By law citizens have the political means of certain actions without interference. Such as speech, press, assembly, association, of procession and of demonstration, freedom of religion, personal freedom, freedom of communication. Citizens to exercise these rights, must not harm national, social, collective interests, and other citizen's freedoms and rights. Freedom and discipline can not be separated, are indispensable.
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zì yóu
Make decisions by themselves; restrictions and constraints
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No. 5
自由
自由
Yu Qi De free. - "New Poems for Poetry for the Wife of Jiao"
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No. 6
Junior free the country free. - Qing Liang "Collection Ice Bar Collection"
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No. 7
自由
Free country and the nation
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No. 8
Nay more than that married life is much more freedom
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No. 9
Citizens within the limits prescribed by law, the will of its own activities unrestricted right to
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No. 10
Freedom of speech
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No. 11
Freedom of belief
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No. 12
Freedom of the press
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No. 13
Philosophy refers to the recognition of necessity and the transformation of the objective world
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No. 14
Realm of freedom and the realm of necessity
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No. 15
Make decisions by themselves; unrestricted and binding. "New Poems Poems <to About the Women for>": "Wu Yi long pregnant anger, Yu Qi De free." Jin Yuan Hong, "Han Ji Lingdi Jizhong, after": "Today the right side official herd, such as the city with evil , is not free, the government out of around. "" Northern History thou Zhu Shilong Biography ":" both the general affairs of state, freedom of life and death, public harlot Iris, Trust N group, with the situation and won. "Tang Liu Commerce" Hu Jia, 18 film "The Seven:" no progress whatsoever things Qi freedom, begging, stealing a living death of non-willing. "Qing Pu" Liao Gong Xian ":" Wild Man of nature, as the palace as winnow basket cage, as was freedom scholar at home. "
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No. 16
Legal terms. Citizens within the limits prescribed by law, the will of its own activities unrestricted rights. Such as freedom of speech, assembly, freedom of association and the like are for.
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No. 17
Philosophical terms. Who know the law of development of things and there are plans to apply it in practice. The so-called philosophy of freedom is the recognition of necessity and the transformation of the objective world.
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Definition of liberty
Freedom, for the people, means: everything is not a personal possession and control of any person. Used to describe the opposite is most appropriate: the opposite of freedom is slavery. Freedom does not mean what they want can do. At the same time also constrains the freedom of human behavior. But freedom is meant to be let others do their own "do not suffer from the" things, even it was the right thing. First, the relationship between morality and freedom. What is moral? Chinese Happiness Studies, believes that morality is that people in order to maintain "our" collective interests, and what we should do, and conventional standards of behavior should not do. What is freedom? Freedom is its own way, no moral sense of the behavior. Therefore, the relationship between morality and freedom is this: pay attention to ethics is a code of conduct, and freedom does not pay attention to norms of behavior, so the moral is to restrict freedom, freedom would undermine moral. Second, freedom is the longing for everyone Studies of Chinese happiness that human nature is not satisfied, not satisfied with is that people want me or our people or things better. Therefore, it is not satisfied with the process in the pursuit, want unimpeded, unrestricted, the more free the better. Barton said the soldiers did not want to become a general is not a good soldier. In fact, every normal person want to become a general, became president, because it is the human nature of the decision. In the past, under normal circumstances, the greater the government, not only larger but also more freedom rights. Chinese Happiness Studies that were the product of the times, so any man's freedom is subject to age restrictions and constraints, which is a law, anyone who wants out of time constraints, and the pursuit of freedom, will inevitably suffer from the law of punishment. Third, liberalism and the harm Liberalism is the neglect of ethics, individual freedom as the ideals, beliefs and lofty pursuit of ideology. Clearly, the dangers of liberalism is endless: First, it seriously undermines public morality. Science in China happy that the ultimate pursuit of human happiness, liberals to pursue their own happiness, often brazenly trampled on public morality, leading to a serious decline in public moral standards. Such as the bourgeois way of life is so voluptuous. Second, it severely damaged the well-being and interests of the majority of people. Because liberalism unrestricted enlarge and expand their own freedom, then he will necessarily restrict and infringe other people's freedom and interests, which unfortunately most people will lead to even accelerate and expand social disharmony. Such as liberal and does not satisfy the greed for wealth has led to inequitable distribution of social wealth, a serious, growing differences between rich and poor of society, social contradictions are becoming increasingly prominent. Third, liberalism seriously undermined the earth's resources and global environment. As liberal unlimited consumption and pleasure, so that the earth's resources quickly drying up, more and more serious pollution of the Earth's environment, thus increasing the planet unfit for human survival. Fourth, how to correctly handle the relationship between freedom and moral Learn that the Chinese happy, harmonious and happy people of the proletariat the sole criterion for testing truth. Liberalism is obviously not conducive to harmony and happiness of the people of doctrine, therefore, is unpopular liberalism bad thing. What is harmonious society? In theory, a harmonious society is the social morality of going all walks of life. Harmonious and happy society is a moral in all walks of life are the basis of stress, people have more desire can be satisfied society. Therefore, freedom must be within the moral framework and freedom, moral freedom is beyond criticism should be to stop or even punishment. For example, school and work can not be late, that is the moral one of the schools and units, if the school and work time is eight o'clock, then we go to school and working hours of free range is a time at eight past. For example, you can not copy, not the moral law is one of my dissertation, on this basis, you are free to subject matter and imagination to write the thesis is your freedom. For example, no drinking, no speeding, drivers should obey the traffic rules is the pursuit of morality, in compliance with the driver on the basis of morality, love where you go, this is your freedom. - Excerpt from "Happiness Research in China"
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Dictionary
Freedom is freedom from fear, freedom from slavery, freedom from harm and meet their desire to achieve self-worth in a comfortable and harmonious state of mind. Do whatever they have both the power of freedom does not harm others duties. Behind the freedom of self-discipline, in addition to freedom of self outside the law have to accept him, he is outside the moral law and legal rules. So do whatever they want as part of the power is free, a lot of people talking about freedom to do whatever they want into misunderstanding, then sweeping out; self-discipline and discipline is another part of the freedom of the two together is complete freedom. How the concept of freedom as Tai Chi, do whatever positive side, one side is self-discipline and discipline of the yin, yin and yang combination of mutual transformation and constraints is true freedom. Translation: freedom; liberty; latitude 1. Decide by themselves; without restriction and restraint. "New Poems Poems <Wife to Making up for>": "Wu Yi longer pregnant anger, Yu Qi De free." Jin Yuan Hong, "Han Ji Lingdi Jizhong, after": "the right of this party official in groups, such as the city with evil , is not free, the government out of around. "" Northern History thou Zhu Shilong Biography ":" both the general affairs of state, freedom of life and death, public adulterer Yi, Trust N group, with the situation and won. "Tang Liu Business" Hu Jia eighth film "Seven:" lack of progress things ye free, non-willing to die begging, stealing a living. "Qing Pu" Liao Gong Xian ":" Savage in the nature, depending on the palace as winnow basket cage, as was freedom scholar at home. " 2. Legal terms. Citizens within the limits prescribed by law, the will of its own activities without restrictions. Such as freedom of speech, assembly, freedom of association and the like are of. 3. Philosophical terms. People know the rules of development and there are plans to apply it to practice. The so-called philosophy of freedom is the recognition of necessity and the transformation of the objective world. Free translation started in the late Qing Dynasty, according to Bear Study May 1900, "The Globe" starting from the first 136 serial Seoul cold spin "free chapter)), 1903 Yan Fu translated and published by John Stuart Mill (John S . Mill) in on Liberty, naming "group has been on the right sector," the same year, naming Junwu translated the book "Freedom Principle" published in the Western idea of freedom more complete introduction to China. Various types of definitions: People in the pursuit of freedom, but the definition of freedom is so confusing that different people have different interpretations, and even unable to communicate. Here I am presumptuous, trying to sort out all the free knowledge to explore the true meaning of freedom. [Free Origin] Zhuang Zi in ancient China as early as by the "Escape", etc. Famous as the "freedom" laid the ideological and theoretical foundation. In the "Han • Five Elements Chi" in there "free" word; Han Zheng Xuan "Zhou Li" Note "to not only free," said. To the Song Dynasty, the "free" has become a popular saying. China, however, a long period under the rule of the feudal autocratic monarchy, the majority of people are few free, China is not like the history of ancient Greek, Roman appeared as "freemen" class. In the ancient Latin, the "free" (Liberta) is the meaning of the word liberated from the bondage. In ancient Greece, ancient Rome, "freedom" and "liberation" are synonymous. Liberty is in English from Latin, appeared in the 14th century. Freedom in the 12th century and even before the formation of the same without any restrictions there contains the natural life and the liberation of other means. In the West, the initial sense of freedom, mainly refers to the autonomy, independence, out of force, which means the lifting of relations of personal dependence and independence of personality. Sociology, said, freedom is not against the premise of people will act according to their own. For nothing to do with others, is the things themselves, then people have the right to determine their own behavior. A relationship with the other things, it must obey the principle of non-infringement. Otherwise, this behavior will be subject to counter-attack, at least ideological dislike and dissatisfaction. Against the actions of others is not good deeds, that is, liberty, and against another person is evil, is not liberty. Normal society is to encourage good deeds and punish evil, and Reformed people's minds through reward and punishment, limiting the occurrence of people against each other to protect the freedom of people to do good. Legally speaking, freedom is not illegal. But in fact even more complex because of the draconian laws are effective ways and points, good deeds is in line with the requirements of sociology, limiting behavior against others. The draconian laws to restrict people's behavior, the provisions of the act only in accordance with its provisions is permitted. Therefore, in practice where good deeds, sociology of freedom and the freedom of the law is basically the same. The place to implement draconian law is to limit the freedom of evil tool. From a political perspective, people have the right to choose their own freedom is endorsed by those in power, but also the right not to choose their own rulers disagree. Like "moral" to say, those in power is to "mind be to the people", in full accordance with the wishes of the people govern. If rulers can not do it, people have the right to change, choose to really "this mind to the people," the leader. The essence of modern democracy is to protect people's political freedom, respect for people's free will to maintain the freedom of people to do good and stop evil against others. Sartre said that man is born to be free of suffering. Freedom is the freedom of choice, this freedom is essentially a "free", because people can not escape the fate choice. People are social animals, so people there is no escape to be to choose to know, choose to love people around, this is the nature of Being a Man. However, each life is different to another, just as no two leaves the same as Moreover, the human mind than the more complex context of leaves, and dark, so, this is destined to go between people can never truly understanding, I am me, I was destined not to use my mind to understand. If two people really insist to know each other, for love or other reasons, then when I try to understand more, you will find the distance between two people is only a matter of fact more and more distant. Because the more understanding, the more we can understand the distance between the center distance, thinking distance, the shape of the heart is how different, love would fade, the desire to understand the desire will become alienated, and thus doomed alone. We want a common ground of the world, but if the world is really only a thought, how terrible it will be another cold and the world, as EVA in the human complement, as demonstrated by completion program. From 1789 to the present, all of humanity for freedom, fight for the freedom of choice, in that era, with a free man shouted "every man will be a king". But the modern, we find freedom to the freedom that we have never, from the lonely and helpless to help lonely, but also from a vicious circle into a vicious circle, where is the way out, or we can not escape our fate of Being a Man? I do not want freedom, who will be free! Harvard Business School's "Management and the company's future," a book that: Freedom is the root of human wisdom. The book includes this passage: "In the knowledge economy, but wealth spread liberal values in the society, by-product of numerous personal activities. In the greatest protection of personal freedom a society more active than ever the wisdom of the people, innovation will continue to be made things, wealth as a byproduct will be like a volcanic eruption-like spewing out. management is no such feature, management can gather current wisdom and strength will create a temporary prosperity, but will make the source of wisdom depleted, paving the way for the collapse of prosperity, but also without exception, death-oriented. " Attention only to the wealth of technology and flowers, but ignored it for the survival of free soil, and even despise hate freedom, which is imitation of other cultures, Western culture, a common problem despite repeated offenders.
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Basic concept
To a society of individual people, freedom is that he (she) wanted to require, for the living space and the will to achieve personal space, which include social, political, economic, cultural and traditional and other external conditions also include personal physical fitness, desire, wealth, values and world views the expression of the ideal concept of desire and other personal factors and internal factors. Access to basic human freedom is guaranteed under the premise of survival, desire to achieve the value of life, improve quality of life and thus improve the quality of life of behavior and behavior. Because of the inherent conditions of natural conditions and limitations of this approach is sometimes blind, and even irrational. Freedom is still a very limit and relative concept, so the different groups, different views on freedom of individuals is different. From ideology, freedom is the freedom and rationality into emotional freedom, rational choice and emotional choices often differ and conflict, so you can say there is no absolute sense of freedom. From the general sense, people pay more attention to the sense of emotional freedom, emotional freedom and the outside world more easily conflict. And rational sense of freedom and respect for this freedom, of human individuals, groups, peoples and nations as well as the inevitable development towards civilization and a prerequisite. The so-called freedom, should not be who you want to seek charity, even if they are bound, as long as the heart is not suppressed, can be called at any time for themselves in terms of freedom.
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Poems about freedom
Petofi • Mount Tuo Seoul (1823-1849) was a famous patriotic Hungarian soldier and poet. The Petofi's immortal poem, "Freedom and Love" Original Life is dear, love is dearer. Both can be given up for freedom In 1929 by the "Federation of Literary and five martyrs," one of the famous Chinese poet, Yin Fu translated, translation is as follows: "Life is precious, Love is even more. If it is free, Both can be sacrificed. " Yin Fu's translates into account the characteristics of the Chinese Poems, Poem translated into every sentence, and there is rhyme, so read fluently, most people are familiar with. However, this translation of the poem made the face of large changes. Later, the famous translator, told the Sun with the "freedom and love" for the re-translation. Translated in 1957 published the first two of the "Reading Report" at: "Freedom, love! All I want is these two. To love, I sacrifice my life; For freedom, I in turn love sacrifice. " Famous contemporary translator, writer, Hing Wan-sheng, who translated and published the "Petofi Lyric Poetry," a book, this poem and he made the following interpretation: "Freedom and love! I was attracted to whom. To love, I would rather sacrifice their lives, For freedom, I would rather sacrifice love. "
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Chinese artists to bring "freedom" to participate in Art Exhibition
Shocked the world to commemorate the "911" one year later, before the Photographic Society of the United Nations is plotting to 9, the opening of the United Nations Headquarters in New York in a commemoration of "911" large-scale international art exhibitions. There is an exhibition by a living Chinese artist Cao Yong Los Angeles creative painting "Freedom." China Press reported that according to the U.S., will attend the opening ceremony and watched the exhibition of the many United Nations delegates and officials, will be exhibiting photographs found a large painting, oil painting photo exhibition will also be the only painting. Chinese artists from China Henan Cao Yong is the author of "freedom" is the protagonist of the screen, "911" attacks, in the American flag rising from the ruins of zero that the three New York firefighters. In the painting "free" screen, one can see that once stood at the zero of the three New York firefighters on the ruins of the figure, the three heroes in the back of a hand cross-mapping engine flaming torch of the Statue of Liberty, Columbus and his sailing discovered America, the U.S. astronauts landed on the moon and the first markings image. According to reports, the authorities who had made big money buying oil Cao Yong "Freedom" but by his refusal. "Freedom" is currently published National Cheng Kung University, in the sale of small copies of three sizes. Cao Yong will decide the twin towers in New York part of the revenue donated to UNICEF. It is reported to call for world peace as the theme of "Let There Be Peace" large-scale international art exhibition, will be held September 9 to 13 on display at United Nations Headquarters in New York. Opening ceremony scheduled at 13:00 on September 9 Hall at the United Nations, United Nations Secretary General Kofi Annan, Chinese Ambassador Wang Yingfan Permanent Mission of the United Nations Deputy Secretary-General Chen Jian and so was invited to present at the opening ceremony.
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Names of freedom
Kazakhstan (kazakhstan) from the Turkic-speaking country name, meaning "freedom of the people of the country."
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Elaboration of freedom
First, the essence of freedom Kant argued that the general understanding of freedom, in fact, is very confused, very reckless, self-righteous to understand. Kant freedom, God and Immortality on the nature of these three things bound (Ding An Sich) inside the range, not to freedom on the phenomenal world, but in the ontology (the noumenal world) that is purely rational range of structure to the place can not. Only three samples in the ontology, that is, "God, immortality, freedom." Freedom is the bulk sector of the thing, so this is not purely rational people have a way to explore to understand things. If even the great philosopher Immanuel Kant regarded as so in-depth free, so beyond, I do not know so many people today, mouth speak of freedom, for freedom in the end they know about? New York has a Statue of Liberty, this goddess a little like the Statue of Liberty in France amplification, and then go from France to the United States to be erected in New York harbor in a small free guide people to the island. The idea of the Statue of Liberty, who through the art of recognition out of France has a big name artists Delacroix, he painted a picture, describing the French Revolution, when there was a goddess is moving forward, to guide the movements of the revolution Those soldiers for freedom, even if the bloodshed, sacrifice, injury, death, do not fear nor retreat. The Statue of Liberty forward, the whole of mankind to the point where more freedom. France is to produce a time called "freedom of thought" (Free thinker) movement, and that the times of these free thinkers are standing at a counter-religion, anti-religious position to discuss freedom. So look forward to when Christians talk about freedom, while we respect the freedom, on the one hand to really understand the Bible say what freedom is, on the one hand we have to be very serious and should not be criminal by the name of freedom. Romain Rolland once said a very important words: "Freedom! Free! Mother would rather die than not free!" Would rather die if not free, but when he said old breathe ago: "Freedom! Free! How many crimes are committed in thy name of line. " Second, the characteristics of free Second, the contradiction of freedom - freedom to use after you, you're in the middle of violation of the freedom of your own freedom, you're in the middle of the freedom to reduce your freedom. There are two girls, are likely to be your fiancee, you become the future housewives, your lifelong partner, your lovely wife, one of the very smart, the nose is the point of collapse; another very beautiful, the United States if angel, the mind is almost. You have no answer, when you are still hesitant, undecided, you are still free, but it is very painful freedom, you look forward to this man's nose for the past, or that person's mind to the change over just fine. Difficult to make decisions in the middle of the freedom of choice, you are restricting the middle, the middle of the contradictions of freedom and your freedom to face a contradiction. Freedom is a very mysterious thing. Once you have determined the _select_ion of the nose is shorter, unless she said: "I do not", or you will soon lose the freedom, so in order to retain your freedom, the best she refused you; those who are rejected do not be sad, so you there is freedom. If she says: "Yes ah! I would have waiting for you, and I've been waiting for you for a long time." And the guide pulled together to put you and her, then your freedom is over. If you go to see that the United States if the angel, do not you ever more free, because you have been free, and freedom no longer had the freedom, and this is called freedom of contradiction. Third, the crisis of freedom - freedom to be the truth if not bound to become a great destruction, as is the nature of containing the crisis. When a person misuse of freedom, he would become free to resist the truth, and truth isolated, so freedom is the crisis. For this reason, we thought what a deep freedom. Kant said: "Freedom is what I will do anything to do?" (Is it true? Freedom means: I want to do everything and I can do it?) What to do if I can do, if this called freedom, Kant said, such thinking is too shallow, so he in turn told a very great words, Kant said: "Freedom is what I do not want to be able to do something", this is the real freedom . What I want to do, it is not free, but brutal recklessness, licentiousness, as: I want to burn the flag to burn the flag, flag pole saws to cut flagpole to, want to make you hit you and kill you, kill you, this type of behavior, not free, but the lawlessness is recklessly. However, when you find something in your life have you done wrong, you say: "I do not do, I do not do it!" And you really can not do it, it is true freedom. Very subtle, many of the original freedom of choice are in the middle of the neutral, but until you do it, but found not to be neutral, you have no way to go, and that is damage free free a free free not real. You should be able to distinguish the false freedom that seems to be free, and that freedom is not free to the truth, What is the difference between the two. Give a simple example: If I eat a bowl of wanton another bowl, eat more and more the result? Belt out a frame and the loose, and finally even the belt are not, and do this free? Belt sign restricted free. Do not subject to this restriction, the results become a big fat, walking is not free, this is called freedom is not free. You eat too much freedom, not walking free, very free to make a living, do not eat too much freedom. Kant said that freedom is not what I want to do, but I do not want to do what we can do, which is not bundled with the freedom from the freedom of those who mistake the result of the bundle, is True freedom is wonderful. Now many young people want freedom, is no way he will break the bundle, so they say, freedom is the freedom of the surface, the essence of it is tied, it is not really free. And true freedom may have negative effects result, the surface seems to be limited, and its essence is the real release. Smoking when you are free, but when it is difficult to quit smoking, it is not really free; drugs when you are free, started smoking weed when you are free, but when you throw it, it will not let you lose, you know it is not true freedom. Where you can hardly break, and damage you, play with your vices, at first happy to give you a very free, it is false. Third, the true meaning of freedom Twentieth century is the century of a very special, very powerful creativity of this century, the twentieth century were no bones, because the twentieth century into the nineteenth-century toys. Nineteenth century, many of the ideas generated by the dynamic, many ideologies, and the twentieth century thinking to become their place for an experiment. Existentialism in the nineteenth century, positivism is the nineteenth century; God is dead philosophy from the nineteenth century, from the nineteenth century of communism, dialectical materialism is the nineteenth century. As the twentieth century as the nineteenth century, I was playing them, which they used experimental result is the generation killed, dumped, abandoned, neglected, should be stripped of any rights of many people. 1917 to 1990, the Soviet Revolution to the present, in the Soviet Union more than forty million people were killed; so many souls just to permit Mingma Alex thought right. Twentieth century, people stupid enough, also thinks a very, very smart, but not before the end of the twentieth century, people wake up, they found that the so-called truth is not truth, the so-called freedom is not free, so-called theory is not really reliable theory. We were playing enough, and the Chinese thinkers, politicians, few really see the truth of human nature in the middle of the actual situation is like. Neo-Confucian scholars of Chinese culture to death that we grasp is loyal to China, who do not support this thinking is considered a betrayal of national conditions, this does not mean that they are really the pursuit of truth, they just _set_ them on a conservative The only thing that is the truth. Plato said: the will of nature placed in the waist area, the emotional heart of the site placement, the rational arrangement of the parts of the brain. So from the point of view, it was clear to see that the will is in the lowest places, and feelings are beyond the will, so will higher than the position of feeling, beyond the rational and emotional, so the more sensible position than feelings. According to Plato's thought, will the main activities is sex, so is the will power shown by the sexual impulse. It was his idea, he said: "For this cause, if you can win your affection to the will, you are superior, but superior is not enough, the two should be high, the maximum people are overcome with feelings of reason, then emotions to overcome the will of such people is the philosopher, the person is the highest in the world over, most human dignity. " In other words, to use the truth to overcome your feelings, with emotions overcome your sexual desire, so that you are a gentleman, a learned wise man, your life to balance, direction. From a certain point of view this argument is right, one only knows sexual impulse, the will of casual action along with the animals who did not so different, but a person's sexual desire and the will power, to the feelings in that holy under the guidance of some action, some disposable time, this person live the life course are more standardized, more in line with the right track. However, if it is emotional in the guide will, the truth is not bound how to do? So the philosopher is to use reason to guide his feelings, then feelings to guide his will, of course, very good, but reason itself is not absolute? Reason itself is not on track in the middle? Who is bound by rationality? The second sample, freedom and rights related to freedom of the will is not only a relationship with, a relationship of freedom and rights, when we talk about rights, we must first focus on the issue of dignity, I used my right, for I am with dignity ; and I use my rights, because under my jurisdiction, I can not easily be violated. Freedom and the right to a relationship when the question of human dignity as becomes a very important issue. The third sample, freedom and ethics related to the freedom of those who pushed and not because of the ethical behavior, do not need to have ethical responsibilities, so I need to give the next person's life, liberty, human life can be a moral thing. Freedom is the moral basis (Freedom is the foundation of morality). If you do not for your freedom, but for others to force, you do not have ethical obligations; but if it is for your choice, you must have ethical obligations. Here we see the freedom and morality are closely related. The fourth sample, freedom and love related to love, if not come forth from the free, there is no value in this love, love of freedom requires the middle of this relationship, is to make it a free will of the willing obedience, the freedom and love and between obedience to the relationship into a tripod. Soon the association between love and freedom, freedom to love and straight up the middle of two distinct persons have a very important responsibility and an important relationship. Which referred to the modern existential self absolute, self-_select_ion, to the last self-fulfilled (self-fulfillment, self-realization), which emphasizes self-full, resulting in freedom. Back to the Bible, but if you do not see the relationship between God and the truth, how do you self-realization? How self-fulfilled? That kind of freedom and not under the guarantee of truth.
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The concept of freedom
What is freedom? - From Arthur Schopenhauer, "the two basic questions of ethics" If we looked at it, this concept is a negative concept. Through this concept, we think only the elimination of all obstacles; the contrary, all the obstacles in the performance of this power, they are bound to be positive. The concept of freedom, corresponding to all the obstacles that nature may have can be divided into 3 different types: natural liberty, intellectual freedom and moral freedom. 1. Natural liberty (physischeFreiheit) Obstacles of various substances that do not exist. Thus we say: free sky, free view, free air, free field, free sites, free hot (not related to thermal and chemical), free electricity, the river is no longer blocked by the mountains and the sluice The free flow, and so on. With free accommodation, free meals, free printing, the letters do not pay postage all the disgusting conditions that do not exist, these conditions as the enjoyment of obstacles, always and accommodation, meals, etc. accompanied by something with the. However, in our thinking, the concept of freedom is always the predicate of animals, characterized by that animal movement is out of their will, is arbitrary, and only in the absence of physical barriers to make it not possible to call it free. Because of this disorder may be very different, but by the obstacles and always will, therefore, for simplicity, it is always a positive side to understand the concept of freedom, and thus always refers to the will of all that is driven by its , or simply follow the will of the action stuff. Fundamentally speaking, the concept no matter what happens, the content is not changed. Accordingly, for the concept of the natural sense, animals and people, only neither bound, and no prison, no case of paralysis, that is not natural, physical barriers prevent their movement, and their movement is follow the will of their own time, to say that they are free. This natural sense of the concept of freedom, especially in the predicate as the animals when is the original, direct, and thus is the most frequently, and are, therefore, the concept of freedom in this sense is, no doubt, there is no need discussion, but its reality has always been confirmed from the experience. As long as the animals in action only in accordance with their will, the animal is in this sense of freedom: At this time there will be no need to consider what it can affect the will itself. Because in this original, direct, and thus is a common sense of the concept of freedom that only the same (Konnen), that is only hindered its actions with the natural barriers do not exist on. So people can say: a bird in the air is free, the forest beast is free, natural man is free, only free people are happy. People say that a nation is free, and its meaning is: a nation only in accordance with the laws of its own to govern, because only in this way, it was always followed the will of its own. Accordingly, the political freedom but also a natural sense of freedom. But as long as we leave this natural freedom, and examine two other freedom, then we and the ordinary meaning of this concept has nothing to do, but rather with the philosophical significance of the concept of a relationship has. We all know, this will bring many difficulties. It is split into two completely different types of freedom, namely freedom of intellectual and moral freedom. 2. Intellectual freedom (intellektuelleFreiheit) That is, Aristotle (Aristoteles) ① said to thinking in terms of voluntary or involuntary. Here I refer to such freedom, only to divide the concept of integrity. Therefore, I will temporarily add discourse, but to come to the end of this article that freedom. Prior to this, I will discuss the concepts it uses, so it only briefly in the final discussion click on it. But in the division of three types of freedom, because freedom is the closest and natural, we must put it after the nature of freedom. ① "Oude Muslim Ethics" Ⅱ, 7 (Eth.End. Ⅱ, 7). 3. Moral freedom (morali-scheFreiheit) So, I'll go to three kinds, namely, moral freedom (morali-scheFreiheit) up, it is actually free will decision (die freieWillensentscheidung), the Royal Academy of Sciences of the question refers to is the kind of freedom. In one aspect of this concept is dependent on natural liberty, which also explains, why the necessity of its form much later than the natural freedom. As we have said, freedom is only natural and physical disorders, substance once barriers do not exist, it will immediately appear. But now we note that in some cases, a person not subject to physical barriers, but because of pure motives, such as threats, promises, dangerous, and so hindered by the actions, in addition, his total dedication is in accordance with the will to act. So, people raised the question: such a person is not or free? Or really have a strong drive like a natural reaction, like barriers, prevented him from acting on my will and make such action impossible? For the good sense, the answer is not difficult to get. No motive can be as natural barriers that work. This is because the natural barriers can always be easily overwhelmed their energy, and motivation, in contrast, can never be insurmountable on their own, never would have an absolute power, and is always likely to be a more powerful balanced by the reactionary machine, as long as there is such a reactionary machine, and are provided for individual personal circumstances may be such a reactionary drive the decision. As we have often seen, even the most powerful of all motives motives, that is a motivation for life may be balanced by other motives; such as suicide and for others, for doctrine, for some sacrifice their own lives, but, rather, the tiger bench suffering the most powerful pure thought can also be overcome, that is, to think otherwise, the end of life. Although it can understand: the pure motives do not have any objective or absolute mandatory, but it can have a subjective or relative mandatory, that is, for the participation of individuals with a subjective or relative mandatory, The result is the same. So the question remains: will itself is free? Therefore, the concept of freedom, people so far and can only put it (Konnen) linked together and the concept of freedom to be considered, but here and want to (W011en) linked up, and had such a problem: to to itself may be free? Further investigation showed that: the original, the experience is universal and thus the concept of freedom is not and you want linked. Because, according to this concept, freedom means "in accordance with their own will." If someone asks: Will itself is free? So some people may ask: will it follow their own. Although this is self-evident, but it also did not say what they were. According to the concept of the experience of freedom, which is called: "If I can do what I want, I'm free." And because of this, "I want", freedom has been decided. But now, because we ask is that you want their freedom, thus gave rise to the question: "You can want what you want!" This shows that the attachment also seems to want to hide it behind the other that you want. Now suppose that this problem has been a positive response, so will soon have the first two questions: "Do you also want you want (to) want?" So the list goes to infinity, as long as we always thought was attached to the previous one you want, or deep in that want that want, and we attempt to follow this line of thought eventually reach a must see it as not dependent on the efforts of others like you want is futile. But if we want a want, then we both want the first one, and which can be easily brought back, but this way to back up that very simple question, that is, " you want it? "on this issue purely affirmative answer, whether you want the freedom to decide, and this is people want to know, but it has not been answered. Therefore, the original, empirical, derived from the operation concept of freedom and the will to reject the concept of what a direct link. However, to be able to apply the concept of free will, people must be changing it some, too abstract to understand some. And as long as people put the concept of freedom in general would like to make is that all there is no necessity to do this can be a little. At this time, the concept of freedom to maintain the beginning of this article, I mentioned the negative in nature. So now we must first discuss the necessity of this concept and gives it as meaning to the concept of negative and positive concepts. Therefore, we must ask: What is inevitable? General explanation is: "the inevitable is its opposite is impossible, or what can not be something else." It is purely literal interpretation, is the concept of rewriting, rewriting, and this can not increase our knowledge. I propose the following interpretation of reality: the inevitable is from the established sufficient grounds arising out of something, such a proposition as the definition and all the right can turn to understand. Under this sufficient justification for the so-called because of a logical reason, or a mathematical reasons, or a physical reason, necessity can be a logical necessity (for example: if the premise affirmed, the result is necessarily the case) , a mathematical necessity (for example: if the angle of the triangle are equal, then the sides are equal), or a physical, practical necessity (for example: as long as there is reason, the effect will appear.) However, if there is reason for necessity to always follow the same rigor of the results from. Only when we understand something as a result of the reasons given time, we only recognize it as is inevitable, and vice versa, that is, only when we recognize something is a good reason for the results, we can see that something is inevitable, because all of the reasons is mandatory. This reality is a very appropriate interpretation of the right, so it was reason enough to produce a given the necessity and the result is precisely the concept into a pair of interchangeable, that is to say: in any one place can be used to replace another . ① Accordingly, there is no necessity like a decisive, there is no good reason. As the opposite of necessity, of course, think of the chance. This is justifiable. And every chance is only relative. Because the only chance in the real world experience, every thing is in terms of its causes is necessary, and for all other purposes (things are not always in space and time, and all met), it is accidental. However, due to the characteristics of freedom is necessity does not exist, so it certainly is not attached to any reason, we and this is defined as the absolute chance. This is a very problematic concept, I do not hide it may be imagined, however, it has a special way and consistent with the concept of freedom. In any case, freedom is not in any way necessary, that is not attached to any reason. When used in this concept at a time when the human will, it shows that a single person will, on their performance (that is, will action), the general, not by reason or sufficient reason for the decision; because If not, then have to _set_ the ground (no matter what kind of reasons) and the result is always inevitable, and its action is not free, but inevitable. Kant's explanation is on this basis, according to his interpretation, freedom is the beginning of a series of changes by their own ability. Because of this "own" its true sense, is "no prior reason," this and "no necessity" is the same. Thus, while Kant's interpretation of the concept of freedom gives an illusion that this is a positive concept, but a closer inspection, it is the nature and performance of the negative out. Thus, a free will may be such a will, it is not by reason (something else because every decision must be a reason for things, in the real reality of things is necessarily a reason, that reason), not by any decided things; its single performance (will move) so completely from the primitive to be generated in terms of its own, not necessarily by the result of prior conditions, and therefore is not for anything, What can a decision in accordance with the rules. So us about the idea of this concept also produced a clear reason for all of its meaning, law is the ability we all know the basic form, but here you should give it. At the same time, for the concept that is not the lack of a specific term, that is free, and any decision will not be affected. In addition, the concept also known as free will on the thing that provides the only clear, solid and clear concept; else will fall into wavering among the interpretation of ambiguous, but behind this is hesitant, a little learning, this situation and do not necessarily lead to people talk about the reasons for the results to the same. Each leads to the reason the results are inevitable, and every reason is the result of necessity. From the assumption that such a freedom, which aspects of the decision will not be affected, we can deliver the most direct, that the concept of the results of its own characteristics, and thus the concept of it as a feature, that is, : "with this endowment for a human individual, the individual in an established, fully, individually and restricted in all aspects of external environment, it is possible to simultaneously make two completely opposite behavior to the. ① discussion on the concept of necessity can be found in my paper: "Law of Four ample reason to root" 2 Section 49 (uberdievierfacheWurzeldesSafzesvomzureichendenGrunde, zweife Auflage, 49).
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Encyclopedia
ziyou Free freedom "Free" concept general philosophical and political significance of the distinction. Epistemology and philosophy of human subjectivity when that freedom is the recognition of necessity and the transformation of the outside world, its focus is to reflect the people and the outside world the relationship between objective law. Political sense of freedom has remained divergent views, more generally accepted view is that it is opposed to slavery, tyranny, the rights of people concerned with, such as personal freedom, freedom of religion, freedom of speech, freedom of assembly and freedom of contract, trade freedom. Different classes have different concept of freedom. Political freedom, is one of the ideals pursued by people since ancient times. Plato had this fantasy realm of freedom of a slave ─ ─ utopia. Aristotle believes that the civilian regime can enjoy freedom. However, in the slave society, only a minority of slave owners to enjoy the freedom, the majority of slaves were deprived of all freedoms. In feudal society, the feudal landlord class, only a minority of freedom, but the majority of farmers and small craftsmen freedom is strictly controlled. After entering the modern, capitalist commodity production to the needs of the development and implementation of freedom of contract freedom of trade and other economic requirements, proposed a "liberty, equality, fraternity" slogan. Modern sense, the resulting concept of freedom, of freedom of the theory also will develop. These theories is the first representative of the bourgeois Enlightenment scholars, Milton, J.-J. Rousseau, J. Locke, BBde Spinoza, Montesquieu and others. The main contributions are: ① the freedom and the political system inherited Aristotle linked the view put forward the "separation of powers" doctrine, an attempt to guarantee the right to freedom of democracy. ② discussed the relationship between freedom and law, that freedom is well received by the legal constraints, but also for their protection. Freedom is only free within the law, freedom is not do whatever they want. ③ the development of capitalism from the perspective of the initial demonstration of the freedom of speech, the use of private property, freedom, trade freedom. These early theories laid the foundation of modern political life. From the 17th century formed a strong liberal ideas, its influence has continued to contemporary. The main point of liberalism is a personal first, do not have too much state interference in private activities and economic activities. When the evolution of extreme liberalism, individualism, the role of a result of the economic divide between rich and poor, social contradictions have become increasingly acute. In this context, the 19th-century theorists in the free theory, a fierce controversy, the focus is the relationship between the state and freedom. German philosopher GWF Hegel proposed a national sacred theory, argued that states first. Russian thinker □. А. Bakunin anarchists, led by the view that the power of freedom is always a threat and advocated abolition of the state. H. Spencer, the British sociologist is trying to maintain liberalism, and to develop it for the economic laissez-faire. Late 19th early 20th century, with the era of monopoly capitalism, the traditional liberalism is no longer suitable for our times. More consistent in the understanding of the bourgeois interior, the country should be proper control of economic freedom, and their representative there, the UK LT Hobhouse and JM Keynes. Hobhouse believed that individuals should enjoy a wide range of free areas, free from state interference, but in the economic sphere, should be restricted freedom. Keynes in 1926 published "The End of Liberalism," a paper advocates reject the extreme individualism at the core of the tradition of liberalism, to strengthen state control of economic life. At the same time, in the legal field also launched a free discussion of the relationship with the law, the focus is on the limits of freedom of expression. Representative of the United States of OW Holmes, E. Barker, L. Brandeis and others, which Holmes said the current crisis, the most influential, in his view the current freedom must not lead to the premise of the risk, otherwise is illegal. Buck considered two _set_s of laws, one is the country's laws, one is the axiom of the law, people subject to national laws and justice depends on state laws similar to the extent of the law. Buck also freedom into civil liberties, political freedom, economic freedom. Brandeis is a personal representative of the supremacy doctrine that free competition, the growth of large companies, so that the quality of human beings than all the animals lost. He opposed all forms of public ownership, but advocates the full protection of the rights of workers participation in management, to limit the tyranny of the capitalists. In his view, the full development of individual freedom means freedom from political and economic tyranny. During World War II, U.S. President FD Roosevelt's Four Freedoms speech published, stating his view of freedom. Roosevelt called the four
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English Expression
n.: liberty, disengagement, freedom, freeness, latitude, license, condition of being free, state of not being a prisoner or slave, freedom from captivity, slavery, or oppressive control
adj.: at liberty, (adv.) free
vt.: enslave
French Expression
adj. libre
Thesaurus
state of being unrestricted in one's actions freedom, independence, autonomy, detachment, state of being not influenced by others, Liberty County liberty Community Ziyou Village ziyou Township
