean routes, but also the use of seven sail boat driving wind sailing. With the increase in the three subsequent voyages, the trade winds law of the western Pacific and the Indian Ocean has been recognized and utilized. During this period some progress in maritime technology, but also in the people have to sail through the sea of the coast have a preliminary understanding of the terrain, such as this has been recognized by the South China Sea coral, while celestial navigation techniques have also been adopted. Fourth, the Sui period Sui period maritime technology matures, it has been able to skillfully use the monsoon navigation, astronomy, geography, navigation levels have significantly improved the tides can be further interpreted correctly. Tang Dynasty, people have been able to recognize the north of the Sea of Japan, South China Sea, south wind coming and the end of the regular German, this monsoon became associated with sailing, "trade winds." In using these trade winds sailing, while it has been correctly and summarized the law of these trade winds come and go. It is defined as the net through the South China Sea monsoon, monsoon and ocean currents of the Indian Ocean and the Bay of law in North Bengal awareness and utilization by boat to reach Southeast Asia Srivijaya country and also go to China. Meanwhile Tang Dynasty child you have a better understanding of marine meteorology, has been able to take advantage of the red cloud, rainbow halo, such as to predict a typhoon. Development of the Tang Dynasty astronomical positioning surgery, embodied in the use of both Polaris Yang measured to determine the height of the north-south distance changes geodetic technique. Kaiyuan line between hate astronomers can already use the "complex moment" Polaris instrument to measure the height from the ground, although the actual numbers have a gap, but this is the world's first measurement of the meridian, and this measure is likely to have surgery in Use the voyage. Voyager has mastered the use of the height of the Tang Dynasty Polaris while positioning navigation. And astronomical positioning technique, as the Sui and Tang Wen navigation technology to have a certain improved. "Guangzhou-海夷 Road" in the navigation direction, distance, time has been relatively specific geographical or topographical feature of certain areas to have a clear description of the text positioning and ocean voyage on artificial aids to navigation are also recorded. Especially with the advancement of mathematics, Voyager has been able to Pythagoras similar relationship on the basis of principle, the use of two observations computing "heavy-difference method" to measure landmarks, greatly improving the level of coastal measurements surgery. In the "Haitao Chi", the authors sinus tert-depth study of the law of tidal movements synchronized with the movement of the moon, the tidal movement of the causes, time neap arise calculation cycle tidal cycle, and so do a detailed exposition . And later sealed speech, but also on Jan. law goes into daily tides made very clear exposition. Fifth, the Song Dynasty Improve maritime technology Song Dynasty, the most prominent is widely compass. Song previous sailing guidelines, usually with planetarium, astronomical identify the direction, guiding the night with the stars, the sun leaning identified to date, to the Northern Song Dynasty, marine technology began a major breakthrough, has been able to utilize the compass navigation. The compass application development in the Southern Song Dynasty to the compass-shaped configuration, with accuracy continues to improve, more and more applications have been gradually relying on maritime navigation compass indicating the direction of more progressive than the Northern Song Dynasty. Also promote the development of foreign maritime traffic. Compass used in navigation, is a major breakthrough in the history of world civilization, civilization and cultural development of the world has made a significant contribution. In the Song Dynasty, the description has been very clear about the chart, such as Xu Jing's "Feng Shi Xuan and Korea map" and Liu Yu Tan's offer in the main hydrographic chart of gold, have described the development of the time chart. Development of maritime transport routes, hydrographic chart is generated to create the conditions. Produced hydrographic map appears, is the result of the accumulation of human knowledge of the ocean, to further conquer the ocean of humanity, the development of maritime transport services, providing more technical tools and technical knowledge. In recognition to detect marine geography also has greater progress. Determine the position to determine the environment in accordance with changes in the weather. And already knew how to use a long rope lines mound measuring deep sea, and from the mound at the end of the seabed sediment adhering to determine the location and circumstances of navigation. But also to take advantage of the monsoon sailing, wind its control technology also has a considerable level. Safety at sea, there are certain safeguards. The use of carrier pigeons as maritime transport. And has been able to repair underwater vessels to prevent leakage caused heavy. Since maritime technology continues to improve, so the Song Dynasty's foreign maritime traffic more secure, more stable course indeed, sailing time is much shorter, and foreign maritime traffic in favor of further development of trade. Sixth, the Yuan Dynasty Yuan compass application is more common, more accurate, has become an essential navigational tool sea ship. Yuan voyage, many of the compass needle sites link up to indicate routes, called the needle path. Compass application of technology to further improve. In Heavenly Stems, Earthly Branches and hexagrams (dry, Kun, Burgundy) as the mariner's compass orientation choreographed route, so that ship sailed more accurately determine the course to grasp the route. Yuan improve maritime technology, but also in coastal planetarium and understanding of the law and master in order to ensure security and stability in ship navigation. Yuan maritime traffic, has been able to grasp and use familiar monsoon law. Yuan Dynasty navigator maritime traffic in the long-term practice, lessons learned, compiled about the tides, wind letters, weather formulas. The relevant formulas allegedly "are to be repeated experience," explains Yuan rule change on marine meteorology, has a considerable degree of understanding and mastery, help to further control the oceans, promote the further development of overseas transportation and trade. Seven, the Ming Dynasty Ming mainly in seamanship and navigation technologies for the use of comprehensive marine knowledge has greatly improved and progress. 1, on the route heading Ming Dynasty more widespread application of the compass and precise. In the past the use of the compass, mainly single needle and the needle of the law. But Ming "wind both hands" and has "fixed three-pin method", "scheduled four-pin method." Although unknown to their specific application methods, but it should certainly be more clear and precise route heading inevitably, a few used together to determine the compass heading, must also have units of measurement to determine the voyage. Not later than the Ming Dynasty have been "better" as the unit of measurement used in sailing into. Ming and Qing dynasties, one more about sixty dollars. Therefore, the "more" is not a simple timing units, but to within one more time, the ship passed under standard speed mileage. With "more" for navigation, but also a sign of the Ming maritime technology development, which combined with the compass, can calculate the speed of the ship's position, so that a more accurate navigation route direction, the Ming Dynasty, "needle", "more" sailing very common method of combining , reflecting the Ming Dynasty sailing technology has advanced. 2, on the terrain of water Sailing on the ocean, you must understand the terrain water potential route, master channel depths and shallows reefs to be safe and reliable maritime transport activities. Measuring the depth of water in the Ming Dynasty named kick to care for the unit. Ming in nautical mapping also made a great contribution. Although the Song and Yuan dynasties have come sailing pattern, but only to the coastal-based, like the failure to keep and offshore sailing. Until the Ming Dynasty, great strides have been drawn charts, with a very high level, not only in coastal areas, have mastered overseas offshore areas, the most typical is the logic analyzer Ming Yuan Mao "Wubei Chi" Volume two hundred forty drawings contained in the "Zheng charts. The figure drawing from Nanjing, has been to the East African coast, aeronautical charts throughout the majority of the western Pacific and the Indian Ocean coast, recorded over five hundred names, and painted with the needle path, around the level of the horoscope. For the voyage of peaks, islands, shoals, reefs, dangerous narrow with charts, showing the necessity and importance of the Ming Dynasty to the master water potential route terrain, with a deep understanding. In practice, it reflects the level of development of the Ming maritime technology. Ming Dynasty navigator terrain water potential overseas routes have been quite grasp. Specific guidelines for the Ming similar route terrain water potential, tends integration and visualization, reflecting the improvement in the Ming Dynasty navigation technology. 3, on the Sky Sailing Astrologers, including the stars, the trade winds and the variation of tidal currents. Astronomy Technology to determine the position of the ship sailing. Astronomy Technology, but was a use of astronomical situation positioning of seamanship. That led star board the ship to observe the use of a certain height the stars in order to determine the geographical location of the vessel. Especially in the deep sea, the terrain is difficult to provide effective water potential identification, nothing to go by, often to determine the planetarium dead. "Zheng He's nautical charts" on the attached "over the ocean led star map", recorded in the Indian Ocean region led by star navigation. On the use of the trade winds. Ming fee letter "Xingcha Sheng Lan · Champa map" Cloud:. "December, Fujian five Humen open ocean, Zhang twelve sail downwind ten days and nights to Champa country" and Huan Ming troops "Ying Ya Sheng Lan · Full La plus "in that, homing," pending positive southerly along, back in mid-May open ocean also. " Ming showed monsoon mastery and application of the law, has been very handy. Ming climate variation on the situation at sea, tidal currents are also very familiar. "Downwind both hands" and "Guide Proof" on the record a number of meteorological records and verses in this regard, indicating that the inventor of the astronomical knowledge of sailing and attention, such as "wind both hands" in the "evil wind monthly Law , "" scheduled, when the tide ebb and flow "," power song on Four Seasons, "" Quartet Call Waiting Song "and so on. Day by lunar month, the law of marine meteorology storm made a detailed description. Eight, before the mid-Qing Dynasty Seamanship before the mid-Qing Dynasty although not very innovative, but the importance of marine geography still has a full understanding and summary. Draw charts also have a considerable level. Jiong Chen Ching-lun "World smell recorded" in the six figures alone, these figures compared with previous maps prepared detailed and precise. Chen's "World smell recorded" in the "world record coastal situation", but also the Chinese northeast, southeast coast of ocean topography, hydrology shipping has a detailed description. These guidelines are an important maritime value. Technology in marine applications, basically inherited the traditional way their predecessors. But there are certain degree of development. Compass applications, commonly used three-needle method, astronomical observations of navigation, marine water potential terrain has mastered the system. And began with an hourglass timer. Compared to traditional incense burning more and more accurate estimated time the sun and moon position. The use of early Qing hourglass, indicating the time on the basis of absorbing foreign maritime technology, and constantly improve the technical performance and technical level navigation tools. "Chinese foreign vessels, unlike Western sipping plate with mixed day instrument hylocereus, representing a date engraved amount hour away from moisture degree, that is known to somewhere." In contrast, China's maritime technology has begun to fall behind in the West.
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China Navigation Day
July 11, 2005 is a world famous great navigator Zheng He 600th anniversary, the state decided to July 11 each year as "Sailing Day" on July 11 to become China's "Sailing Day" birthday. 2005 is our great navigator Zheng He 600th anniversary of the country in many places have recently held a large celebration. In March this year, the CPPCC National Committee held three meetings on the Tenth CPPCC National Committee members Fujian Provincial Science and Technology Department deputy director 林嘉马 to put forward a proposal "on the establishment of the China Maritime Festival", it is recommended: to commemorate Zheng He 600th anniversary of the establishment of China Maritime Festival as an opportunity to Zheng inaugural anniversary on July 11, 2010 China Maritime Festival statutory, the State Council Legislative Affairs Office of the CPPCC National Committee, Fujian Province recently 林嘉马 to three times the Tenth CPPCC National Committee presented at the conference "on the establishment of the China Maritime Festival" proposals were answered: Agree since 2005, every year on July 11 as "sailing day", but also as the "World Maritime Day" implementation date in China. Water area accounts for a third of the earth, A thriving maritime industry and the country are inseparable. Many maritime countries in the world have their own section or ocean sailing, the United States is the world power, in the course of its development, the ocean has always been regarded as a fundamental national prosperity and security, from the Revolutionary War to World War II from several local wars to wage a global counter-terrorism strategy implemented today, shipping has played a very significant role. To promote American maritime culture and patriotism, the annual Maritime Festival to be led by government departments, conducted a grand celebration. Japan's Maritime Festival is the annual July 20, the Japanese government requires all citizens to think again on this day sea voyage for Japan's major significance. Across the UK to celebrate the date and name of the navigation section varies, of which the United Kingdom of Great Yarmouth Maritime Festival every September 6 to 7 in Yarmouth Port, held to commemorate the year of the British maritime industry flourished. Canada _set_ at the annual Maritime Festival June 21 to 22. China has more than 300 million square kilometers of sea area in China's international trade, 90% of the cargo by sea is completed. China is the world's maritime powers, no sailing festival should not happen in many festivals. Six hundred years ago, the Ming Dynasty navigator Zheng He led seven voyages huge boat division, opened the prelude humanity toward the ocean. Zheng He's voyages long history, scale, range far and many countries and regions arrived, was incomparable to any country in the world than the European navigator Christopher Columbus, Vasco da Gama's voyages earlier than half a century. Contemporary American historian Luis Bolivar _Set_h commented: Zheng He's fleet in the history of the world is an unparalleled fleet. There are no matches with them before the First World War. Britain authoritative history of science is Dr. Joseph Needham wrote: The world's first ocean-going fleet of Zheng He led 27,800 Han Chinese men traveling 208 ships, sailed three oceans. Zheng He's voyages significance lies in the political and economic exchanges between China and Southeast Asian countries into a peak for the prosperity and stability in Southeast Asia has made an indelible contribution. Many countries in Southeast Asia this year, was held to commemorate Zheng He's activities, such as Malaysia for the first time Malaysia will be the first issue to the theme of Zheng and deeds stamps to commemorate the anniversary of Zheng He's voyages six hundred and six hundred horses anniversary exchanges. Singapore Tourism Board's "Zheng Cultural Village" event on the 30th opening. Zheng He's voyages in the history of China and the maritime world have left a glorious page, he is the pride of the Chinese people, but also the pride of the world's people, in this environment, the Zheng He's voyages sail date July 11 _set_ "China Maritime Festival" very significant, beneficial to carry forward and cultivate patriotism as the core of unity, peace-loving, industrious and brave, the great national spirit of self-improvement, and enhance self-confidence and pride of the Chinese nation, and enhance the rejuvenation of China responsibility and historic mission of the nation. Help enhance maritime awareness and maritime territory concept formation of the whole society to care for and support the development of port and shipping environment, promote marine culture, science and technology and economic development; ocean liner routes have opened up between the Chinese port with more than 360 ports in the world, however, Our knowledge of the public understanding of science and technology is not much sailing, sailing career development compared with developed countries is still a large gap. We can hold "Nautical Day" activities to popularize scientific knowledge of sailing, the whole society to care, support the development of maritime atmosphere, vigorously carry out maritime research activities form a good atmosphere. Chinese overseas propaganda in favor of justice, peace, good-neighborly, friendly fine tradition of promoting world peace and common development. Zheng He's seven voyages, he never occupied a single inch of land, a division of the property plundered his country aims to spread friendship and promote trade, increase friendly exchanges with other countries called the interaction model. Zheng behavior demonstrated great Chinese nation is a peace-loving nation. "Sailing Day", calling for the community for many years this festival has finally established for the country, to public opinion, is required to develop, are all included sailing, marine, shipbuilding, fisheries and other related industries and their workers and sailors in all the Chinese people in the event. People deserve to celebrate the occasion.
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Modern sailing knowledge
1 Introduction 70% of the Earth's surface is ocean blue, life on Earth is about 80% in the ocean. Oceans for human survival and development provides a wealth of treasures and infinite resources. Nautical human understanding, utilization and development of marine foundation and prerequisite. Whether engaged in marine fishing and aquaculture, or engaged in passenger and goods transport at sea, to carry out in the ocean defense and military activities on marine scientific investigation, development of offshore oil and mineral resources, for sports and leisure activities at sea, from ancient to modern, all human activities in the ocean are inseparable sailing, that person driving the boat at sea, berthing and operations. In China held to commemorate the official start of the great navigator Zheng He on the occasion of 600 anniversary of a series of activities, review progress in the development of China's maritime history and marine science and technology, maritime and nautical showcase China's current situation and prospects of science and technology, promote patriotism and the scientific spirit, inspire us to China from a maritime country, large maritime, maritime powers into marine power, marine power, marine power and work hard, have an important practical significance. 2, the development of maritime history Chinese maritime historic. As early as 7,000 years ago in the late Neolithic period, the ancestors of the Chinese nation has been able to fire and axes "rip wood for the boat, quiet wood oar." To the Spring and Autumn Period, with the gradual birth of the wooden sailboat, the emergence of large-scale maritime transport and maritime war. To the Han Dynasty, Xu Qin appeared Xihan Hai boat fleet went to Japan and the Indian Ocean voyage feat. In the Three Kingdoms, Jin, Northern and Southern Dynasties, Soochow fleet cruising Taiwan and Southeast Asia, maritime law explicitly returning from India, the Chinese fleet sailed to the Persian Gulf. From the Tang Dynasty to the Song and Yuan dynasties with China's overall prosperity of the maritime industry, maritime Silk Road Far East African coast of the Red Sea and the session. Due to navigational compass navigation marked a major breakthrough in technology, China's leading West into the "quantitative sailing" period. To the Ming Yongle Xuande years, the great Chinese navigator Zheng He led a fleet of ocean-going, has seven voyages, visited the Asian and African countries. This nautical _set_ting effort, not only to the peak of the ancient Chinese seafaring, but in the entire history of the human race sailing, erected a monument forever go down in history. However, with China increasingly conservative late feudalism and rigid, a serious impediment to the further development of Chinese seafaring and maritime science and technology progress, Chinese maritime industry to enter a period of gloom and doom. Despite the late Qing engage in the Westernization Movement, the creation Kiangnan in 1865 to develop the national shipbuilding, Steamship established in 1873 to develop the national shipping industry, in 1909 the establishment of the ship Higher Industrial School Affairs Section in the nation to develop advanced navigation expertise, so it is hard to trend. Recalling the history of the world of sailing, as early as 2500 BC ago, ancient Egypt manned paddle boats sail along the Eastern Mediterranean to Lebanon, the Philippines completed the ancient Greeks in the 4th century BC, found at sea explorers British Isles. Compass (Compass) invented in China around the 14th century, were introduced to Europe by the Arabs and Egyptians, the European maritime countries have made great maritime activity results. After Zheng He's voyages 87 years, 92 years, 114 years, in 1492 the Italian Christopher Columbus crossed the Atlantic to reach the Americas, in 1497 the Portuguese Vasco da Gama voyage round the Cape of India, in 1519 the Portuguese Magellan sailed westwards round the world, also loads the world sailing history. 3, marine science and technology progress Chinese ancient brilliant history of maritime navigation depends on the progress of science and technology in ancient China. According to the "Han Wen Yao-chi," Introduction, Western Han Dynasty navigation astrology books have "sea star accounting experience" and 136 volumes, indicating that surgery has been the development of celestial navigation. Northern Vision and the first year (1119), "Ping York to talk about," said: "The boat division knowledge of geography, then stargazing night, day and date of the concept, Yin Hui concept compass.", More than 1180 British "on the nature of the material "Voyager is mentioned in the use of water floating needle pointing north, 61 years earlier. Ming Dynasty "Hydrographic by" saved per person, according to the roll of papers and plotted the "hydrographic guide map", which is by far the best of Chinese contemporary charts to see the oldest one. To the early Ming Dynasty, Zheng He's seven voyages is a master of the ancient art of Chinese maritime science and technology. Zheng seamanship, mainly recorded in the "Zheng He map". The figure was originally called "treasure shipyard sail straight from foreign Zhufan Figure Longjiang off from the water," the first seagoing use a chart. Graphic records which reflected the advanced level in the world to text navigation and astronomy Chinese maritime science and technology. According to maritime historian studies show that Zheng He's fleet of large ship called the "treasure ships", the "big four feet by four feet long forty, ten feet wide eighteen"; nine masts, 12 sails Zhang; evident shipbuilding powerful Chinese Ming Dynasty. In the process of development of human society, the European countries from the first to enter the era of feudalism, capitalism era, various categories of science and technology has made rapid development. New materials, mechanical, electrical, electronic, control, information technology gradually used in navigation, the formation of modern and contemporary nautical science and technology. 18th century led to the development of iron industry in 1787 produced the first iron wooden ship, the first ship built in 1841 iron ship; 1858 appeared in steel, steel for shipbuilding began in 1866. On marine power, the steam engine in 1769 developed into a two-way, 1783 is made of steam-powered paddle steamer; 1876 the successful development of the internal combustion engine, in 1903 it made the boat engine. Machinery manufacturing industry and astronomy combines 18th century, resulting in 1730 with the invention navigation sextant, 1888 discovery of electromagnetic waves, in 1895 the invention of radio report, and later the ship using radio communication; 1935 invention of radar, then began to ship in 1937 target detection, positioning, navigation and collision avoidance; 1957 launched the first artificial Earth satellite, in 1964 on the development of satellite navigation systems, maritime science and technology advances, so sailing from gradually developed into a science and technology skills, entering the era of sailing motor boat era, from the era of text navigation and nautical astronomy into the era of electronic navigation. In modern and contemporary history, the Chinese maritime science and technology behind the developed Western countries. After the founding of New China, especially since the reform and opening up, the maritime industry has been greatly developed. However, in nautical science and technology, is mainly to learn, learn, introduction, digestion and absorption of maritime scientific and technological achievements of Western developed countries, as I used to. Our original nautical less scientific and technological achievements, the situation with China's marine transportation and shipbuilding industry ranked highest in the world in terms of scale have yet to meet the situation. Comrade Deng Xiaoping pointed out that "Science and technology are primary productive forces." Comrade Jiang Zemin pointed out that "innovation is the soul of a nation's progress, is an inexhaustible motive force for national prosperity," Therefore, we must deeply understand their own development of advanced maritime science and technology, China can truly become the world's maritime powers. 4, the contemporary nautical science and technology Under the 20th century, with the rapid development of the science and technology, advances in maritime science and technology, an important symbol below. 1) large ships In the 1960s, 10,000 dwt vessel can be called a "ton ships", with 100,000 DWT VLCCs (VLCC) fleet of hundreds of the world the end of 2000, there are 500,000 dwt special large (ULCC) tankers. The largest bulk carrier of more than 30 million dwt. In recent years, increasingly large container ships, from a few hundred to 1000,3000,5000 TEU container ships have been many; China has a 8500 TEU container ships in operation, and 10,000 TEUs (TEU) about large container ship being developed under construction. Large luxury liner reached 140,000 total tonnage. 2) Ship specialization Past ocean transport vessels mainly passenger ships, general cargo ships and oil tankers. The past 20 years, container ships, ro-ro (Roll-Roll), gas carriers (LNG, LPG) and other specialized rapid increase in special ships. 3) high-speed vessels For the highways, high-speed rail transport competition, the past 20 years, 30 (1 sailed one sea mile per hour, one sea mile is equal to 1.852 km) above the small high-speed hovercraft, hydrofoil, water power boats, jet propulsion boat fast developed and put into use a lot. The current container ship speed 25-30 knots, about twice as fast as previous general cargo. 4) Ship Automation 1970s computers are widely used on board a ship in the cabin from a centralized control room _set_ up to appear unmanned engine room and bridge host remote telemetry, ship engine room automation become a trend. The new bridge of the ship followed by continuous research and development of automation equipment and applications built in the past 10 years basically can be called a ship flying the unity of automation, which part of the high degree of automation of the ship is called "high-tech ships." 5) electronic navigation Currently, the traditional landmark location, astronomy has become a supplementary means of positioning methods in special circumstances, radio navigation and positioning method through radio direction finder (1921), radar (1935), Roland A (1943), Roland C (1958) satellite navigation system (1964), Global Positioning System (1993) of the development process, to enter the era of high-precision satellite navigation and positioning. Global Positioning System (GPS) to provide continuous all-weather, high-precision three-dimensional position, velocity and time information for the maritime, land, air and space users worldwide, making ships, aircraft and automotive vehicles, such as navigation and positioning epoch-making change happen. 6) automated collision avoidance Was found to ship in poor visibility conditions over the collision avoidance, marine radar play a significant role. 1970s developed the automatic radar plotting device (APPA) and the combination of radar is called automatic collision avoidance system. The system can automatically take and track targets, and automatically displays to ship position, course, speed, relative motion and collision hazard data. Further development of automated collision avoidance 20th century developed Automatic Identification System (AIS), can be continuously transferred to other vessels the ship's own data, and continuously receives data from other vessels, help reduce ship identification and collision avoidance policy mistakes caused ship collisions. 7) electronic charts Traditional paper printing charts no longer meet the requirements of the development of ships and marine intelligent automation, electronic chart display and information system in the last ten years, successfully developed and continuously improved. The system will not only provide useful information nicely printed paper charts, and replaces the traditional manual Chartwork comprehensive information GPS, APPA, AIS and other modern navigation equipment acquired to become an integrated type of navigation information system, is known to be a technological revolution in the field of navigation. 8) nautical information digitization Nautical books and materials needed for a variety of original paper are used in printed form. With the development of computer technology and Internet technology, Notices to Mariners tide tables, lamp tables, etc. marked the emergence of electronic and online editions. Seamen CD-ROM or can be purchased and downloaded online inquiries. This facilitates the rapid updating of nautical books and materials in the content, avoiding the manual paper-based books and materials for seafarers corrections, more convenient to use. 9) Communication Automation Wireless telegraphy, wireless telephone, telex and fax on board adoption, than hand-flag vessels to communicate with the lighting is great progress. 1957 launch of Sputnik, kicked off satellite communications. 1979 International Maritime Satellite Organization (Inmarsat) was _set_ up in 1982 to provide global maritime satellite communications services, Inmarsat can provide telephone, telex, fax, data, Internet and multimedia communication services for the air and sea. Another important sign of the ship is a ship communications automation using the Global Maritime Distress and Safety System (GMDSS), the boat and the boat, ship and shore stations and a full range of instant communication and information around the clock. Once an accident at sea, ashore and shipwreck search and rescue authorities or near the ship can quickly get an alarm, GMDSS also provides emergency and safety communications services and broadcast maritime safety information, as well as routine communications. GDMSS resulted in the use of the boat driving and communications unity, the traditional ship radio operator has been canceled. 10) sailing record automation In order to identify the ship involved in maritime accidents cause of the accident, learn from it, and take appropriate precautions, originally seafarers manual logbook records, vehicle log book and other bell, the ship is now being known as the "black box" of voyage data recorder (Voyage Data Recorder, VDR) instead. VDR by the host system, sensors, data storage, and playback of special reproducing system standby power and the like. With onboard VDR, will greatly benefit analysis of causes of accidents at sea. 5, marine services and support systems Since the beginning of wireless telegraphy for communications, shipping companies, maritime services and shore-based management department began using radio communication between ship and shore impact, assist and control the ship's navigational activities. 1) radio navigational warning system (Radio Navigational Warning) Navigational warning systems and NOTAMs are relevant waters and waters occurred or will occur that may affect any changes in navigation and job security, timely and accurate notification of all ships, so that appropriate measures or to maintain vigilance to ensure Ships sailing and job security. States dedicated maritime safety authorities publish such a coast station by radio bulletin called radio navigational warnings. In 1977 the International Maritime Organization (IMO) was formally established in the world of radio navigational warning systems. The system will broadcast the world is divided into 16 regions navigational warnings. Each region of the country as a coordinator, responsible for the data collected be checked, edited and then broadcast navigational warnings throughout the region. 2) Ships' Routeing (Ship Routing) In the past thousands of years in practice sailing, sailing ship route are themselves determined by the master. To prevent collision in the fog, the implementation in 1859 of the world's first traffic separation schemes, adopted in 1875 to avoid the ice and ship routing system. Up to now more than 100 worldwide ship routing system. Single route or routes or alignments and measures aimed at reducing fixed wire shipwreck, which includes traffic separation schemes, two-way routes, recommended routes, avoiding navigation areas, inshore traffic zones, roundabouts, precautionary areas and deep-water routes, these alignment measures may be used in combination in accordance with the actual situation. 3) Ship Reporting System (Ship Report System) Dynamic global ship reporting system in the early 18th century, the first important place in the world created by the British Lloyd communications networks, dynamic data collection vessel. Since 1930, the company provides some boats, sea vessels must regularly report their position, course and speed to the company. 1958 initiated the establishment of the U.S. Coast Guard Merchant Ships automated reporting system to improve search and rescue. The existing ship reporting system used by the IMO, require ships by radio report, collect or exchange of information for search and rescue, transport services, such as weather forecasting and prevention of marine pollution purposes. 4) Vessel Traffic Services (Vessel Traffic Services) Vessel Traffic Services (VTS) is a service system for the promotion of maritime traffic safety, traffic efficiency and protection of the marine environment, the implementation of the competent authority, which range from simple information to the ship to a port or waterway extensive management of vessel traffic, which functions, including data collection, data evaluation, information services, navigation assistance, organizing transport and support joint actions. 6, SOLAS and prevention of marine pollution from ships Due to the harsh marine weather and sea conditions, the complexity of the environment and the ship sailed limited conditions, coupled with negligence and mistakes of seafarers, maritime accidents occur frequently, often resulting in significant loss of life and property at sea and the serious pollution of the marine environment. King shipwreck occurred on the 20th century, it is well known that April 15, 1912 the British Titanic (Titanic) luxury liner sank after hitting an iceberg in the North Atlantic, more than 1,500 people were killed. In the 20th century, resulting in more than 1,000 people killed in shipwreck there since more than a decade. From the mid-20th century, the number of vessels transporting oil and chemicals at sea, more and more large-scale growing, maritime incidents and serious pollution of the marine environment and ecosystems gradually increased. March 1978 Liberian supertanker Amoco Cadiz number in case of strong winds when the French side of the English Channel by sail yaw lead ran aground and sank 230,000 tons of oil leak and contaminate the entire French coast and sea accidents, causing serious concern worldwide. The United Nations agency responsible for marine technology matters - the International Maritime Organization (IMO) of the purposes and objectives of the "shipping safer, cleaner oceans (Safer Shiping, Cleaner Ocean)". The organization through the development of international technical standards and regulations and to take various measures to enhance maritime security, while working to prevent marine pollution from ships. The main international conventions international SOLAS (SOLAS), the Convention (COLREG) rules of the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea, the International Convention on Standards International Load Line Convention (LL), Seafarers' Training, Certification and Watchkeeping (STCW), international search and International Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response and Convention (OPRC) Convention and other rescue (SAR), and the Convention for the prevention of pollution of marine pollution from ships and developed under the auspices of the International Society for Prevention from Ships (MARPOL), and cooperation. 7, world-renowned maritime industry in China today Since China adopted the reform and opening up policy, the rapid development of the maritime industry in all aspects of maritime transport, fisheries, marine, scientific expedition sailing, sailing and other military have made an exciting, world-renowned development achievements. In the ocean, to the end of 2003, the total capacity of the merchant fleet ranks fourth in the world fleet, the total container fleet ranks fifth in the world. As China Ocean Shipping "aircraft carrier" of China Ocean Shipping Group (COSCO) 465 owned vessels, with a total capacity of 19.55 million dwt. China Shipping Group (China Shipping) was founded six years rapid development, now has 335 vessels with a total capacity of 9.55 million dwt. COSCO and China Shipping Group's container fleet by 2003 global liner companies ranking, points out the first nine and 11. 2003 China's port container throughput listed first in the world. In the 2003 ranking of the world's container port throughput, Shanghai and Shenzhen, Hong Kong breakdown 3 and 4. China is now the third largest shipbuilding country in the world. China eight times in 16 years in a row was _select_ed IMO A class members, play an increasingly important role in the international maritime community. In fisheries marine, since the State Council "_set_ up as soon as our offshore fishing fleet, the world fishery resources, the development of offshore fishing" requirements in the early 1980s, the Chinese fishing fleet from the coast toward the ocean. Chinese offshore fishing vessels and fish processing vessels equipped with more advanced navigational equipment, sailed to Europe, America, Africa and the Pacific waters near the Indian Ocean, Atlantic operations for China among the world's most advanced fishery early fishing nations to make a contribution. China's total gross Fisheries and Aquaculture has been ranked first in the world. In terms of scientific investigation navigation, by the end of 1984 China's "sunny red on the 10th" and "J121" maiden voyage of the ship Antarctic expedition. After the first of the 1989-1991 National multidisciplinary and comprehensive survey of the island, and vigorously carry out offshore oil and gas exploration and mining polymetallic nodules investigation. After China's polar research vessel "Polar" in 1986 - 1987 the successful completion of the first global study of marine science voyage, in 2003 China's "Snow Dragon" polar research ship successfully completed a second Arctic expedition. "Snow Dragon" operations in the Arctic expedition voyage 6853 sea miles, in-depth field investigations at latitude 80 °, creating the most northern of maritime history records. On the military side navigation, naval vessels for the implementation of China's People's maritime defense, protection of the marine scientific investigation and trial, escort fishing protection, maritime search and rescue mission, sailing journey across the country and oceans, in the maintenance of China's "territorial waters" interests of world peace and security play an increasingly important role. In terms of maritime security, China Maritime Safety Administration (MSA) in safeguarding national interests, safeguard maritime safety and the prevention of pollution from ships in the marine environment plays an important role. China Classification Society (CCS) has reached the international advanced level in terms of the development of norms and technical standards ship, surveyors and certification, becoming the world's leading classification societies. In order to strengthen our ability to salvage the Ministry of Transportation in the North Sea, the East China Sea, South China Sea Rescue Bureau of the three belongs, equipped with advanced rescue ships and helicopters, Chinese maritime rescue system is three-dimensional form. In the maritime scientific research and technology development, close cooperation among relevant research institutions, universities and shipping companies, the Navy, on the basis of foreign advanced technology and equipment nautical science learning and the introduction of the system, independent research and development efforts to accelerate , has made great progress. Maritime institutes have successfully developed the world's advanced level of large-screen and ship handling simulator turbine simulator based on virtual technology by foreign experts and peers praise. The majority of workers in China Institute of Navigation Maritime Technology organization of national unity and shipping, fisheries, marine and naval systems actively engaged in academic activities sailing, sailing in international and domestic academic circles influential. Expertise in maritime training, the number of Chinese maritime training specialized personnel listed first in the world, the quality is basically reached the world advanced level, as the shipping industry, marine fisheries, study and development of the Navy's marine science have made outstanding contributions. Called China "navigator cradle" of Dalian Maritime University, was identified in the 1990s as one of the International Maritime Organization of the few "international reputation" of maritime institutions, is moving inscription Comrade Jiang Zemin visited the school identified "Building a world-class institution of higher sailing" goal. Dalian Naval Academy is known as China's "cradle of naval officers," the train a batch after batch of high-quality military maritime expertise. 8 Conclusion 21st century is the century, ocean, sea has become the second largest human survival and development. Future competition around the world will compete in the ocean. Full development and utilization of marine resources is a necessary requirement for further development of countries in the world. International trade and transport of bulk cargo marine main channel only. Future areas of safeguarding national interests and security will be primarily ocean. "China Ocean Agenda 21" has been developed in order to achieve the goal of building a moderately prosperous society in 2020, in order to build in the middle of this century to the level of moderately developed countries in the world, adhere to a comprehensive, coordinated and sustainable scientific development concept, maritime science and technology innovation development of marine productivity increasingly important. As we commemorate the 600th anniversary of Zheng occasion, we should vigorously promote patriotism, pioneering spirit, the spirit of advocating science, to encourage more brave devotion to the maritime industry, the further development and use of the oceans, the revitalization of the Chinese nation and the state The prosperity and make greater contribution.
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Maritime History and expansion in Western Europe
Fifteenth century, European knowledge of the world is also limited to Europe, the Mediterranean, the Barbary Coast, the Middle East, India, China and Japan. Although the sole basis for the understanding of China and Japan, but is a "Marco Polo", but the "Golden State" argument, the Europeans still believe. After all, silk, spices and other luxury goods is an objective existence. But trading rights these people so coveted commodity in Western Europe is controlled at the hands of Muslim infidels. All goods shipped from East Asia to the eastern Mediterranean sea or the Silk Road, and then from the control of the Italian Mediterranean trade rights to resell Asian countries southwest Europe countries. But Western European countries do not want to use such a high-priced merchants to buy these things in quantity negligible. Thus, Portugal, Spain, France and the UK businessmen hoping to break the Italian businessman patents. The only way they can be very eager to direct trade and East Asia, but the presence of the Ottoman Empire, so that only open up direct trade to a new route to East Asia. First, the Iberian period Other Europeans participate Crusade perhaps momentary pleasure, but Iberians different. Relative to other countries in Western Europe, the Iberian argue that anti-Muslim struggle is unshakable responsibility to be fulfilled, is a combination of religious duty and national interests. After all, most of the peninsula was under Muslim rule in which the 15th century, is still a Muslim stronghold of Granada in the south. Prince Henry of Portugal led Portugal to become the vanguard of this action. Prince Henry devoutly believe Africa has a Catholic empire - John Kingdom, Henry is looking for him to come out, and he signed a joint attack on North Africa and Moorish covenant. Henry even went so far established a school and a naval observatory. 1415 the Portuguese occupation of Muslim stronghold of Ceuta in North Africa, the behavior of the Portuguese maritime history to become a landmark. Since then, the Portuguese fleet to free access to Europe and Southwest Africa. Prince Henry's expedition fleet began to explore the northwest of Africa, have been discovered halfway Cape Verde, Canary Islands, Madeira, the Azores, and is located between Africa and Brazil and Cape Verde Islands. 1488, Dias discovered the Cape. This greatly enhanced the confidence of the Portuguese sailing, they were convinced that "if we from them (Moors) claimed there Malacca trade, Cairo and Mecca will be completely destroyed, Venice will not spice, unless its businessmen Portugal to buy. "1498, Vasco da Gama reached India Calicut, India has opened up a route. 1510 the Portuguese occupation of Goa in India, India began a comprehensive colonial trade. 1519 - 1522, Magellan's voyage around the world fleet is completed. Although Magellan himself died in the Philippines natives conflict in sailing, but Portugal has begun in the Spice Islands and the Malay region colonial rule. Although the Portuguese Empire in Asia in terms of their actual range is negligible, it includes only a small number of islands and coastal stronghold. However, according to these territories has an important strategic position, so that the Portuguese controlled the trade routes across half the globe. In the meantime, the Portuguese also occupied South America, Brazil (once captured the Netherlands, Xuanyou recapture), the Portuguese empire in the world was a dream realized. Stating that, after Vasco da Gama voyage, Arabs and Italians had not been expelled from the area of trade, throughout the 16th century, they compete successfully with the Portuguese. Until more capable, more economically powerful Dutchman appears on the Indian Ocean in the next century, when the French and the British, Italian veteran Arab middlemen and middle talent being squeezed out of traditional Middle Eastern caravan route was due to oceanic routes and sadly eclipsed. But the Italians did not result in completely exit the Far East trade goods, because they successfully bribed the Portuguese traders. Spanish people with the Department of the Iberian Peninsula with Portugal, although later in the Portuguese maritime activities, but still made brilliant achievements, even annexation of Portugal, the world's colonial empire. 1415 the Portuguese occupation of Ceuta, which greatly stimulated the Spaniards, they first recapture Grenada to ensure full Christian Iberian Peninsula. But in the airline issue, because the Portuguese had complete control of the south African routes, so the Spaniards only westward across the Atlantic to find a new route. First, in the hands of the Spaniards to win the Las Palmas Islands, Portugal, in 1492, Christopher Columbus discovered the New World, to this end, has become a more significant feat maritime history. Although with the proceeds from the Portuguese in India and Asia seem insignificant, but after making the Spaniard became the masters of the New World. Columbus and Vasco da Gama's discovery caused a newly discovered area of exclusive rights on the issue. Western countries in order to adjust the Portuguese colonial conflicts throughout the world, in the regulation of the Pope, in 1494, the two countries signed a division of the world's "Thor Desi Calabria Treaty" Spain won the West Indies and the New World, established in Portugal the right to rule (including Brazil) in India in East Asia. Second, the Netherlands, France and the United Kingdom's rise and fight Especially in the face of the formation of the Spanish colonial empire Iberian world, compared to industrialized Netherlands, France, Britain certainly will not sit idly by. Only three of the merchant fleet quickly penetrate into the realm of colonial Spain and Portugal and China. Western countries with Portuguese colonial adventure is different, the three countries have taken more piracy - that is, private fleets swept the means to win the Portuguese merchant fleet Western countries to make their own way to get rich quickly. 1556, the French Leclerc captain ("one-legged Voyager") to 10 vessels to attack Havana, sacked the city, and completely destroyed all the vessels in the harbor, was swept destroy the biggest private activities. For "Thor Desi Calabria Treaty" under the regulation of the Pope, the three countries are not looked down on. To this end, the British argued that: "The right of actual possession does not work yet." That is, the territorial claims valid only in the region has been occupied will be respected. Similarly, the French also adamant that "never in the possession of the King of Spain area, they [the French] should not be disturbed, they are so in the sea, they would not agree to be deprived of the ocean or the sky." In fact, France Louis XIV's prime minister Richelieu is Europe's first publicly announced only one church service for the national interests of France. 1581 Northern Territory former Netherlands declared independence, the Netherlands was born. Britain and France decided to aid the Netherlands, the Kingdom of Spain, the three countries go to war, not only in the war at sea, but also on land war. King of Spain foolish decision, making the vast empire began crumbling. Destruction of the Armada in 1588, marking the decline of the Spanish Empire, the British, French and Dutch East India Company, the three countries were established in the early seventeenth century, began to build their own empires action in the world. This action, the emerging Dutch walk in the front. First Dutch wrested from the Cape of Good Hope and the Portuguese Spice Islands. Then began the worldwide trade in action, sometimes the "sea coachman" throughout the world's oceans. The early seventeenth century, the Dutch merchant fleet has more than 16,000 vessels, accounting for three-quarters of European merchant tonnage. Following from the face of the Netherlands, Britain and France together again. 1652 - Third Anglo-Dutch War in 1674, thereby bringing the Dutch lost Malacca, and South Africa's Cape of Good Hope colony retain the Moluccas, and obtained from Suriname in South America. But the Dutch maritime hegemony has gone. After the Anglo-Dutch War, the European colonial powers Britain and France only a. After the British in the Anglo-Dutch War, made a lot of the right to trade in the Netherlands, has achieved superiority at sea, Britain has become a commercial and naval power in the world. Britain began to spread its tentacles into its colonial French colony. France is the most powerful country in the European continent, but also an emerging maritime nation. Louis XIV attaches great importance to the construction of the Navy, to 1689, British and Dutch fleet sum equivalent to the number of the French fleet. Meanwhile, the French colonial forces are expanding rapidly. In North America, Canada and France occupied the Louisiana; in Asia, the French occupied the southern part of India. British and French colonial interests has produced irreconcilable worldwide. Britain and France, the traditional enemy countries historically had to conquer each other, conducted a long war. Before the mid-17th century, this conflict was overshadowed by conflicts and Anglo-Dutch-British West conflict. From the late 17th century until the early 19th century, Britain, France to compete between maritime hegemony over a hundred years of tortuous struggle, succession to the throne of England experienced a major war, the Thirty Years War, War of Austrian Succession, seven war, the result of the war, France lost almost all colonies in the New World and India. Britain has become a true maritime supremacy - the "sun empire." France was even than the Netherlands in the 17th century, the Spanish in the 16th century suffered more humiliation, more complete failure. Spain and the Netherlands, though discredited, but still retains a large number of their colonies - Spanish colonies in the Americas and the Philippine Islands, the Dutch colonies in the East Indies, and France is not only prestige ruined, was also deprived of almost all of its overseas colonies. Indeed, the French in the 19th century after the British re-establish a new colonial empire colonial empire. But the history of the world, the important fact is that the French in the 18th century in North America and India lost. This developed as part of the English-speaking world meant the Americas north of Mexico later. The impact on the future of the world situation is almost unlimited profound, because even today, the role of this effect is still happening.
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Maritime College
Always attached importance to the construction of China's maritime colleges, at present, the Chinese mainland in terms of scope, the main four Maritime universities are: A Dalian Maritime University Dalian Maritime University (Dalian Maritime University, 1994 renamed) Dalian Maritime University has a long history dating back to 1909 and its predecessor, the late Qing Postal Department Shanghai Higher Industrial School (Nanyang) ship Affairs Section. Before liberation, the Chinese higher maritime education through hardships, several times interrupted. After the liberation, the higher maritime education to develop rapidly. In 1953, the Shanghai Harbor College, Northeast Maritime Institute, Fujian Maritime College merged Dalian Maritime University. Ministry of Transport is now directly under the National 211 Project universities. Shanghai Maritime University Second, Shanghai Maritime University (formerly Shanghai Maritime University, 2004 renamed) 1958 Department of Transportation agreed to the formation of the Shanghai Maritime Bureau in Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai was established in 1959, formerly the Ministry of Communications immediate. Starting in 2000, the school implemented by the Shanghai and Transport Ministry, the Shanghai-based management system. 2004 approved by the Ministry of Education was renamed as Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai Maritime University. Wuhan University Three, Wuhan University of Technology (2000 incorporated the former Wuhan University of Communications Science) Wuhan University of maritime professionals from the May 27, 2000 the former Wuhan University of Science and Technology sea transportation professionals incorporated, the former Wuhan University of Communications Science and Technology under the Ministry of Transportation is a school with 50 years of history, land and water simultaneously, Hohai into account, for the whole traffic comprehensive industry Jiaotong University. Jimei University, four, Jimei University (1994 original Jimei Navigation Institute incorporated) Jimei University Maritime Education patriotic overseas Chinese leader Tan Kah Kee, founded in 1920, the school 80 years, in the country and Southeast Asia influential. October 1994 by the former Jimei Jimei University, Xiamen Fisheries College, Fujian Institute of Physical Education, Jimei Finance and Economics College, Jimei Teachers College, five institutions merged. The three places commonly known as "six maritime institutions" refers generally considered: Dalian Maritime University, Shanghai Maritime University, Wuhan University, Jimei University, National Taiwan Ocean University, Hong Kong Polytechnic University.
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The namesake
(1941.11-), Heilongjiang Harbin. Good comics. Shenyang People's Liberation Army troops had engaged in amateur art creation. "People's China" (Japanese version) magazine art editor. Works with "Fragrant Love", "foreign code most fashionable", "fresh dead," and so on.
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Encyclopedia
hanghai Navigation marine navigation Driving a ship at sea sailing by _select_ed routes. Ancient times, people lived in the coastal area, had the use of simple canoes or rafts made tie, sailing near the coast. As human society appeared to exchange goods, coupled with the development of human intelligence, made use of wind sailing, seamanship and its scale has improved. Progress of science and technology to promote the development of the maritime industry, the development of the maritime industry, in turn, accelerate the process of science and technology. From the 11th century, people put a simple chart, compass, goniometer and the results of the study of celestial movement gradually applied to the ship, which greatly enriched the content navigation technology, the maritime coast progress from the past to be able to stay away from the coast sailing. Coast is mainly determined by means of navigating the ship's position and guide the observation target object on shore, Yamagata, geomorphology, etc.; then sailed away from the coast by observing celestial bodies to determine the ship's position. Since the 1930s, the emergence of e-learning development and electronic navigation instruments, so epoch-making change happen seamanship, navigation officer freed from the complex calculations, around the clock, rapid and accurate determination of their own ship's position, which can Choose the most favorable routes and sailing conditions. Maritime activities are primarily driving the ship by the crew to achieve, it requires timely, accurate, economical and safe to ship sailed from one place to another. Upload large ship fuel provinces, in addition to port facilities and navigation aids to navigation (see beacon), but in the long sea road no other infrastructure, and therefore, the use of sea transport ship sailing conducted is the most economical mode of transportation . In modern sailing activities, mainly to solve three problems: ① quickly and safely complete the trip at sea and heading for the destination. This requires that the crew has a good seamanship and ship handling techniques, master Hindi sailing, celestial navigation and radio navigation (see the ship's radio navigation) theory, understand the use of a variety of nautical instruments and storage methods, familiar with offshore meteorological and hydrological knowledge understanding around the buoy system, the correct use of navigational information. ② the smooth operation of the ship's economy. This requires the crew familiar with the various international waterway regulations, vessel traffic management system to understand maritime communications and reporting systems as well as around the world, and to develop programs to achieve the best sailing save energy, improve economic efficiency. ③ ensure that the ship, cargo security, life on board ship and the marine environment. This requires _set_ting the boat rescue, fire, sealing, anti-pollution equipment and navigation equipment, communications equipment, etc.; performance requirements of the ship and crew are familiar with the ability of strain in the event of maritime accidents. (Jiangshu De)
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English Expression
: voy. voyage
n.: rocks ahead, before the beam, on the port beam, on the starboard beam, go below, box and needle, brace in, brace to, breakers ahead, hit the beach, cast about, cast loose, catted and fished, come home, box the compass, hold one's course, abaft the beam, grummet, Where away ?, right astern, dead astern, hard and fast, raise land, make (the) land, lie along the land, shut in the land, lay the land, how the land lies, voyage, sailing, navigation
