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Contents ·Field observation survey ·No. 2 ·No. 3 ·No. 4 ·No. 5 ·No. 6 ·No. 7 ·No. 8 ·百科辞典 ·English Expression ·French Expression ·Related Phrases ·Containing Phrases ·More results... Field observation survey 　　① field observations to investigate them all over ~ Water. ② sophistication to observe the work of scientific research, must be diligent in ~ and to think, to have success. Translated by Google No. 2 　　Water Study Translated by Google No. 3 　　Study abroad Translated by Google No. 4 　　Performance of the official assessment. Han Yue "Ji Han Ji Xuandi a": "and worship the provincial governor, Mayor, secondary phase, my own eyes to frequently asked by the concept of it, investigate its line of retreat." "Later Han Ji Guangwu to": "by the County and, to frequently see Erqian Dan, prefecture officials, Wu came Guan Zhu, down to the Sukeshi, visit demote and promote, such as the Reign gear thing." "Electoral History of Song IV": "in three provinces In the study, the high is cited right, plays the trial, were also of the next election. "Ming Jang," Miscellaneous ":" outside the official cover of the examination of the existing code, but also examine the cases. " Translated by Google No. 5 　　Observational study; scrutiny. "New Tang Shih-Chuan": "ancient saint in view of the book will go to inspection line, and then into the governance of success." Song Su Che "into the Royal Collection Table": "or literary grace glow, enough to describe the Yuan Zhong; or the fact that tomorrow was sufficient to study current affairs, like a book has essays times. "Libo" Shan changes "on the two:" Get these young people just said, gave me the list included in the development of the object, and designate a person to be responsible for inspection and training. " Translated by Google No. 6 　　Field observations are often refers to the investigation. Lu Xun's "Letters To Hu this virtual": "scholarly articles to reference books, novels have to be able to walk around, visit, but now the situation in which I have not." Such as: they are to visit around the Water. Translated by Google No. 7 　　Utah examination. "Electoral History of Song III": "Where the investigation, noted the number of prospective school every ten people inside the house to take five to ten people outside the house to take six, top-down into third-class membership, to set the test as soon as the homes reference to. " Translated by Google No. 8 　　kǎo chá 　　【动】1、实地观察调查∶他们到各地～水利工程。2、细致深刻地观察∶进行科学研究，必须勤于～和思索，才能有成就。 　　明代考核文官的方法。又名大计。包括京察、外察两种形式。洪武四年（1371）命工部尚书朱守仁廉察山东莱州诸郡官吏；六年命御史台御史及各道按察司察举有司官有无过犯，奏报黜陟，此为考察之始。弘治年间考察制度臻于完备。万历中叶渐趋败坏。京察，亦称内计，考察对象为京朝官。洪武十四年定京察之法：五品以下听本衙门正官考验行能勤怠，五品以上及近侍、御史等则由皇帝自裁。十六年又对此制稍加裁酌，改由吏部核考。弘治十七年（1504）规定：京官考察每六年举行一次，在巳、亥之岁。届时，四品以上官员具疏自陈，听皇帝裁定去留。确定去留后，而居官行为不当即有遗行者，再由科道官纠劾，谓之拾遗。被弹劾而列入拾遗的官吏，一般很难获免。五品以下官吏则由吏部会同都察院考核后具册奏请。由于明代实行南、北两京制度，所以京察又有南察、北察之分，以北察尤为重要。外察，亦称外计、朝觐考察，考察对象为地方官，始于洪武十一年。洪武初，地方官每年一朝。二十九年规定三年一次，即丑、辰、未、戌年为朝觐之期。朝毕，随以察典，方法如京察之制。京察和外察皆由吏部尚书、都察院都御史、考功司郎中主持，并密托吏科都给事中、河南道掌道御史咨访。被察官吏分贪、酷、浮躁、不及、老、病、疲、不谨八类，称之“八法”。处分有致仕、降调、冠带闲住、为民四等。洪武至万历初年的考察，虽有弊端，但不失为考核文官的一项较为有效的措施，在一定程度上有助于整饬吏治，稳定封建统治，如弘治六年考察被罢官的官员达一千三百余人。万历以后，官僚集团内部互相攻讦，结党营私，考察成为党争的工具。东林党人居官多清廉，主持察典也较公正，而反东林者多赃私狼藉，党同伐异，考察因之益败。 　　【词意探源】： 　　（1）指调查勘察；思考观察。 　　《汉书·平帝纪》：“二千石选有德义者以为宗师，考察不从教令、有冤失职者。” 　　（2）旧时对官员政绩的考核。 　　《晋书·杜预传》：“设官分职，以颁爵禄；弘宣六典，以详考察。” 　　《明史·职官志一》：“京官六年一察，察以巳、亥年；五品下考察，其不职者，降罚有差。” 百科辞典 　　kaocha 　　考察 　　　　明代考核文官的方法。又名大计。包括京察、外察两种形式。洪武四年(1371)命工部尚书朱守仁廉察山东莱州诸郡官吏；六年命御史台御史及各道按察司察举有司官有无过犯，奏报黜陟，此为考察之始。弘治年间考察制度臻于完备。万历中叶渐趋败坏。京察，亦称内计，考察对象为京朝官。洪武十四年定京察之法：五品以下听本衙门正官考验行能勤怠，五品以上及近侍、御史等则由皇帝自裁。十六年又对此制稍加裁酌，改由吏部核考。弘治十七年(1504)规定：京官考察每六年举行一次，在巳、亥之岁。届时，四品以上官员具疏自陈，听皇帝裁定去留。确定去留后,而居官行为不当即有遗行者,再由科道官纠劾,谓之拾遗。被弹劾而列入拾遗的官吏,一般很难获免。五品以下官吏则由吏部会同都察院考核后具册奏请。由于明代实行南、北两京制度，所以京察又有南察、北察之分，以北察尤为重要。外察，亦称外计、朝觐考察，考察对象为地方官，始于洪武十一年。洪武初,地方官每年一朝。二十九年规定三年一次,即丑、辰、未、戌年为朝觐之期。朝毕，随以察典，方法如京察之制。京察和外察皆由吏部尚书、都察院都御史、考功司郎中主持，并密托吏科都给事中、河南道掌道御史咨访。被察官吏分贪、酷、浮躁、不及、老、病、疲、不谨八类，称之“八法”。处分有致仕、降调、冠带闲住、为民四等。洪武至万历初年的考察，虽有弊端，但不失为考核文官的一项较为有效的措施，在一定程度上有助于整饬吏治，稳定封建统治，如弘治六年考察被罢官的官员达一千三百余人。万历以后，官僚集团内部互相攻讦，结党营私，考察成为党争的工具。东林党人居官多清廉，主持察典也较公正，而反东林者多赃私狼藉，党同伐异，考察因之益败。 　　　　 （王天有） 　　　　 English Expression n.:  examination,  expedition,  go [start] on an expedition,  investigate,  make an on-the-spot investigation,  inspect v.:   inspect,  study French Expression v.  faire une enquête; observer, examiner Related Phrases science ocean grummet natural science weather polar regions China briny technology sector Wikipedia Daquan airship detector Germany air Water pollution environmental protection pad leshui life-long learning dummy University artlessness coeducation grope dinosaur spot fossil notify scientific research More results... Containing Phrases exploratory