Nematodes or nematode worms door. 2. Linear animal pest door.
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No. 3
Nematodes wide range of nematode infestation of livestock belonging to the rod-shaped head, round head, roundworm head, pointed tail head, tail head spin, filarial mesh, mesh hair first, swelling knot mesh and camel-shaped head. Both morphological and life history have in common certain differences. Nematodes form was usually white, yellow or brown. Vary greatly in size, smaller than 1 mm, big up to 8 meters. Mostly dioecious females compared to males is great. Parasites generally linearly columnar or cylindrical, unsegmented, symmetrical. Prosthesis cavity digestive, reproductive and nervous systems, more developed, but no respiratory and circulatory systems. Digestive front of the mouth hole, anal opening at the end of the ventral surface of the parasite. Oral capsule and the size, shape and number of the esophagus such as spicules are differential diagnosis. If the worm rod-shaped head on the ball and esophagus esophagus with the ball in front of the esophagus, the purpose of the esophagus is only the tip of the tail gut ball, without the ball in front of the esophagus. Roundworm simple cylindrical mesh esophagus, head end lip 3. Rotary Head End esophageal gland often constituted by the front end portion and the rear end portion of the muscle, the head end has even lip (6 or more), the tail of the male screw spiral curve. Filarial purpose consists of two parts, the esophagus usually of muscular and glandular Department, no lips, pussy in front of the worm. The purpose of the esophagus was a simple round or bottle-shaped, with the male tail ribs supported by a horny intercourse umbrella, and so tend to have two long spicules. Head hair is often divided into before and after the first two, the esophagus is very long, beaded, males only one spicule. The purpose of a simple knot swelling of the esophagus, the male has a fleshy bursa, no rib support, only a spicule. Esophageal gland camel shaped head with a single core, no lip. Pathogenic nematodes have been found in more than 350 species of livestock and poultry in China. One of the common are: equine intestinal parasitic roundworms round deputy nematode filaria sharp stomach filarial nematodes and deputy in the subcutaneous tissue; parasites in the stomach of ruminants Haemonchus true, intestinal nematodes Bunostomum , Oesophagostomum, Trichuris and trachea dictyocaulae; parasites in swine intestinal roundworm, round worm, Trichinella nematodes, kidney and trachea after nematode Angiostrongylus; poultry intestinal parasitic roundworms in poultry, different thorn nematode C. elegans and glandular stomach of China's first, and intestinal parasites in dogs Toxocara and kidney swelling knot nematodes. Especially mentioned here nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (caenorhabditis elegans) is a small worm. Caenorhabditis elegans has become an important mode of modern materials developmental biology, genetics and genomics research. Their adult length of only 1mm, transparent body to feed on bacteria living in the soil, a total of 959 cells in the body, sex is hermaphrodite or male. The entire life cycle of only three days. Wild-type C. elegans embryos formed in cell division and cell lines with a high degree of procedural, so convenient for genetic analysis of its development. An adult worms only by 959 cells. Consists of a fertilized egg into a mature adult as long as a little more than two days (25 ℃ takes 52 hours). From egg to adult per cell and their fate along certain procedures, division and migration have been made at a particular time is clear. c.elegans has many interesting features, it is a little diploid number of chromosomes, 2n = 12 (one pair of sex chromosomes and five pairs of autosomes), its genome is small, only 8 × 107bp, about 3% of the human genome, about 13,500 genes. Genes in eukaryotes are generated monocistronic mrna, but only c.elegans prokaryotic similar genes produce about 25% of the polycistronic mrna (polycistronic mrna), and this makes them through trans-splicing to the expression of downstream genes. Another feature is the genomic sequence of distinct high, reaching 83% and higher eukaryotes are 50% or less, e.coli 100% appears c.elegans These characteristics are closer to the prokaryotic creatures, which also reflects its position point in evolution is more primitive. Much of this type of worm is xx, self-fertilization is bisexual (hermaphrodites) approximately every 500 have a worm is a type of male body xo, this is the result of chromosome separation. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded in 2002, Sydney Brenner and the others, because they are winning in the early 1960s as a model organism C. elegans right choice, find organ development and "programmed cell death" in the process of gene Rules . Bray is one of the founders of molecular biology, he first studied nematodes in 1965 until 1974 before he published his first paper about which experienced about 10 years of obscurity foundation working hours. Until the 1980s, nematodes gradually been internationally recognized research, scientists are currently a number of countries have begun to use mine within three outcomes, research new ways to treat a variety of diseases. Nematodes living in the soil between the aqueous layer adult body length of only 0.1 cm, due to the bacteria for food, it can easily cultured in the laboratory. And because the body transparent, without staining the study, you can see the body organs such as intestinal nematodes, gonads, etc. under the microscope; If you use high-power phase-contrast microscope, but also to achieve a single cell resolution. Angiostrongyliasis: a food-borne parasitic disease, also known as eosinophilia meningitis is due to rodent heart, lungs parasitic nematodes that angiostrongyliasis larvae (or adult) parasitic induced in the human central nervous system. Can occur eosinophils increased meningitis or meningoencephalitis.
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No. 4
Nematodes nematode Also known as round worms (roundworm). Pocket phylum (Aschelminthes) Nematoda (Nematoda) all known worms, whom many scholars as a separate. Department of the animal kingdom by the number of one of the most abundant, parasitic on animals, plants, or free-living in soil, freshwater and marine environments, and even vinegar and beer can be seen in this rare place. About 13,000 known species of parasites because most operators have the medicine, veterinary science or economic importance have been numerous studies, free-living persons may be identified only a small part. Nematodes are bilaterally symmetrical, body length, usually pointed at both ends, and transparent compartment (digestive tract and body cavity walls filled with body fluids). Usually dioecious, some was hermaphrodite (both male and female reproductive organs that individual). Size is not visible to the naked eye length 7 meters (about 23 feet) range, the largest in the Department of parasitic whale found in the body. Camp host animal parasites found in almost all organs, but the most common parasites on digestive, circulatory and respiratory systems. In some species of hookworm, after the round worm, pinworm, stercoralis, whipworm and small nematodes commonly known. Nematodes and is the root cause filariasis, ascariasis with various diseases, such as trichinosis. Nematodes wide range of nematode infestation of livestock belonging to the rod-shaped head, round head, roundworm head, pointed tail head, tail head spin, filarial mesh, mesh hair first, swelling knot mesh and camel-shaped head. Both morphological and life history have in common certain differences. Nematodes form was usually white, yellow or brown. Vary greatly in size, smaller than 1 mm, big up to 8 meters. Mostly dioecious females compared to males is great. Parasites generally linearly columnar or cylindrical, unsegmented, symmetrical. Prosthesis cavity digestive, reproductive and nervous systems, more developed, but no respiratory and circulatory systems. Digestive front of the mouth hole, anal opening at the end of the ventral surface of the parasite. Oral capsule and the size, shape and number of the esophagus such as spicules are differential diagnosis. If the worm rod-shaped head on the ball and esophagus esophagus with the ball in front of the esophagus, the purpose of the esophagus is only the tip of the tail gut ball, without the ball in front of the esophagus. Roundworm simple cylindrical mesh esophagus, head end lip 3. Rotary Head End esophageal gland often constituted by the front end portion and the rear end portion of the muscle, the head end has even lip (6 or more), the tail of the male screw spiral curve. Filarial purpose consists of two parts, the esophagus usually of muscular and glandular Department, no lips, pussy in front of the worm. The purpose of the esophagus was a simple round or bottle-shaped, with the male tail ribs supported by a horny intercourse umbrella, and so tend to have two long spicules. Head hair is often divided into before and after the first two, the esophagus is very long, beaded, males only one spicule. The purpose of a simple knot swelling of the esophagus, the male has a fleshy bursa, no rib support, only a spicule. Esophageal gland camel shaped head with a single core, no lip. Pathogenic nematodes have been found in more than 350 species of livestock and poultry in China. One of the common are: equine intestinal parasitic roundworms round deputy nematode filaria sharp stomach filarial nematodes and deputy in the subcutaneous tissue; parasites in the stomach of ruminants Haemonchus true, intestinal nematodes Bunostomum , Oesophagostomum, Trichuris and trachea dictyocaulae; parasites in swine intestinal roundworm, round worm, Trichinella nematodes, kidney and trachea after nematode Angiostrongylus; poultry intestinal parasitic roundworms in poultry, different thorn nematode C. elegans and glandular stomach of China's first, and intestinal parasites in dogs Toxocara and kidney swelling knot nematodes. Especially mentioned here nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (Caenorhabditis elegans) is a small worm. Caenorhabditis elegans has become an important mode of modern materials developmental biology, genetics and genomics research. Their adult length of only 1mm, transparent body to feed on bacteria living in the soil, a total of 959 cells in the body, sex is hermaphrodite or male. The entire life cycle of only three days. Wild-type C. elegans embryos formed in cell division and cell lines with a high degree of procedural, so convenient for genetic analysis of its development. An adult worms only by 959 cells. Consists of a fertilized egg into a mature adult as long as a little more than two days (25 ℃ takes 52 hours). From egg to adult per cell and their fate along certain procedures, division and migration have been made at a particular time is clear. C.elegans has many interesting features, it is a little diploid number of chromosomes, 2n = 12 (one pair of sex chromosomes and five pairs of autosomes), its genome is small, only 8 × 107bp, about 3% of the human genome, about 13,500 genes. Genes in eukaryotes are generated monocistronic mRNA, but only C.elegans and prokaryotic similar genes produce about 25% of the polycistronic mRNA (Polycistronic mRNA), and this makes them through trans-splicing to the expression of downstream genes. Another feature is the genomic sequence of distinct high, reaching 83% and higher eukaryotes are 50% or less, E.coli is 100%, it appears that these features are in C.elegans closer prokaryotic creatures, which also reflects its position point in evolution is more primitive. Much of this type of worm is XX, self-fertilization is bisexual (hermaphrodites) approximately every 500 have a worm is a type of XO males, this is the result of chromosome separation. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded in 2002, Sydney Brenner and the others, because they are winning in the early 1960s as a model organism C. elegans right choice, find organ development and "programmed cell death" in the process of gene Rules . Bray is one of the founders of molecular biology, he first studied nematodes in 1965 until 1974 before he published his first paper about which experienced about 10 years of obscurity foundation working hours. Until the 1980s, nematodes gradually been internationally recognized research, scientists are currently a number of countries have begun to use mine within three outcomes, research new ways to treat a variety of diseases. Nematodes living in the soil between the aqueous layer adult body length of only 0.1 cm, due to the bacteria for food, it can easily cultured in the laboratory. And because the body transparent, without staining the study, you can see the body organs such as intestinal nematodes, gonads, etc. under the microscope; If you use high-power phase-contrast microscope, but also to achieve a single cell resolution. Angiostrongyliasis: a food-borne parasitic disease, also known as eosinophilia meningitis is due to rodent heart, lung parasite Ascaris lumbricoides, a nematode. Nematodes that angiostrongyliasis larvae (or adult) parasites in the human central nervous system caused. Can occur eosinophils increased meningitis or meningoencephalitis. Many nematodes, insects can be comparable with In our research nematode Angiostrongylus, pine wood nematode, Ditylenchus destructor as much 2006 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Karolinska Institute in Sweden announced the 2006 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to two American scientists Andrew Fire and Craig Mello, in recognition of their groundbreaking molecular biology and genetic information in terms of Work. Andrew Z. Fire and Craig C. Mello discovered RNA interference mechanism, the paper was published in 1998. This finding is extremely important to protect against viruses and seeking treatment for the disease. I will introduce you to the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2006 Prize the following aspects. 1. Winners basic situation Andrew Phil was born in 1959, a U.S. citizen, in 1983 the Massachu_set_ts Institute of Biology, Ph.D., is currently a professor of pathology and genetics at Stanford Medical School. Craig Mello was born in 1960, a U.S. citizen, in 1990 received his Ph.D. in biology from Harvard University, Massachu_set_ts, is currently Professor of Molecular Medicine. 2. Achievement award Scientists at the earliest plants (Napoli et al, 1990) and Neurospora (Neurospora crassa) (Cogoni and Macino, 1997) found that the dsRNA-induced RNA silencing. RNAi as an antiviral defense system and play a role in the body. Although the above findings, the transgene encoding a viral gene fragments can silence function and produce dsRNA during replication, but the decisive found for RNA silencing or by the Andrew Fire and Craig Mello completed first. When several years ago, online insect experiments conducted antisense RNA, Guo and Kemphues would also observed with a high sense RNA gene silencing activity (Guo and Kemphues, 1995). Later, Andrew Fire (Andrew Phil) and Craig Mello (Craig Mello) experiment illustrates this anomaly: the antisense RNA and sense RNA simultaneously injected into Caenorhabditis elegans (Caenorhabditis elegans) than injection alone High antisense RNA-induced gene silencing efficiency by 10 times. By inference, dsRNA trigger mechanism of gene silencing efficiency and greatly reduce the level of target mRNA (Fire et al, 1998), which is a key mechanism for controlling the flow of genetic information. It will be named this phenomenon RNAi (see review: Arenz and Schepers, 2003). Phil and Andrew Craig Mello because it was discovered that the key mechanism won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. The mechanism of RNAi: gene carrying genetic information (i.e., specific functions of individual genes) passed the "factory" is achieved by entering the cell protein synthesis called messenger RNA molecules, and methods of gene function research work has been the stumbling block . Phil and Andrew Craig Mello experiments confirmed by nematodes: certain molecules trigger the destruction of a specific gene RNA, resulting in protein synthesis can not be, a "gene silencing", and this process will be called RNAi. Natural RNAi phenomenon exists in eukaryotes, such as plants animals and humans in vivo, play an important role in the mediation and prevention of viral infection in gene activity. They also found an effective way to turn off gene expression, so that when a particular gene after being "silent", its function will be reversed manifested. 3 value of research results RNA function on previous textbooks about three, one is a messenger RNA (mRNA), the direct product of gene transcription, then translated into protein. All proteins are thus synthesized. Another is the transfer RNA (tRNA), when the encoded protein synthesis and transport of amino acids to the ribosome. Some of catalytic RNA, such as ribosomal constituents have RNA, their catalytic effect. But RNAi (RNA interference) found that reveals another major function of RNA: regulation of gene expression (which for gene expression regulation also adds a new concept). In 2001, with the completion of the human genome sequencing, genome sequencing projects for many other organisms have also started. In the next period of time, the scientific community will not appear more attention than the human genome sequencing technology. Some human genome known as the "21st century milestone in the history of scientific development", "one of the most important achievements of biology." But not long after, the same year found in mammals RNAI by storm, but intensified. "Science" magazine RNAi as "a major breakthrough in 2002" (Couzin, 2002). However, more surprising and exciting is that four years later today, the initiator of this technology, Phil and Andrew Craig Mello therefore get Nobel Prize in Medicine in 2006. A new technology made just a few years after the Nobel Prize favor and certainly after is unique, it also indicates the RNAi groundbreaking significance and great potential applications in the medical field. As people on a variety of organisms in-depth understanding of the genome sequence, RNAi technology can help us more detailed understanding of the complex physiological processes. RNAi technology and genomics, proteomics and functional proteomics closely related, therefore, RNAi technology itself can be used as an experiment for the service-related industries, such as bio-engineering and pharmaceutical industry, and thus play its role in the deeper and broader fields. Plants, animals, human RNA interference are present, which for the management of gene expression involved in the protection of viral infections, the importance of controlling the active genes. RNA interference has emerged as a powerful "gene silencing" technology appears. This technology is used to determine the various laboratories worldwide disease which genes play an important role. RNA interference gene as a research method has been widely used to run basic science. RNAi mainly through post-transcriptional block (post-transcriptional) level of gene expression, and to study the function of genes. At the same time it provides a new way of treating diseases for us. For example, we can develop ways to shut down (shutting off) or pathogenic non-essential gene function. Theoretically, if you turn off the expression of many genes that cause disease will be cured. Animal experiments have shown that elevated blood cholesterol can lead to gene "silencing" by RNAi approach; clinical trials of viral diseases, eye diseases, cardiovascular and metabolic diseases and other aspects are also underway; this approach is viral hepatitis AIDS and the treatment of cancer and other human ills represents a new way. Nematodes have aerobic and facultative anaerobic, facultative anaerobic who thrive during hypoxia. C. elegans is an indication of poor sewage biological purification degree.