Containing the chloroplast of the algae. Most live in water. Frond grass green, from single cells, groups of individuals or cells. A cell wall and the apparent nucleus. Individual cells are more spherical shape, such as sheet and filaments.
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lǜ zǎo
A green or yellow green algae, can be used for pipe, ball or net, filament, was born in damp many waters can be a single cell, multiple cells can also
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Classification and Distribution
绿藻 分类与分布
绿藻 分类与分布
Chlorophyta (chlorophyta) is the largest algae one, about 430 genera, 6700 species. Sub-classes on the Chlorophyta, opinions vary, the materials in use are two classes: Chlorophyceae (chlorophyceae) and charophytes Programme (charophyceae). Some scholars distinguish the outline of Chara as a separate one. Green algae is widely distributed to a maximum of fresh water, flowing water and still water can be seen. Wet places on land and sea also has algae growth, the formation of some symbiotic lichen and fungi.
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2. Main Features
Green algae and higher plants, plant cells similar to, but also the nucleus and chloroplasts, have similar pigment, nutrient storage and cell wall components. Pigments to chlorophyll a and b up to, as well as lutein and carotene, it was green. Nutrients stored mainly starch and oil. Chloroplast starch one to several nuclei. Cell wall components is mainly cellulose. Swimming cells of equal length 2 or 4 top students tail whip-type flagella. Diverse body of green algae, single cells, groups, filament or thallus. Variety of ways reproduction, asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction are common, and some types of life history are generational phenomenon.
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3. Reproduction
绿藻 ３．繁殖
Chlorophyta reproduction of plants through vegetative propagation, asexual propagation of plants; and sexual reproduction in a variety of ways. The same distribution, with different distribution and eggs are there, we will be presented in different representatives of the plant.
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4. Representative plants
绿藻 ４．代表植物
Chlorophyceae (chlorophyceae) the outline of the plant body, cell structure and reproduction differences are large, most of the green algae are the key link. About now common in the following: (1) Chlamydomonas genus (chlamydomonas) is Volvocales cell types within a single common plants. This is about more than 100 species living in fresh water containing organic ditch and ponds in early spring and late autumn are more often formed a large community, so that the water turns green. Single plant cell, oval, cells have a thick crust cup of the chloroplast, the bottom of a starch core. Chloroplast nuclei in the top of the cup. Algae and other front-end has two long flagella, the base has two telescopic bulb, next to a red eye point. In the electron microscope you can see the thylakoid, mitochondria and Golgi bodies (Figure 6-9). Chlamydomonas usually reproduce asexually. Often when the rest of reproductive frond, shrink or fall off flagella, swim into sporangia. Protoplast division as 2,4,8,16, the formation of cell walls and two flagellated zoospore (zoospore), capsule rupture after escaping zoospores develop into new individuals. Sexual reproduction in Chlamydomonas with most of the same germ. Protoplast division into 8 to 64 small cells, called gametes (gamete). Gametes and zoospores in the shape similar, but smaller size. Gametes after release from the mother cell, Serve on the combination of swimming soon as 2n, with four flagella of the zygote, zygote, after a few hours swimming and round, forming a thick wall of the zygote. After a dormant zygote, when the environment suitable for germination. Germination after meiosis to produce four zoospores. When the zygote wall rupture, zoospores stray out of the formation of a new instance of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Volvocales common algae are also disk is (gonium), is a real sp (pandorina) and empty sp is (eudorina). Disc shaped algae is a group of asexual reproduction, the population of all cells while producing zoospores, sexual reproduction is the same with. Amorphous sp is also a real group of algae asexual reproduction and the plate is the same with sexual reproduction are different. Empty sp is a spherical or elliptical groups, minority groups of cell types, some vegetative cells do not produce gametes and spores, vegetative cells and reproductive cells that have begun to have a differentiation, sexual reproduction is different allocation. From Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is a unicellular, algae is a disk group, algae is a real ball, air ball, and multicellular algae are the algae is a group of view, there Volvocales clear evolutionary trend. Algae from a single cell, group to a multi cell body, the role of cell nutrition and reproductive function of not division to division of labor, sexual reproduction by the same distribution, different with respect to the evolution of the egg with 3. (3) Chlorella is a (chlorella) is Chroococcaceae common purpose in the plant. Single-cell plants are planktonic species, round or oval. Sheet and the cup containing chloroplasts in vivo, generally without starches nucleus. Asexual reproduction, the resulting pro-like spores can not swim (autospore). Sexual reproduction has not yet discovered. Is widely distributed, living in ponds with organic matter and ditches. Chlorella contains protein-rich, up to 50%, and fat and vitamins, it can be advanced food or pharmaceutical. Freshwater algae Scenedesmus, in a variety of fresh waters can live, are very widespread. (5) wire GENUS (ulothrix) is the common thread algae plant project. Filamentous algae as a single body, the diameter of the cylindrical cells up and down the same connection is made, the base of the general single-cell holdfast was grown in rock or wood. Cells have a central nucleus, chloroplast band formed tube-like, in the side of the border, or on which contains a number of nuclear proteins. Filamentous growth is generally casual, in addition to the base of holdfast cells, the algae cells can carry out the nutrition division, resulting in cell next to the horizontal cross-divisions. Wire algae are capable of asexual and sexual reproduction. Asexual reproduction, in addition to holdfast cells, all the vegetative cells were produced with 4 or 2 zoospore flagella, a cell can produce 2,4,8,16 or 32 zoospores. Zoospores and telescopic bulb with focus, swimming slowly. Then attached to one end of the flagellum in the matrix, the germination cells to form a base retainer, single cell division extended filaments. Process is the same with sexual reproduction, gamete and zoospore production process, as more than just the number of gametes. Gametes swimming in the water and then combined in pairs, between gametes from different individuals, the combined occurrence of sexual processes, the phenomenon known as heterothallic. Zygote after meiosis by sleep and produce zoospores and static spores, each spore grows into a new plant. (6) Ulva genus (ulva) is the head of plant Ulva. Algae are multicellular, composed of two cell layers of the sheet for the thallus. Extension of the rhizoid cell base wire, rhizoid filaments between cells born in the two to reach plants grown in vitro, and mutual assistance are closely intertwined, constitute false parenchyma-like holdfast, fixing on the rocks. Concept of algal cells polygonal or elongated section view of the square, arranged in irregular but close, full of glial cell gap. Mononuclear cells, cells in the inner sheet. Chromophores, flakes, outside of cells in the sheet, there is a nuclear protein. Ulva has two plants, that is, sporophytes (sporophyte) and gametophyte (gametophyte), two kinds of plants by the two cells. Mature sporophyte, in addition to basal cells, the algal cells can be formed sporangia, began to form in the leafy upper part of the leaf margin of the vegetative cell, after the inward and the middle and lower expansion. Spores mother nuclei after meiosis, the formation of 8 to 16 single-fold, with four flagella of zoospores. Mature, the sporangium of the hole to escape, swimming for some time, attached to the rocks, lost flagella, the secretion of cell wall, about 2,3 days after germination into a gametophyte, the period of asexual reproduction. When mature gametophyte produces gametes underwent sexual reproduction, the formation of gametes and zoospores elution with similar, but with no meiotic ascus mother cell nucleus. Each ascus generated with 16 to 32 with two flagella of gametes. Differences with the majority of reproduction, the gametes produced by different algae can combine to form a zygote. Zygote germination in 2,3 days for the spore body. Ulva is of sporophytes and gametophytes of the same shape, from these two generations of the same form of algae is a continuation of alternating generations, alternation of generations life cycle is the same shape. (7) Spirogyra genus (spirogyra) is the head of the common bonding algae plants. About 300 species in this genus. Chang was born into a piece of the bottom in shallow water or floating on water. Plant is unbranched filaments, composed of many cylindrical cells connected together vertically. Out how the amount of cell wall pectin, so the creamy surface algae, hand-to discern. Cytoplasm close to the wall, there is a large central vacuole, the nucleus from the protoplasm of silk traction, hanging in the cell center. Each cell contains one to several banded chloroplasts, spiral around the periphery of the protoplast. Chloroplasts have a pyrenoid. Chara Programme (charophyyceae) the key link in the plant on the structure and mode of reproduction are more complex Chlorophyceae, Chara is an example to the next. Chara (chara) about 150 species. Plants erect, the body 10 to 60 cm high, branching tree, a main branch, side branch, spur of the points. Surface often contain calcium, to separate branches of the rhizoid cell fixation in the bottom mud. Main branch and lateral branch divided into sections and sections, the section gave birth around the spur wheel. Casuarina is also divided into sections and sections, the spur has been called the "leaf." Both the main branch or spur, the top has a top cell (apical cell), can continue to grow. More than Chara was born in fresh water, the flow was slow or still water at the bottom of the growth of small pieces, a few growing in micro-alkaline water. The height of the plant Chara differentiation, genital complex and surrounded the outside with a layer of vegetative cells can be compared with the sexual organs of higher plants. Therefore, some people are as an independent one. Chlorophyta high economic value. In green algae such as Ulva, reef film, seagrass and other coastal people have always been widely dredging edible seaweed. Seafood flat algae, Chlorella and other unicellular algae multiplication fast, high output, a certain amount of protein, carbohydrates, amino acids and vitamins, can be used for food, feed or extraction of protein, fat, chlorophyll and riboflavin, etc. a variety of products. Some algae can be used as medicine, such as Chlorella, Ulva pertusa and so on. In addition, the benefit for the algae and activity of bacteria and algae in symbiotic systems approach to the treatment of domestic sewage and industrial wastewater.
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Classification and Distribution
绿藻 分类与分布
Also known as grass green algae (grass-green algae). Green algae (Chlorophyta) is the largest algae one, about 430 genera, 6700 species. Sub-classes on the Chlorophyta, opinions vary, the materials in use are two classes: Chlorophyceae (Chlorophyceae) and charophytes Programme (Charophyceae). Some scholars distinguish the outline of Chara as a separate one. Green algae is widely distributed to a maximum of fresh water, flowing water and still water can be seen. Wet places on land and sea also has algae growth, the formation of some symbiotic lichen and fungi. Green algae (Chlorophyta) members, about 6,000 species. Photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a and b, carotene, lutein), the ratio of seed plants and other higher plants similar. The typical green algae cells activity or could not. With a central vacuole, pigments in plastids, plastid shape varies by species. Cell wall consists of two layers composed of cellulose and pectin. Food in the form of starch stored in the body protein mass nuclei. Different size and shape of green algae, single cells (Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is a 〔〕, drums algae), groups (alga genus Hydrodictyon 〔〕 〔Volvox genus Volvox〕), filamentous (Spirogyra Spirogyra is 〔 〕) and tubular (umbrella Rhodophyta〕 〔Actebaularia, fern algae Caulerpa is〕 〔) and so on. Sexual reproduction common, their gametes have 2 or 4 tail whip-type flagella. Asexual reproductive fission (the original sp is〕 〔Protococcus), yield or produce section of fixed spores and fixed spores (silk Rhodophyta〕 〔Ulothrix, Oedogonium〕 〔sheath is algae) and other means. Green algae common in fresh water, often attached to submerged rocks and wood, or floating in the stagnant water surface; also live in the type of soil or seawater. Planktonic species are aquatic sources of food or oxygen. Green algae in the study of plant evolution is also important; It is believed that single-cell algae and land plants clothing similar to the ancestors. Green algae (Chlorophyta).
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3. Reproduction
Chlorophyta reproduction of plants through vegetative propagation, asexual propagation of plants; and sexual reproduction in a variety of ways. The same distribution, with different distribution and eggs are there, we will be presented in different representatives of the plant. Pyrenoid of green algae which reproduce the most unique way. Protein core is a single-cell green algae algae, all of all the genetic material in the nucleus. Unicellular green algae rich in chlorophyll and is very close to push product. It is the absorbed solar energy for photosynthesis repeated cell division, the mystery of plant breeding, production and people need a variety of amino acids, proteins and vitamins; on the peptide correctly processed, so that these peptides have biological activity of the normal . Chlorella is a high-energy plants, not seeds to breed. So, it is by what method to reproduce it? This is the amazing vitality of the unique biological activity of green algae growth factor CGF (Chlorella Growth Facter) decision. CGF is unique to the active ingredient in green algae. CGF has been promoting the growth of this particular active ingredient, the algae with a superb "two places at once." A green algae cell 1 is divided into 2, then two into four, four become eight, the more points the more, and to ensure that cell gene mutation does not occur. In the case of favorable growth environment, a green algae cells can differentiate to 4 to 16 spores. These tiny spores into the mother's appearance and long, so a Chlorella after "two places at once," into a 4 to 16 green algae. Newly born young green algae, which grow up from the water absorption of nutrients; when the cells mature, green algae cell division must be split in the form of 4. The implication of the energy security of the nuclear and chlorophyll split into 4. In addition to green algae with the characteristics of this division other than reproduction, that is, a nuclear fission bomb. In addition, there will be no such division of any other biological methods. This specific form of algae that it split the chloroplast and produce large amounts of CGF. The CGF is to maintain breeding green algae cells to keep dividing to maintain genetic variation in key never. The mutual promotion of the special nutritional composition is very useful to maintain human health and disease treatment.
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Health effects and effectiveness of green algae
Alkaline acidic green algae can help Do you often feel tired, headache, body aches and joint pain, bone fragility or osteoporosis bone, skin, dull, sallow cheeks, long pimples acne, bags under the eyes, premature aging, bad breath and body odor, bloating and edema, can not lose weight or maintain ideal body weight, irritability, indigestion, frequent colds, allergies? If you are suffering from these symptoms distress, and this is the message given by your body - the body may have more than the body can acid compound. If you often eat rice and pasta, fast food, bread and carbonated drinks and coffee, you know that these foods are produced during the metabolism of acid, causing the body to become acidic? When the acidic waste stored in the body have long been some "special" position, trying to "dilute" these acidic wastes, the body will retain water, resulting in bloating and weight gain. This also contributed to the weight you can not reduction stubborn resistance. According to studies, cancer cells can thrive in an acid environment, it can not survive in an alkaline environment. Many health experts believe the body is like a magnet acid, can absorb a variety of diseases - including cancer! Therefore, the choice can be acidic alkaline health products is the key. God's mysterious effect of the three green algae: 1. A unique green algae cell wall fiber, and chlorophyll to clean and maintain the cells • chlorophyll to help promote human red blood cells of oxygen, and can eliminate the oxygen content in the environment and strive to live parasites and pathogenic microorganisms. The unique green algae cell wall fiber to the siege of toxic heavy metals (including mercury and cadmium), and these toxins from your body. 2. Rich in nutrients to keep cells healthy • green algae known as nutritional treasure, because it is the seat of all natural and organic vitamins, minerals, trace minerals, plant nutrients and live enzymes, to make the necessary nourishment to meet the cell, so that we achieve the best health and energetic . 3. Chlorella growth factor (CGF) and nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) to keep cells younger • nucleic acids (RNA and DNA) and green algae growth factor (CGF) to help accelerate cell repair and rehabilitation process, so that the aging of cells to restore a young, useful cells. Re-green algae can remove heavy metals bond and Heavy Metal is everywhere in our lives, including daily food intake, such as oceans or rivers contaminated fish, fruits and vegetables contain pesticides, contaminated water and by vehicle exhaust, factory emissions , forest fires, incinerators, coal bucket combustion, air pollution and passive smoking and so on. Accumulation of heavy metals in the body can cause nervous system degeneration disease (associated with old age, or organ disease occurred in the recession), and interfere with the function of the body other organs, causing chronic disease, sleep problems, blood pressure, irritability, weakened bones, kidney issues, arrhythmia, and even cancer! Green algae, higher aquatic plants with a good detoxification effect, to remove heavy metals harmful pollutants. Chlorella cell wall has three layers, the middle is the thickest wall will be combined with toxins, it is made with cellulose micro-fibers, these fibers form a fine micro-structure, heavy metal elements such as the climb to the Internet. In addition, the middle layer of the cell wall that contains sporopollein (sporopollenin), able to firmly grasp toxin, removed from the body.
