细菌战

germ : nuclear, biological and chemical warfare defends > germ war

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No. 1

　　That biological warfare "(1060).

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No. 2

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No. 3

细菌战

　　Germ warfare known as "biological warfare." Is the use of bacteria or viruses as a weapon to poison people, livestock and crops, resulting in an inhumane crime artificial plague. First used in World War I Germany bacteriological weapons. After the war in June 1925, in Geneva, Switzerland signed the "About disabling gas or a method similar to combat drugs and bacteria Protocol", explicitly prohibits the use of bacteriological weapons. However, some countries has been studying and using it. 1935 to World War II, the Japanese imperialists who has established a specialized agency of bacteriological weapons manufactured in Northeast China, Guangzhou and Nanjing, and in 1940 to 1942 in our country Zhejiang, Hunan and Jiangxi, spreading plague and cholera bacteria, resulting in incidence and prevalence of these diseases.
　　About 1940 cases of germ warfare wells diary (from the first trial of the indictment)
　　The following wells in 1940 cited the diary proves the Japanese army conducted germ warfare Quzhou and Ningbo.
　　On 5 June 1,1940 wells diary
　　Diary following June 5 documented the Shina Expeditionary Army Staff Imoto and Chiefs of Staff combat lessons Arao Xing Gong (in the rank and file, then rank, hereinafter the same), Masuda know Zhen (Colonel) to discuss the contents of the relevant Zhejiang Province germ warfare.
　　1, Time: tentative (7 months) □ □ solve problems
　　2, the airport: Airport Yang sentence
　　3 goals: Zhejiang along the city
　　4, the implementation of the troops directly under the command of General Headquarters (Ishii Colonel in charge) (omitted)
　　5, the height of about 4,000 or more
　　6, Category: spreading fleas
　　[5 June 1940 "Well diary" Volume 7]
　　Above the same with the second chapter. It was also found that when the Jurong, Jiangsu Province (Nanjing, east) is scheduled for the airport.
　　2, well above the 1 following diary has the following records ("" the original version) on germ warfare.
　　June 28. Well the "To contact center" wood "and other matters, decided to go to the emergency immediately Tokyo", starting from Nanjing to Tokyo. ("Well diary" Volume 7. Below)
　　July 2. The wells in Tokyo, "Colonel Ishii Medical School and affiliated with the decision to confirm the matter, again held talks."
　　July 21. Well the "morning talk Ishii troops" wood "thing after" receiving "orders immediately upon Tokyo to participate in combat aviation staff immediately to Beijing as the main content of the telegram," "determined reconnaissance Hangzhou."
　　July 22. Well the "flying reconnaissance various elements of Hangzhou morning", "decided to use the old bridge in Hangzhou Amaranthus Central Aviation School."
　　On 16 August 3,1940 wells diary
　　The following diary on August 16 to "in Hangzhou contact" in the title, well documented the old bridge to the center of Hangzhou Amaranthus aviation schools as germ warfare combat troops to Nara troop dispatch to convey Shina military command headquarters When contact content.
　　1, convey orders
　　6, the source of funds (GHQ research is still in financing from Nanjing, Harbin)
　　12, photographed from the air on the target
　　13, apply disinfectant
　　15, the garrison to land topography (prior to the attack target)
　　17, ○ bomb H15
　　[August 16, 1940 "Well diary," Volume 8]
　　As written, the so-called General Command Shina dispatch order is communicated to the troops in Hangzhou Ishii purposes. Its content is about germ warfare attack specific targets aerial photography, topography and other targets in the search as well as germ warfare munitions, disinfectant preparations combat command. And [15 H] wherein, the means 15 send.
　　On 10 September 4,1940 wells diary
　　The following September 10 diary, well documented case from the Nara Force senior Cheng (Colonel) and Masuda Miho (captain) Department received a report on targets and delivery of bacteria.
　　10/9 (September 10)
　　One, and Nara forces Ota (Ota. Translator's Note) in the rank and file and increase Tian Dawei Contact
　　1, is scheduled for 9/10 search goal, the goal is to Ningbo and Hampshire as inappropriate
　　Jinhua: aerial photography urban
　　2,10 / 9 for the first time late delivery of ammunition, scheduled to arrive in a few days, the first C to T
　　[August 16, 1940 "Well diary," Volume 8]
　　As mentioned above, Daejeon Cheng and Miho Masuda search results based on aerial photography, this will be reported to the wells of Ningbo Heng County as a target is appropriate, and proposed as a candidate in Jinhua. Moreover, the first germ warfare munitions from the original scheduled delivery of "C" (cholera bacteria) to "T" (Salmonella typhi).
　　On 18 September 5,1940 wells diary
　　Documented between the wells confirmed the contents of the germ warfare and Nara troops following specific implementation plan of September 18.
　　18/9 (September 18) Wednesday
　　Second, the contact forces and Nara content
　　1, the reasons for delaying the start germ warfare
　　2, air and land transport decision ammunition parallel
　　3 killed in Fukushima hiring staff
　　4 day production of cholera 10 kg, 10 kg more than typhoid
　　5, the target may be _set_ for Ningbo (or its vicinity, one square meter kilometers with 1.5 kg of bacteria).
　　Jinhua, Yushan one square meter kilometers using two kilograms of bacteria (one square meter kilometer area near 0.7-0.8 kg using bacteria)
　　Yamamoto Shinkichiro (Kwantung Army Staff) views.
　　1, there are two ways to use ammunition, a large range of semi-metallic ammunition dilution, another is to use a small number of high concentrations of ammunition, after the implementation of the _select_ed items, Wenzhou regional approach (Taizhou, Wenzhou and Lishui).
　　2, in order to decide rain-style delivery of ammunition and parachute plans Ningbo Sea program
　　3, to borrow an aerial camera
　　4, on the use of amaranth Bridge Airport thing, other forces should avoid the airport, there are other issues linked to
　　5 things to submit map
　　6, and tactical matters related things on their usage [September 18, 1940 "Well diary" Volume 9]
　　As written, between the wells down to confirm the content about germ warfare troops and Nara specific implementation plan is: has been used as the basis in Ningbo, Jinhua attacks on targets, plus Yushan, Wenzhou, Taizhou and other regions; in Ningbo Use kilometer square area on 1.5 kg of bacteria, specifically the usage of specific bacterial attack other targets.
　　Production is expected to one day cholera bacteria ("C") 10 kilograms of typhoid bacteria ("T") 10 kg.
　　There is reason to delay the start time of germ warfare, bacteria bombs and land transport of air transport in parallel, and their family members killed in the situation in Fukushima's confirmation.
　　Yamamoto and staff specifically indicate the use of "diluted ammunition" and "high concentrations of ammunition," the two kinds of methods.
　　In addition, the use of germ warfare scheduled to Hangzhou airport amaranth Bridge Airport, confirmed during the use of the airport, other forces may not use the airport. It also confirmed that "the tactics related matters", and a discussion of the implementation of secret germ warfare.
　　On 7 October 6,1940 wells diary
　　The following wells diary October 7 records the wells of the receipt by the chief practitioner Nara forces Yamamoto Tokichiro (staff), Fussen constitution male (Koro), Daejeon Cheng, 金子顺 a (captain), Masuda Miho five submission The contents of the report of the status of implementation and lessons learned about the germ warfare.
　　The following describes six germ warfare attacks between September 1940 to 7 October 18, 2009 date, the Japanese conducted in Zhejiang province. "Flea" refers to the plague infected fleas.
　　In order to determine the effect of the attack and the spy investigation, treatment targets and the use of flexible methods of attack, attack methods can be used repeatedly, and is expected to continue in future germ warfare and other content have also been reported.
　　First, listen to the case of Nara troops
　　[Yamamoto (Tokichiro Z) staff, Fussen (Constitution male) Koro, Ota (Cheng) in the rank and file, gold (Junichi) Captain, Masuda (Miho) Captain]
　　1, the delivery date 6 (wherein shipping 2)
　　All arrive the same day by air, shipping takes about six days, the future of air available.
　　2, so far attacked six times (another list of instructions)
　　Fleas 1g about 1700 □
　　3, determine the effect of waiting spy
　　4, decided to weather and other conditions determined in Hangzhou, and move it to the local, shall not use a parachute (only for Ningbo)
　　5, and will be put in Wenzhou as a rain-style ammunition goal, but Taizhou and other areas are not suitable for this form of goals. But the attack Wenzhou, then because of the weather and other reasons decided not to use a parachute, then put a little difficult ammunition.
　　6, (according to the General Staff said Yamamoto)
　　Be flexible treatment targets and flexible use of attack methods (decision)
　　The method can be used repeatedly attack
　　7, personnel issues
　　8, the garrison to land topography
　　9, the development prospects of "wood" operations (projected to continue)
　　[October 7, 1940 "Well diary" Volume 9]
　　7, well above the 6 following diary has the following records on germ warfare.
　　October 8. Well due to the transfer to the General Staff Headquarters Operations Section, and is therefore Masuda Ching and well-known guitar bridge the successor quit three (Koro) conducted negotiations. Which speaks of "the experiment will not be terminated at any time. To December to pause and consider next how to do (December pause, next year to continue)", "consider discontinuing use C [cholera], P [Yersinia pestis] might be able to succeed "(" Well the diary, "Volume 9, below).
　　November 25, lived job at the General Staff of the wells to get from the north of the Medical School of the rank and file of the "No. 096 received [about the current progress of germ warfare] experiments in accordance with the instructions of the end of the month to stop the continent means" news.
　　November 30, Imoto get "replied Colonel Ishii agreed to in November last day of the end of the matter," the message sent from Shina army staff quit three guitar bridge. On the other hand, has been: Shiro Ishii (Colonel) "put forward the views to Hangzhou, Shanghai colleague," and finally reached an agreement Jinhua attack other reports. ("Well the diary," Volume 10)
　　Germ warfare victimization survey
　　Germ warfare victimization survey, is the second in the world, the Japanese invaders in China conducted experiments deadly infectious diseases, such as acts of war spread to confirm the personal consequences of the damage caused by historical data, real substance, and other sites, collection, collation and analysis, the victims themselves and fax records relatives (including photography, audio, video). For reasons known, the survey it is the rescue work. An important purpose of this investigation is to be investigated for war responsibility of the Japanese government germ warfare, to the Chinese people an apology and compensation.
　　Survey form
　　One. From the survey the main point of view, is divided into:
　　1. Scholars investigation refers survey history, medicine and other social scholars. Zhejiang Normal University as Professor Zhang Shixin compiled chopsticks investigation of the "Japanese invasion of China in Zhejiang Province Chongshan village germ warfare crimes facts," a book; former Ningbo Institute of Medical Sciences Director Wong Tai et al compiled chopsticks investigation of the "Ningbo plague facts," a books; Mr. Quzhou Shifangyizhan 邱明轩 compiled chopsticks investigation of the "evidence" of a book, and the author of "germ warfare and hidden," a book manuscript to be published.
　　2. Lawyers survey refers to the outside counsel for the proceedings conducted the investigation. As from the beginning of February 1995, in Miss Wang Xuan accompany, the Japanese lawyer Keiichiro Ichinose et al to Zhejiang, Hunan and other places for investigation and evidence collection proceedings.
　　3. Investigative journalism, is the survey conducted by news reporters. Zhejiang Branch of Xinhua News Agency as senior reporter Tan Jin, from 1998 to Zhejiang, Shandong, Yunnan, germ warfare crimes the Japanese invaders importance sampling survey, and many in the media at home and abroad with text, pictures disclose the relevant facts .
　　4. Other staff survey, refers to the outer sectors spontaneous investigation. As of 1991, high school history teacher in Shizuoka, Japan Masataka Mori village to Yiwu Chongshan investigation, and in conjunction with Eisuke Matsui doctors many times to China to investigate and _set_ up a "Japanese germ warfare historical facts are revealed," In Japan, opened in , a prelude to the survey day folk germ warfare germ warfare victims and triggered the subsequent litigation claims against Japan.
　　Two. From the object surveys, divided into:
　　1. Deadly infectious disease investigations, germ warfare in the deadly infectious diseases mainly plague, cholera, typhoid, paratyphoid, anthrax.
　　2. Propagation methods, survey methods, such as in 1940 when the Japanese army in Ningbo, Quzhou daily airdrop aircraft carrier fleas; 1944, the Japanese army was scattered in Lishui contaminated food.
　　3. Collection of historical documents, such as local history, health blogs, newspapers, magazines, Japan, the Republic of China government and military archives, memoirs and so on.
　　4. Confirm ruins, relics of the collection, such as Ningbo enlightened Street burned, the Chongshan village Yiwu Lin Temple (Japanese dissect the victim).
　　5. The victim's own statements.
　　6. Relatives of the victim statements.
　　Three. From the point of view means and methods of investigation, divided into:
　　1. Infectious diseases, epidemic prevention science approach.
　　2. Method of written records, such as records of investigation, statements, etc..
　　3. Photographic methods, such as nursing homes, Hangzhou Li Fang Army officer, of a two-year period in Zhejiang and Jiangxi provinces anthrax (foot rot) for a special shooting, has accumulated more than 300 photographs, preparing a book.
　　4. Audio, video methods, such as February 3, 2003 in the afternoon, Wang Xuan, floor and offered to send war Fangxiang Journal of Zhejiang Province's first visit epidemic prevention station survey by the CCTV camera director 郭岭梅 and others throughout the documentary.
　　5. Replication method, such as historical documents copied, reproduced, it is best to save historical documents under seal units on copies, giving the copy date, "with the original file check and correct" and copy the person's name.
　　6. Notary approach the upcoming historical information relating to the victims and relatives of the statement to the local notary public notary in order to ensure the authenticity of the material under investigation, legitimacy.
　　How to conduct fieldwork
　　One. How to determine the fieldwork locations
　　1. Find the historical documents, such as "World War II" era newspapers, magazines, etc.;
　　2. From the local history, the health Chi Cha;
　　3. Richard from Japan, the Republic government files (including the Kuomintang army, the Japanese army and the puppet military archives);
　　4. From the memoirs of the elderly, recalls Charles article (historical data is often published in anthologies published by the CPPCC at all levels, a compilation on);
　　5. From the description of the victims and their relatives.
　　Through the above method lookups to determine what the Japanese had in place (village) spread over deadly infectious diseases.
　　Two. How to determine a variety of highly infectious diseases
　　1. Plague characteristics:
　　In 1894, the Swiss bacteriologist Yexin (A.Yersin1863--1943) North Chaisan Lang and Japanese bacteriologist, discovered in Hong Kong due to the plague pathogen ---- Yersinia pestis. Bubonic plague into, pneumonic plague and plague and other types of blood lost. Clinical manifestations: 10 days prior to the on_set_ of the epidemic or the Japanese cast bacteria living environment stays by sudden on_set_. Other associated symptoms of severe poisoning; acute lymph node swelling, severe pain, appear forced sexual position; difficulty breathing, coughing up sputum; with sepsis syndrome, the rapid collapse: high fever patient's condition deteriorated rapidly, and having one of those columns syndrome syndrome.
　　Folk is so described: the on_set_ of rapid, sudden high fever, headache, thirst, chills, vomiting, bleeding, swollen lymph nodes, limbs curled cramps, suddenly turned on the eyes, feet Yi Deng, vomit blood, die die. Plague in the pneumonic plague is the most serious one, because droplet infection with highly contagious, high mortality rate; in two or three days internal heart failure, bleeding to death.
　　Media are rats and plague fleas, mice parasitic fleas, flea plague rat is the carrier of bacteria. Japanese launch of Yersinia pestis flea bite or a mouse, or rat hair plague; sterile flea bites human plague disease, illness from bacteria rat flea, carried out by the human and mouse; bacteria flea bites another person or caused by rat spread. Mice with bacteria fleas between neighbors fled, causing neighbors plague. If mice with bacteria or fleas, movement of people and mice, they become way plague infection.
　　Thus, the plague to relatives living in the same room with the most severe infections. Phytophthora fungus first transmitted to people living with and ministering. Therefore, often a person sick or even die due to family deaths. The use of their loved ones loved ones pass plague features make it genocide, the Japanese germ warfare is evil purposes.
　　2. Cholera is characterized by:
　　Cholera is an acute diarrheal diseases caused by Vibrio cholerae. Clinical manifestations: severe diarrhea, watery stools (yellow water samples, water samples, samples or blood samples Migan) accompanied by vomiting, rapid emergence of severe dehydration, circulatory failure and muscle spasms. There is a clear history of exposure during the cholera epidemic (like meals, those who live with or care, etc.), and vomiting caused by diarrhea symptoms without those other reasons to be investigated.
　　3. Typhoid fever (paratyphoid) characteristics:
　　Typhoid fever is an acute infectious disease caused by the typhoid bacillus spread through the digestive tract. The main clinical manifestations: persistent high fever, chills, listlessness, desire, headache, loss of appetite, bloating, skin roseola, splenomegaly. The main complication of intestinal bleeding, intestinal perforation.
　　4. Anthrax characteristics:
　　Infectious disease caused by the Bacillus anthracis. The major clinical manifestations: local skin necrosis and specific black scab, or the performance of the lungs, intestinal tract and acute infection of the meninges, sometimes accompanied by anthrax sepsis. Clinical manifestations:
　　Cutaneous anthrax, begins as a small bag like mosquito bites, but twelve days after a herpes-like form, then ulceration into ulcers, swollen lymph appear around the mortality rate is about 20%.
　　Intestinal anthrax, mainly due to the consumption of contaminated meat caused by acute intestinal infection is characterized by the main symptoms are nausea, anorexia, vomiting and fever, severe abdominal pain, vomiting, and severe watery stools. Intestinal anthrax caused deaths of 70% -80% of patients)
　　Pulmonary anthrax, acute on_set_, light chest tightness, chest pain, malaise, fever, cough, cough bloody mucus. With severe chills, fever on_set_, due to the lymph nodes, bleeding and respiratory distress caused by bronchial compression, gas Ji Chuan-ming, coughing, cyanosis, blood and phlegm. Almost all of those who died without treatment.
　　Anthrax is a bacterial almost a never died, who saw this bacterium bioterrorism, because it has a strong vitality. Anthrax are Bacillus subtilis all have a common feature: they are capable of forming spores, which is not likely to die. In harsh environments, when there will be a small fraction of the bacteria concentrated internal layers together to form a hard shell around this part of the inside of the life activities becomes very slow, and that part of the outer shell on the death, disappearance, this is the spores.
　　As long as the environment a good part of the inside of the shell will be like, "sprout" as long as it, it became possible to breed bacteria. According to the introduction, in 1942, Britain in order to do the experiment, the sheep exile in 4000 on the island of Greenland, and cast anthrax. In 1998, the British government and then sent to the island to review, the bones of sheep found, and anthrax spores are still alive!
　　Three. How to determine the victim
　　1. Death of time, place (address at the time of death the name);
　　2. Cause of morbidity (disease pathways, the symptoms), time;
　　3. Same household or family whether the die-offs personnel;
　　4. The same village, the same cause of death, what?
　　Four. How to determine the victim's relatives
　　1. Genealogy (oral also);
　　2. Where the village, the unit, it is best to prove the public security organs;
　　3. There are two people in the same village or the same family for more than prove the same age.
　　Five. How to make a survey record
　　1. Investigation time and place;
　　2. The name of the investigating officer (two or more), record the person's name, gender, identity, address, contact details, identity card number;
　　3. Investigated person's name, address, age, gender, identity card number, contact information;
　　4. First, inform the person under investigation for what body he (she) for investigation and asked him (her) statement truthfully not false;
　　5. Second, respondents confirmed the relationship with the victim;
　　6. Time of death of the victim, location, etiology, symptoms;
　　7. Ways victim sick (or the spread of bacteria way Japanese);
　　8. Are there other people with the death of the victim at the same time;
　　9. Respondents described above come from, whether anyone else can prove;
　　10. Please talk over the last record you look at or read to you the next, such as correct, your signature, thumbprint;
　　11. When respondents signed on to write "The above transcript read, and I say the same," and the date;
　　12. Two investigators signature and the date of signing.
　　VI. How Photography (audio, video)
　　1. Photography and being photographic person's name, age, address, ID number, means of communication;
　　2. Photography of time (year, month, day), location;
　　3. The photo contents: What is deadly infectious diseases, or what sites, or any person.
　　VII. How notary
　　1. Generally, each county, district (city district) has a notary public (notary);
　　2. Investigators will be _set_ to recover historical documents copied to the local notary office;
　　3. Investigators with the respondents go to a notary public, notary faced by investigators investigative records produced or photography, video
　　4. Directly to the victim or relatives of a notary public, notary will face the victim after victim to make a statement notarized;
　　5. Issued by the notary public notarized documents.

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English Expression

n.: germ war, bacteriological warfare, germ warfare, ie the use of harmful bacteria as a weapon of war, biological warfare, germ warfare

Thesaurus

use of germs as a weapon in war

Related Phrases

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Rongzi party

Containing Phrases

Anti- germ war	Changde germ war	Korean War germ war
Japanese army Germ war party	Qinhua outbreak germ war	Invasion japanese army plague Germ war Site marker