① the meaning of the language of a text in another language to express (also refer to a common language and ethnic dialects, dialect and the dialects, the ancient language and modern language, a kind of an alternative between the expression); the representatives of languages symbols or language to express the digital use of foreign fiction ~ Your ~ out the password. ② doing translation work that he has served for three years ~.
Translated by Google
fān yì
In a language to express in another language
Translated by Google
No. 3
◎ translation fānyì
Translated by Google
No. 4
People engaged in translation
Translated by Google
No. 5
Ministry of Foreign Affairs as a translator
Translated by Google
No. 6
The meaning of the language of a text in another language to express. Also refers to the common language and ethnic dialects, dialect and the dialects, ancient and modern languages to translate between languages. Southern Liang Dignitary "Monks Buddhist scriptures translated pack even under the": "Salmonella method was first country in sub-division was" Mi Chasse law "Fan Ben, not translation, of which France was to move." "Sui Shu Jing Ji Chi 4 ":" to Huan, there rest of Salmonella quiet country, nurture through to Luo, the most general solution translation. "Liu Zhi Tang," Shi Tong historian build ":" Contemporary is the time of each on the Feng Wang Shi Chen to talk, consult the country folk, and to take workers to the translator, to direct the history of Cao. "Song Min Song seeking" Chunming Tuichao recorded "volume:" peace and rejuvenating the country, the beginning of home scriptures School in Taiping Kokokuji, Yan Fan monk, The new translation by. "Qing Zhao Lian" Xiao Ting Miscellany Taizong time payment history ":" has been ordered Confucians translation "of the Three Kingdoms" and "Liao", "gold", "Yuan History", Xing Li Zhu Shu, to teach people . "Ling" Dream Ke "2:" This is a just turned 20-year-old youth, came back from France for less than six months, long before the magazine would often see his name, most of the translation point of fiction. "
Translated by Google
No. 7
To represent the language of symbols or language to express the digital use. "Hate the Sea" Diba Hui: "turn it turn right, on my side, but he had to add a translation, we go to you." Ba Jin "spring fall": "friends promise in my next He was concerned to help me to translate the telegram. "
Translated by Google
No. 8
People to do translation work. "Exposure," Di Jiuhui: "Brothers went overseas to find here as an interpreter." Chen Yi "in Yang village on North Korea" Poetry: "Prime Minister Kim Il Sung went on: 'Come, Comrade translation translation, the old lady so, very interesting '. "
Translated by Google
No. 9
Translation: this will be "Fan Yi." 1. The expression in a language other language content. Lu Song, "Southern Tang Wei Chuan net book Buddha": "However, through the Vatican, CMP net school, translation precision trial, monensin, and who." Liang "To Wu Yong Star rank to make the book": "He is a scholar of Yin, will be more Old is good, connected speech, not labor translation, affect accessibility. "
Translated by Google
No. 10
Refers to people who work full-time translation. "Children Heroes" first chapter: "The statute for the DPRK, that banner you can eat money and grain, you can turn Interpretation of test can pick guards, Huantu more than the width of the Han."
Translated by Google
Translate in Western history
Translate Overview All language-related things (such as literature and speeches) basically can be translated, including novels, movies, poetry, lectures and so on. However, different areas, different degree of difficulty of translation. For example, poetry is almost impossible to accurately translated as a form of poetry, rhyme, are integral part of its meaning. Many non-literary texts translation work, including software manuals and other business and professional texts, focusing on the significance of communication, in order to be able to convey meaning fluent main requirements. Under the trend of globalization, not only have more and more international organizations, and enterprises are increasingly global viewpoint, which also led to the rise of internationalization and localization industry. If the non-literary translation is a skill that can be learned, then the translation of literary works and even poetry, often said to be an art, requires some talent. Literary Translation for aesthetic considerations, not only focus on the translation of the word-for-word, word for word translation, but can not ignore the differences between cultures, otherwise often results in semantics, beauty, style loss on translation. In short, an excellent translators must find a good balance between accuracy and readability. In addition to the publishing industry as well as localization-related industries, many national governments or international organizations, but also requires a lot of translators. For example, the Government of Canada has two official languages, and all government documents must be translated into English and French; Also like many of the official languages of the European Union has, it is necessary to employ a large number of translators. For the translation of theory and practice of interdisciplinary research, commonly referred to as translation studies. In Europe, the practice of translation has a long history. Some people even believe that European civilization from translation, from the Roman Empire, down to today's European Common Market, have to rely on translations for international trade. It is said that the ancient Hebrew writing with "Bible" written in Arabic and "gospel", without first translated into Greek and Latin, and later translated into various languages of the Middle Ages and modern times, then in 2000 to the Judeo-Christian culture will not produce, and therefore European culture does not appear. Since translating "the Bible" from nearly 2,000 years, Europe has not stopped translation activities. "Bible" translation is a major event, it helps the language in many countries of the foundation. In ancient Greek, Latin literature, Homer's epic, Greek tragedy, comedy and lyric poetry, Theocritus (c. 310 - before 250), Catullus (87 BC - before 54) , Plutarch (ca. 46 to 120 or 127) of the works have been translated into several languages, and so also in many European countries. In the preservation of ancient Greek art, the Arab translator made a great contribution. As for the other big European countries ancient and modern writers, such as Virgil, Dante, Shakespeare, Goethe, Cervantes, Andersen, Ibsen, Tolstoy, Dostoevsky Tuo, Moliere, etc. and other works have also been translated into several languages of other countries. Oriental literature in the Arab "Arabian Nights", Japanese Noh, novels poetry of China, India's "Sea of Stories," "thin Gad Gita," "Sakuntala" and so on are translated into European languages. It is particularly worth mentioning is that India's "five books", which through medieval Persian and Arabic translations, and repeatedly being translated into several European languages, had a tremendous impact. Practice generate theory, translation theory in many countries in Europe and America are multifarious. From the side view, can be divided into two factions: one group is likely to translate theory with one theory is translated impossible. In fact, may not be one hundred percent completely, and also not one hundred percent completely no. All translation activities in the world are carried out between these two extremes. Europe many famous figures, such as Martin Luther, M. Arnold, FW Newman, JB Post Stuttgart, H. White Rock, Fr.R. Knox, V. Markov that Pakistan etc., translation put forward their own theory. According to the "Encyclopedia of World Literature Open Sale 'opinions in some of these theories are self-willed. Translate a work or of speech, necessarily involves two languages: one is the original language of the work or speech, German scholars call Ausgangssprache (source language), English and American scholars call Original or Source language; one is translation into the language, German scholars call Zielsprache (target language), English and American scholars call Targetlanguage. Always more or less between the two there is a gap. Because, from a strictly linguistic principle, the absolute synonyms is nonexistent. A translator, no matter how high the level, only the source language as close as possible, but can not fully convey the charm of the original intent and over. Translator's task is to deal with the relationship between the two languages. About translation work, the general view is that the logic of abstract things, such as mathematics, physics, chemistry, etc. writings, translated it easier. But there are dangerous implications metastasis. The work focuses on the story, such as shallow mediocre fiction and the like, it is relatively easy to translate. Focusing on the works of reasoning or agitation, such maxims poetry, polemical articles, political speeches, tendentious script, and satire, etc., it is not very difficult to translate. However, focusing on high-level expression of the feelings of literary works, it is extremely difficult to translate. Here is a re-creation can only be translated more or less, can only be done as close to the original, the original charm, the mood is in any case difficult to completely imitation. Especially those in the source language to the effect produced by the sound, the purpose of language is completely unable to re-create. In addition to translation may be impossible to argue, there is literal and free of controversy. This debate in Europe has a long history, but in China in particular.
Translated by Google
Chinese translation
Chinese translation theory and practice in the world, has a significant position. "Book" has been documented about the translation. "Zhou" in "like Xu" is the general term for the official translation of the Quartet. "Book of Rites kingship" refers to "the five parties of the people, the language barrier," in order to "reach-chi, through its desire", the parties have someone, and "North said translation." Later, the translator of Buddhist scriptures before "translation" plus the word "turn", as the word "translation" has been passed down to today. Because of the environment in early Chinese history, Chinese culture neighbors for a long time did not own text, so until before the introduction of Buddhism, translation is not widespread. Religious literature translation accounted for a very important position in history, such as the translation of Buddhist scriptures, the translator often modified in the document translated by the possession in time, make the translation more in line with Chinese culture. They will increase the number of China's traditional concept of filial piety, etc. as in the translation. According to Chinese Buddhist literature monarch Friends: Xuanzang (AD 600-664 years) live mainly in the early Tang period, is a lofty determined, strong-willed monk. Twenty-eight when he was holding "a glimpse of the true meaning of the text of the Ming law, to return to the East Huazhuan Yang sanctify" the ambition to India to study. Emperor in the "big Zang holy church order" in the Xuanzang westbound has the following description: "Take a step away danger, Zhangce solitary sign, snow Chen Fei, among passers lost, scared eve sand fly, outside air fan off . Wanli mountains, dial haze and into the shadow, a hundred weight Hanchuang, rain and frost before gingerly jump. "Xuanzang westbound India a 17 years, during which experienced hardships, when returning home is about 40 years old. In the last two decades of his life, the main work is done by the scriptures, the translation of Buddhist size multiplied by the total on 75 1335 volumes, totaling more than ten million words. Xuanzang's translation from the quantity and quality have reached the peak of Chinese Buddhist scriptures translated history. Indian scholar Xuanzang Parker translation Lotte think is great heritage of the people of China and India, that "in any case ever translator Xuanzang in the first person." In China, the Buddhist scriptures translated from the Han to the Song Dynasty, the calendar one thousand three hundred years, so enduring translation work in the world is unprecedented. Resulting theory from practice, but also to Buddhism as the most systematic, the most profound. Road Safety Jin Dynasty (314 - 385) advocates quality, that is the literal translation. He proposed a "five lost this," meaning that, in the Chinese language with the translation of Buddhist scriptures, there are five cases to allow translation and the original inconsistent. He also proposed the "three easy", meaning that the three cases are not easy to do. Kumarajiva Fu Qin (344 - 413) is advocated in addition to "have effect", we must also take into account the "style." He said: "Tianzhu country folk, very heavy paper system, which miyasho body rhyme to enter Kun king who is good, there must Zander; Xianfo the meter to sigh for your song through the verses, all. Its formula also, but changed the Vatican Qin, Wei missing the algae, although the effect was, every special style, there seems to chew the food and people, Feitu loss of taste, vomiting hiccup Nailing it. "(" Monks "Volume II" Dove摩罗什 Biography ") Sui Yan Cong (557 to 610) of the push theory 崇道安, he advocated the literal translation, that" eight prepared "and" ten. " "Eight prepared" means the translator must have eight conditions; "ten" refers to the translation of his style, format the ten requirements. Tang Dynasty, Xuanzang (602 - 664) was a master of the Chinese translation of the history of man, both text quality, but seems to quality-based. He did not leave the article devoted translation theory. "Translating nominal _set_" describes his "Five does not turn" doctrine, pointing out there are five words only transliteration. Northern Song Zanning summed up the experience of their predecessors, made the translation of Buddhist scriptures, "six cases", translation problems are discussed in detail in six areas. His definition to the next translation is: "turn also persons, such as Kam-chi turned back all flowers, but flowers are so different ears." This vivid metaphor, indicating Translation is an art (such as turning Kam-chi), which will be changed (so different), and unchanged (on the back of all flowers) form (language). Northern Song Dynasty (960 to 1127) as well as the initial translation activities, and then gradually decline. Its resurgence began in the Ming Dynasty (1368 - 1644) Yongle five years (1407). At that time due to the need of external transport, the creation of a museum Shii, training translators. The late Ming Dynasty, Western Learning, translation work more active. But this time has completely changed the direction of translation is no longer India's Buddhist scriptures, but the classics astronomy, geometry, medicine and other aspects of European, Chinese translation history has reached a new stage. Some of the famous Ming Dynasty translators for translation work also put forward their own views. Italian missionary Matteo Ricci (1552 - 1610) said: "The Arts and stuff, but also from the absolutely exceptional, meaning Xiangqiu Que still slightly more than clear in the mouth, still Mian figure; four pen to paper, it becomes incomprehensible carry on. . "It is said that the different structures of Chinese and Western languages, different articles context, the West and some of the terminology of Chinese non-verbally explain what can be done, translators written, people will not read it. (? - 1631), a Chinese scientist Li contemporaries of algae in the translation of the book describes the attitude of the then foreign missionaries, said: "Zhu Hua are made by me, pulls out West righteousness full length, dare not increase smell, caused by loss The truth. "Translation is often used at this time of cooperation, with the early Buddhist Translation similar to that of Chinese scholars and foreign cooperation translation, Run Man's responsibility in China scholar body. After the Opium War, China learn from the West pain insight necessary for translation activities and the gradual rise in the Chinese translation of the history and formation of a new phase. Ma Jianzhong (1845 to 1900) emphasized the difficulty in Translation. Liang (1875 - 1929) advocating Buddhist Translation of clever. Devoted his life to the translation of Western social science Yan Fu (1853 ~ 1921) in several representations preface principles he followed in the translation. In "Evolution and Ethics" program, he said: "s Translation: faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance", "letter" is faithful to the original, "up" is a loyal reader, "Ya" is a literary language loyalty. Letter, and Elegance though only three words, but reflects the work relationship readers, language between the three. Among those translations in Yan Fu, "Evolution and Ethics" close paraphrase, "the former rich" is close to the interpreter. He said: "is translated with" Evolution and Ethics "is different, write the ares, although on the whole Festival of Arts and mastery of whom can not, then nothing in between rhetoric defined benefit attached upside down." But his book, "Fan superfluous and irrelevant "place, then there are _delete_d. In "group has the right circles on" Translation legend, he said: "The original book of Arts and deep, complicated sentence meaning heavy, Zoe text for translation, will be difficult to rope experienced man, it had a slight upside, the Chinese translation of this book West titration also. "can be seen," Evolution and Ethics "is intended to state the purpose of the translation of" original rich "is nothing righteous speech upside down strict translation," the group has the right boundary theory "is failing to make the translation of the text width translation. But no matter how the translation, one thing is consistent: the literal word by avoiding efforts with a new word or phrase in order to pass the entire meaning of a word. No such evolution with the corresponding Chinese word, so the use of the word "Evolution"; liberty that China was not yet a legal concept, then use "group has the right circles," the phrase. Yan Fu's translation of the Spanish word meaning to make a valuable attempt, but research in this area has yet to be carried out. After the "May Fourth" movement entered the modern Chinese history, the importance of translation step away before the ancient. With the rise of the new translation of Chinese literature are inseparable. The first attention be translated and vigorously advocate who is Lu Xun. Lu Xun advocated literal. His purpose in doing so is: introduce foreign ideas for learning, we must also reform our language through translation. December 28, 1931, he spoke at a Qiubai Yan letter. He said: "He's translation, it is a thumbnail history of the Han and Tang scriptures translated Buddhist scriptures China, the late Han quality straight, he did not really emulated Six 'up' and 'ya', and his.." Evolution and Ethics "The model in this. Tang places 'letter' main cursory look, simply can not understand, though he later translated this book." Lu Xun in China do not advocate complete translation. Incomplete Chinese translation of "not only the input of new content, but also enter the new representation." He believes that Chinese grammar is not enough precision. "This syntax is not precise, the idea is not just to prove accurate, In other words, the brain is somewhat confused." In literal terms of ideas, Qu and Lu Xun opinion unanimously. He said: "In addition to the translation ─ ─ able to introduce original content to readers outside of China ─ ─ There is also a very important role: is to help us to create new, modern Chinese language," but he also said: "When the translation time, if just 'put strange syntax', etc., regardless of whether the living mouth can put it out, ─ ─ then these 'strange syntax' can never be 'appropriation'. "He believes that "The new language should be the language of the masses ─ ─ masses may understand and use language." Many modern translators are essentially literal pie. The so-called "literal" means: the original and some can not be _delete_d; text does not, and can not be increased. It had nothing to do with the translation fluency. "Symbols of Depression" translation of Lu Xun and other books, the text is very smooth, but still is literal. The so-called "translation" means you can add or _delete_ text. Ancient Kumarajiva belong to this school. Guo hand, said: "We believe that the ideal translation for the original wording, the meaning of the original, natural allowed to go forward, but not allowed to go, especially artistically original turn"; on the other hand, he also advocated: "I know the translation work is by no means an easy thing body, while the Mandarin translation of stylistic or literary casting is by no means a country without enough light weight factor, "Mao Dun is concise local said:." literal translation of literature should be in today had no The necessary discussion, "he said:" 'literal' This term, in the May Fourth Movement party later became authoritative "Fu Ssu-nien Renew, Zhou Zuoren, Ai advocated so literal. Therefore, we can say that in the history of modern Chinese translation, transliteration is the overriding criterion. Comparison of Chinese translations of European history, and theory and translation, we can see both sides explore what problems basically the same. Both sides discussed the possibility with possible translation problems, but also to discuss the literal translation and free translation problems. However, there are differences between the two sides. Western theories of translation, emphasis on might impossible problems and possible degree. They concluded that: literary translation difficult, technical translation and easy. Literal translation and free translation problems, but also occasionally involved;, but not the point. In terms of translation basis or background, Europe and China are different. In Europe, in addition to the first Hebrew, is essentially the same language of mutual translation between languages. So it produced a translation of some theorists advocate trichotomy: a translation; Second, the transformation; Third, the control word by word. This trichotomy for China is totally inapplicable. China could never have transformed. Because languages are translations between different languages translation history in China for thousands of years, in order to transform in the same language between languages. Chinese emphasis on the literal translation and free translation of the dispute, who is called Man and quality. This is due to the translation from the translation of Buddhist literature of modern science, has its special cultural and historical background. Both sides of the Western way of thinking is different, here are demonstrated. Chinese people do not do the translation discussion and detailed analysis of the nature of language, but rather focuses on comprehensive, focusing on practical applications, so talk about translation skills and more, and talk less abstract theory. After the literal and free of problem solving, how to solve the specific problems of textual works and translations will be on the agenda. Friends of global language translation Alliance Jun translation masters Zhou Zuoren (1885-1967): Formerly known as grid Shou, the word star scoop, later renamed Kui slowly, starting from the number Meng, Venus (also Qi Ming), Zhi Tang, etc., under the pseudonym Chung dense, Medic, Zhou ya life and so on. Zhejiang Shaoxing, modern essayist, poet, literary translator. There are many translations, mostly joint translation of Lu Xun and his brother made. Chen Wang Tao (1891-1977): Formerly known reference a single name financial, word arduous tasks, under the pseudonym Buddha sudden snow sails, Xiaofeng, Zhang et. Yiwu people. Famous modern thinkers, social activists, educators and language writer, an active promoter of the New Culture Movement. Translation of "*** the Declaration" (the first in translation, August 1920), "Marx bottom materialism" (Japan Hajime's "Modern History of Economic Thought" on the part of the River, 1920), Japan Shimamura hold on with the "naturalistic literature on", "Soviet decade literary theory" (Japan's post-taek show tiger with) and so on. October 29, 1977, died in Shanghai. Hu Shi (1891-1962): Formerly known as HU Hong, the word fitness of Anhui Jixi people. Chinese modern philosophers and thinkers. Died in Taipei February 24, 1962. Guo (1892-1978): Formerly known as Guo Kaizhen, Leshan Shawan people. Translations are: "bacteria Lomond" (novel) Germany Shi-mo with Benedict, with money Jun Xu joint translation, 1921, Gentile; "Sorrows of Young Werther" (novel) Goethe book, 1922, the Thai East; "Social Organization and social revolution "(paper) on the river with Hajime Japan, 1924, Business;" Shelley Poems "(poetry) Shelley of England, 1926, the Thai East;" Faust "(poetry) Goethe book, 1928, creating Society; "Moruo translated poems" If the Indian flail Rida, 1928, Creation Society; "Carboniferous King" (novel) Sinclair of America, 1928, Shanghai gregarious bookstore; "Critique of Political Economy" (reason perish) Germany with Karl Marx, 1921, Divine; "War and Peace" (novel) with the Russian Leo Tolstoy, 1935, a bright bookstores;.. "true art" (theory) with Karl Marx, 1947, group benefits. Chao (1892-1982): the word should be secondary, Jiangsu Wujin (now Changzhou) people. Chinese linguist, composer. February 24, 1982 in Cambridge, Massachu_set_ts, USA death. Lin Yutang (1895-1976): Formerly known and music, pseudonym Yutang. Fujian Longxi people. One of the most outstanding bilingual writer. There are eleven Chinese writings, forty nine works in English and translated works, hundreds of Prose. 1976 died in Hong Kong. Baihua (1897-1986): Jiangsu Changshu. Chinese modern aestheticians, philosophers, poets. His major works include "Aesthetics walk." He also translated many treatises Winckelmann, Lessing, Goethe, Schiller, Heine, Rodin and other masters of aesthetics and art. Translation has Kant's "Critique of Judgment," "Modern European Painting Painting On election", "Zong Baihua Literature Translation election" and so on. Cao Jinghua (1897-1987): Formerly known as Cao Tristate, Henan Romer Wuli River Road Mizoguchi village. Chinese translator, essayist, educator, professor at Peking University. Russia is mainly engaged in literary translation. The first translation is Chekhov's one-act play, "idiot", translated as the representative branch of Sui Rafi Mowei "iron flow", funded by the Lu Xun published in 1931. Translate nearly 30 kinds of Soviet literature. The main translation of "Three Sisters", "defend Tsaritsyn", "I am the son of the working people", "Rainbow", "City and years", "seven _set_s Soviet writer", "January 9," etc. . Ch'eng (1897-1984): Formerly known as Hao, Hunan, Xinhua person. Proficient in German, English, Japanese, French, Russian five languages. Early engaged in literary translation and translation criticism, later classics of Marxism-Leninism is mainly engaged in the work of translating the school. Qian (1897-1986): Anhui Tongcheng. China's most prominent contemporary literary theorist and esthetician. There Aleppo translation of "social roots of art," Plato's "literary dialogue _set_" and "Goethe Conversing" and so on. Feng (1898-1975): Formerly known as Feng Ren. Zonta Bay Shimen County, Zhejiang Province (now Tongxiang shimenzhen) people. Chinese modern cartoonist, translator, writer, music educator. Feng learned more energy, the translation is very abundant, with outstanding achievements in comics, literature, art theory, music theory, translation, calligraphy and arts education aspects. Especially rich in simple, delicate, deep and philosophical prose and comic flavor known, have a wider impact at home and abroad. September 15, 1975 and died in Shanghai. Dong Qiu Adams (1899-1969): Formerly known as Dong Shaoming, pseudonym autumn Adams, seeking thinking and so on. Hebei Jinghai people. Early thirties, publishing and Cai Yong Sang joint translation of the Soviet novel "Shimin Shi." During the war, translated Tolstoy's "War and Peace." Bing (1900 to 1999): Formerly Xiewan Ying, pseudonym Bing women, men and so on. Origin Fujian Changle, Fuzhou. Modern and contemporary writer, children's literature writer. Her work has been translated into many foreign languages published. Translation of "prophet" (prose poems) Syria Kero. Gibran, 1931, moon, "Indian Fairy Tales" Indian Muslim. Pull. Mulk book, 1955, CY, "Lee Ji trespassing wings" (poems ) Tagore of India, 1955, humanities, "Indian folk tale" Indian Muslim. pull. Mulk book, 1955, Shanghai Children, "Tagore anthology of poetry" and the stone true joint translation, 1958, the humanities, "Tagore plays _set_ "(4) 1959, drama," Mahendra poem copy "(Nepal) and Sun with the joint translation, 1965, the writer," Enlightening persons "(poetry) Malta Anton Buttigieg book, 1981, the humanities. Liang Shih-chiu (1903-1987): Formerly known as Liang Zhihua, the word real autumn, once in autumn Lang, son Jia, Cheng Shu as the pseudonym. Zhejiang Hangzhou county of origin, was born in Beijing. Famous writers and scholars. First translated novel "drug dealers wife" in September 1920 published in the "Tsinghua Week" Suppl 6. 1930s began translating the works of Shakespeare, sustained 40 years, until 1970 to complete the complete works of translation, total plays 37, verse 3. Old age seven years to complete one million words book "History of English Literature." Translation of "Abelard and sorrow Lvqi Adams Love Letter" (essays) Hamilton of Britain, 1928, New Moon; "wedding _set_" (short stories) with Strindberg, Sweden, 1930, China; "Pan Bide" (novel) British Bali book, 1930, Business; "Cisse Rowan recorded" Cicero of Rome, 1933, Business; "workers Manan Biography" (novel) British Isles Liao Te book, 1932, Business; "Merchant of Venice" (screenplay) with the British Shakespeare, 1936, Business; "Othello" (screenplay) British Shakespeare of 1936, business; "Ha Yu Hamlet" (screenplay) with the British Shakespeare, 1936, Business; "The Tempest" (screenplay) British Shakespeare with 1937, Business; "Mr. Gilfer of romance" 1944, Yellow bookstores;. "Love Story" British George Eliot book, 1945, Chongqing Yellow Press; "Wuthering Heights" . (novel) English E. Bronte book, 1955, Taiwan Business; "beasts map" of Britain Orwell, 1956, _set_s the middle;. "_set_ of 20 kinds of Shakespeare," 1967, Man Sing; "Jascha Renditions "(poetry anthology) 1985, Crown;" Shakespeare "(drama 37 _set_s, verse 3 _set_s) 1986 Far East. Feng Xuefeng (1903-1976): Formerly known as Fortune, pseudonym Xuefeng, studio, Los Yang, written English, He Danren, Lvke Yu et. Zhejiang Yiwu. One of the leaders of the left-wing cultural movement, excellent *** member of the famous proletarian literary theorist, Lu Xun expert, writer, poet, literary translator. Feng Xuefeng principal translator of Marxist literary theory, has published translations have 12. 1976 lung cancer death. Liang (1903-1983): Guangdong Xinhui people. Modern Chinese poet, scholar, translator and educator. His major works include poetry, "Vespers" word _set_ "reed wind", the text of "Poetry and Truth" and so on. Proficient in French, English, German and Italian, is a monument in the history of Chinese translators, who brought Wang Wei and Tao Yuanming's poems translated into French and translated the "Faust" on a roll, "Shakespeare's Sonnets" and other works In terms of foreign cultural exchanges made important contributions. The main translation of "Narcissus speech", "peak everything", "Shakespeare's Sonnets," "Faust," "Montaigne test pen", "Rodin" theory, "staggered _set_", "Goethe and sorrow more "," _set_ outside Timor "and so on. New China famous literary translation and translation II: 1909 years before the birth Kebo years (1904-1985): Major translate social science monographs, books and other Marxist-Leninist. Luo Niansheng (1904-1990): Generic Luo Mao Germany. Sichuan Weiyuan people. Ancient Greek literature scholar and translator. 1933 began translating classical Greek literature. After a few decades, translated many Greek important classics. Translations Bibliography: "Son of protest" (novella) Hardy of England, and Lu Ono joint translation, 1929, Far Eastern Book Company; "wine woman poetry.." 1930, Guanghua; 'Puppet Master Paul, "Benedict Shi-mo with Greece , and Chen Lin and other joint translation, 1931, brilliance; "伊菲格涅亚 in person in Los Tao" (tragedy) Greece and Europe Euripides book, 1936, Business; "Oedipus the King" (Tragedy) Greek Sophocles Claes book, 1936, Business; "Troas Women" (tragedy) Greece and Europe Euripides book, 1944, Business; "Aristophanes comedy _set_" 1954, humanities; "Europe Euripides tragedy _set_" 1957, humanities ; "Aeschylus tragedy two kinds of" 1961, humanities; "Cross Sophocles tragedy two kinds of" 1961, humanities; "frog" (screenplay) Greece Aristophanes book, 1961, humanities; "Europe Euripides tragedy two kind of "1962, humanities;" Poetics Poetry Art "(theory) ancient Greek Aristotle book, and Yang Zhouhan joint translation, 1962, humanities;" Poetics "(theory) Greek Aristotle book, 1962, the humanities; "A Brief History of Italy" British Hurd, Wiley co-author, with the concept of joint translation Zhu Hai, 1975, Business; "Aristophanes comedy two kinds of" 1980, Hunan People; "Lucian Anthology of Philosophy" (Political) Roman Lucian of 1980, business; "Aesop's Fables," 1981, Business; "Sophocles tragedy of two kinds," 1983, the people of Hunan; "Greek and Roman prose," 1985, the people of Hunan; "Ancient Greek and Roman literature election" 1988 , Beijing; "Aesop's Fables," 1988, the humanities. Ba Jin (1904-2004): Formerly known as Li Yao Tong, the word Fu Gan, otherwise wear pole, more than one, Wang Wenhui, Ouyang Kang Yung et pseudonym. Chengdu, Sichuan Province. Modern novelist, essayist and translator. From the 1920s to the 1980s, his beautiful language translation of Russia, France, Britain, the United States, Japan, Germany, Italy, Hungary, Poland and other countries writers and their works. His works have been translated into Japanese, Soviet Union, Britain, France, Germany, Hungary, Poland, the Czech Republic, Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Sweden text. Translation of "taking a little bread" (Kropotkin book) (1927), Translations of "Father and Son" (Turgenev book) (1943), Turgenev's "virgin" (1944), " The Happy Prince _Set_ "(Wilde book) (1948), Gorky's" Memories Tolstoy "(1950), Gorky's" Memories Brock "(1950), Pavlodar Petrovsky's" Memories Turgenev "(1950)," Prairie Collection "(1950), Gal Xun's short story collection" saffron "(1950), Gal Xun" an unexpected thing "(1951), Gal Xun's" leprosy shrimp frog and Rose "(1951), Turgenev's" Wood "(1952), translated" family drama "(Herzen a) modify the (1954), and Xiao Shan joint translation of" Tu grid Kamenev collection of short stories "(1959)," past and Capriccio "(Herzen a) (1979), among others. Lii (1904-1998): Danyang County, Jiangsu Province. Chinese linguists. Long been engaged in research of Chinese grammar. Major works in modern Chinese regard the "Outline of Chinese Grammar", "Grammar rhetoric speech" (co-authored with Zhu Dexi), "Chinese parsing problem," and so on. "Outline of Chinese Grammar" volume was published in 1942, the second volume was published in 1944. "Chinese Grammar Chamber" is the only comprehensive book to date on Chinese syntax semantic analysis. "Syntax rhetorical speech" is popular writings, beginning in June 1951, "People's Daily" serial, booklet published in 1952. "Chinese parsing problem," published in 1979. Lii is the syntax for the Study of Modern Chinese founder and universal aspects of language use and language knowledge also done a lot of work. Lii also translated some anthropological writings and literary works, he asked to see intelligible said. "Civilization and barbarism" (Commercial Press, 1984 edition). Jiao Juyin (1905-1975): Formerly known as Jiao Chengzhi. Tianjin. Famous dramatist, English, French translator. Gorky, Chekhov, Tolstoy, Zola, who works as translation, greater impact. Feng Zhi (1905-1993): Formerly known as Feng Cheng Zhi, Zi Junpei. Hebei Zhuoxian people. Modern writers, poets, literary translator. Lu Xun was known as "China's most distinguished lyric poet." Translated as the "Heine Poems" (1956) and Heine poem "Germany, a Winter's Tale" (1978). Because of his outstanding achievements in the study of Goethe, Heine translating the works achieved in 1983, the Federal Republic of Germany was awarded the Goethe Theater in Munich Goethe Medal; 1987 obtained a 1987 Art Awards International Center International Center in the country granted. Dai Wangshu (1905-1950): There Dai Mengou pseudonym, Gann, Aiang just like. Zhejiang anti-state people. Famous modern Chinese poet. Verlaine's poem published in 1926. Translations Bibliography:. "Girls Oath" (novel) French 沙多勃 easily ounces of 1928, enlightened; "Mother Goose Story" (fairy tale), France with sand 贝洛尔, 1928, enlightened; "Italian love story." and Zhao Jing, Li Jinming joint translation, l928, Asia;. "Tennyo Yuli" Hang the French Paul Mu, 1929, Hisashi; "Kama Sutra" 古罗马古沃维提 Wu Si with 1929, Shuimo; "house "(France ancient shells tune) 1929, Guanghua; 'historical materialism Literature" The French branch of the Iraqi Kewill, 1930, Shuimo; "Cassandra and Nicholas Wright week between" the Soviet Union was not into Chomsky, and Su Han and translation, 1930, Shuimo; "Mike Betts" (drama) with the British Shakespeare, 1930, Kinmen and Matsu; "blue bird" with Mrs. French Tuo Maderno, 1933, enlightened; "France modern short story collection" (Xuanyi) 1934, Pegasus; "high dragon Ballet" (novella) with French Merimee, 1925, Zhonghua Book Company; "Italian short story collection to Peking," 1935, Business; "Belgium Xuanyi collection of short stories," 1935, Business; "Spanish short stories _Set_ to Peking, "1936, Business;" Comparative Literature "French Tige Heng book, 1937, Business;" buddy "Italian leather Rand Lou waiting, and people co-translator, 1941, three;" Flowers of Evil drop-English "(poetry), France with Baudelaire, 1947, being pregnant;" Luo Erjia Poems "Spanish Luo Erjia of 1956, writer;" Dai Wangshu translated poetry, "1983, the people of Hunan. Zhou Xu Liang (1905-1984): Sun Rain (1905 - 1997): Formerly known as Ming Chuan, pseudonym sub dives. Zhejiang Zhuji. English translation of the Chinese translation of American literature and classical Chinese poetry has outstanding achievements. Translations have (Italy) Qi Lini "autobiography" (English) • Robert Browning "Ante Leah • Teer Sha more" Milton "joy", Shakespeare's "King Li Ya," " The Merchant of Venice, "" Othello, "" Hamlet, "" Macbeth "; English translation of the ancient text of Qu Yuan's" Lament "and Song Yu, Pan Yue, Liu Ling, Tao Qian, Han Yu, Su Shi's poetry and prose. January 5, 1997 and died in Shanghai. Shizhecun (1905 -): East China Normal University professor, engaged in English translation. The main compiler works with "honor," "under the yoke", "Conqueror Belle," "Ivanhoe," "Women's Heart Trilogy", "Hungarian short stories", "Polish short story collection", "foreign literary journal copy "and so on. Li Jianwu (1906-1982): Shanxi Yuncheng people. Chinese writer, dramatist, literary critic, translator, French literature expert. From 1925 onwards began to publish translated to novels, plays as much, between theoretical. Fiction of "Madame Bovary," "Temptation of St. Anton", "Stendhal Seoul stories", etc.; screenplay of "love and death struggle" and Gorky, Chekhov, Tolstoy and others. theatrical _set_s. Which Moliere comedy 27, is the most complete translation. His translation of stress honesty and faith, writing is smooth, familiar and easy to understand, tastes. He has "Flaubert Critical Biography", "Moliere's comedy," "Moliere <Comedy six kinds> translation program" and other monographs. Fu Lei (1908-1966): An excuse the word, anger No. Um, Shanghai Nanhui people. Literary translator. Fu Lei translated works of more than 30 species, mainly for French literature. Which accounted for 15 kinds of Balzac: "high old man," "Ya Erpei • Savary Dragon", "Eugenie Grandet •" "Tony Aunt", "Uncle Bangs" "Summer times Colonel" "Sabrina Ohno "" interdiction "," in Xu Er • Mi Rohee "" multi-race Charles Shapiro • Rise and Fall of mind, "" stir the water woman "," Doyle's parish priest, "" Rand than sorrow, "" disillusionment "" cat playing mind "(translation during the" Cultural Revolution "was copied). • Romain Rolland four kinds: that is, "John • Christopher" and three celebrity biography "Beethoven," "indemnity cover Lang Qi Luo Chuan" "Tolstoy biography." Clothes Stewart (now an interpreter Voltaire) four kinds: "honest people", "innocent Han" "So the World", "check the first frame." Merimee two kinds: "Carmen" and "high dragon Pakistan." Moluo A three kinds: "Dress Stewart Biography" "Life Five questions" "love and sacrifice." In addition, there are Subu translation of "Charlotte rumor" 杜哈曼 of "civilization", Taine's "Philosophy of Art", Russell's British "road to happiness" and Newton's "British Paintings" and other books. Early 1960s, Fu Lei outstanding contribution in the translation because the works of Balzac aspects of the French Balzac study will absorb as a member. All of his translation, the family has now been scheduled, compiled by Anhui People's Publishing House, "Fu Lei Translation _Set_", from 1981 onwards the publication of 15 volumes, is now at a time. After the "Fu Lei" (1981) compiled and published, but also for the readers attention. Sixties "Cultural Revolution early" due to political persecution, the couple committed suicide unbearable abuse. Tian Good Hope (1909-2000): Hebei Shunping people, famous translator, professor at Peking University. He translated the works of Swiss writer Keller "country where Romeo and Juliet" and other novels called German literary translations in templates. Tian Good Hope lifelong study of Dante, is the most famous expert on Dante. After retirement in 1986, he focused on translation of Dante's "Divine Comedy" and a few weeks before his death completed the "Divine Comedy," the last one "piece of heaven" is finalized, which lasted eighteen years translated by Dante 15 was written in the "Divine Comedy," Dante called Concert. Tian Good Hope translated "Divine Comedy" is not only a truly "letter, and Elegance" outstanding Chinese translation, but also a high level of academic monographs insights. Because of this, Tian Good Hope translated "Divine Comedy" not only won the country's Translation Award "Rainbow" and won the National Award for the Italian translation of literary heritage department. In recognition of his outstanding achievements in the study of Dante, met with Italian President Tian Good Hope in 1999, and awarded him the Italian "presidential-level Knight." October 6, 2000, died in Beijing. New China famous literary translation and translation III: 1920 years before the birth Qian Zhongshu (1910-1998): the word Mocun, No. Huai together, the king has used the pseudonym in the book. Jiangsu Wuxi. Modern Literary Studies, writer. "Besieged City" has been translated into many foreign languages. He himself translated the theoretical insights have unique channel proposed Transmigration. Zhilin (1910-2000): who uses the pseudonym quarter Mausoleum, native of Jiangsu Lishui, Jiangsu Haimen people. His works include "Three Akigusa" (1933), "Fish Head _Set_" (1935), "consolation letter _set_" (1940), "Ten years Shicao" (1942), "carving insects Ji calendar 1930-1958" (1979 ), etc.; translation of "four kinds of Shakespearean tragedy" (Beijing People's Literature Publishing House), "British anthology, with modern French poetry author" (which English poetry section, the provincial Beijing bureau of the Bilingual Service Printing House), "West window _set_ "," Hamlet ", the British literary biographer Manchester Lecce modern masterpiece" Queen Victoria "(1935). December 2, 2000 died of illness in Beijing. Xiao Qian (1910-1999): Xiao Qian, Mongolian, formerly known as Xiao Ping dry, Beijing. Famous reporter, writer, outstanding literary translator. Translation of "Haobingshuaike" and "Bayle • Kindt," and so on. In 1990, eighty-old Xiao Qian and his wife 文洁若 should be about the Nanjing Yilin Press, proceed translated • famous British novelist James Joyce's stream of consciousness "Ulysses", which lasted four years. Ai (1910-1966): Formerly known as Li Shengxuan, Yunnan Tengchong people. Marxism-Leninism is mainly engaged in translation of books and literary works. Joint translation with others, "outline new philosophy," Guo participate vigorously et al, "Das Kapital" translation work. Yang Jiang (1911 -), formerly known as Yang Jikang, writer, critic and translator. Translated as the "British prose since 1939", "Xiao Laizi", "Jill. Blas," "Church. Quixote" and so on. Feng also generation (1913-2005): Formerly known as Feng Yide Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, a famous social activist, translator, writer and editor and publisher. There Hungary Hay translated • Julius "bridge of life," the British Maugham, "Maugham short story collection," American Howard • Belfast "Nicolas Fan Os_set_ia and suffering," Hemingway "fifth column and Other "and nearly 20 books. Su to topics rigorous, concise and accurate Yibi known. Back in the 1940s, he began to engage in literary translation, as translated American author Ernest Hemingway and Hemingway became the first to introduce to China's one translator. December 23, 2005, died in Beijing. SPINE (1914-1999): Pseudonym Malta, Hubei Hongan people. A famous writer, literary translator, foreign literature home. 1933 began translating literary works. After World War II period to stay in Europe, the acquisition of Denmark, Sweden and many other languages. Since 1949, the founder of China's first large-scale publication of foreign literature, "Chinese Literature", in mainland China in cultural work of literary translation occupies an important position. There are mainly translated more than "The Complete Works of Hans Christian Andersen story", "Qiao Wanna", "chief architect", "happy family", "Kalman", "Yugoslavia contemporary fairy election" and so on. Spent 40 years of time to translate, edit, organize, annotate, Comment Andersen fairy tale. 1944-1949, SPINE lived in Cambridge for five years, all of his spare time literal fairy tales of Hans Christian Andersen. 1950s will be asked again revision again, compiled a total of 16, is China's first Hans Christian Andersen's Fairy Tales. In 1978, this revised again Fairy Tales published four volumes of the merger. Danish media said: "Because the translator to understand Anderson is not only a storyteller for children, but a philosopher, poet, democrat, advocating progress and oppose the powerful people behind and heartless only Chinese translations of him as. A great writer and poet to introduce to the reader, to keep the author's poetry, humor and lively figurative language, so it is the highest level of translation. "He was the first to systematically introduce China to Anderson to translate Danish version Hans Christian Andersen fairy tale world-renowned literary, and was named the American translation with "the world's two best translations" and was in 1988 awarded the Queen of Denmark Majialite II "Medal of the Danish flag." Yang Hsien-yi (1915 -): Tianjin. Famous translator. After 1940, with the British girl Gladys engagement with China back. In 1952, the Beijing Foreign Languages Press, engaged in translation work for decades, and his wife co-translator of the "Dream of Red Mansions", "The Scholars", "_Select_ed Works of Lu Xun", "Lament", "Nine Songs", "Evocation" "Song and the election", "Tang and Song poetry and prose," "Northern and Southern Dynasties fiction," and other 100 kinds of Chinese ancient and modern classics, many have been recognized as a classic translation of the work. Yang Hsien-yi, Gladys Magazine common support in English, "Chinese Literature" for nearly five decades, founded since 1951, this publication is a Chinese literary works was the only window to the world. His wife, Gladys (1919-1999), formerly known as Gladys B.Tayler, marriage was renamed Gladys Yang, born in Beijing in a British missionary family. The age of seven returned to England, in the church secondary education. 1937 was admitted to the University of Oxford, initially to study French language and literature, after founding the Chinese language and literature, was the first Chinese BA from Oxford University. _Set_tled in China since the 1940s, died in Beijing November 18, 1999. After her death, Yang Hsien-yi no translations produced. Wan Zi (1915 -): Professional translators engaged in English, Russian translation work more than fifty years. The main translation works are "our summer", "Big Walder biography of great men", "Owen Short Stories," "New Oriental Night Tan", "a steak", "Love of Life" and so on. Ru Long (1916-1991): Jiangsu Suzhou. Literary translation work began in 1936, mainly translations of "Chekhov's fiction," "Resurrection," "Alta Mono everyone's business" and so on. Zuoliang (1916-1995), modern poets, English literature specialist. Will be in English, fine German. Talk about poetry, poetry review, Translated handy. Many of his writings are talking about poetry: "British Epic", "History of English Romantic Poetry", "Scottish Poems," "the realm of English Poetry", "English Poems", "British Xuanyi poetry collection" , "read Mu Dan's poem," and so on. When in high school, he has published poems in the press more than the first. In the Southwest United wrote two poems _select_ed by a comprehensive reading into his "Modern Poems." The 1940s was the period of his exuberant poetry, wrote "spring, I think of Shakespeare," "allogeneic sonnet eight", "go to the National Bank, 1947", "London night", "Paris quayside" "Christmas 1948", "20th Century British literary history", "British prose rheology," "History of English Literature," "History of the English novel", "British Epic" and other works. Wu Xi Zhen (1917-1996): Liaoning Shenyang. Translator. Mainly engaged in the work of translating the English classics. Translation of "lone exile mind," "The Story of Mankind", "educational psychology", "Collection of English prose", "Greco-Roman Heroes", "celebrity epigram," "MacArthur prayer for the child", "away Madding Crowd, "" The Story of Mankind "," Greek and Roman Celebrity Biography, "" The Mayor of Casterbridge "and so on. Mu Dan (1918-1977): Formerly known as Charles Liang Zheng, native of Haining, Zhejiang, was born in Tianjin. Famous poet and translator of poetry. Dedicated to Russian, English poetry translation. Translation of "Eugen Onegin •" (1957), "Don Juan" (1980), "Modern British Poetry" (1985). 1977 Spring died. Jia-Jin (1918 -): The main compiler works include "Krylov fable"; Tolstoy "Cossack"; Lemont "farmers" (spring, summer, autumn, winter), which was Vera "vortex"; "Tagore lyrical poems "," Gibran Prose election "," Heart flute charm "and so on. Hou Chun-Ji (1919 -): mainly engaged in English, German translation, engaged in translation work more than fifty years. The main translation works are "steel and slag", "abduction", "Komi Ake one", "green hell", "Goethe" and "The Sorrows of Young Werther" and so on. Bao Di (1920-2002): in Russian translation. The main compiler works "Dobrolyubov anthology" (1,2); "Chernyshevski Literature" [upper, middle and lower (1,2)]; "Belinsky anthology" (d) ( combined); "On Foreign Literature" and so on.
Translated by Google
The standard translation
Language translation is the process of interpersonal communication and the exchange of different languages bridge. English-Chinese Translation of the article is the information that thought and expression, faithfully expressed in Chinese, so that readers can get the Chinese and English readers about the same feelings. This feeling is a measure of the scale of the merits of the translation quality, which translate standard. Generally speaking, there are two main criteria of translation: the faithful and fluent. 1) faithful: is faithful to the original text of the message to be passed, that is, the original information is complete and accurate to express it, so that the target readers to get information and original readers get information about the same. Example 1 He had words with her. [Mistakenly]: He talked to her. [N]: He and she had a fight. [Notes]: have a word with sb conversation with someone, and have words with sb quarrel with someone .. Example 2 We shall not want for food. [False]: What we do not want food. [N]: We do not lack food. [Notes]: want vt want, want; want for the lack. 2) Jockey: refers to the translation specification, easy to understand, no solecism, structural disorder, the logic is unclear phenomenon. Example 1 Historically, city life has always been among the elements which form a civilization. [Original translation]: Historically, urban life has been constituted out of civilization aspects. [Translation by]: Historically, urban life has always been an integral part of civilization. Example 2. Supporters of the "nature" theory insist that we are born with a certain capacity for learning that is biologically determined. [Original translation]: "nature" theory proponents insist that we are born with some kind of ability to learn, ability to learn from a biological perspective this is to be determined in. [Translation by]: support the "nature" theory insist that we are born with a certain ability to learn, which is determined by biological factors. 3) the relationship between the faithful and fluent: fluent faithful is the foundation to ensure smooth faithful. Unfaithful to the original and the one-sided pursuit fluent translation, the translation will lose their value and become a river without water, without trees, it is not a translation of it. However, not fluent translations, so that readers feel uncomfortable, but also inevitably affect the accurate representation of the original and, therefore, not to mention the faithful. Visible, faithful and fluent is the unity of opposites, reflecting the relationship between content and form of consistency. So, we say, is the basis of faithful translation quality, and is fluent translation quality assurance. Students scoring in the English entrance examination, we found that contrary to some translation and the original meaning, and some translations solecism, affecting the accuracy of the original meaning of the expression. Example 1 The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics divert attention from the fault that lies with ill informed or incompetent users. [Original translation]: the goal is wrong, because the critics looked away, the error attributed to information technology users unreasonable or poor. [Translation by]: the standardized tests as objective criticism is wrong, because in attacking the tests, critics do not consider their ills from the user of the test do not understand or improper use. Example 2 For example, they don't compensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favourable circumstances. [Original translation]: for example, they can not compensate for inequalities in society as a whole, and therefore can not be described as a more appropriate under the circumstances, adverse living conditions of young people how to grow. [Translation by]: for example, do not compensate for the obvious social injustice; therefore, they can not explain the poor physical condition of a young man, if you grow up in a better environment, then have much talent.
Translated by Google
Biochemistry noun "translation":
Translation (translation): During protein synthesis, the mRNA present in the polypeptide represents a nucleotide residue sequence into the amino acid residue sequence of a polypeptide chain process. What is a translation? "A study of language translation work to operate, that is to replace text in a language course in another language of the text." (JC Catford, 1994) "Translation is the product of a verbal language while maintaining content, which is the sense of constant change is the product of another language speech process." (Barr Hu 达罗夫, 1985) "Translated phrase is finding acceptance and primitives information as possible by recent natural peer discourse, first of sense, etc., followed by the style on and so on." (EA Nida, 1969) "Translated but the choice of language behavior is closely related to a particular way interlingual information transfer." (Wolfram Wells, 1982) "Translation is a cross-cultural exchange of information and exchange activities, its essence is spread." (Lu Jun, 1997) As many definitions, which is more accurate, appropriate? To answer this question, we first look at the translation of the activity itself. Many specific form of translation, with interpretation, translation, machine translation, translation from the physical form, it showed a combination of various types of symbols for the _select_ion of the system, concrete can be divided into four categories: (1) sound language symbols, namely natural language spoken language, its manifestations as telephone communications, internal and external negotiations and receiving foreign dignitaries, etc.; (2) silent language symbols, text symbols and images, including symbols, its manifestations is negotiating a resolution, social letters, messages, communications, and various literary works and other printed matter; (3) sound nonverbal symbols, namely the dissemination process, regardless of the so-called sound and syllable of "class language" symbol, which is a common way: Special reread when speaking, the tone changes, laughter and applause, no specific kind of symbol divided into syllables, nor semantics is fixed, the information is in a certain locale to spread, such as laughter could be loaded with positive information may also be loaded with negative information, and if you can spread the applause welcomed favor, happy and other information can also be transmitted, such as a polite denial. (4) the silent non-verbal symbols, namely various body language sign, showing human actions, such as facial expressions and costumes accompanied silent language symbols, such symbols have distinct national culture, for example, some actions of people in different cultures semantic information represented in a completely different, not only that, it also strengthened the language of sound propagation effects, such as when talking, if accompanied by an appropriate body language, will significantly enhance the expression of the effect of oral language. These four categories symbolic expression of both translation of the original code, you can also express translation of decoding, ie they can be used alone or as a raw material carrier code decoding can also be composed of two, three, four together constitute the translation carrier code or the original code. Judging from the actual operation of the program, including the translation of understanding, transformation, expression of the three links, the understanding that the analysis of the original code, accurately grasp the message expressed by the original code; conversion is to use a variety of methods, such as in the form of interpretation or translation of _Select_ all kinds of symbolic systems use a combination, extension, concentration and other skills such as translation, information expressed in the original code into equivalent information Decoding; expression is a new language system accurately express. The form and content of such a translation complex, from a philosophical definition of highly abstract translation is also a very difficult task with many scholars of this made many efforts, benevolent see benevolence and the wise see wisdom, from a different perspective Translation made on summary and conclusion. Among the many definitions, some scholars (eg, Lu Jun, 1997) will be translated into the scope of the study communication studies, translation studies as a branch of the Communication, which gives us a useful inspiration: It is more clear translation studies is an open dynamic system that full attention to the influential role in the information transfer process many other factors, such as mode of transmission, communication channels, communication purposes, such as the spread of different objects, it can be more widely to draw on the research results of the study of other disciplines or other disciplines play a role in influence and guidance. Many translated form above, we can be summarized as a little translation is actually a special form of information dissemination. In fact the whole translation activities as a social information transfer performance, the performance of communicators, communication channels, a series of interactive relationship between the recipient. And general communication process is different, translation is carried out between the two cultures, the operator is no longer a symbol of the _select_ed original symbol system, but from a cultural escape, but the principle is the same as the ordinary spread The. Biological significance: to direct mRNA template, tRNA is an amino acid transporter, ribosome assembly place for the joint coordination to complete the process of protein biosynthesis Translation definition: 1.To render in another language -. American Heritage Dictionary Into another language. - "Webster's Collegiate Dictionary." (2) "the words of a language to express it in another language" - "Ci Hai", "Modern Chinese Dictionary" 3 "Translation is the expression in one language (or target language target language) of what has been expressed in another language (source language primitives), preserving semantic and stylistic equivalences." -. Dubois . 4 "Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style." - Eugene Nida . 5 "Translation is a craft consisting in the attempt to replace a written message and / or statement in one language by the same message and / or statement in another language." - Peter Newmark 6.Translation or translating is a communicative activity or dynamic process in which the translator makes great effort to thoroughly comprehend a written message or text in the source language and works very hard to achieve an adequate or an almost identical reproduction in the target language version of the written source language message or text. How to improve the English translation capabilities Translations is a language to express the meaning out of the text in another language a creative language activities. Improve translation capability is a long process of practice and continue to accumulate. Engaged in nursing literature in English translation comrades, especially beginners, to improve their ability to translate, should be more efforts in the following aspects. 1. Strengthen their basic literacy The so-called basic literacy refers translator must have the basic conditions, that is the basic requirement for the translator. In addition it should have noble "Translation German translation Wind" and serious, beyond the meticulous scientific approach, the translator must have three areas of literacy, that a certain level of English, Chinese high academic accomplishment and wealth of expertise. A large number of translation practice shows that these three aspects of literacy is higher, can successfully complete the translation work. Regarding the English proficiency, attention should lay a solid foundation, expand vocabulary, extensive reading, it is best to listen, speak, read, write, interpret five aspects of training go hand in hand, faster than a single attack to improve their English translations. In terms of accomplishment Chinese should strengthen training grammar, logic, rhetoric and other aspects of knowledge, to read, to write, practice modify articles. Expertise in the subject, we should strive to be proficient in their own business, and more understanding of the relevant expertise; often viewed domestic and foreign nursing journals, academic master developments. 2 temper in translation practice Language translation is a creative activity, and highly practical. But not by a lot of practice to improve translation capability is tantamount to want to learn to swim but the water is not the same. Of course, the practice should also pay attention to science. Without the guidance of experts in beginner, it is best find some level of difficulty to meet their own material and has Chinese translation translation exercises. After his translation of written translations in contrast with others. Take a look at themselves in terms of understanding the accuracy, followed by a look at his expression whether the Chinese language and customs, to find insufficient. With the improvement of the level, you can find some simple basics of the professional aspects of the article to be translated, after a gradual transition to the English translation of the nursing literature. Insist on a gradual multi-multi-contributor translation, will fruitful. In the time allowed, it is best to adhere to every day, many things that translation. Over time, it will certainly go a long way to grow. 3 to learn and to be creative and to others Beginner translation comrades on the one hand to read more English-Chinese Chinese class notes or reading materials in English books; hand can also be based on a translation of the original offer of a magazine article to find the source of the translation to the appropriate text, and then perform control reading. Through comparative analysis, you can identify their gaps, learn and absorb others in the spirit of understanding and translation of the original expression and other aspects of the strengths, promote the improvement of translation capabilities. If their _select_ion for translation, when faced with a problem difficult to solve, we must humbly ask for advice from others. Another frequently read some books about translation skills, but also help improve translation capabilities. At the same time, but also the spirit of innovation. In the translation process, we can not stick to the translation provided by others, think outside the box can not be confined by the previous formation. With the continuous improvement of translation capabilities, you can go to create a new performance practices based on a translation standards, to further improve the translation work. In summary, interested in engaging in the English translation of the nursing literature comrades, especially young friends started his translation of territory, should continue to strengthen its quality training, as long as the courage to practice, in the translation of the pastoral in hard work, translation capabilities will continue to improve , must be able to bear rich fruit. (Bethune Military Medical College) Chinese Foreign Office announced recently the 18th World Congress held in Shanghai, China's engagement in the post translation professional and technical staff of about 3.5 million people, while the number of 10 million people engaged in translation work in different forms, in 2007 industrial output value reached 30 billion million. In recent years, translation has become specialized occupations. Translation services as a new modern service industry, culture and economy are becoming second only to the education sector is another emerging industry. According to statistics, the various types of professional translators with more than 3000 registered companies, consulting firms on behalf of the company, printing and other registered social contract and the actual translation of the business as much as tens of thousands more. In Beijing alone, there are more than 100 registered companies translator. In addition, the translation services market has rapidly risen in value in 2003 to 110 billion in 2005 to 200 billion in 2007 reached 30 billion yuan. However, the Chinese translation of talent is still far behind the demand, the Chinese translation of foreign high-end talent shortage of them. Although many number translation service, but mostly small, the service is not strong, limited marketing capabilities, institutional mechanisms compared to other modern service enterprises have significant gaps, and therefore compete with international counterparts are often at a disadvantage. 2007 translation services market market share of 30 billion yuan, a considerable part of access to foreign counterparts. China currently does not have a government department in charge of translation utilities, a unified, policy specification complete, the system is not yet in place. In Western countries, the translation industry, government authorities generally have some degree of policy guidance
Translated by Google
Buddhist Encyclopedia
[Translation] translator, that turned to China and Sanskrit words also. Also translated is made easy too. In the words of China, Yi He Sanskrit, to serve Dafa to circulate As early as the Han Matanga, the class is also translated 四十二章经.
Translated by Google
Buddhist Encyclopedia
[Translation] the meaning of text in one language into another language to express. Also refers to the dialect and the national common language, dialects and dialect, the ancient language of modern language translation. Such as Ding Ling "Dream Ke": "This is a young twenty-year-old who just turned back from France for less than six months, a long time ago we often see his name in the magazine, most of the translation point of the novel." Again Qing Zhao Lian "Xiao Ting Miscellany Taizong Reading History": "had ordered Confucians translate" Three Kingdoms "and" distant "," gold "," Yuan Shi. ", grounds on the books, to teach people," this means Han Ji Taiji edict for the full translation of the text. Also, the symbols used to express the significance of the digital language, also called translation. Such as Ba Jin "Autumn in Spring," a: "He was very concerned to help me translate the telegram." And refers to people who work as a translator, such as Chen Yi "in the village of North Korea's Yang": "Come translation translation comrade, the old lady's words , very interesting. "As to the modern translation of ancient, at least in the Han Dynasty have. As Sima Qian's "Records Wudi" in the "Book", "Yun PCT hundreds of hands, Shu Ji Xian Xi" translated "the letter ordered Baiguan, all the functions are hing." "Translated" word appeared earlier. "Book of Rites kingship" that "the five parties of the people, the language barrier," and pointed out that Chen north through language by "translation." The "Dictionary" then refers to "Shii interpretation of the speaker" to "translation." "Turn" and "translation" of the widely used, in the Buddhist scriptures with scriptures career developed Shengchuan Han occasion. As Zhou · Yu "Feng Ying Zhao and French feast" poem: "Buddhism and barbarian mind, scripture Chinese turn." "Under Monks scriptures," and if Southern Liang Dignitary: "first in the division of Salmonella Faxian sub-state was "Mi Chasse law" Sanskrit, not translated, but significant move of the law. "translated meaning refers earliest scriptures. Song Fayun "translating nominal _set_" Volume that: "Cardiff translator, that turned Brahma turn into the Han language words and tone Suisi do, Yoshinori Datong." But, in fact, is not limited to scriptures Vatican translation of the Chinese, as well as the source of Buddhist sutra Pali, Western culture (HU Ben), Tibetan and so on. Also translated Manchu Qing Dynasty Tripitaka. About translation, "Monks Song" as a metaphor: "The Splendid as turning back all Chinese, but about different ears." Our translation of Buddhist scriptures, began in the late Han's Shigao, Lou Jia Chen et al., No. "ancient Translation. " Then appeared to Kumarajiva, feel virtuous, as the representative of the true meaning of "old translation" and to Xuanzang, Yijing as the representative of the "new translation", translated in the history of the formation of an unprecedented event. Translating a rich family who summed up the experience. If Shigao "five lost the three difficult," Xuanzang "five do not turn" and Yan Cong "Eight prepare ten" and so on. From Six to Sui, a number of private or government-run "translation field", mostly concentrated in Chang'an and Luoyang, Central China and other places. Every once translated, roughly translated to go through the main, by the pen, the degree of language, permits the Vatican, run the text, context permits, the total exploration and other procedures. Visible scriptures cautious style, its influence extends to future generations. (Li right)
China interpret Institution