Thermodynamic temperature scales zero is -273.15 ℃.
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No. 3
Absolute zero, which is -273.15 ℃ (degrees Celsius). Nowhere has this temperature, human beings are not created by this temperature, only infinitely close. Objects in this temperature there is no heat. Definition or explanation The theoretical minimum temperature to -273.15 ℃ for thermodynamic temperature scale fixed (absolute temperature scale) of zero, called absolute zero (absolute zero). The unit is the absolute zero Kelvin (k ±) Help ① In secondary schools, the thermodynamic temperature scale and the conversion between Celsius scale, is to take the approximate t (k) = t (℃) +273. In fact, as the ice water Point as a standard, absolute zero, it should be lower than the conversion of 273.15 ℃ so precise relationship should be t (k) = t (℃) +273.15. ② ideal gas at absolute zero is based on the laws that, by extrapolation method to get. In this way, when the temperature dropped to -273.15 ℃, the gas volume will be reduced to zero. If from the point of view of kinetic theory, ideal gas molecules of the average translational kinetic energy determined by the temperature t, then the absolute zero can be said to be the "ideal gas molecules to stop movement of the temperature." These two stories are just an ideal of reasoning. In fact all the real gas at a temperature close to the -273.15 ℃, it will show an obvious quantum properties, then the gas has already turned into liquid or solid. In short, the movement of gas molecules is no longer follow the laws of classical physics, statistical thermodynamics. By a large number of experiments and revised by the theory of quantum mechanics derived, where close to absolute zero, the kinetic energy of molecules tends to a fixed value, this extreme is called zero point energy. This shows that absolute zero, the energy of molecules is not zero, but has a very small value. The reason is that all particles are at the lowest possible energy state, that is, all particles are in the ground state. ③ As the water triple point temperature is 0.01 ℃, so the absolute zero temperature than the triple point of water low 273.16 ℃. Expressed as a kind of absolute zero temperature, at this temperature, all molecules of matter and atoms have to stop movement. The so-called movement, refers to all space, mechanical, molecular and vibration and other sports. Also include some form of electronic sport, but it does not include the concept of quantum mechanics, the "zero movement." Unless the collapse of particles moving in the gathering system, or can not stop this movement. From the view of the nature of this definition, absolute zero is impossible to achieve in any experiment, but now scientists have achieved in the laboratory from the absolute zero temperature is only one in a million degrees Celsius. All of these occurred in the material within the molecular and atomic movement referred to as "thermal motion", the movement is invisible, but we will see, they decided that the majority of material properties with temperature. As a straight line by only two points together into the same, a temperature scale is composed of two fixed and repeatable definition of temperature. Initially, in a standard atmospheric pressure (760 mmHg, or 760 Torr), the Celsius temperature scale is given the ice melting point is 0 ℃ and the water boiling point is 100 ℃, the absolute temperature scale is _set_ to absolute zero is ok and the ice melting point is 273k This is equivalent to three fixed points which led to inconsistencies in the temperature, because scientists hope that the two degree temperature target the size of North Korea and so on, so when the relationship between these three points on the accuracy of experiment, one of which always value changes once per cent. Now, in addition to absolute zero, the only international recognition of a fixed point, that is water, "three-phase point." 1948, identified as 273.16k, ie 273.16 degrees above absolute zero. When the vapor pressure is equal to one atmospheric pressure, the normal freezing point of water is slightly lower for the 273.15k (= 0 ℃ = 32 ° f), the normal boiling point of water 373.15k (= 100 ℃ = 212 ° f). The temperature scale in degrees Celsius, said the fixed point and some other minor temperature reference point (the so-called international practical temperature scale) the actual value, and in the laboratory to accurately measure these values obtained, by the degree of international rights The Committee published periodically. Why can not reach absolute zero In 1848, British scientist William Thomson steam Farm, Lord Kelvin (1824 ~ 1907) established a new temperature scale called the absolute temperature scale, its unit of measurement known as the Kelvin (k). This sub-scale degrees from the subject of sub-degree Celsius with the same distance. It is the lowest possible temperature of zero, equivalent to minus 273 degrees Celsius (exact number is -273.15 ℃), called absolute zero. Therefore, to calculate the absolute temperature on top of just 273 to Celsius. At that time, people think the temperature will never be close to 0k, but today, scientists are already very close to this limit. Temperature of an object within the object is actually the movement of atoms. When we feel when an object is hot, it means the rapid movement of its atoms: when we feel colder when an object, it means that the internal atomic motion slower. Our body is hot or cold to feel through this campaign, but physicists are also known as the absolute temperature scale Kelvin temperature scale to measure temperature. According to this temperature scale to measure temperature, absolute temperature zero (0k) is equivalent to minus 273.15 degrees Celsius (-273.15 ℃) is called "absolute zero" is the lowest temperature possible in nature. At absolute zero, the atomic motion stopped completely, and in theory, the volume of gas should be zero. As a result, people will understand why the temperature can not fall below this scale, why indeed can not even reach this scale, but only close to it. Nature is not the coldest place in the Antarctic winter, but in the depths of interstellar space, where the temperature is absolute temperature 3 degrees (3k), which is only 3 degrees above absolute zero. The "heat" (because actually we are talking about absolute zero temperature is always above) as the origin of the universe since the Big Bang kept the heat, in fact, it is proved that the Big Bang theory of the most significant evidence of an effective one. People can do better in the laboratory, close to absolute zero can be further from the last century, people have been made that can reach 3k refrigeration system, and in 10 years, achieved in the laboratory minimum temperature is above absolute zero 1 / 4 degree, and later in 1995, University of Colorado and the American National Standards Institute, the two physicists 爱里克科内尔 and Kaerweiman successfully make some rubidium atoms The temperature reached incredible, that reached the absolute zero parts per billion over twenty degrees (2 × 10-8k). They use a laser beam and the "magnetic traps" system to slow down the movement of atoms, we can see, the heat is actually a matter of atomic motion. Very low temperatures can reach, but also to find a "block" each individual atomic motion, like playing pool, like to make a ball stop is necessary to use another ball to play it. Understand this truth, just think of the following facts will suffice. At room temperature, atoms of gas speed of 1,600 km per hour in motion, the temperature in the 3k is based on speed of movement of 1 meter per hour, while in 20nk (2 × 10-8k) the circumstances, atoms velocity measured on the slow hard. Can also be found under the 20nk show the new state of matter, which 70 years ago by Albert Einstein and Indian physicist Bose (1894 ~ 1974) foresee. In fact, in this very temperature, the material presented is neither liquid nor a solid state, but not the gas state, but gathered into a unique "super atom", it behaves as a single entity.
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Definition or explanation
The lowest temperature theoretically attainable, there is no object at this temperature the internal energy. -273.15 ℃ designated for the thermodynamic temperature scale (Kelvin) of zero, called absolute zero (absolute zero). Thermodynamic temperature of the subject unit is the Kelvin (K ±)
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Help
① In secondary schools, the thermodynamic temperature scale and the conversion between Celsius scale, is to take the approximation T (K) = t (℃) +273. In fact, as the ice water Point as a standard, absolute zero, it should be lower than the conversion of 273.15 ℃ so precise relationship should be T (K) = t (℃) +273.15. ② ideal gas at absolute zero is based on the laws that, by extrapolation method to get. In this way, when the temperature dropped to -273.15 ℃, the gas volume will be reduced to zero. If from the point of view of kinetic theory, ideal gas molecules of the average translational kinetic energy determined by the temperature T, then the absolute zero can be said to be the "ideal gas molecules to stop movement of the temperature." These two stories are just an ideal of reasoning. In fact all the real gas at a temperature close to the -273.15 ℃, it will show an obvious quantum properties, then the gas has already turned into liquid or solid. In short, the movement of gas molecules is no longer follow the laws of classical physics, statistical thermodynamics. By a large number of experiments and revised by the theory of quantum mechanics derived, where close to absolute zero, the kinetic energy of molecules tends to a fixed value, this extreme is called zero point energy. This shows that absolute zero, the energy of molecules is not zero, but has a very small value. The reason is that all particles are at the lowest possible energy state, that is, all particles are in the ground state. ③ As the water triple point temperature is 0.01 ℃, so the absolute zero temperature than the triple point of water low 273.16 ℃. Expressed as a kind of absolute zero temperature, at this temperature, all molecules of matter and atoms have to stop movement. The so-called movement, refers to all space, mechanical, molecular and vibration and other sports. Also include some form of electronic sport, but it does not include the concept of quantum mechanics, the "zero movement." Unless the collapse of particles moving in the gathering system, or can not stop this movement. From the view of the nature of this definition, absolute zero is impossible to achieve in any experiment, but now scientists have achieved in the laboratory from the absolute zero is only one billion degrees Celsius temperature. All of these occurred in the material within the molecular and atomic movement referred to as "thermal motion", the movement is invisible, but we will see, they decided that the majority of material properties with temperature. As a straight line by only two points together into the same, a temperature scale is composed of two fixed and repeatable definition of temperature. Initially, in a standard atmospheric pressure (760 mmHg, or 760 Torr), the Celsius temperature scale is given the ice melting point is 0 ℃ and the water boiling point is 100 ℃, the absolute temperature scale is _set_ to absolute zero is 0K and the ice melting point of 273K This is equivalent to three fixed points which led to inconsistencies in the temperature, because scientists hope the two degree temperature target the same size, so when the relationship between these three points on the accuracy of the experiment, always will be one point value changes once per cent. Now, in addition to absolute zero, the only international recognition of a fixed point, that is water, "three-phase point." 1948, identified as 273.16K, ie 273.16 degrees above absolute zero. When the vapor pressure is equal to one atmospheric pressure, the normal freezing point of water is slightly lower, as 273.15K (= 0 ℃ = 32 ° F), normal boiling point of water is 373.15K (= 100 ℃ = 212 ° F). The temperature scale in degrees Celsius, said the fixed point and some other minor temperature reference point (the so-called international practical temperature scale) the actual value, and in the laboratory to accurately measure these values obtained, by the degree of international rights The Committee published periodically. Scientists in the study of absolute zero, found some amazing phenomenon. This is a gas such as helium (liquid helium is the hardest material in nature), into a liquid when at -268.9 ℃, when the temperature continued to decrease, the original liquid in a bottle, it easily from the gap is only 0.01 mm , it is easy to overflow into the bottle to go, then the phenomenon appeared in the fountain, the viscosity of the liquid has disappeared.
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Why can not reach absolute zero
In 1848, British scientist William Thomson, Lord Kelvin (1824 ~ 1907) established a new temperature scale called the absolute temperature scale, and its unit of measurement known as the Kelvin (K). This sub-scale degrees from the subject of sub-degree Celsius with the same distance. It is the lowest possible temperature of zero, equivalent to minus 273 degrees Celsius (exact number is -273.15 ℃), called absolute zero. Therefore, to calculate the absolute temperature on top of just 273 to Celsius. At that time, people think the temperature will never be close to 0 (K), but today, scientists are already very close to this limit. Low temperature superconductor magnetic phenomena produced by the temperature of objects within the object is actually the movement of atoms. When we feel when an object is hot, it means the rapid movement of its atoms: when we feel colder when an object, it means that the internal atomic motion slower. Our body is hot or cold to feel through this campaign, but physicists are also known as the absolute temperature scale Kelvin temperature scale to measure temperature. Nature is not the coldest place in the Antarctic winter, but Bumo to nebula. Where the temperature is minus 272 degrees Celsius, is the coldest known place in nature, a "cosmic ice box." In fact, the temperature of the nebula is only Bumo so than the more than 1 degree above absolute zero (minus 273.15 degrees Celsius). The "heat" (because actually we are talking about absolute zero temperature is always above) as the origin of the universe since the Big Bang kept the heat, in fact, it is proved that the Big Bang theory of the most significant evidence of an effective one. People can do better in the laboratory, close to absolute zero can be further from the last century, people have been made of the refrigeration system to achieve 3K, and 10 years ago, achieved in the laboratory minimum temperature is above absolute zero 1 / 4 degree, and later in 1995, University of Colorado and the American National Standards Institute, the two physicists 爱里克科内尔 and Kaerweiman successfully make some rubidium atoms The temperature reached incredible, that reached the absolute zero parts per billion over twenty degrees (2 × 10 ^ -8 K). They use a laser beam and the "magnetic traps" system to slow down the movement of atoms, we can see, the heat is actually a matter of atomic motion. Very low temperatures can reach, but also to find a "block" each individual atomic motion, like playing pool, like to make a ball stop is necessary to use another ball to play it. Understand this truth, just think of the following facts will suffice. At room temperature, the gas atoms to the speed of 1,600 km per hour in motion, and in the 3K temperature of 1 meter per hour is based on the speed of movement, while in 20nK (2 × 10 ^ -8 K) in the case of , atomic motion is difficult to slow the speed measured. Can also be found under the 20nK show the new state of matter, which 70 years ago by Albert Einstein and Indian physicist Bose (1894 ~ 1974) foresee. In fact, in this very temperature, the material presented is neither liquid nor a solid state, but not the gas state, but gathered into a unique "super atom", it behaves as a single entity.
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Time will stop
When the absolute zero, the time will stop. This problem in the end is right or wrong? Still remain controversial. Anti-side view (Time will not stop): From a philosophical point that the material is relatively stationary and moving, and if the record of development and changes of matter, then it records the motion state of matter, then the rest Can you record material ? Absolute zero, not everything is stopped, stop the only material of molecular motion, so, in the light, absolute zero, or certainly the next time movement. Unless the world, time no longer exists. But if all the material universe, then the time is absolutely zero to stop it! In fact, in absolute zero, the object does not exist there is no movement of energy, then the object maintains a non-absolute zero objects, relative to the absolute rest. Time is a kind of energy (as previously mentioned), but more often it is a form, is present in the units within our senses, which in absolute zero, the relative time is depends on your authentication method. In addition, when reached absolute zero, the space will be distorted.
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Absolute zero is impossible to produce flame
Absolute zero is impossible to produce a flame at least less than the human eye, because the relationship between the temperature of its flame burning material must reach a certain temperature, it would not produce a flame phenomenon, absolute zero is a launch figure is impossible to achieve human One of the most low temperature, and even the universe, there is no such low temperature. Absolute zero, the average kinetic energy of the particles is zero object, that is not moving, so the temperature can not go any lower. Instant reach absolute zero is a very complex concept related to the concept of relativity, the flame is intense burning material. Since there is no kinetic energy, of course it would be intense particle or particles in motion state of absolute rest, that does not produce combustion phenomenon. A mystery The first cold zone: the coldest place in the universe - U.S. Sandia National Laboratories (currently known to mankind) Said the coldest place in the universe, we have to go back to Earth. A year ago, New Mexico laboratory (Sandia National Lab) and Columbia University physicist who in the "Science" (Science) published a paper, describing them in the laboratory is how to stop the movement and the accurate molecular colliding. According to physics we know that if you want to stop the movement of molecular, requires very low temperatures. In the experiment, physicists managed to temperature minus 272.59 degrees Celsius, which is the lowest known temperature of the universe (the universe has not yet arrived.) I do not know true and false
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Absolute zero, the vibration - the vacuum zero-point energy
At absolute zero, no energy should be lost. Is absolute zero can be, there is still a kind of energy, which is the vacuum zero-point energy. Vacuum zero-point energy, due to the absolute zero, the vibration of particles found under the name. This is the quantum vacuum in the background bears the enormous energy. Heisenberg uncertainty principle states: can not simultaneously know the higher the accuracy of position and momentum of a particle. Therefore, when the temperature drops to absolute zero, particles must remain in the vibration; Otherwise, if the particles to a complete stop, the momentum and position that it can accurately detect the same time, which is a violation of uncertainty principle. The particle vibration in the absolute zero (zero vibration) is the zero-point energy with the energy. Quantum vacuum, there is no physical state of matter particles, the field is at the lowest total energy, which is the motion of matter and energy fields all the best initial state, it is natural in the absolute zero of temperature. This changes the state has unlimited potential. Zero-point energy is the quantum vacuum and virtual particles and anti-particles produced by emerging and annihilation. It is assumed that the quantum vacuum, the energy density per cubic centimeter contains 10 ^ 13 joules, enough to dry out in an instant all the ocean water on Earth! In theory, the vacuum energy to the particle shape appeared, and continue to the tiny scale of the formation and disappear. Vacuum is filled with almost all wavelengths of the particles, but the Casimir that if the two neutral metallic thin plate stuck together, the longer wavelengths would be excluded. Then, the metal plate other than wave will tend to produce a force so that they gather with each other, the closer the metal plate, the stronger the attraction between the two. In 1996, physicist for the first time the so-called Casimir effect were determined. This is to prove the existence of vacuum zero-point energy conclusive evidence. In fact, the absolute zero and absolute in theory can reach high temperatures. Is sparing no effort in doing human experiments to explore the hidden depths of the mystery in science. The last to reach a minimum temperature (at 16:37 on September 12th 2003) From Germany, the United States, Austria and other countries of scientists, an international research team, has adapted the human creation of the minimum temperature record: they in the laboratory reached just above absolute zero 0.5 is satisfied that the Kelvin temperature, while the previous record of more than 3 satisfied opened absolute zero. This is the first time in human history, to open above absolute zero is satisfied within an extremely low temperature. Kelvin is the thermodynamic temperature unit, referred to as "open", 1 to open the equivalent of 1 degree Celsius, 1 is equal to one billionth of open sodium Kelvin. 0 is absolute zero of temperature to open the limit, equivalent to minus 273.15 degrees Celsius, at this temperature, the molecules will stop movement. The scientific team in the new issue of the U.S. "Science" magazine published a paper, said that they are using technology to achieve magnetic trap cesium atoms Bose - Einstein condensate (BEC) in the experimental process of creating this record. Scientists involved in the study, said David Pritchard, the gas is cooled to near absolute zero extreme conditions is important for accurate measurement, the experimental results they help to make more precise and more accurate atomic clocks to determine gravity. Bose - Einstein condensate is a strange state of matter, a large number of atoms in this state act as a single particle the same. Here the "cohesion" and the daily life of the pool is different from that of atoms that different from the original status of a sudden, "cohesion" to the same state. To achieve this state on the one hand material need to reach very low temperatures, on the other hand also called atomic system in the gas. Chinese American physicist Steven Chu Zengyin invented the technology of laser cooling and magnetic trap and cooling law two other scientists shared the 1997 Nobel Prize in Physics. Kelvin is the thermodynamic temperature unit, referred to as "open", 1 to open the equivalent of 1 degree Celsius, 1 is equal to one billionth of open sodium Kelvin. 0 is absolute zero of temperature to open the limit, equivalent to minus 273.15 degrees Celsius, at this temperature, the molecules will stop movement. The scientific team in the new issue of the U.S. "Science" magazine published a paper, said that they are using technology to achieve magnetic trap cesium atoms Bose - Einstein condensate (BEC) in the experimental process of creating this record. Scientists involved in the study, said David Pritchard, the gas is cooled to near absolute zero extreme conditions is important for accurate measurement, the experimental results they help to make more precise and more accurate atomic clocks to determine gravity. Bose - Einstein condensate is a strange state of matter, a large number of atoms in this state act as a single particle the same. Here the "cohesion" and the daily life of the pool is different from that of atoms that different from the original status of a sudden, "cohesion" to the same state. To achieve this state on the one hand material need to reach very low temperatures, on the other hand also called atomic system in the gas. Chinese American physicist Steven Chu Zengyin invented the technology of laser cooling and magnetic trap and cooling law two other scientists shared the 1997 Nobel Prize in Physics. Scientists say they hope to use the new Dadao the minimum temperature found some new material phenomena, such as at this low temperature the atomic surfaces in the same state, when the channel region in a limited movement of the movement status. The discovery of the "rarefied gases of alkali metal atoms Bose - Einstein condensate," This new state of matter has received the 2001 Nobel Prize in Physics for evaluation of the German scientists 沃尔夫冈克 Butler said, for the first time 1 is satisfied to open above absolute zero temperature is less than a milestone in human history.
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Encyclopedia
juedui lingdu Absolute zero absolute zero The introduction of the second law of thermodynamics thermodynamic temperature scale at the lowest temperature. According to many experimental facts at low temperature, it summed up an important rule: the procedure can not be made with limited material system temperature down to absolute zero. This rule is called the principle of absolute zero can not be reached, also known as third law of thermodynamics. Obviously can not achieve the principle of absolute zero can not be directly proved by experiment, but because it's all inferences consistent with the experimental observations, and thus recognized. Although impossible to reach absolute zero, but one can try to as close to it. As long as the temperature is not absolute zero, it is possible to make further reduced, but the lower the temperature, cooling work more difficult. Since absolute zero can not be achieved, which materials in the nature of absolute zero, can only be achieved at low temperature (such as 1K or 0.01K, etc.) measurements extrapolated. One important result is that when the temperature approaches absolute zero, the material in any process of heat capacity close to zero. Absolute zero does not mean that at this temperature the microscopic particles of matter or energy of motion is no longer completely full zero. According to quantum theory, even in absolute zero, the particle motion is not completely stopped, in fact, even in 0K, there are atoms in solids can not be ignored as it can allow the energy gathered in the lowest vibrational energy state on. (Liu Qi-only)