landscape plant : Chinese herbal medicine : animal : angiosperms > comfrey



Contents ·A kind of Lithospermum perennial herbs, roots thick, purple, leaves alternate, lanceolate, gold edge, flowers white, fruit a quarter of the fruit, grains, roots for dyes and medicinal ·No. 2 ·No. 3 ·No. 4 ·Outline ·Plant characteristics ·Chinese Characteristics ·Cultivation techniques ·Harvesting and processing ·Pharmacological analysis ·Clinical Applications ·Election party ·Related records ·Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2005 edition ·Chinese herbal medicine ·Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2000 ·Encyclopedia ·English Expression ·Thesaurus ·Containing Phrases ·More results... A kind of Lithospermum perennial herbs, roots thick, purple, leaves alternate, lanceolate, gold edge, flowers white, fruit a quarter of the fruit, grains, roots for dyes and medicinal 　　A kind of Lithospermum perennial herbs, roots thick, purple, leaves alternate, lanceolate, gold edge, flowers white, fruit a quarter of the fruit, grains, roots for dye and medicine. Such as: Now the Lithospermum, not spend time mining. (Lithospermum, perennial herb, with perennial, can be used for medicinal.) - Song Shen Kuo, "Meng Xi Bi Tan." Translated by Google No. 2 　　Now the Lithospermum, not spend time mining. (Lithospermum, perennial herb, with perennial, can be used for medicinal.) - Song Shen Kuo, "Meng Xi Bi Tan" Translated by Google No. 3 　　Comfrey zǐcǎo 　　radix lithospermi 　　(British) gromwell root 　　Alias ​​hard comfrey, large comfrey, comfrey despise red stripe, water chestnut grass, Zidan, in blood, comfrey Velvet, crow rank grass, purple grass, mountain comfrey, Redstone root 　　. 　　Source comfrey comfrey lithospermum erythrorhizon sieb.et zucc.'s Roots. 　　Perennial plant morphology, have equatorial-like shag. Root thick, conical, dry purple. Stems erect, upper branches. Leaves alternate, lanceolate, long 4.5 ~ 8cm, width 1 ~ 2cm, sessile or petiolate. Calyx lobes linear; Corolla white, long 6 ~ 8mm, throat five scales, the scales tip slightly concave. Nutlets ovoid, about 3mm, gray, smooth. Flowering from May to June, the fruit of 7 to 8 months. 　　Born in barren fields, rocky hillsides and dry roadside bushes. The main production of Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Hebei, Henan, Shanxi. 　　Plucking spring and autumn, excavation, removal of sediment, dry. 　　Root traits cylindrical, twisted, branching, long 7 ~ 14cm, diameter of 1 ~ 2cm. Purple or dark purple surface, rough with longitudinal stripes, thin cortex, easy to peel off. Hard and brittle, easily broken, the Ministry of purple leather sectional, Kibe large, pale yellow. 　　Chemical composition containing acetylshikonin hormone (acetylshikonin), β-hydroxy-isovaleryl shikonin (β-hydro-xyisovalerylshikonin), Shikonin (shikonin), β, β'-dimethylacrylshikonin Shikonin (β , β'-dimethylacrylshikonin) and so on. 　　Taste: cold, sweet and salty. 　　Meridian: heart, liver. 　　Indications cooling blood, blood detoxification rash. Sheng toxic heat for blood, dark purple rash, measles impervious, sores, eczema, water and fire burns. Qingreliangxue for measles, fever Ban rash, eczema, hematuria, discredited, bloody diarrhea, sores, erysipelas, burns, hot junction constipation. 　　Usual dose: 4 to 10 grams 　　Comfrey 　　(A) Overview 　　Comfrey is comfrey comfrey (hard comfrey) (lithosper-mum erythorhizon sieb.et zucc.) And Arnebia (soft comfrey) [arnebia euchroma (royle) johnst. ] Roots. There are cooling blood, detoxification, Hua Chang laxative effect. Comfrey distributed in Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Hebei, Henan, Shanxi, Jiangsu, Anhui, Jiangxi, Hubei, Hunan, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Guizhou and other places, mainly produced in the Northeast and North China. Arnebia produced in Xinjiang. 　　(B) plant characteristics 　　Arnebia: perennial herb, 15-35 cm high, the whole plant is white coarse hair. Root thick, purple, multi-twist. Stems erect, single or divided into two from the base manifold. Basal leaves tufted, linear lanceolate, entire, yellow-green; stem leaves alternate, shorter small. Heliconia cymes honey Born item stems, inflorescence head-like; leafy bracts, linear-lanceolate, with bristles; short tubular calyx, unprovoked 5 crack; corolla barreled shaped, lavender or purple, 5 crack tip, lobes oval; stamens 5, filaments very short or absent; ovary 4-parted, style slender, stigma globular, small bone nut, broadly ovate, light brown, warts. Flowering from June to July, the fruit of 8 to 9 months. 　　Born Arnebia alpine sunny hillside grass. 　　Comfrey is a perennial herb. 50 to 90 cm high. Whole plant is rough hair. Root length strips, slightly curved, thick, purple. Stems erect, upper branches. Leaves alternate, short handle or sessile, rough leaves, ovate-lanceolate, entire or slightly irregular wavy. Total cymes; leafy bracts lanceolate or narrow ovate, two masks shag; sepals 5-pole needle, micro base connate; Corolla white, simple, apex 5 crack, throat 5 small scales , base coat; stamens 5; ovary 4-parted, style single, linear, stigma 2-lobed, nutlets ovoid, gray or light brown, smooth and shiny. Flowering from May to June, the fruit of 7 to 8 months. 　　(C) the growth characteristics 　　Comfrey Born barren fields, roadside and dry rocky hillside thickets. 　　Comfrey hi cool, wet weather conditions, the fear of floods, fear of high temperature to high and dry, deep soil, humus-rich, well drained and seepage strong neutral or slightly acidic sandy loam appropriate. Saline, low-lying land should not be planted in heavy clay. 　　(D) cultivation techniques 　　1. Soil preparation and fertilization 　　Grown on the fertile soil or sandy soil should choose high terrain, good drainage loose. Manure before planting 75,000 kilograms per hectare, more than 30 cm deep plowing, raking the whole fine, made a furrow width 100 cm, for sowing. 　　2. Breeding methods 　　Propagate by seed, of autumn and spring. Autumn harvest the seeds from the ground to freeze up in early November, the second autumn began to germinate in early April, late April to early May the whole seedlings. Spring March to early April conducted in late April to early May emergence. Sowing seed treatment must be low, so the embryo maturation, seed and to do more if the broadcast, then no emergence. Two methods of sowing methods and spreader bar measures law. 　　Seed treatment: late October to early November, the seeds and then 1:3 blend evenly wet sand pit hidden in sunny deepened to 45 cm, 30 cm length and width of the pit, placed in the bottom of the pit a small twig, capped with a layer of leaves, the seeds into after casing 10 centimeters, attention during the anti-rodent seed in sand. The following year before Qingming, until most of the seed has to sprout, and then planting. 　　Drill: spacing of 15 to 20 cm by 3 cm deep shallow trench open, the seeds were sown in uniform, the casing 3 cm after sowing, sowing into repression. The amount of 22.5 to 30 kg ha. 　　Sow: the seeds evenly thrown into the River surface casing 2 to 3 cm, after sowing the seed and soil contact pressure a little bit. Ha seeding rate 30 kg. 　　After sowing the seeds treated with sufficient temperature and humidity of about 10 days beginning emergence. 　　3. Field management 　　(1) weeding 　　Timely tillage weed, grass shortage prevent bullying seedlings. 　　(2) fill the gaps, Dingmiao 　　Fill the gaps in time to check the seedling stage, may be appropriate if too dense thinning, find missing city election rainy day or evening promptly fill the gaps, fill after watering, soil moisture. Height 10 cm, press row spacing 15 cm * 10 cm Dingmiao. 　　(3) dressing 　　Dingmiao urea per hectare chase after 150 kg, 225 kg of superphosphate per hectare chase after flowering, multiply applied after rain or watering dressing. 　　(4) irrigation 　　Comfrey fear of floods during the rainy season attention to drainage to avoid root rot occur. Such as severe drought, may be appropriate watering. 　　4. Pest Control 　　(1) root rot 　　Hot or rainy seasons occur. Root rot, leaf blight ground. 　　Control methods: ① timely rain drainage. ② remove diseased plants and burn with lime powder on the disease points for disinfection. ③ with 1% ferrous sulfate watering hole for disinfection disease. 　　(2) leaf spot 　　Damage leaves, forming irregular spots on the leaves. 　　Control methods: ① timely removal of diseased plants. ② 1:1:100 times with Bordeaux mixture control. 　　(3) Comfrey pests have grubs, mole crickets, cutworms, weevils, can kill or with artificial bait trap. 　　(E) harvest processing 　　In the second year after planting can be harvested in late October. When harvested together stems dug together, go to the net soil, avoid washing, remove the stems and Lo head, and bind them in the small, dry can. Average yield per hectare from 1500 to 2250 kg of dry medicine. Translated by Google No. 4 　　Comfrey 　　("Classic") 　　[Different name] contempt, water chestnut grass ("Ya"), Zidan, purple Yao ("Classic"), in the blood ("Wu Pu Materia Medica"), water chestnut Hu ("Ya"), comfrey Velvet ( "pediatric drug card straight tactic"), crow grass title ("outline"), purple grass ("Modern and practical medicine"), Mountain Comfrey ("Jiangsu plant medicine Chi"), Redstone root ("Liaoning Economic Flora") . 　　[Source] comfrey comfrey, comfrey or leave Tibet Onosma roots. 　　【】 ① comfrey plant morphology 　　Perennial herb, up to 90 cm. Root erect, cylindrical, slightly curved, often disagreements, dark purple skin. Stems erect, single or upper divergence, the whole plant is coarse hair. Leaves alternate, sessile; leaves oblong-lanceolate, about 6 cm, a width of 1.3 cm, apex acute, base cuneate, margin entire, strigose on both sides. Inflorescence racemose, terminal; flowers bisexual; leafy bracts, two masks shag; short tubular calyx, 5-parted, lobes narrowly acuminate; Corolla white, corolla tube short, 5 crack tip, throat with 5 a scaly appendages, base with hairs; stamens 5, was born in the middle of corolla tube, filaments short or absent; ovary superior, 4-parted, style linear, stigma spherical, lobed. Nutlets upright, oval, light brown. Seeds 4, oval. Flowering from May to June, the fruit of 7 to 8 months. 　　Born wild grass, sunny mountain and valley. Distribution of Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Hebei, Henan, Anhui, Guangxi, Guizhou and Jiangsu. 　　② Tibet false comfrey 　　Perennial herb, 25 to 35 cm, the whole plant is white coarse hair. Root straight raw, slightly conical, rootlets constant a twist together. Stems erect, single or base two manifolds, hirsute. Root leaf clusters, sessile, linear-lanceolate leaves, about 13 cm, apex acute, base attenuate, entire, yellow-brown; stem leaves alternate, shorter small, sessile. Heliconia cymes dense at the top of the stem, flowers bisexual; bracts linear-lanceolate, with bristles; short tubular calyx lobes 5 narrow leafy, with equal or exceed the corolla; corolla long tubular, purple or lilac, up to 1.5 cm long, lobes 5, oval, slightly outside is smooth white hair, throat and base; stamens 5, filaments short or absent; ovary superior, style slender, stigma spherical, two-parted. Nutlets broadly ovate, light brown. Flowering from June to July, the fruit of 8 to 9 months. 　　Leaves or weeds growing in the sunny mountain slopes. Distribution of Xinjiang, Tibet, Gansu and other places. 　　③ Onosma 　　Perennial herb, 60 to 80 cm. Root erect, cylindrical, quality hard, dark purple skin. Stems single, erect, sessile; Basal leaves narrowly elliptic to lanceolate, about 20 cm long, 2.6 cm wide, apex acuminate, base cuneate, margin entire surface strigose, dorsal veins are long bristles; upper leaves smaller, lanceolate. Heliconia cymes conical; flowers bisexual; calyx few full-lobed, lobes linear to lanceolate; corolla tubular, red, about 1.4 cm, apex 5-lobed, lobes triangular, reflexed; stamens 5, anthers 5 connected surrounded by style, base cuneate, filaments short, white pilose; ovary superior, 4 deep cleft, style exposed on the outside of the corolla. Nutlets ovoid, light brown. Flowering in early summer. 　　Born in sunny hillside grass. Distribution of Yunnan and Tibet, Sichuan, Guizhou. 　　[Collection] 4 to May 9 to 10 months or digging roots, stems and remove residual soil (do not use water, to prevent discoloration), Wei Huo dried or drying. 　　[Medicine] ① hard comfrey 　　Dry comfrey root, was distorted cylindrical or slightly fusiform, about 7 to 15 cm in diameter and about 0.7 to 2 cm, the root of the head with a stem residues, often lateral roots. Surface dark purple, rough, with longitudinal groove, the cortex is thin, slightly scaly. Hard and Qingcui, easily broken, section flaky skin Ministry of purple, between the wooden part and there was a small crack or hole-like, Kibe obvious, yellow and white. Gas special taste slightly sweet and sour. 　　Main producing northeast, Hubei, Hunan and other places. 　　② soft comfrey 　　Possession of fake new comfrey root, irregular cylindrical, slightly twisted, about 7 to 20 cm in diameter and about 1 to 2.5 cm. Surface dark purple. Top with the stem base. Extremely loose skin, scales into strips, often heavy with a dozen layers stacked, easy peel into strips irregular pieces. Quality soft and light, easy to break, the cross section into a sheet, Kibe obvious, yellow and white, into a ring, the center has a large dark purple shape marrow. Gas special, slightly acidic taste. 　　The main production Xinjiang. 　　③ Onosma 　　To the skin of the eradication Onosma Kibe, also known as hard comfrey, cylindrical, about 15 cm in diameter and 1 to 2 cm. Under Minister differences. Purple-brown surface is dark purple powder, with a twisted vertical wrinkles. Quality hard and difficult to break, section granular, Kibe yellow-white and slightly purple, purple pith. Gas faint, slightly acidic taste. Yunnan purple turf: root bark of Yunnan Purple, irregular pieces, about 0.5 to 5 cm and a width of 0.5 to 2 cm, constant layer phase Diego. Purple-brown surface, the inner surface smooth. Brittle and easily broken. Qi is weak, tasteless. 　　The main production of Yunnan. 　　Additionally, there are: ① Tianshan comfrey, and possession of false comfrey new approximation dwarfish plants, Cymes were clustered like. Distribution of Xinjiang. ② Pamir false comfrey, coarse roots, stems much branched; leaves linear-lanceolate; corolla long cylindrical, yellow, purple throat. Distribution of Xinjiang Kunlun Mountains. ③ false comfrey, aka: Inner Mongolia comfrey. 9 to 22 cm high. Stems single or multiple branches. Leaves lanceolate or oblanceolate, 1 to 1.5 cm long, 0.2 to 0.6 cm wide. Racemes, corolla yellow, lobes with purple. Distribution of Inner Mongolia, Gansu, Xinjiang. ④ spend long Onosma, Onosma approximation with short, 15 to 30 cm high. Corolla about 3 cm. Distribution of Tibet. The root of these plants are used as medicine for comfrey. 　　Chemical composition of purple grass with acetylshikonin quinone, isobutyryl shikonin, β, β-dimethyl propylene shikonin, β-hydroxy-isovaleryl shikonin, 3,4 - dimethyl pentene -3 - acyl shikonin. 　　Tibet fake purple grass with β-hydroxy-isovaleryl shikonin, 3,4 - dimethyl-penten-3 - acyl shikonin. 　　Pharmacological effects ① contraception 　　Purple grass (Nissan) ethanol extract 100 mg / 100 g, 30% powder mixed purple grass eating animals fed rats inhibited estrus, pigment root raised invalid. Yunnan comfrey 50% syrup, mice given oral one month, can inhibit their estrus, stopping two months after resume; reputation and can inhibit the rate of mice. Continuous oral comfrey months in normal mice, significantly reduced ovarian, uterine and pituitary slightly reduced, but if the thyroid, adrenal weight had no significant effect on other endocrine glands. Oil on ovariectomized mice, vaginal smears not keratinocytes appear, nor increase in uterine weight, indicating no estrogen-like effects. European production of comfrey leaf extract can inhibit pituitary secretion of thyroid hormone and gonadotropin hormone secretagogue, and this does not affect the synthesis of hormones interference, but the impact of its release. Tibet false comfrey, Guangxi, comfrey, purple grass (species were not specified) mice orally reduced fertility, and a clear anti-pituitary gonadotropins and sex hormones promote the role of anti-fluff, but obviously invalid shikonin . Produced 50 percent of the alcohol roadside comfrey extract tuck abroad, can reduce fertility in mice, so that normal mice diestrus extension, such as re-injection or promoting hormone estrone can still cause estrus; against immature male or female mice, can cause sexual organs, thymus, pituitary weight, slow growth, most of the active ingredients in the flower, seeds, leaves and roots. Its mechanism of inhibition of the formation of the pituitary gonadotropins, especially inhibition of luteinizing hormone, it may be said that the direct loss of activity of the hormone, i.e., the so-called "off can" effect. 　　② anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory effects 　　Comfrey for the Beijing Branch 68-1 virus test tube inhibit Staphylococcus aureus, Serratia marcescens can also suppressed. The former Soviet Union produced comfrey tincture for pyogenic bacteria, E. coli was inhibited. And accelerate the growth of epithelial and treatment of burns. In Japan Gromwell ether or water extract for oral or topical application to inhibit capillary permeability (dye exudation intradermal rat); oral extract 100 ml / kg of carrageenan induced hindlimb edema in rats He had the same one with cloth inhibitory effect shikonin and acetylshikonin have the same anti-inflammatory effects of quinone. Topical application can promote wound healing. Ziyun cream made from purple grass and angelica better than single herbs effects. Comfrey decoction of tuberculosis has a certain effect on mice. But guinea pigs invalid. Test using the plate method can inhibit a variety of fungi. Comfrey ointment can be used for facial ringworm. 　　③ on circulatory system 　　Xinjiang Soft Comfrey (Taiyuan bought varieties undetermined) decoction of healthy rabbits and toads of the heart from the body, or the whole, there are obviously excited about the role, this role with the decoction of calcium related. Under general anesthesia, intravenous or intramuscular this decoction can make nearly half of the animals (rabbits, dogs, cats) a sharp decline in blood pressure, and even death, but no such person without anesthesia or oral severe reaction. Toad rabbit hind limb blood vessels and internal organs, in vitro perfused rabbit ears no impact. 　　④ anti-tumor effect 　　According to reports, purple grass on the choriocarcinoma and malignant mole have a certain effect. Screening test tube method using methylene blue, purple grass on a very mild acute lymphoblastic leukemia inhibitory effect. Lithospermum reduce (rat) spontaneous incidence of breast cancer. 　　⑤ other roles 　　Xinjiang rabbit soft comfrey decoction antipyretic effect of relaxation of rabbit uterine and intestinal smooth muscle stimulant is not constant, oral decoction can enhance the tension and contraction of the small intestine, intravenous no reaction. Comfrey leaf extract can decrease blood sugar rabbit, guinea pig intestine to increase tension, no diuretic effect in rats. 　　Toxicology Yunnan comfrey syrup 5 to 15 g / kg in mice fed two months, generally normal appetite and activity, weight change is not obvious, except autopsy pituitary, ovarian, uterine weight, but others such as the thyroid, adrenal There was no change in weight, check that all organizations under a microscope, pathological changes were not observed in tissue. 30% Arnebia fed mice, about a week weight loss of 30%, 40% died within 15 days; using root powder 5 g / kg administered to rabbits, three days after the deep purple color of urine, urine protein appears and red blood cells, and diarrhea, two days after discontinuation symptoms. 　　[Cooked] hard comfrey: Wash, run through, sliced ​​and dried. Soft Comfrey: pick impurities, to seedlings, cut. 　　"Treatise on Thunder Gun": "Where so (comfrey) per pound of wax twenty-two, dissolved in water mixed with steam, the water to be dry, take away the head and two banks mustache, with a fine file." 　　[Taste] bitter cold. 　　① "by": "bitter cold." 　　② "Do not record": "toxic." 　　③ "resistance": "Sweet, flat." 　　④ "outline": "Sweet and salty, cold." 　　[Meridian] into the Envelope, liver. 　　① "outline": "into the Envelope, liver and blood points." 　　② "Treatise on Thunder Gun": "into the heart, small intestine, two classics." 　　③ "Ben Cao Jing Shu": "into the foot Shao, Jue Yin." 　　【Indications】 cooling blood, blood, detoxification. Governance warm rash, heat jaundice, purpura, vomiting, nosebleeds, blood in the urine, pouring muddy, hot junction constipation, burns, eczema, erysipelas, carbuncle ulcers. 　　① "The Classic": "Lord evil henchman, five jaundice, deficiency Lee Jiuqiao through the waterway." 　　② "Do not record": "treatment of abdominal swelling and pain with full cream together, and surface treatment of pediatric sore Zha.." 　　③ "resistance": "cure malignant sore, Guo ringworm." 　　④ "The sketches by": "When cure typhoid disease, hair HSV were not in order for the drug to be issued." 　　⑤ "outline": "Governance rash, pox virus, blood cooling, Lee colon." 　　⑥ "Doctor Lin compile": "fill the heart, liver, stasis, blood." 　　⑦ "Jilin herbs": "cure constipation, blood in the urine." 　　⑧ "Shaanxi herbs": "Governance soup burns, dermatitis, eczema, urinary tract infection." 　　[Usage and dosage] Oral: decoction, 1 to 3 money; or into powder. Topical: Aogao painted. 　　[Taboo] gastrointestinal weakness, stool diarrhea careful service. 　　"Ben Cao Jing Shu": "qi home smallpox weak stomach, diarrhea, do not think of food, urine-handers, all fasting." 　　[Election] ① hair spotted: Uncaria hook, comfrey Velvet each decile. On to the next fine, each serving or fifth word, a money transfer warm wine, no time. ("Pediatric drug card straight tactic" comfrey powder) 　　② HSV before the beginning of the treatment, fecal urgency and clothes, so that may mitigate toxicity: comfrey (to coarse stems) twenty-two, Chen orange peel (go white, drying) twelve. For the end, each serving a lot of money, water, a, into the light blue two-inch, fry six minutes, to the residue, warm clothes, no time. Infants and nursing mothers and clothes, weaning so self-serving. ("On the micro side total health of children," as St. comfrey soup) 　　③ against measles: comfrey three money, licorice money. Cook, served twice. ("Jilin herbs") 　　④ treatment of allergic purpura: comfrey five money, cicada two money, Angelica four money, three money bamboo, tamarisk three money, burdock three money, three money Treats, Anemarrhena three money, Sophora three money. Decoction. (Xinjiang herbal Handbook ") 　　⑤ governance thrombocytopenic purpura: comfrey two money Cuttlebone five money, madder two money. Decoction. ("Xinjiang Herbal Handbook") 　　⑥ heat treatment sores: comfrey Velvet, berberine, Cork, Loulu half two, red bean, mung bean flour each one together. Pound fine on the drug, into the sesame oil for the cream, day three wrap, uniforms berberine A capsules pure heart. ("Jinsai at the party" comfrey ointment) 　　⑦ Fetotoxic treatment of children, scabies, sores two eyebrows, or extension and itching all over the body, or the shower drain pus, after years of healing: comfrey, Angelica the second money, final body five money, licorice money, sesame oil two two. With the boil, Angelica color yellow for the degree of filtration, plus ash, light powder the second money, take the cream Tu. ("Ulcer medicine Daquan" comfrey ointment) 　　⑧ rule very hot, foam rot: comfrey money, Angelica five money, sesame oil forty-two. On the shamisen, with Aoyao dry, filtration to the residue, the oil boil, add yellow wax five money, melted, pour into the bowl, Dayton cold, Tu. ("David Branch lilies" comfrey run muscle ointment) 　　⑨ ulcer treatment will be closed: comfrey, Trichobitacin decile. New decoction. ("Jinsai at the party") 　　⑩ governance urine leaching Death: comfrey twelve. Scattered, well before each use fresh water serving two Chinese money. ("Qian Jin Yi Fang") 　　⑾ rule discredited: comfrey, forsythia, Plantago each decile, decoction. ("Treatment of the criterion") 　　⑿ cure vomiting Nvxue not fierce, do not stop, living as before, soft food as usual, between one year old, or send two, three, or send five or six times, a long time will become TB: comfrey, pregnant habitat of the forty-two , white flesh one hundred, Poria, Ophiopogonis thirty-two. Decoction, refined honey close, every morning and evening clothes dozen spoons, white soup. ("Square pulse authentic") 　　⒀ Governance five hot yellow jaundice: comfrey three money, wormwood grass twelve. Decoction. ("Herbal Qieyao") 　　⒁ Governance red swim erysipelas, flush clouds head: with a small knife or Ciwan Feng Feng draw to sera, comfrey five money, mouse sticky child twelve. Fine, decoction. ("Materia Medica") 　　⒂ Treatment of Infantile white bald: comfrey dextrose Tu. ("Sheng Hui Fang") 　　⒃ cure sore peas, noodles Zha, malignant sore, Guo ringworm: comfrey frying oil Tu. ("Medicine") 　　⒄ cure the evil insect bites: Oil comfrey Tu. ("Sheng Hui Fang") 　　Clinical application ① treatment of acute and chronic hepatitis 　　With the extract from roots of Lithospermum purple red (pigment) and dried powder of the solute, and sodium hydroxide as a solvent to make 0.2% comfrey injection. Intramuscular injection, 1 to 2 times a day, each 2 ml. Meter observation infectious hepatitis, jaundice, 13 cases were cured; acute infectious hepatitis without jaundice 157 cases, 139 cases were cured, 14 cases markedly improved in 2 cases, 13 cases. In addition, four cases of liver cirrhosis is still also get a certain effect. 　　② treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis thrombocytopenic purpura 　　Has reported one case, the ordinary Chinese and Western combined treatment effect is not significant, the effect of the switch to get a lot of comfrey. 1 1 two daily, that after serving less epistaxis; second day was added to two two, epistaxis completely stopped; once every five doses, platelet count increased to 170,000 / cubic millimeter, systemic purpura subsided, the disease turned the corner. After the reaction has diarrhea medication, but the patient had no discomfort. 　　③ treatment of malignant mole complicated by uterine choriocarcinoma 　　Has reported one case, X-ray after surgery found that lung metastases, after a month observation, beginning to see the expansion of metastatic lesions, clinical symptoms become increasingly worse. Purple grass using a two day decoction 1, 10 days for treatment. After four cycles, greatly reduce the clinical symptoms, X-ray review most of the lesions disappear. Continue serving purple grass a month, the clinical symptoms disappeared, urine pregnancy reaction was negative. 　　④ treatment of infantile dermatitis, eczema vulva, vaginitis and cervicitis 　　Of 2%, 10%, 20%, 40% vegetable oil infusion comfrey or comfrey ether extract formulated with 1% vegetable oil formulation for topical application. I tried 100 cases of dermatitis cure infant hips, no case of erosion situation after treatment. (Ii) Women urogenital fistula patients, due to frequent urine leakage caused by genital eczema, erosions, ulcers and various causes of vaginal discharge increased after applying comfrey oil for 3 to 5 days can be effective. Had treated 28 cases, 24 cases cured. (Iii) for vaginitis, generally 4 to 6 days after the applicator can be cured, and the recurrence rate is very low. Had treated 234 cases, the cure rate of 77.7%. (Iv) If the merger cervicitis pelvic inflammatory disease or severe erosion, congestion, and purulent secretions were easily cause bleeding, infections and pelvic inflammatory disease, acute, and can be used comfrey oil painting. According to the severity, for 1 to 3 weeks, congestion and purulent secretions can disappear until healed. Treatment of 182 cases, 96 cases cured. The higher the concentration of comfrey oil, the better the effect, increasing the concentration does not have any side effects. Borage oil seems to be no inhibitory effect, the principle of its clinical efficacy, need further study. 　　⑤ treatment of warts and vaginal disease crumbs 　　With comfrey extract shikonin made 0.1% injection, intramuscular injection every 2 ml; small number of patients with psoriasis with 0.05% shikonin intravenous injection lines, each 10 ml. Both day 1. Warts in 23 cases, after treatment 7 to 10 times, recovered (symptoms disappear, rashes all or substantially dissipated) 10 cases were cured (symptom relief, rash significantly smaller flattened or redness fades, scaly thinning) 10 cases, ineffective (injected more than 10 times the rash has not improved) in 3 cases. Psoriasis intramuscular treatment in 29 cases, 10 to 20 times after treatment cured five cases, effective in 15 cases, 9 cases; intravenous therapy in 7 cases, 10 were cured after three cases, effective in one case, 3 cases. Preliminary observations on the effect is indeed flat warts, treatment significantly reduced, and the recurrence rate. The psoriasis lesions for better effect. The disadvantage for the injection of local pain. Another had 20 gram purple grass with 100 ml of dimethyl sulfoxide, soak for 3 to 4 days after taking liquid applied topically, 1 to 2 times a day; treating warts than 20 cases, generally 1 to 2 weeks after that see warts off or calm. 　　⑥ treatment rose rosea 　　Comfrey 0.5 to 1 with two (children 2 to 5 money), decoction a day, 10 days for a course of treatment. After a certain interval can continue taking several medications. Treatment of 70 cases, cured 37 cases, progress in 25 cases, 8 cases. Taking an average nine days, no more than 2 months. 　　⑦ on the prevention of measles 　　Purple grass against measles, has been widely throughout the trial, but the usage is different, the effect was inconsistent. I use purple grass decoction, liquid and compound purple grass decoction (purple roots, Atractylodes, woody) three kinds of oral dosage forms. Purple grass of the main drug dosage is: 6 months to 1 year, 6 points, 1 to 2 years over the age of 8 points, 2 years 1 year or more for each additional increment 2 points. The above are the 1st volume, three times, and even served four days. Were observed for 6 months to 8 years old history of exposure to measles 968 people scattered children, the incidence of those 94 people, accounting for 9.72%, no significant difference in the effect of three kinds of forms. Think purple grass for protection against measles was 90.2%. (Ii) with 33% purple grass syrup, 6 months to 1 year for each 10 ml, 20 ml of 2 to 3 years old, 4-6 years old 30 ml. 2 times every day, serving a total of three times, total 6 times. Had 110 vulnerable children in rural diaspora, distributed syrup prevention, the results of three cases of rash, prevention protection rate of 97.3%. Another use of such methods in rural diaspora 685 susceptible children preventive observation, the results, 11.3 percent incidence rate before taking the medication after a gradual decline of 1.1%. Who have not traveled from the disease after taking the vast majority of children are immunized, or prodromal period of incubation period in patients taking both shorten the stage of disease, and measles are also issued faster. Iii purple grass under 1 year with 1.5 money, from 2 to 8 years old with 2 money, from 9 to 12 years old with 2.5 money, add 100 ml of water, boil for 3 minutes, 1 day of service, serving only one day. 1480 cases were observed scattered children, of which an average of 1,350 cases of rash was observed two weeks showed no clinical symptoms of the other 130 cases of rash were also lighter. (Iv) with 1:1 comfrey Velvet, purple and purple grass turf syrup, less than 1 year of age each 1 ml, 2 ml of 2 to 3 years old, 4-6 years old 3 ml, were served three times a day, even for four days. Observation 4 months to 16 years old cities scattered children 1607 cases, results in purple grass best effect, the incidence rate was 8.58%; comfrey Velvet poor, the incidence rate of 15%; purple turf no significant preventive effect, and after taking There leukopenia phenomenon. (V) with a 33% solution of purple grass, each 15 ml, 2 times a day, and even served two days a week. During the period in six popular nursery, to 2 to 6 years of age have not had measles in children 133 masterpieces preventive medication. The results after taking on_set_ 112, the incidence rate of 84.2%, of which 13 were complicated by pneumonia. (Vi) with 2 copies of purple grass, licorice 1, made of powder. 6 months or more 0.6 g, 1 g over 2 years old, 4 years old 1.5 g 2.5 g 5 to 7 years old. Are served three times a day, even for 3 days. _Select_ the epidemic season in 6 months to 7 years old children susceptible 471 (medication group 258, 213 in the control group) were observed, the results of the incidence of medication group did not reduce measles incubation period, prodromal period, complications, and had no effect on the severity of the disease. (Vii) the occurrence of measles for 16 but with comfrey for collective prevention of children's institutions were surveyed. Which has not had measles contacts (6 months to 6 years old) has 499 people, serving purple grass liquid in these contacts have 310 people, placental globulin injections of 61 people, injecting adult blood 63 people the other 65 people who did not receive any preventive protection measures. The on_set_ of a total of 488 results, accounting for 97.7%. 310 people serving purple grass except a 5-year-old and a six and a half months of age, the on_set_ of all, when the incubation period was no longer the disease does not appear to mitigate, and did not receive no significant difference in the prevention group. Clothing purple grass fluid contacts, the number of pneumonia and bronchitis and did not receive prophylaxis group no significant difference. Sooner or later, serving purple grass solution (after contact with patients) had no significant relationship with the incidence of severity, even with the patient before the first exposure began preventive medication, they can not prevent or mitigate the on_set_ of the disease. (Viii) use (three purple grass, honeysuckle 2 parts, licorice 1) 100% purple purple grass roots compound decoction and decoction, depending on the dose, divided into three groups. Group 1 with purple grass per kilogram of body weight 0.4 g, Group 2 0.8 grams per kilogram of body weight, and the third group of the compound decoction group, the amount of purple grass also 0.8 grams per kilogram; are daily 1, 3 service , even for 3 days. We observed 359 people (aged less than 5 years old accounted for 85%), of which 152 prevention group, patients who received measles 　　Touch by 30, the results of on_set_ 26; 207 in the control group who were in contact with measles patients over 48, the incidence of 47. At the on_set_ of 26 children, there are 19 four days after exposure suits purple grass, indicating that even in the early incubation period clothing purple grass also failed to prevent measles. 3 groups of different formulations and doses, the incidence rate is not very different, and can not show the impact of dose and dosage form on morbidity. After the application of purple grass as a preventive agent, did not significantly shorten the course of the disease, but also a case complicated by pneumonia. 　　Famous paper] ① "outline": "comfrey, its function is longer than the cooling blood, Lee smallpox For the large intestine and therefore not out toxic heat Sheng blood, stool and closing those appropriate to the astringent, and has a dark purple. they closed Zheyi available. Ruoyi live out while the red and white trap large facilitator, cut Taboo's. therefore Yang Shiying "at the party" cloud, comfrey Zhidou, can guide the stool, so also emit light, too wooden incense, Atractylodes Sukeyuki, particularly useful. they had Shirong "live young heart book" cloud, comfrey cold, real temper children who still available, spleen deficiency can be anti-diarrhea. Cuba but with Velvet, whichever is too early yang, Touch of class to class, so with pox sores, most people do not reach this reason, that any use, not carry on. " 　　② "Ben Cao Jing Shu": "Comfrey is cooling to the drug, so the heat of the gas main evil henchman five jaundice who are into heat in the stomach, in addition to heat dehumidification Lee awakened, jaundice heal their evil heat. inside, energy loss in the air, the evil that is able to disperse heat Buzhongyiqi carry on. too swollen belly full of pain were, damp solution. bitter cold of the slide, so Lee Jiuqiao and through the waterway from the urine out before the disease since then except it . together plaster surface treatment of pediatric smallpox and Zha, all cooling effect also. " 　　③ "Materia Medica of the original": "comfrey, smallpox faint, not out of a desire, Sechi dry, and it has been a rather closed, color Zihei advised, the pox boils clip black cloth should be matched if smallpox had together. Red live, two will pass notes, then use comfrey Velvet, ..., outstanding at blood heat for promoting blood circulation and connotations of ascending too if red live, two will slip, and white depression who bogey . to gray-lag and then slip, then they should comfrey Velvet worms Division, should visit it. " 　　④ "Ben Cao Chong said the original collection": "when the law is cool with each agent in Comfrey, the solution pox virus, and more cold in variable rate card but who were the first to use the Sun Guizhi Tang gas, gasification of the poison does not leave. . there Guizhi Tonga honeysuckle, comfrey and other laws. " 　　⑤ "Herbal justice": "comfrey, smell the bitter cold, and the color purple into the blood, so cleaning up blood per heat to cure the organs of ancient hot junction, and their descendants are cures pox sores, and rashes and treatment plaques, are cool. Serum purpose of being hot. Eav fasting to cure it closed the carbuncle ulcers, ulcers outside the home where the blood of excess heat, can be used., and all the blood heat Wang Xing's real fire disease, and bloody diarrhea, hemorrhoids blood, urinate blood pour blood fierce evil facts, are applied in cases. Now people think that acne only home designed drugs, treatment of blood fever who extraterritorial ulcers who are do not know this, sparse carry on. " Translated by Google Outline 　　Comfrey is comfrey comfrey (hard comfrey) (Lithosper-mum erythorhizon sieb.et zucc.) And Arnebia (soft comfrey) [Arnebia euchroma (Royle) Johnst. ] Roots. There are cooling blood, detoxification, Hua Chang laxative effect. 　　Distributed in Xinjiang, Gansu and western Tibet. Northeast China and Hebei, Henan, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shandong, Jiangsu, Anhui, Jiangxi, Hubei, Hunan, Guangxi, Sichuan, Guizhou and other places. Translated by Google Plant characteristics 　　Comfrey Born barren fields, roadside and dry rocky hillside thickets. 　　Comfrey hi cool, wet weather conditions, the fear of floods, fear of high temperature to high and dry, deep soil, humus-rich, well drained and seepage strong neutral or slightly acidic sandy loam appropriate. Saline, low-lying land should not be planted in heavy clay. 　　Comfrey 　　A soft comfrey perennial herb, 15-40cm. Whole plant is white or pale yellow hirsute. Root stout. Slightly conical, with a number of lateral roots often twisted together, dark purple skin. Stems erect, single or base into two manifolds, the base of the leaf stem and sheath remnants base formation. Basal leaves tufted, linear-lanceolate or linear, 5-20cm, width of 5-15cm, apex shortly acuminate, base without sheath; no petiole. Sickle dense cymes in leaf axils stems, long 2-6cm; Flowers bisexual, leafy bracts lanceolate, with bristles; calyx are short, 5-lobed, lobes narrow strip, on both sides of the dense yellow bristles; bell-shaped corolla Jane, purple or lilac, long 1-.5cm, lobes oval, conduct; outside is a little white hair, throat and base smooth, no appendages; stamens 5, filaments short or none, Jane off to sleep in the middle of the corolla or throat; ovary 4-parted, style slender, shallow 2 crack tip, stigmas 2, obovate. Nutlets ovate, brown, long-3.5mm, width of 3mm. Coarse textured and a few warts protrusions. Flowering from June to July, fruiting August to September. 　　2. Comfrey perennial herb, 50-90cm. Root thick, fleshy, conical, slightly curved, often branched, unbranched, or the upper part of branches, the whole plant is white thick coarse hair. Leaves alternate; sessile; leaves oblong-lanceolate to lanceolate, long 3-8cm, width 5-17mm, apex acuminate, base cuneate, margin entire, both sides are strigose. Inflorescence racemose, terminal or axillary; small flowers bisexual; bracts lanceolate or narrowly ovate, up to 3cm, both sides have a shag; Calyx 5-parted nearly to base, lobes linear, about 4mm; Corolla white Jane-like, long 6-8cm, 5 crack tip, lobes broadly ovate, to carry out the throat hemispherical appendages, apex emarginate; stamens 5, was born in the middle of the corolla is slightly simplified, filaments about 0.4mm, with students Jane central corolla, anthers 1-1.2mm, 4 ovary deeply lobed, style linear, 2-2.5mm, stigma spherical, two-lobed. Nutlets ovoid, about 3mm, white or pale brown, smooth and shiny. Seeds 4. Flowering from June to August, fruiting August to September. 　　3 soft yellow perennial herb comfrey, high 10-35cm. Root conical or cylindrical, slightly twisted, purple-brown skin, often exfoliative. Stems erect, usually branched from the base ,2-4, and sometimes an upright, densely hirsute undertaken and short hairs. Leaves sessile, alternate, elliptic, lanceolate or spoon-shaped linear, 1.5-5.5cm, width 3-11mm, apex acute or obtuse, base attenuate decurrent, entire or slightly notched on both sides dense base plate with long white bristles. Sickle cymes, long 3-10cm; spend most intensive; bracts linear-lanceolate; calyx short bell-shaped, 5-lobed, lobes linear-lanceolate, long 6-10mm; corolla bright yellow, like Jane bell-shaped, slender, about 1.8mm; ovary 4-lobed, style filiform, slightly more than half of the corolla Jane, apex 2-lobed stigma spherical. Nutlets 4, triangular-ovate, 2-3mm, light brown, with small warts. Flowering from June to August, the fruit of August to October. 　　Arnebia: 　　Perennial herb, 15-35 cm high, the whole plant is white coarse hair. Root thick, purple, multi-twist. Stems erect, single or divided into two from the base manifold. Basal leaves tufted, linear lanceolate, entire, yellow-green; stem leaves alternate, shorter small. Heliconia cymes honey Born item stems, inflorescence head-like; leafy bracts, linear-lanceolate, with bristles; short tubular calyx, unprovoked 5 crack; corolla barreled shaped, lavender or purple, 5 crack tip, lobes oval; stamens 5, filaments very short or absent; ovary 4-parted, style slender, stigma globular, small bone nut, broadly ovate, light brown, warts. Flowering from June to July, the fruit of 8 to 9 months. 　　Born Arnebia alpine sunny hillside grass. 　　Comfrey is a perennial herb. 50 to 90 cm high. Whole plant is rough hair. Root length strips, slightly curved, thick, purple. Stems erect, upper branches. Leaves alternate, short handle or sessile, rough leaves, ovate-lanceolate, entire or slightly irregular wavy. Total cymes; leafy bracts lanceolate or narrow ovate, two masks shag; sepals 5-pole needle, micro base connate; Corolla white, simple, apex 5 crack, throat 5 small scales , base coat; stamens 5; ovary 4-parted, style single, linear, stigma 2-lobed, nutlets ovoid, gray or light brown, smooth and shiny. Flowering from May to June, the fruit of 7 to 8 months. Translated by Google Chinese Characteristics 　　Medicine-based sources: comfrey comfrey, comfrey or false Tibet Onosma roots. 　　Buy from the pharmacy comfrey kind photo taste: cold, sweet and salty. 　　Meridian: heart, liver. 　　Efficacy Category: hemostatic; cooling agents; drug detoxification 　　Indications cooling blood, blood detoxification rash. Sheng toxic heat for blood, dark purple rash, measles impervious, sores, eczema, water and fire burns. Qingreliangxue for measles, fever Ban rash, eczema, hematuria, discredited, bloody diarrhea, sores, erysipelas, burns, hot junction constipation. 　　Drug contraindications: gastrointestinal weakness, stool diarrhea careful service. "Ben Cao Jing Shu": smallpox home spleen qi is weak, diarrhea do not think of food, urine-handers, both disabled. 　　Usual dose: 4 to 10 grams 　　Active ingredients: with acetyl Shikonin (acetylshikonin), β-hydroxy-isovaleryl shikonin (β-hydro-xyisovalerylshikonin), Shikonin (shikonin), β, β'-dimethylacrylshikonin Shikonin ( β, β'-dimethylacrylshikonin) and the like. Translated by Google Cultivation techniques 　　Climate Soil: comfrey cold, avoid high temperature, for fear of flooding. Calcareous soils with soil, sandy loam, clay loam better. 　　(2) site preparation: deep plowing after raking soldiers to open a small ditch, the ditch from 20-30cm. Trench impose manure or green manure. 　　3 Planting: 　　3.1 Nursery method: planting in early April, the first in the seedbed watering until the water seepage under the sow seeds, overburden than 1cm, and keep moist ,15-22 days emergence. When height 6-10cm, transplanted in Daejeon, spacing 30cm, spacing 10-15cm, a little pressure after watering. 　　3.2 Live Act: before Qingming sowing, drilling, open shallow 30cm row spacing, sowing the seeds evenly into, broadcast after the crackdown. Height 6cm or so seedlings, spacing 10-15cm. 　　4 field management: the seedling stage to prevent heat and direct sunlight, pay attention to watering, weeding, cultivation. Rainy season should be timely drainage. When height 20-25cm, superphosphate 20-25 pounds per acre, applied after coating with disabilities, watering. 　　Soil preparation and fertilization 　　Grown on the fertile soil or sandy soil should choose high terrain, good drainage loose. Manure before planting 75,000 kilograms per hectare, more than 30 cm deep plowing, raking the whole fine, made a furrow width 100 cm, for sowing. 　　Breeding methods 　　Propagate by seed, of autumn and spring. Autumn harvest the seeds from the ground to freeze up in early November, the second autumn began to germinate in early April, late April to early May the whole seedlings. Spring March to early April conducted in late April to early May emergence. Sowing seed treatment must be low, so the embryo maturation, seed and to do more if the broadcast, then no emergence. Two methods of sowing methods and spreader bar measures law. 　　Seed treatment: late October to early November, the seeds and then 1:3 blend evenly wet sand pit hidden in sunny deepened to 45 cm, 30 cm length and width of the pit, placed in the bottom of the pit a small twig, capped with a layer of leaves, the seeds into after casing 10 centimeters, attention during the anti-rodent seed in sand. The following year before Qingming, until most of the seed has to sprout, and then planting. 　　Drill: spacing of 15 to 20 cm by 3 cm deep shallow trench open, the seeds were sown in uniform, the casing 3 cm after sowing, sowing into repression. The amount of 22.5 to 30 kg ha. 　　Sow: the seeds evenly thrown into the River surface casing 2 to 3 cm, after sowing the seed and soil contact pressure a little bit. Ha seeding rate 30 kg. 　　After sowing the seeds treated with sufficient temperature and humidity of about 10 days beginning emergence. 　　Field management 　　(1) weeding 　　Timely tillage weed, grass shortage prevent bullying seedlings. 　　(2) fill the gaps, Dingmiao 　　Fill the gaps in time to check the seedling stage, may be appropriate if too dense thinning, find missing city election rainy day or evening promptly fill the gaps, fill after watering, soil moisture. Height 10 cm, press row spacing 15 cm * 10 cm Dingmiao. 　　(3) dressing 　　Dingmiao urea per hectare chase after 150 kg, 225 kg of superphosphate per hectare chase after flowering, multiply applied after rain or watering dressing. 　　(4) irrigation 　　Comfrey fear of floods during the rainy season attention to drainage to avoid root rot occur. Such as severe drought, may be appropriate watering. 　　Pest Control 　　(1) root rot 　　Hot or rainy seasons occur. Root rot, leaf blight ground. 　　Control methods: ① timely rain drainage. ② remove diseased plants and burn with lime powder on the disease points for disinfection. ③ with 1% ferrous sulfate watering hole for disinfection disease. 　　(2) leaf spot 　　Damage leaves, forming irregular spots on the leaves. 　　Control methods: ① timely removal of diseased plants. ② 1:1:100 times with Bordeaux mixture control. 　　(3) Comfrey pests have grubs, mole crickets, cutworms, weevils, can kill or with artificial bait trap. Translated by Google Harvesting and processing 　　The second year after planting in late October harvest to harvest. When harvested together stems dug together, go to the net soil, avoid washing, remove the stems and Lo head, and bind them in the small, dry can. Average yield per hectare from 1500 to 2250 kg of dry medicine. 　　Processing Methods 　　Hard Comfrey: Wash, run through, sliced ​​and dried. Soft Comfrey: pick impurities, to seedlings, cut. "Treatise on Thunder Gun": Where to make (comfrey) per pound of wax twenty-two, dissolved in water mixed with steam, the water to be dry, take away the head and two banks mustache, with a fine file. 　　Identification of raw medicinal herbs 　　Identification of traits (1) soft purple grass irregular long cylindrical, multi-twisting, long 7-20cm, diameter of 1-2.5cm. Surface purple or purple-brown, loose skin department, was strip flaky, often more than 10 layers overlap, easy to peel. Top some visible differences stem residues. Body soft, quality soft, easily broken, irregular cross-section, Kibe small, yellow or yellow-white. Gas specific, do ye bitter, astringent. 　　(2) Hard conical purple grass, twisting, branching, long 7-14cm, diameter of 1-2cm. Purple or dark purple surface, rough with longitudinal stripes, thin cortex, easy to peel off. Hard and brittle, easily broken, the Ministry of purple leather sectional, Kibe large, pale yellow. Gas specific, Pickle, sweet. 　　(3) Soft yellow purple grass conical or cylindrical, twisted, long 6-20cm, diameter of 0.5-4cm. Root head slightly thick, the top one or more residues stems are short bristles. Surface purple or dark purple, slightly thinner cortex, constant layer stacked, easy to peel. Hard and brittle, easily broken, section compared with neat, Ministry of purple skin, Kibe small, yellow-white. Gas specific, astringent taste. 　　For example, under thick long, mast, color purple, thick-skinned, small wooden heart better. 　　Microscopic identification powder characteristics: (1) soft comfrey deep purple. ① non-glandular hairs broken off more than a single cell diameter of 13-56μm, trumpet-shaped base expanded, can be to 185μm, the wall thickness of 5-13μm, non-wood, often vertical pinstripe, purple and some cell-containing material. ② inspection of cells filled with purple coloring matter, often integrated condensate strip, lumpish, water chloral hydrate liquid coloring matter gradually dissolved, cells were brown; surface view polygonal 　　Polygonal or round, thin wall thickness varies, poles oriented. ③ parenchyma cells mostly filled with purple 　　Pigments by chloral hydrate solution after waking permeabilization, cells were brown or brownish yellow, clear cell boundaries; occasionally colorless parenchyma cells, diameter of about 15μm. ④ textured and pitted vessel diameter 7-111μm. (2) Hard comfrey purple. ① inspection of cells filled with purple pigment composition, surface view polygonal polygonal or long, thin or thicker walls, and some were Pente. ② extremely thin-walled cells shrink, some thicker wall, with a single pit, a small number of cells containing purple pigment. ③ fiber tracheids or slender spindle diameter of 9-29μm, the wall thickness of 1-4μm, some longitudinal rows bordered pits, pit aperture oblique slit-like or post adult-shaped, cross-shaped, often beyond the pits line. ④ bordered pits, textured and thread the catheter diameter 9-72μm. Translated by Google Pharmacological analysis 　　Pharmacokinetic 　　Comfrey is not only the application of traditional Chinese medicine, and is a good natural pigment, so the tissue culture of comfrey pigment and pigment formation in the human body absorption, tissue distribution and excretion were studied, pigment formation and reportedly secretion: in the beginning of the biosynthesis of pigment cells, small bold significantly elongated cells (roug ER) is formed around the high electron density expanded pellets (diameter 0.1-0.2μm), then vesicles (ER) split The release of 0.1-0.2μm diameter smaller cells, the cytoplasm of these cells move around a small, fusion with the cell membrane, and most similar ocytosis manner outwardly through the cell wall contents secretion, secretion in vitro red particles with a diameter of 0.5-5μm and accumulate up by a large number of these red particles Shikonin derivative (27%), protein (21%), fat (29%), and other substances. Youyi 3H-labeled Shikonin (Shikonin) metabolites in mice. Intravenous injection of 3H-Shikonin, the plasma elimination half-life of 8.99 hours relative distribution capacity (Vd) is 8.91L/kg. The highest content of bile and liver after intravenous injection, lung, spleen, kidney, heart, skin, medium, testis, muscle, brain, minimum content, intramuscular injection and is rapidly absorbed after oral administration, plasma concentrations peak time of 7.62 minutes intravenously After only a small portion of the original drug from the urine and feces. Most of the discharge in the form of transformation. 　　Pharmacological effects 　　1 against pathogenic microorganisms: 　　Comfrey for Beijing Branch 68-1 virus in vitro inhibition Shikonin in eggs can inhibit influenza virus in tissue culture can delay the cytopathic effect of poliovirus, hepatitis B antigen comfrey (HBsAg) has a role in suppressing the immune response, immunoprecipitation line for HAA inhibition; comfrey against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Shigella and Pseudomonas aeruginosa inhibit crude drug with water 1:1 decoction of these fungi in the strongest antibacterial Arnebia, comfrey poor; comfrey 10% saline infusion for Epidermophyton floccosum, wool-like small spores of fungi such as Trichophyton , then lost antibacterial boil. Comfrey decoction of tuberculosis has a certain effect on mice. 　　Comfrey ether, ethanol or water extracts, Shikonin, acetylshikonin factors such as oral or topical medication, can inhibit capillary permeability of hyperthyroidism (includes histamine, bromelain, bradykinin and Kang Da PSP serum, rabbit serum caused by), can also be suppressed carrageenan, rat anti-serum, rabbit serum, formaldehyde and mice caused by thermal stimulation or formaldehyde localized edema caused by peritonitis animal. And inhibition of proliferation of subcutaneous granuloma, indicating vascular permeability period of acute exudative inflammation, exudation and edema and proliferative inflammation are antagonistic. Removal of the adrenal glands of animals are still anti-inflammatory effects. Comfrey extract topical ointment or pigment composition prepared for the proliferation of granulation tissue can promote, can significantly accelerate wound healing. 　　Comfrey decoction orally in rabbits have mild fever antipyretic effects, which extracts and pigment composition also has a mild antipyretic effect. Polysaccharide local anti-herpes virus strains role in maintaining fluid with ZCP 100mg/ml of HSV-I virus sensitivity experiments, viral suppression index was 3-5. 　　(2) effects on gastrointestinal smooth muscle: 　　Rabbits oral comfrey decoction can enhance tension in the small intestine or to shrink, this effect can benefit the large intestine with comfrey, Hua Chang efficacy related to heat canker rash, spots have constipation commonly used drug, on the other hand, Shikonin, acetyl Shikonin at concentrations higher than 10-4g/ml, make bowel flaccid and antagonism of acetylcholine, histamine, angiotensin and barium chloride and other substances in the role of intestinal contractions, these effects are not passed autonomic nervous system or the corresponding receptors in force, but rather a direct result of stimulation of pigment composition, this effect may relieve gastrointestinal smooth muscle spasm pain, bloody diarrhea medicine commonly used comfrey governance, in addition to its anti-inflammatory and antibacterial effects related to foreign , may also be related with antispasmodic effect, these two forms with different effects of drugs, the relationship between functional status of animals or organs and other reasons, for further study. 　　(3) the impact on blood clotting: 　　Intraperitoneal injection given alkannin ingredients (Shikonin, acetyl shikonin) does not affect blood clotting time, but you can prevent the anticoagulant effect of heparin. This effect can be antagonized coagulation inhibitor, promote venous aneurysm thrombosis. 　　4 anti-tumor effects: 　　Comfrey extract (B, B-dimethyl inside Dimethomorph Shikonin, B, B-dimethylpropionyl Shikonin, acetylshikonin prime and exclusive B-acetoxy acid into Shikonin) section , the culture medium at a concentration of 0.25mg/ml conditions for DNA synthesis late Hela (G2 phase) have a certain effect, so that delayed mitosis, resulting in mitotic index decline began four hours mitotic index decreased by 70%. However, the cellular uptake of 3H-thymidine without inhibition, it had no effect on DNA synthesis; metaphase similar to colchicine role, but the role of moderate and, therefore comfrey addition to affecting the G2 phase cells, may also be jamming the other links. 　　After further experiments show that this part of the extract on EAC, U14, S180, S39, W256, which are more inhibited. Animal experiments with comfrey, when daily dose of 5-10mg/kg, you can completely inhibit the growth of ascites sarcoma 180 cells; during daily 10mg/kg, prolong the life of mice with tumors was 92.5%; overdose can be toxic death, the dose is too small (daily lmg / kg) is invalid. Comfrey alkyl can reduce (rat) spontaneous incidence of breast cancer. 　　5 contraceptive effect: 　　Grassroots (Japan) ethanol extract and mix for the end of purple grass fed animals, may suppress estrus rat root extract pigment composition is invalid. To mice fed 50% or 10% of domestic comfrey comfrey syrup bait, significantly inhibited the estrous cycle and fertility effects, withdrawal, estrous cycle and fertility were restored. Changes in uterine weight in rats as an indicator of the bioassay experiments show that mice after oral comfrey have significant anti-pituitary gonadotropin and anti-human chorionic gonadotropin role, the role of strength, Guangxi, Xinjiang production capacity than comfrey comfrey, normal mice oral comfrey syrup 2.5g (crude drug) / (kg. day) of February, uterus, ovary weight were reduced, especially ovarian weight reduction. 10% of oral comfrey mice bait 5g/kg weight, 48 days after the autopsy and found to reduce ovarian follicles, oviduct epithelium with small vacuoles and fatty degeneration. 　　6 effects on the circulatory system: 　　Xinjiang produced comfrey heart healthy rabbits and toads in the isolated heart, there are obviously excited about the role; isolated heart was suppressed after the drug, also this reaction. This effect may be related to its calcium contained. It has been reported that comfrey decoction on the heart, a little excitement, a lot of the suppression, the last stop in diastole, toad visceral blood vessels, blood vessels and hind legs isolated rabbit ear vascular perfusion had no significant effect. Under general anesthesia, intravenous or intramuscular injection comfrey decoction can make rabbits, cats, dogs and other animals half a sharp decline in blood pressure, and even death, but not anesthetized animals by injection or orally had no significant effect. 　　7 hypoglycemic effect: 　　Resulting from a hard comfrey in ZCP A, B, C (Lithopermana) (A, B, C), 100mg/kg dose when administered by intraperitoneal injection, blood glucose decreased rate (%) of normal mice were 64,83,55, wherein the polysaccharide B, C can be maintained for 24 hours alloxan-induced hyperglycemic mice, only the polysaccharide A seven hours after the administration of glucose rate of 51. 　　Medicine (poison) Science 　　Yunnan comfrey syrup 5-15g/kg fed mice two months, generally normal appetite and activity, weight change is not obvious, except autopsy pituitary, ovarian, uterine weight, but others such as the thyroid, adrenal weights were not change, check all organizations under the microscope, pathological changes were not observed in tissue. 30% Arnebia bait mice fed the word, about a week weight loss of 30%, 40% died within 15 days; 5g/kg with root powder administered to rabbits, three days after the deep purple color of urine, urine protein appears and red blood cells, and have diarrhea, withdrawal two days after the symptoms disappear. Comfrey ether extract intraperitoneal injection of lethal dose in mice is 40mg/kg. Shikonin and acetyl Shikonin median lethal dose in mice by intraperitoneal injection of 20mg/kg respectively and 41mg/kg. Acetylshikonin hormone in mice by intraperitoneal injection of lethal dose was 22.75 ± 1.02mg/kg. Mice consumed 30% Arnebia bait, l-week weight loss of about 3%, 40% died within 15 days. Rabbits were fed with its powder 5g/kg, 3 days after the deep purple color of urine, urine protein and red blood cells occurs, and diarrhea, two days after the withdrawal, the symptoms may disappear, Arnebia ethanol extract (containing Shikonin approximately 56%) had no significant effect on normal clotting mechanism, 2g/kg gavage to mice did not show any toxicity, intravenous lethal dose of 1.30 ± 0.03mg/kg. Hard comfrey ethanol extract to mice intravenously injected lethal dose in 500mg/10g weight or more, ethanol Shikonin to mice by intraperitoneal injection of lethal dose was 22.75 ± 1.02mg/kg, chronic toxicity test, to mice oral comfrey syrup 5-15ml/kg, for February, appetite, activity were normal, no significant changes in body weight. 　　Microscopic Identification 　　Powder characteristics: 　　(1) Soft comfrey deep purple. ① non-glandular hairs broken off more than a single cell diameter of 13-56μm, trumpet-shaped base expanded, can be to 185μm, the wall thickness of 5-13μm, non-wood, often vertical pinstripe, purple and some cell-containing material. ② inspection of cells filled with purple coloring matter, often integrated condensate strip, lumpish, water chloral hydrate liquid coloring matter gradually dissolved, cells were brown; surface view polygonal polygonal or round, thin wall thickness varies, poles technology. ③ parenchyma cells mostly filled with purple coloring matter, hydrated liquid chlorine awake after permeabilization, cells were brown or brownish yellow, clear cell boundaries; occasionally colorless parenchyma cells, diameter of about 15μm. ④ textured and pitted vessel diameter 7-111μm. 　　(2) Hard comfrey purple. ① inspection of cells filled with purple pigment composition, surface view polygonal polygonal or long, thin or thicker walls, and some were Pente. ② extremely thin-walled cells shrink, some thicker wall, with a single pit, a small number of cells containing purple pigment. ③ fiber tracheids or slender spindle diameter of 9-29μm, the wall thickness of 1-4μm, some longitudinal rows bordered pits, pit aperture oblique slit-like or post adult-shaped, cross-shaped, often beyond the pits line. ④ bordered pits, textured and thread the catheter diameter 9-72μm. 　　Chinese chemical identification 　　Physical and chemical identification of this product powder 0.5g ethanol 5ml, dipping 1h, filtered. The residue was washed with 2ml ethanol washing liquid added to the filtrate was concentrated to about lml, the test solution to give evidence. Another Shikonin ethanol solution as the control solution. Pipette the solution, point looks the same silica gel G-CMC plate with toluene - ethyl acetate - formic acid (5:1:0.1) started out to dry. Test products for chromatography, chromatography with reference substance corresponding position, which was the same purple spots; then sprayed with a solution of 10% potassium hydroxide in methanol, the spot turns blue. Quality mark "Chinese Pharmacopoeia" 1995 edition provides: This product contains 　　Hydroxy Tea quinone pigments in total Shikonin (C16 H16 O5) shall be not less than 　　0.80 percent. Translated by Google Clinical Applications 　　A treatment of acute and chronic hepatitis: with extracts from the roots of comfrey purple red (plain) dry powder of melting quality to sodium hydroxide solution as the solvent, made 0.2% comfrey injection. Intramuscular injection, 1-2 times a day, every 2ml. Meter observation infectious hepatitis, jaundice, 13 cases were cured; acute infectious hepatitis without yellow pox 157 cases, 139 cases were cured, effective in 6 cases, 12 cases improved; chronic hepatitis 113 cases, 84 cases were cured, 14 cases markedly improved two cases, ineffective in 13 cases. In addition, four cases of liver cirrhosis is still also get a certain effect. 　　2 treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis thrombocytopenic purpura: report of one case was, by general Western comprehensive treatment effect is not significant, the effect of the switch to get a lot of comfrey. 1 1 two daily, that after serving less epistaxis; second day was added to two two, epistaxis completely stopped; once every five, platelet count increased 170000/mm3, systemic purpura subsided, the disease turned the corner. After the reaction has diarrhea medication, but the patient had no discomfort. 　　3 Treatment of malignant mole concurrent uterine choriocarcinoma:. Has reported one case, X-ray after surgery found that lung metastases, after a month observation, beginning to see the expansion of metastatic lesions, clinical symptoms become increasingly worse. Purple grass using a two day decoction 1, 10 days for treatment. After four cycles, greatly reduce the clinical symptoms, X-ray review most of the lesions disappear. Continue serving purple grass a month, the clinical symptoms disappeared, urine pregnancy reaction was negative. 　　4 treatment of infantile dermatitis, eczema vulva, vaginitis and cervicitis: a 2%, 10%, 20%, 40% vegetable oil comfrey infusion, or comfrey dubbed 1% ether extract vegetable oil formulations, topical application . 　　4.1 Test Governance baby buttocks dermatitis 100 cases, 1 case of erosion situation after treatment. 　　4.2 Women urogenital fistula patients, due to frequent urine leakage caused by genital eczema, erosions, ulcers and various causes of vaginal discharge Cadogan, comfrey oil painted after 3-5 days can be effective. Had treated 28 cases, 24 cases cured. 　　4.3 for vaginitis, usually in 4-6 days after the applicator can be cured, but the recurrence rate is very low. Had treated 234 cases, the cure rate of 77.7%. 　　4.4 If cervicitis and pelvic inflammatory disease or severe erosion, congestion, and purulent secretions were easily cause bleeding, infections and pelvic inflammatory disease, acute, and can be used comfrey oil painting. According to the severity, for 1-3 weeks, congestion and purulent secretions can disappear until healed. Treatment of 182 cases, 96 cases cured. The higher the concentration of comfrey oil, the better the effect, increasing the concentration does not have any side effects. Borage oil seems to be no inhibitory effect, the principle of its clinical efficacy, need further study. 　　5 Young warts and psoriasis treatment: use comfrey extract shikonin made 0.1% injection, intramuscular injection every 2ml; small number of patients with psoriasis with 0.05% shikonin intravenous injection lines, each 10ml. Both day 1. Young warts in 23 cases, 7-10 times after treatment, the cure (the symptoms disappear, rashes all or substantially dissipated) 10 cases, the effect (symptom relief, rash significantly smaller flattened or redness fades, scaly thinning ) 10 cases, ineffective (injected more than 10 times the rash has not improved) in 3 cases. Psoriasis intramuscular treatment in 29 cases, after 10-20 rule, five cases were cured, 15 cases, 9 cases; seven cases intravenous treatment, 10 were cured after three cases were cured, one case, 3 cases . Preliminary observations on the effect is indeed flat warts, treatment significantly reduced, and the recurrence rate. The psoriasis lesions for better effect. The disadvantage for the injection of local pain. Another had purple grass with dimethyl sulfoxide 20g plus 100ml, soaking liquid applied locally to take 3-4 days, 1-2 times a day; treating warts than 20 cases, usually after 1-2 weeks that see the warts off or calm. 　　6 treatment rose rosea: 0.5-1 with comfrey two (children 2-5 money), decoction a day, 10 days for a course. After a certain interval can continue taking several medications. Treatment of 70 cases, cured 37 cases, progress in 25 cases, 8 cases. Taking an average nine days, no more than 2 months. 　　7 on the prevention of measles: purple grass against measles, has been widely throughout the trial, but not the same usage, the effect is also very inconsistent. 　　8 decoction with purple grass, purple grass pills and compound decoction (purple roots, Atractylodes, woody) three kinds of oral dosage forms. 　　Purple grass of the main drug dosage is: 　　8.1 6 months to 1 year, 6 points, 1 to 2 years over the age of 8 points, 2 years 1 year or more for each additional increment 2 points. The above are the 1st volume, three times, and even served four days. Were observed for 6 months to 8 years old history of exposure to measles diaspora 968 children, the incidence of those 94 people, accounting for 9.72 percent. No difference in the effect of three kinds of forms. Think purple grass for protection against measles was 90.2%. 　　8.2 with 33% purple grass syrup, 6 months to 1 year each 10ml ,2-3 years old 20ml ,4-6 years old 30ml. 2 times every day, serving a total of 3, total 6 times. Had 110 rural diaspora susceptible children, the issue of the syrup prevention, the results three cases rash, prevention protection rate was 97.3%. Another use of such methods in rural diaspora 685 susceptible children preventive observation, the results, 11.3 percent incidence rate before taking the medication after a gradual decline of 1.1%. Who have not traveled from the disease after taking the vast majority of children are immunized, or prodromal period of incubation period in patients taking both shorten the stage of disease, and measles are also issued faster. 　　8.3 Gromwell money under 1 year, 2-8 with a 1.5-year-old with two money ,9-12 years old with 2.5 money, add water 100ml, boil 3 minutes, 1 day of service, serving only one day. 1480 cases were observed scattered children, including 135O cases observed mean two weeks showed no rash, the other 130 cases of clinical symptoms were also mild rash. 　　8.4 with 1:1 comfrey Velvet, purple and purple grass turf syrup;. Less than 1 year of age each 1ml ,2-3-year-old 2ml ,4-6-year-old 3ml, are served three times a day, even for four days. After the purple turf no significant preventive effect, medication and; observed 4 months to 16 years old 1607 City diaspora children who result Gromwell best effect, the incidence rate was 8.58%; comfrey Velvet poor, the incidence of the string is 15% There leukopenia phenomenon. 　　8.5 with a 33% solution of purple grass, each 15ml, 2 times a day, and even served two days a week. During the period in six popular nursery for 2-6 year old children are not suffering from over 133 masterpieces measles prevention medication. After taking 112 to see the results of on_set_, incidence rate of 84.2%, of which 13 were complicated by pneumonia. 　　8.6 with 2 copies of purple grass, licorice 1, made of powder. 6 months or more 0.6g, 2 years of age 1g, 4 years of age or 1.5g ,5-7-year-old 2.5g. Are served three times a day, even for 3 days. _Select_ the epidemic season in 6 months to 7 years of susceptible children 471 (258 treated group and control group 213) were observed, the results of the incidence of medication group and lower end of the measles incubation period, prodromal period, complications, and had no effect on the severity of the disease. 　　8.7 on 6 measles epidemic and children with purple grass for collective prevention agency conducted a survey. Which has not had measles contacts (6 months to 6 years old) has 499 people, serving purple grass liquid in these contacts have 310 people, placental globulin injections of 61 people, injecting adult blood 63 people the other 65 people who did not receive any preventive protection measures. The on_set_ of a total of 488 results, accounting for 97%. 310 people serving purple grass except a 51/2 months and a six month-old baby, the whole disease, the incubation period when no longer have the disease but not reduced, and no significant difference in not receiving prevention group. Clothing purple grass fluid contacts, the number of pneumonia and bronchitis and did not receive prophylaxis group no significant difference. Sooner or later, serving purple grass solution (after contact with patients) had no significant relationship with the incidence of severity, even with the patient before the first exposure began preventive medication, they can not prevent or mitigate the on_set_ of the disease. 　　9 used (three purple grass, honeysuckle 2 parts, licorice 1) 100% purple purple grass roots compound decoction and decoction, depending on the dose, divided into three groups. Group 1 with purple grass per kilogram of body weight 0.4g, Group 2 per kilogram of body weight 0.8g, group 3 compound decoction group, purple grass dosage per kilogram of body weight also 0.8g; were a daily, three times clothing, even for 3 days. We observed 359 people (aged less than 5 years old accounted for 85%), of which 152 prevention group, where he had contact with measles patients 30, 26 to see the results of on_set_; 207 in the control group who were in contact with measles patients over 48 incidence 47. At the on_set_ of 26 children, there are 19 four days after exposure suits purple grass, indicating that even in the early incubation period clothing purple grass also failed to prevent measles. 3 groups of different formulations and doses, the incidence rate is not very different, and can not show the impact of dose and dosage form on morbidity. After the application of purple grass as a preventive agent, did not significantly shorten the course of the disease, but also a case complicated by pneumonia. 　　Dosage 　　Oral: decoction ,3-9g: or into powder. Topical: amount Aogao or oil paint. 　　Source: "Chinese Materia Medica" Translated by Google Election party 　　① hair spotted: Uncaria hook, comfrey Velvet each decile. On to the next fine, each serving or fifth word, a money transfer warm wine, no time. ("Pediatric drug card straight tactic" comfrey powder) 　　② HSV before the beginning of the treatment, fecal urgency and clothes, so that light can be attenuated: comfrey (to coarse stems) twenty-two, Chen orange peel (go white, drying) twelve. For the end, each serving a lot of money, water, a, into the light blue two-inch, fry six minutes, to the residue, warm clothes, no time. Infants and nursing mothers and clothes, weaning so self-serving. ("On the micro side total health of children," as St. comfrey soup) 　　③ against measles: comfrey three money, licorice money. Cook, served twice. ("Jilin herbs") 　　④ treatment of allergic purpura: comfrey five money, cicada two money, Angelica four money, three money bamboo, tamarisk three money, burdock three money, three money Treats, Anemarrhena two money, Sophora three money. Decoction. ("Xinjiang Herbal Handbook") 　　⑤ governance thrombocytopenic purpura: comfrey two money Cuttlebone five money, madder two money. Decoction. ("Xinjiang Herbal Handbook") 　　⑥ heat treatment sores: comfrey Velvet, berberine, Cork, Loulu half two, red bean, mung bean flour each one together. Pound fine on the drug, into the sesame oil for the cream, day three wrap, uniforms berberine A capsules pure heart. ("Jinsai at the party" comfrey ointment) 　　⑦ Fetotoxic treatment of children, scabies, sores two eyebrows, or extension and itching all over the body, or the shower drain pus, after years of healing: comfrey, Angelica the second money, final body five money, licorice money, sesame oil two two. With the boil, Angelica color yellow for the degree of filtration, plus ash, light powder the second money, take the cream Tu. ("Ulcer medicine encyclopedia" Purple Velvet Cream) 　　⑧ rule very hot, foam rot: comfrey money, Angelica five money, sesame oil forty-two. On the shamisen, with Aoyao dry, filtration to the residue, the oil boil, add yellow wax five money, melted, pour into the bowl, Dayton cold, Tu. ("David Branch lilies" comfrey run muscle ointment) 　　⑨ ulcer treatment will be closed: comfrey, Trichobitacin decile. New decoction. ("Jinsai at the party") 　　⑩ governance urine leaching Death: comfrey twelve. Scattered, well before each use fresh water serving two Chinese money. ("Qian Jin Yi Fang") 　　(11) Governance discredited: comfrey, forsythia, Plantago each decile. Decoction. ("Treatment of the criterion") 　　(12) Governance vomiting Nvxue not fierce, do not stop, living as before, eating as usual, between one year old, or send two, three, or send five or six times, a long time will become labor: comfrey, pregnant each habitat forty-two, white flesh one hundred, Poria, Ophiopogonis thirty-two. Decoction, refined honey close, every morning and evening clothes dozen spoons, white soup. ("Square pulse authentic") 　　(13) Governance five hot yellow jaundice: three money comfrey, wormwood grass twelve. Decoction. ("Herbal Qieyao") 　　(14) Governance red swim erysipelas, flush clouds head: with a small knife or Ciwan Feng Feng draw to sera, comfrey five money, mouse sticky child twelve. Fine, decoction. ("Materia Medica") 　　(15) Treatment of Infantile white bald: comfrey dextrose Tu. ("Sheng Hui Fang") 　　(16) Governance peas sores, malignant sore, ringworm: comfrey frying oil Tu. ("Medicine") 　　(17) Governance evil bites: Oil comfrey Tu. ("Sheng Hui Fang") Translated by Google Related records 　　1 "Tang Materia Medica": Comfrey is located in there. Miao like spearmint, stems red, green festival, flowers white and purple solid white. 　　2 "The draft": comfrey this everywhere. Scarce make accounting side, now doctors are using when cure typhoid disease, hair HSV were not in order for the drug so that it is issued. Wei-chou "lone party" cure sore peas, boiled comfrey soup to drink, and their descendants with each other, the speed of its follow suit 　　3 "outline": comfrey, its function is longer than the cooling blood, benefit large intestine. It is not out of a desire smallpox, toxic heat Sheng blood, stool and closing of suitably astringent, it has been cut out and Zihei Zheyi available. Ruoyi live out while the red and white trap large facilitator, cut Taboo's. Therefore, Yang Shiying "at the party" cloud, comfrey Zhidou, can guide the stool, so also emit light, too woody, Atractylodes rank and file, particularly useful. They had Shirong "live young heart book" cloud, comfrey cold, temper real children who still available, spleen deficiency can be anti-diarrhea. Cuba provided by Velvet, whichever was the beginning of the yang to class touch type, so use pox sores, most people do not reach this reason, that any use, not carry on. 　　4 "Ben Cao Jing Shu": Comfrey is cooling to the drug, so the heat of the gas main evil henchman. Five jaundice who are into heat in the stomach, in addition to heat dehumidification Lee awakened, their jaundice heal. Including evil heat, energy loss in the air, the evil that is able to disperse heat Buzhongyiqi carry on. Bitter cold of the slide, so Lee and Tom Lee waterways Jiuqiao also. Abdominal swelling and pain were filled, heat stasis in the stomach, then the coke by the evil and for the sick, and the heat from the urine of a solution, the previous certificate from the addition also. Combined treatment of pediatric smallpox and plaster surfaces, are also cooling effect. 　　5 "Materia Medica of the original": comfrey, smallpox faint, not out of a desire, Sechi dry orange, and it has been a rather closed, color Zihei advised, the pox clip black boils should be matched. If smallpox has been living together red cloth, two will pass notes, then use comfrey Velvet, outstanding at blood heat for promoting blood circulation and connotations ascending also. If the red live, two will slip, and white depression who bogey. To gray-lag and then slip, then they should comfrey Velvet worms Division, should visit the. 　　6 "Herbal Chong said the original _set_": When law is cool with each agent in Comfrey, the solution pox virus, and more cold in the variable rate card. But who were the first to use the Sun Guizhi Tang gas, gasification of the poison does not leave. There Guizhi Tonga honeysuckle, comfrey and other laws. 　　7 "Herbal justice": comfrey, the smell of bitter cold, and the color purple into the blood, so cleaning up blood per heat. To cure the organs of ancient hot junction, and their descendants are cures pox sores, and rashes and treatment plaques, both positive purpose heat of cooling. Eav fasting to cure it closed the carbuncle ulcers, ulcers outside the home where the blood of excess heat watch, can be used. And all the blood heat Wang Xing's real fire disease, and bloody diarrhea, hemorrhoids blood, urinate blood, blood pouring fierce evil facts, are applied in the cases. Now people think that acne only home designed drugs, treatment of blood fever who extraterritorial ulcers who are do not know this, sparse carry on. 　　8 "resistance":. Cure malignant sore, ringworm. 　　9 "The draft": When typhoid disease treatment, hair HSV not who, in order for the drug so that it is issued. 　　10 "outline": governance rash, pox virus, blood cooling, Lee intestine. 　　11 "Doctor Lin compile": fill the heart, slow liver, stasis, and blood. 　　12 "Jilin Chinese herbal medicine": constipation, blood in the urine. 　　13 "Shaanxi Chinese herbal medicine": Governance soup burns, dermatitis, eczema, urinary tract infections. 　　14 "by": evil henchman Lord, five jaundice, deficiency Lee Jiuqiao through the waterway. 　　15 "Do not record": swollen belly full of pain treatment. To co-cream, treatment of pediatric sores. Translated by Google Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2005 edition 　　Name: 　　Comfrey 　　Pinyin: 　　Zicao 　　English name: 　　RADIX ARNEBIAE 　　Base of the original: 　　This product is comfrey Arnebia Arnebia euchroma (Royle) Johnst. Inner Mongolia Arnebia guttata Bunge or dried comfrey root. Spring and autumn excavation, removal of sediment, dry. 　　Properties: 　　Arnebia (soft comfrey) long irregular cylindrical, multi-twisting, long 7-20cm, diameter of 1-2.5cm. Surface purple or purple-brown, loose skin department, was strip flaky, often more than 10 layers overlap, easy to peel. Top some visible differences stem residues. Light weight, quality soft, easily broken, irregular cross-section, Kibe small, yellow-white or yellow. Gas specific, taste bitter, astringent. 　　Inner comfrey conical or cylindrical, twisted, long 6-20cm. Diameter of 0.5-4cm. Root head slightly thick, top with 1 or more of the residual stems were short bristles. Surface purple or dark purple, slightly thinner cortex, constant layer stacked, easy to peel. Hard and brittle, easily broken, section compared with neat, Ministry of purple skin, Kibe small, yellow-white. Gas specific, astringent taste. 　　Identification: 　　(1) take the powder 0.5g, test tube. The bottom of the tube is heated to produce a red gas and condensed into the wall at trial reddish-brown droplets. 　　(2) take the powder 0.5g, petroleum ether (60-90 ℃) 20ml, ultrasonic treatment for 20 minutes, filtered, and the filtrate was concentrated to about 1ml, as the test solution. Another comfrey control medicine 0.5g, same method as the reference drug solution. Thin layer chromatography (Appendix Ⅵ B) experiment, to learn the two solutions 4μl, respectively, the same idea silica gel G plate with cyclohexane - toluene - ethyl acetate - formic acid (5:5:0.5:0.1 ) as the agent, started out dry. Test products for chromatography, chromatography with the reference drug corresponding position was the same purple spots; then sprayed with a solution of 10% potassium hydroxide in methanol, the spot turns blue. 　　Check: 　　Determination of water according to water (Appendix Ⅸ H first method), not more than 15.0%. 　　Determination: 　　Hydroxynaphthoquinone total pigment to take this amount of goods, dried for 3 hours at 50 ℃, crushed (three screens), accurately weighed 0.5g, 100ml flask, add ethanol to the mark, shaken from time to time within four hours, the filter too. The precise amount of filtrate 5ml, 25ml flask, add ethanol to the mark. According to the UV - visible spectrophotometry (Appendix VA), absorbance was measured at 516nm wavelength, according Shikonin (C16H16O5) absorption coefficient (E 1% / 1cm) is 242, that is too. 　　This product contains hydroxynaphthoquinone total pigment to Shikonin (C16H16O5), shall not be less than 0.80%. 　　β, β 'dimethylacrylshikonin A Kaning high performance liquid chromatography (Appendix Ⅵ D) measurement. 　　Chromatographic conditions and system suitability test octadecylsilane bonded silica as a filler; to hexanenitrile - water - formic acid (700:300:0.5) as the mobile phase; detection wavelength of 275nm. Number of theoretical plates β, β'-dimethylacrylshikonin 阿卡宁 peak should not be less than 2000. 　　Preparation of precision reference solution β, β'-dimethylacrylshikonin 阿卡宁 reference amount, plus ethanol produced per 1ml 0.10mg containing solution, that is, too. 　　Preparation of the test solution to take the product powder (sieve through IV) of about 0.5g, accurately weighed, _set_ stoppered Erlenmeyer flask, precision petroleum ether (60-90 ℃) 25ml, said that given the weight, ultrasound treatment (power 250W, frequency 33kHz) 30 minutes, let cool, then weighed and the weight with petroleum ether (60-90 ℃) make up the weight loss, shaking, filtration. Precise amount of filtrate 10ml, evaporated and the residue dissolved in mobile phase and transferred to a 10ml volumetric flask, add liquidity to the mark, shake, that, too. 　　Determination of precision drawing each test solution 10μl reference solution and injected into the liquid chromatograph to measure, that is. 　　This product is on dry product containing β, β'-dimethylacrylshikonin Aka Ning (C21H22O6) shall not be less than 0.30%. 　　Processing methods: 　　Arnebia remove impurities, cut into thick slices or segments. 　　Inner comfrey remove impurities, washed, run through, cut into thin slices and dry. 　　Arnebia irregular cylindrical slice slice or strip sheet, diameter 1-2.5cm. Purple or purple-brown. Ministry of purple skin. Cylindrical slices, Kibe small, yellow-white or yellow. 　　Inner comfrey irregular cylindrical slice sliced ​​or strip sheet, some visible hispidulous diameter 0.5-4cm, hard and brittle. Purple or purple-brown. Ministry of purple skin. Cylindrical slices, Kibe small, yellow-white or yellow. 　　According to the above method [determination] hydroxynaphthoquinone total pigment measured under the product contains hydroxynaphthoquinone total pigment to Shikonin (C16H16O5), shall not be less than 0.80%. 　　According to the above [determination] β, β'-method dimethylacrylshikonin 阿卡宁 measured under the product contains β, β'-dimethylacrylshikonin 阿卡宁 (C21H22O6) shall not be less than 0.30%. Translated by Google Chinese herbal medicine 　　RADIX LITHOSPERMI Translated by Google Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2000 　　Comfrey 　　Pinyin: Zicao 　　English name: RADIXARNEBIAE 　　RADIXLITHOSPERMI 　　Page number: (2000 edition) -280 　　This product is comfrey Arnebia Arnebiaeuchroma (Royle) Johnst., Comfrey Lithos- 　　permumerythrorhizonSieb.etZucc. ArnebiaguttataBunge or dried comfrey root of Inner Mongolia. 　　Spring and autumn excavation, removal of sediment, dry. 　　[Character] Arnebia (soft comfrey) long irregular cylindrical, multi-twisted, long 7 ~ 20cm, diameter 　　1 ~ 2.5cm. Surface purple or purple-brown, loose skin department, was strip flaky, often more than 10 layers overlap, easy to peel. Top 　　End some visible differences stem residues. Light weight, quality soft, easily broken, irregular cross-section smaller Kibe, white or yellow 　　Yellow. Gas specific, taste bitter, astringent. 　　Comfrey (hard comfrey) conical, twisted, branching, long 7 ~ 14cm, diameter of 1 ~ 2cm. Surface purple 　　Or purple, rough with longitudinal stripes, thin cortex, easy to peel off. Hard and brittle, easily broken, the Ministry of purple leather sectional, Kibe 　　Large, pale yellow. 　　Inner comfrey conical or cylindrical, twisted, long 6 ~ 20cm, diameter 0.5 ~ 4cm. Root head slightly thick, 　　Top with 1 or more of the residual stems were short bristles. Surface purple or dark purple, slightly thinner cortex, constant layer stacked, easy to peel 　　Away. Hard and brittle, easily broken, section compared with neat, Ministry of purple skin, Kibe small, yellow-white. Gas specific, astringent taste. 　　Identification (1) take the powder 0.5g, test tube, the bottom of the tube is heated to produce a red gas, and 　　At trial reddish-brown wall condenses into droplets. 　　(2) take the powder 0.5g, add ethanol 5ml, dipping one hour, filtered, washed with ethanol residue 2ml wash 　　Di was added to the filtrate was concentrated to about 1ml, as the test solution. Another Shikonin reference substance, add ethanol system 　　Each 1ml 0.5mg into a solution containing, as the reference solution. Thin layer chromatography (Appendix Ⅵ B) experiment, to learn the 　　Above two solutions 4μl, respectively, in the same sodium carboxymethyl cellulose as a binder of silica gel G plate with a 　　Benzene - ethyl acetate - formic acid (5:1:0.1) as the agent, started out to dry. Test products for chromatography, and for 　　According to the corresponding position on the chromatogram, which was the same purple spots; then sprayed with a solution of 10% potassium hydroxide in methanol, spots change 　　Blue. 　　[Determination] to take this amount of goods, dried at 50 ℃ 3 hours, crushed (three screens) Weigh approximately 　　0.5g, 100ml flask, add ethanol to the mark, shaken from time to time within four hours, filtered, the precise amount of filtrate 5ml, 　　25ml flask, add ethanol to the mark. According to spectrophotometry (Appendix Ⅴ B), at a wavelength of 516nm 　　Absorbance was measured according Shikonin (C16H16O5) absorption coefficient (E11cm) 242, that is too. 　　This product contains hydroxynaphthoquinone total pigment to Shikonin (C16H16O5), shall not be less than 0.80%. 　　[Cooked] Arnebia remove impurities, cut into thick slices or segments; comfrey, Inner Mongolia comfrey remove impurities, washed, run 　　Thoroughly, cut into thin slices and dry. 　　Arnebia slice (soft comfrey) irregular cylindrical slice or strip sheet, diameter 1 ~ 2.5cm. Purple 　　Or purple-brown color. Ministry of purple skin. Cylindrical slices, Kibe small, yellow-white or yellow. 　　Lithospermum slice (hard Lithospermum) irregular cylindrical section, the diameter of 1 ~ 2cm. Purple or purple. Cutaneous 　　Deep purple. Hard, Kibe large sallow. 　　According to [determination] under the measurement method, the product contains hydroxynaphthoquinone total pigment to Shikonin (C16H16O5) 　　, Shall not be less than 0.90%. 　　[Meridian] taste and sweet, salty, cold. The heart, liver. 　　【Functions and Indications cooling blood, blood detoxification rash. Sheng blood for toxic heat, dark purple rash, measles impervious, 　　Sores, eczema, water and fire burns. 　　[Usage and dosage] 5 ~ 9g. External use, Aogao or soaked with vegetable oil rubbed. 　　[Storage] dry place. Translated by Google Encyclopedia 　　Comfrey 　　radix arnebiae et lithospermi 　　Comfrey Arnebia Arnebia euchroma (Royle) Johnst., Comfrey Lithospermum erythrorhizon Sieb.et Zucc., Or dried roots of comfrey Arnebia guttata Bunge in Inner Mongolia. Translated by Google English Expression :  Arnebia Root,  Radix Arnebiae,  Sinkiang Arnebia Root,  Redroot Gromwell Root,  radix lithospermi,  radix macrotomiae,  gromwell,  Asian puccoon,  alkanet n.:  comfrey,  redroot gromwell Thesaurus Zicao Village Containing Phrases borage Shikonin