盖乌斯普林尼 plug holes are Sri Lanka (gaius plinius secundus, AD 23 (or 24) a 79), also known as Pliny the Elder, the ancient Roman writer encyclopedic, with its book, "Natural History "a book known. Pliny returned to Rome from the Germans, after working as a solicitor at the same time devote themselves to reading and writing. Vespasian Magnus [12 Caesar Rome mass for Wei Ba Xiang] (reigned AD 69-79) when the emperor, he had worked in Spain, Gaul, North Africa and other places served as finance officer Inspector She is responsible An area of revenue management. Probably from AD 74 onwards, he was to Capet Virginia Mise Mu Hong Kong-based Navy Fleet Commander, responsible for cleaning up the pirates. 79 August 24 AD, the nearby Mount Vesuvius eruption. Pliny the situation in order to understand volcanic eruptions, and rescue the victims in the region, boat rushed to the volcanic region, because of volcanic gases and sulfur poisoning. Pliny did not marry for life. According to his will, he gave his nephew received the adopted son. He is famous Pliny the Younger, Pliny the full name is 盖乌斯凯基利 Julius Adams plug hole is. Pliny the Elder died, he was 18 years old. Uncle he inherited all the manuscripts and notes extracted materials, as well as his name. A total of 160 notes as much volume, filled with teeny small print. Pliny Shoubushijuan life, learning the hard earnest, diligent hands, every minute counts. Pliny the Younger study hard for his uncle's situation, in a note to a friend's letter, made a vivid description. Pliny the Younger says his uncle to all of their spare time for learning, even while traveling because of the public, and he never stopped learning, always took command with a slave to read and write the book with a small board in the side. He should be made no matter what to read excerpts. At dinner, he read while listening to his slaves, but also side to do summary. There had been such a thing, when people read the wrong reading of a time when a word. A friend of Pliny the presence of interrupted him, asking him to re-read. Pliny to his friend who said, "You do not have understood what he reads you, you have a break, and gave him a little for us to read more than a dozen lines." Pliny wrote a seven book life, of which six have been lost, the only remaining piece, only 37 volumes of "natural history" and widely circulated. We first of his works have been Bereavements brief introduction. 1. "About Cavalry throwing spear," about how to use the spear as a cavalry weapon, written in any cavalry officer in the Germanic period. 2. "波姆波尼乌 Sise holes are Sri Lanka's life", namely, two volumes. 3. "Introduction to public speaking," 3 volumes, each divided into two parts, describes how from childhood, began to practice a speech, accompanied by model essays used for reading. 4. "Unintelligible speech", a total of 8 volumes. Mainly to explain the meaning of some words and some words of the match, also talked about pronunciation and inflection. 5. "In the Germanic war", namely, 10, described the Romans and all the war between the Germans, in particular pains to make people remember Drew Suss (BC 38 - AD 9) in the Germanic exploits. Tacitus in the "Chronicles" has been invoked to provide the material book. 6. "Jesus continued 阿乌菲迪乌 Siba written history" of 31 volumes, 阿乌菲迪乌 Spartak Jesus is the doctrine of the Roman Empire early years of the Epicurean philosopher and historian, has written one from the death of Caesar to Rome, AD 54 years of history. Then he stopped writing from the Department Pliny wrote down. "Natural History" a book was written in AD 77, Pliny the Younger Pliny published by the death. Pliny says in the foreword, this book is dedicated to Titus. His book is not to "splendid rhetoric of the fans," wrote, but to the actual people engaged in agriculture and handicrafts written. Pliny the Younger, said the book was "like nature itself as" a wide variety of topics of academic writings. In the "natural history" of the writing process, Pliny total of 146 reference to the Roman writers and 327 works of non-Roman writers, from 2,000 in book quote a very large amount of material. He is the principal author of attracting 100 people. His masterpiece, this is called the Encyclopedia of the crystallization of his years of diligent study. This book saved us a lot of ancient data has been lost, providing material benefit to understand the spirit of the ancient civilization of very rich material. In agriculture, Pliny is not only concerned with the production of food crops, but also concerned about the cultivation of grapes and olives technology. He recorded in detail the reform of agricultural production tools, talking about the age of the Roman Empire advanced wheeled plow and harvesting vehicles. Installed in the car in front of the two comb-shaped cutting knife, cow walked Tuizhao Che in the back, you can cut down the grain. Scholars have long suspected Pliny the cars on account of the reliability of the harvest, southern Belgium in 1958 found a second century of the relief, that this suspicion is unfounded. VIII in the natural history, the account of four grape presses. Seven volumes in the post, recorded a large number of chemical reactions and prescription, describes the ancient method of extracting gold. Pliny in the "Natural History" Volume in the Chinese called the "silk of the country", he said the steel produced in China is very hard, of good quality. For quoted material, Pliny is often a lack of critical attitude. For example, in the fifth volume, he recorded an African tribe, people do not head, mouth and eyes are long in the chest. [Shan Hai Jing? ] Some of his errors is due to restrictions caused by historical conditions. For example, he said that China is a silk velvet in a tree form, to be taken down after rinsing, drying made. The Romans had not been to China, not to mention the Romans had seen the production of silk. Therefore, the emergence of his book shop like silt is understandable. Camp Linni particular attention to whether the useful from the point of view to examine the things he recorded. He believes that everything in nature, created specifically for man, and even leather are all different for human medicine and earth to grow. From time to time from the perspective of Stoic philosophy, the things described in their hair a pass arguments. For example, he believes that in order not to leave this world who are willing to suffer long life, the earth provides a quick deadly poison. "Natural History", a book, Pliny the new record a lot of jargon and terminology, from Greece and other languages aiming language borrowed many words, the Latin word Feng Jiang Zhou. This was common in Latin as the language of the European academic community played an important role. "Natural History", which in the seventeenth century ago in Europe, is the most authoritative of natural science books, handed down nearly 200 copies of the book describes the ancient manuscripts to his communication and attention levels. Published in Italy in 1492, Niccolo.列奥尼契诺 the "error on Pliny," a book for the first time on the "natural history" into question the authority. 17th century development of natural science experiments, and further exposed the errors in the book Pliny. However, Pliny's "Natural History" is still for the study of ancient natural science, history and language have enormous significance.
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Laopulinni Pliny the Elder Roman writers. Knight family background, as many important official, who commanded the cavalry to participate in repression of the war the Germans. With the Roman emperor Vespasian (reigned 69-78) and Titus (reigned 78-81) is quite close. He is a well read scholar, AD 79 eruption View Chawei Solvay suffocate. Many of his works, a military book, "On the cast marksmanship," the history book, "Peng 波尼乌斯塞 hole dos mass" Volume 2, "Germanic Wars" 20 volumes, "continued 巴苏斯罗马 History" Volume 31 , linguistics book, "Grammar" Volume 8, rhetoric book, "public speaking" Volume 3, and so on, all of these works lost. He was only an encyclopedia-style book, "Natural History" handed down. It was written into in 77 years, then gradually be added later on. The book is divided into 37 volumes, Volume 1 describes the content and materials from the book; Volume 2 to 6 describe the universe, introducing ethnic and geographic profiles, mainly give some names; the first 8 to 11 volumes of Zoology, were introduced land animals, water, animals, birds and insects; 12 to 19 to botany, including trees, flowers; the first 20-32 volumes pharmacology, described the medical effectiveness of various plants; the first 33 to 37 volumes of mineralogy and metallurgy, the processing comes to painting and sculpture materials, paint production techniques, while many of the ancient works of outstanding artists and their comments. "Natural History" is rich in content, collected more than 500 writers over 20,000 articles materials, was the pool of natural science, but the book lacks a complete system, materials, various levels of detail, the author of the cited material without analysis , there are some bizarre stories eclectic. "Natural History" very influential in the Middle Ages, today, its understanding of the development of ancient natural science there is a certain reference value. (Wilson Wong)