World War I (abbreviated as WW-I, WWI, or WW1), also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Wars, was a global military conflict that embroiled most of the world's great powers, assembled in two opposing alliances: the Triple Entente and the Triple Alliance. More than 70 million military personnel were mobilized in one of the largest wars in history. The main combatants descended into a state of total war, pumping their entire scientific and industrial capabilities into the war effort. More than 15 million people were killed, making it one of the deadliest conflicts in history.
The immediate or proximate cause of war was the assassination on 28 June 1914 of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, by Gavrilo Princip, a Serbian nationalist. Austria–Hungary's resulting demands against the Kingdom of Serbia activated a sequence of alliances. Within weeks the major European powers were at war; their global empires meant that the conflict soon spread worldwide.
By the war's end in 1918, four major imperial powers—the German, Russian, Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman Empires—had been militarily and politically defeated, with the last two ceasing to exist as autonomous entities. The revolutionized Soviet Union emerged from the Russian Empire, while the map of central Europe was completely redrawn into numerous smaller states. The League of Nations was formed in the hope of preventing another such conflict. The European nationalism spawned by the war, the repercussions of Germany's defeat, and the Treaty of Versailles would eventually lead to the beginning of World War II in 1939.
14-1918 in the imperialist countries to re-divide the two groups carried out the world war. Two groups for the Allies (from Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy formed) and the Allies (the United Kingdom, France and Russia and other countries formed). In June 1914 in Sarajevo triggered this war. War, mainly in Europe. Initially, the Allies gained the upper hand. After 1917, the Allies to seize the initiative gradually. In 1918, Allied forces defeat across the board. November 11, Germany surrendered, the war ended. The war involved a total of 33 countries, more than three thousand people dead and injured, is the first time in human history, world war.
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dì yí cì shì jiè dà zhàn
1914-1918 in Germany, Austria, Italy and other allies and the United Kingdom, France, Russia, U.S. Allies to re-divide the world scramble for colonies and world-scale war
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No. 4
Date: July 28, 1914 -1918 on November 11 Location: Europe, Africa, the Pacific, Atlantic, Results: The Allies won the Indian Ocean, the Middle East Death (approx.): 10,000,000 people Soldiers: 9000000 The civilian population: 7,000,000 Total: 16,690,000 Initiating country: Allies, the Allies Main belligerent: Allies * Kingdom of Serbia * Russian Empire * France * Belgium * British Empire and its colonies * Japan * Kingdom of Italy (May 1915, Italy withdraw from the Triple Alliance, to join the Allies) * Romania * Greece * United States * China, Allies * German Empire * Austria-Hungary * Ottoman Empire * Bulgaria World War I (referred to as a war, August 1914 -1918 in November) is a major place in Europe but spread to the world war. At that time most of the world are involved in the war. Main course of the war the Allies (Central Powers) and the Entente (Allied Powers) between the fighting. German Empire and Austria-Hungary were allies, Britain, France, Italy, the Russian Empire and Serbia is the Allies. In the 1914-1918 period, many in Asia, Europe and America countries have joined the Allies. The main battlefield in Europe. Worth noting that although the Allies in Italy, but later the United Kingdom, France and Russia signed a secret treaty with Italy, promised to give Italy some of the land, the result against Italy joined the Entente Allies. The history of the war in Europe one of the most damaging war. About 65,000,000 people entered the war, 10,000,000 people lost their lives, 20,000,000 people were injured. The fuse of war is in June 1914 in Sarajevo, the battle lines are divided into East (Russia fighting Germany and Austria), West (Britain and France over the war with Germany) and the southern line (also known as the Balkan front, Serbia Austria-Hungary Imperial combat). In which the worst West, there is the famous battle of the Marne battle, Battle of Verdun and the Somme. The background of war Franco-Prussian War In order to unify Germany, Prussia, France contention with the hegemony of the European continent, so in 1870 years - 1871 and the Franco-Prussian War broke out in France. The war with the French defeat, the Prussian victory, the establishment of the German Empire ended. The Franco-Prussian Armistice Treaty is extremely harsh, and about the provisions of French Alsace and Lorraine ceded to Germany, and claims 5 billion francs. France and Germany resulted in an enemy, a cause of the First World War. Each camp established After the Franco-Prussian War, Prussian Prime Minister Otto von Bismarck worried about the French retaliation, so he took an alliance policy, containment of France. He would make Germany and Austria-Hungary and Russia formed a "Triple Alliance", but then Russia in 1878 the Berlin meeting, due to the Balkans, and Austria-Hungary conflict of interest. Germany finally chosen in 1879 as an ally of Austria-Hungary, and Austria-Hungary, Germany and Austria concluded a secret alliance. In addition, the Bismarck and the French turned and because the conflict in colonial affairs, competition for North Africa in Tunis in 1881 failed, and faced isolation of the Italian alliance. Therefore the German Empire, Austria-Hungary and Italy concluded the Kingdom of the Three Kingdoms "Triple Alliance." Russia, Germany and Austria that the two countries signed a "German and Austrian allies", the Russians very angry. But Bismarck is a seasoned politician. In order to maintain good relations with Russia, in 1887 and Russia signed a "treaty reinsurance." But when Bismarck stepped down in 1890 after Kaiser Wilhelm II allowed to terminate the treaty. France is concerned, the financial support of Russian industrialization in France after the alliance with Russia in 1892. For the "Franco-Russian alliance." The British and the French in 1904 signed the "sincere agreement." This agreement was not a military alliance. This is a colonial _set_tlement of their disputes concerning the agreement. The instigation of France, Britain, and Russia was finally ended in 1907, their colonial disputes, signed the "Anglo-Russian understanding." In the same year, France, Britain and Russia are due to the strength of the German threat in the Ottoman Empire, form the "Triple Entente." Since then divided into two camps in Europe, so long as there is any sign of trouble, may have evolved into a world war, World War I because the Crown Prince of Austria-Hungary - Ferdinand was assassinated caused. Colonial scramble Arms race Carried out two major military blocs in a fierce pre-war arms race: the German Navy in 1900 developed method, the large increase expansion of the Navy, the United Kingdom to maintain the advantages of sea power Compete Morocco German and French interests in Morocco in order to compete, causing the two Moroccan crises. First Moroccan Crisis March 31, 1905, Kaiser Wilhelm II's visit an important port in southern Morocco, Tangier, Morocco, when the claim will protect the independence and territorial integrity, its expansion in Morocco, France and the relationship has become strained, and this is the first time Moroccan crisis. January 16, 1906, the European meeting in Algeciras, reached a "Algeciras resolution", resolution to recognize the independence of Morocco, but from France and Spain, Morocco, the police responsible. Morocco, which is controlled by the French customs and police. Second Moroccan Crisis Hence to Germany and Britain, France and China in the two Moroccan crises grudges deeper, and Kaiser also threatened to no longer give way, which makes more of the big war crisis. Powder keg of Europe - the Balkans Balkans have always been known as the European powder keg, when the Balkan countries in order to place their own interests and the two Balkan wars, and so Austria-Hungary and Russia Conflict in the country and deepened, as the First World War buried deep in the fuse. Bosnia and events October 6, 1908, to protect the nationals of Austria-Hungary annexed the former ground troops hosted by Bosnia and Herzegovina, which provoked both want to get to (because there are more Serbs) and the strong anti-Austrian sentiment in Serbia . Slavic countries as Serbia, as "Elder Brother" ("Big Brother" in the name of the Russian owned), desperate to rule the whole Balkan Slavs. But Austria-Hungary's troops so that it hoped to destroy, so opposed to this action. First Balkan War March 13, 1912, Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece and Montenegro formed the Balkan League, the United attack on Ottoman Turkey. October 18, the outbreak of the Balkan Alliance and the Ottoman Turkish First Balkan War. Results defeated Ottoman Turkey, May 30, 1913 with the signing of the Balkan League, "Treaty of London", to renounce all except Constantinople outside the territory in the Balkans; Bulgaria, Macedonia, is made; Serbia because of lack of Adrian Sea to the sea and unhappy, so split the Balkan alliance. Second Balkan War Sarajevo The events in Europe, the direct cause of the outbreak of total war. War breaks out July 28, 1914, Austria-Hungary to declare war on Serbia. July 30 Russia mobilized, sent troops to aid Serbia. August 1st, Germany declared war on Russia, then in 3, to the French declaration of war. August 4, Germany invaded neutral Belgium, Belgium declared war on Germany; the same day, the United Kingdom to Belgium to consider the importance of their own homeland security, and earlier in order to ensure the neutrality of Belgium, and in 1839 signed the Treaty of London, so declared war on Germany. August 6, Austria-Hungary declared war on Russia, Serbia declared war on Germany and Italy declared neutrality. August 12, the United Kingdom to declare war on Austria-Hungary. World War I broke out. Root cause: the political economy of capitalist uneven development. The course of the war 】 【West front Schlieffen Plan A few years before the war broke out, Germany • Chief of Staff Alfred von Schlieffen • have developed the main features of the quick Schlieffen Plan: First developed by German railway network, concentrating a superior force in June weeks to defeat France, then transferred to the Eastern Front forces attacked Russia. Correspondingly, the French army has developed to the two go hand in hand, in one fell swoop recovered ceded to Germany after the Franco-Prussian War of Alsace and Lorraine in the 17th plan. However, the development of the war beyond the military strategist is expected to make these two schemes are not feasible. German attack War stalemate The spring of 1915, British and French troops in the east while the main focus of the German front, launched an offensive in two rounds of Champaign and Adwa. But because to use the old tactics, and lack of strong firepower, the results were successfully resist the Germans, but one's own casualties. The German counter-attack in April, and the first use of poison gas, so that both sides suffered greater losses. The results of the western front in 1915, millions of people dead and wounded British and French troops, the Germans also injured 61 people, but the war remains a stalemate. February 1916, slightly lower pressure of the eastern front, the Germans moved west again, the main line of the Battle of Verdun and the outbreak of the French army. Results in the battle over seven months later, the Germans still could not prevail against Verdun. The British and French troops to check the Germans, in early July of that year and the German line to the outbreak of the Somme Battle of the Somme, fighting even more tragic. Although the British first used tanks in the war, but the two sides casualties of about 120 million people, the war has not been a major breakthrough, and continued until November of that year, the West once again become deadlocked confrontation line, but the Allies begin to grasp the initiative in the war. United States entered the war Last attack 】 【East front Russia mobilized July 28, 1914, Austria-Hungary as Germany opened its "empty promises" and therefore confidence, broke off diplomatic relations with Serbia and its declaration of war. Russia then declared a general mobilization in support of Serbia, which caused discontent in Germany. August 1, Germany is Russia's refusal to halt the Russian general mobilization as an excuse to declare war, while in the West line into invasion of Belgium. August 4, Britain, Belgium for their own safety because of the key, it declared war on Germany. August 6, Austria-Hungary declared war on Russia. German-Russian war Turkey entered the war In order to contain Russia, Germany, Ottoman Turkey, then agreed to provide one hundred million francs in loans in exchange for its war. So Turkey October 29, 1914 formal war. And fighting with Russia in the Caucasus. Russian combat negative at first, but in January 1915 launched a counter attack, Turkey's Ninth Army was wiped out, lost some 70,000 people. Italy turned to the Allies May 1915, Italy after the war because Britain and France agreed to share Fiume and Dalmatia, then to invest in the Allied side, declaring war on the Allies. Although the weaker the Italian Army, fighting the loss of almost 30 million people in the beginning, but Austria-Hungary successfully delaying the 40 divisions have eased the pressure on Russia and France. September 1915, Bulgaria joined the Allies, and sent troops to 300,000, with Germany and Austria attacked Serbia coalition, the results will soon be occupied by the Allies the whole territory of Serbia, the Serbian government and the army was forced to retreat to the Greek island of Kerkyra. Russian counter-attack The spring of 1916, the Russian Army mobilized a total of 3 200 million to the German and Austrian forces launched a counter attack, after the battle round, the two sides of the loss of millions of troops, but Russian troops more, so push back the German and Austrian forces, and exploit a victory scored eastern Galicia. Romania will also be a declaration of war to the Allies in August. German and Austrian forces decided to invade Romania, to seize the oil and food supplies. Results Bucharest soon fall, German and Austrian troops occupied most of the Romanian territory. Attack Constantinople Allied forces in the Caucasus is to lift Russia to contain the difficulties the Turkish Ottoman, Ottoman Turkey and decided to attack the capital of the United Constantinople. Early 1915, the Battle of Gallipoli broke out. There have been 500,000 Allied soldiers crossed the waters to the Gallipoli Peninsula. Ten month near the fighting, a total of about 131,000 people were killed and 262,000 injured, the result was forced to retreat. This battle is a battle one of the most famous battle, was also the biggest sea landing operations. October Revolution Russia itself is the economic system of serfdom, the war can not withstand continued east, the results of its domestic economic collapse, factory closures and unemployment soaring, the arms supplies extremely difficult, extremely war-weary soldiers. Winter 1916, Russia increased the internal contradictions, the capital Moscow, the number of strikers more than one million people to achieve results in March 1917 (Russian calendar February) February Revolution, Czar Nicholas II abdicated. But the new interim government composed of Kerensky still continue the war, but then the German and Austrian forces were defeated. Results can not stand the Russian workers and peasants, in November 1917 (Russian calendar in October), by the Bolshevik leader Lenin led an armed uprising to overthrow the bourgeois regime, the Provisional Government, established the first socialist government and the Soviet countries, known as the "October Revolution." Lenin subsequently signed with Germany Brest - Lithuania Khabarovsk Treaty and announced its withdrawal from the First World War. It has historical importance because it is the first time in human history to win the socialist revolution, the world's first socialist state was born. It is a heavy blow to the victory of the imperialist domination, and promote the development of the international socialist movement, inspiring the people of colonial semi-colonial liberation struggle, marked the beginning of World History. Allies defeated Although the Russians withdraw from war, but Germany, the allies - Ottoman Turkey, Bulgaria and Austria-Hungary because of the continued operations, resulting in economic collapse, the domestic national uprising, the results of inability to fight another day, one after another sum to the Allies. Finally, also within the German military coup, the sum to the Allies, ending World War. War at sea Although the pre-war struggle between British and German dreadnoughts built, but the whole time but only a large-scale World War I, the main battle fleet is the Battle of Jutland. Comparing the results of this battle in particular: on the one hand, led by Admiral Sheer Hai German Ocean to the relatively small fleet tonnage of ships sunk by the loss of more British ships, to obtain a tactical victory; the other hand, command of British Admiral Jellicoe's main fleet successfully naval blockade of Germany in the German ports, making the latter a little later in the war, to obtain a strategic victory. Japan sent troops to Toward the Allies in World War I in Japan, declared war on Germany to the German interest in China's Shandong Province and sent troops to the occupation of Qingdao. Japan, the results of such a move has aroused Chinese people's discontent, and subsequently led to the occurrence of the May Fourth Movement. War in other countries In the United States entered the war, the Latin American countries have followed the U.S. declared war on the Allies, resulting in further expansion of the scope of the war. However, most of these countries fought in the name, not actually into the war. Fight in China Do not participate in the First World War to declare war on Germany on this issue, the Northern government divided, fighting fierce. In order to achieve the purpose of the main battle, Duan its military governor called a dozen men in Beijing, formed the "Governor Corps" to put pressure on the Li Yuan-hung, but without success; later Duan called to write a declaration of war against Germany the book back to the president, Li Yuan-hung to quell the storm, barely stamped in the file. Even so, Duan still not satisfied, the discussion session of Congress, and wantonly interfere in, and finally touched the public outrage. Just at that moment, Duan privately matter was revealed to the Japanese loan. May 21, 1917, Li Yuan-hung Chouzhunshiji at this time the Prime Minister ordered the revocation of his duties, Duan angrily left Beijing to Tianjin, and that means the Provisional Constitution, the president no right to withdraw as prime minister, does not recognize Lebanon's dismissal order . One party, presidential, one for the State Department, so the battle between them is called "School House battle." Li Yuan-hung, head after the Army requested the Governor on June 14 Zhang Xun to Beijing mediation. Zhang Xun to Beijing, the backers Xuantong restoration. The suppression of events Duan, Li Yuan-hung in the post after his resignation as president, replaced by Feng Guozhang as President. Government hospital dispute to an end. Duan under the rule of the Northern Government, in support of Britain and France, participated in the Allies, declared war on the Allies. German revolution Events of World War I June 1914 Ferdinand was assassinated, igniting the fuse of war. July 1914 Austria-Hungary to declare war on Serbia. August 1914 by Germany to Russia, France declared war and invaded Belgium. Britain to declare war on Austria-Hungary and Germany. May 1915 Italy joined the Allies. April 1917 the United States entered the war. March 1918 Russia and Germany signed the armistice. September 1918 the Allies began the final attack. November 1918 Germany signed a cease-fire, end of the war. Events (e): the origin of the First World War And historical practices, conflicts of proximate cause is usually from the last war (one thousand eight hundred and seventy - 1871) to search the results. From the end of the Franco-Prussian War was removed as prime minister until the Bismarck (1890), the stable and his policies are to ensure that Germany had won the peace. To this end, he managed to isolate the one hand, France, Germany and the other is trying to maintain friendly relations between Russia. In order to achieve the first objective, 2 October 1879, he concluded with Austria-Hungary Defense Treaty, the so-called "alliance between the two countries." Two years later the French occupation of Tunisia, and the diplomacy of Bismarck won the opportunity to juggle. This time the annexation to Italy, very up_set_, so he joined the alliance between the two countries, and to become a "Triple Alliance." This situation has been maintained until June 15, 1888, on this day, William II of Hohenzollern royal family (one thousand eight hundred eighty-eight - 1918) became the German emperor. He is the grandson of Queen Victoria, due to the death of his father, Frederick II, gave him the opportunity to inherit a large system. Ba Fuer (whispering): "We really fool, because many ships built in Germany and snatch our business, we could not find a reason to declare war on Germany." White: "In private life you are a very noble soul man. Why do you think of this political sub-moral things, a completely harmless to the national challenges? Germany and the UK as reasons not to develop the Navy? If want to competition in trade with Germany, you should work harder. " Ba Fuer: "That is to say to lower our standard of living. Maybe for us, war is still relatively simple." White: "You actually have such thoughts, I really startled me." Ba Fuer: "This is a 'non' of the problem? May be only the problem of how to maintain our advantage." Of this talk is not the Ba Fuer individuals should pay attention to the idea, but because of the reasons for the industrial revolution, created a economic struggle for survival, so in order to protect themselves, humans had to return to the jungle of life. Occurred in the original struggle between man and beast, and now this happened industrial struggle between the nation and the nation - but full of animal is the same. Four years later, Sir Fisher British naval chief of staff to show his more prescient. He said: "I can predict that if the British request to the French promise of leaving a British Army landed in France at war with Germany, the result would be unprecedented against the British - this is not a defeat, because we are determined will not yield - but in terms of our economic resources, it is a fatal blow, and would downgrade the British Navy 'auxiliary military services'. " According to this treaty, the two governments to begin addressing the importance of colonial disputes between them. British in Egypt were free right of disposal, while France also won in Morocco the same rights, the only requirement is to respect the sovereignty of the country. Nevertheless, the two countries in October Fassi has signed a treaty to divide up Morocco, and a copy of this secret British Foreign Office copy. Although this agreement with Britain and France had obviously conflict, but the British Foreign Secretary Lord Lansdowne Road, but no objection Well accepted. This caused an uproar. Silas Algiers shortly after the meeting, between the British Government to obtain an understanding with Russia, including a consent to divide Persia - which is an independent state - as the three regions, north and south between the two countries were Britain and Russia sphere of influence, while the middle was a neutral zone. This solution has made in the Far East area of Russia to lift the worries and can concentrate fully participate in European politics more dangerous gamble. So Triple Entente faced the Triple Alliance, which means that once the war broke out, Germany to be something both sides in the fighting. When the Moroccan crisis is shaking the international relations, in the UK took place in a naval panic disorder, which is Coventry Ordnance Company, Mr. Harrell encouraged Jose up with the result that the British Government, opposition parties and the people are great was shocked. Because it is so unreasonable, so the Fisher real situation before deciding to submit a report to the British king. The end of 1907, he told the king that report: After the March 21, 1909, Fischer has caused the book Ayshire Lord said: "four years of unremitting efforts, we are now deployed in the internal waters of a full fleet of two equipment, Germany Even if all the ships were mobilized and put into combat, we can not compare any two of a fleet, we have a tremendous advantage ... ... that advantage will not change in a few years the ... ... you can sleep peacefully Great feel it! Germany to build vessels not crazy fight with you! No, they worry day and night is the second time 'Copenhagen bombardment', they know whether or Bismarck Pitt are going to do that! " While opposition leader, Mr. Ba Fuer knowing these facts, but in the January 1910 general elections but deliberately engaged in a fierce attack on Germany in order to promote people's psychological fear of Germany and, for the Tories to win votes. He claimed that Britain is in danger, navy inadequate. He said: "I can confirm to you that most countries agreed that the struggle between Britain and Germany have no escape." Mr. Churchill, the Liberal Party, retorted: "Conservative simply ashamed of the attitude of the Navy. This policy is not to cause the phenomenon of a reasonable fear, and no reason to create two major ethnic Antagonism. " | Year | United Kingdom | France | Russia | Germany | | 1909 | 11,076,551 | 4,517,766 | 1,758,487 | 10,177,060 | | 1910 | 14,755,289 | 4,977,682 | 1,424,013 | 11,392,851 | | 1911 | 15,148,171 | 5,876,659 | 3,215,396 | 11,701,899 | | 1912 | 16,132,558 | 7,114,878 | 6,897,580 | 11,491,187 | | 1913 | 16,883,875 | 8,093,064 | 12,082,516 | 11,010,883 | | 1914 | 18,876,080 | 11,772,862 | 13,098,613 | 10,316,244 | May 6, 1910, the death of Edward VII, George V by his son succeeded to the throne. But before his coronation, mid - year June 22 in Morocco took place in another fierce accidents. French government hopes to complete control of Morocco to the protection of nationals as a pretext to occupy Fez. Although the German government still does not know the secret in 1904, but that the French violated the Algiers Treaty Silas was immediately sent a gunboat "Panther" was to Agadir to protect German nationals in Morocco and commercial interests. At this time Lloyd George was the British Minister of Finance to the Mayor's official residence in London, delivered a fiery speech, almost triggered a war. But in November, finally get a peaceful solution, the results obtained in Morocco, France, the right of free disposal, and the German sub had a part of French Congo. This does not make Italy to meet, for fear that the next step in the French occupation of Tripoli, it to protect the business and residents of the "normal" an excuse to declare war on Turkey, invades Tripoli, and the occupation of 佐泽卡尼索 Islands of Rhode Island and other islands. Now say from Western Europe to Eastern Europe, because the development of the empire also embarked on the one hand, in that same dangerous road. This is a good opportunity for Russia not to be missed. Russian government to immediately launch publicity to the Balkans, told them that if we do not stop the war, and jointly resisting foreign aggression, then there was the annexation of Austria-Hungary the risk of one by one. The results form a "Balkan Federation", when the Italian soil the war occurs, it think this is a sacrifice in order to expand Turkey's best chance. Russia feared that the British would not agree. Russia's ambassador to Britain Beckendorff Sazha letter to Russian Foreign Minister Ivanov said: "If you can not drive a wedge between the Anglo-German relations, then the Anglo-Russian treaty can not be maintained." Russia is worried about time delays. Emperor Joseph of Austria-Hungary eighty-year-old, the Crown Prince Ferdinand is the backbone of the movement against the Greater Serbia. Russia determined at all costs tend to Yugoslavia, Russia, Austria-Hungary instead. This is the June 28, 1914, Crown Prince of Austria-Hungary when his wife was stabbed in the case of Sarajevo, so the war era has finally arrived. Unfortunately, not only UK but also throughout the world have been cocoon. Under the cover of secret diplomacy, in 1904 the "agreement" has become a military alliance can not be a secret escape. July 23, Austria-Hungary delivered an ultimatum to Belgrade time limit is forty-eight hours, to take action to stop the Russians, the British Foreign Secretary urged the Serbian Government to fully yield to Gray, but Sazha Ivanov, the thinking is completely different. He claims this is an unprecedented act of aggression ultimatum, that the only to avoid war with Germany is to make the Berlin authorities to recognize that it faces the joint Allied forces. Then Russia ordered a partial mobilization. German side said that the issue should be separate between the two countries to find a solution Osei, any other powers are enough to cause interference incalculable consequences. Germany is caught in the law between Britain and Russia, the situation is extremely conducive to the overall war, but as pointed out by German White Paper: "if Russia and France continue to help Serbia to endanger the survival of Austria-Hungary, the result will be the Austria-Hungary the gradual collapse, and all Slavic peoples have allegiance to the flag of Russia under the Teutonic base in Central Europe will not. Slavism in Russia's largest oppression, the spirit has been weakened Austria-Hungary is no longer alliance with the qualifications, then both sides of Germany, something harder to resist the increasing pressure. "Therefore, resolutely decided to support its ally, Germany. July 25, the Serbian ultimatum of Austria-Hungary made a reply, although the wording of humble, but the content is not complete, it was Austria-Hungary refused. So Austria-Hungary under the general mobilization order, and to declare war on Serbia in the 28th. Russia, too, immediately following the mobilization order. On the 29th, the German Prime Minister Meets with British Ambassador in Berlin, Sir Ghosn, said that if Britain remains neutral, once after the victory over France, Germany, to allow respect for the territorial integrity of France. British rejected his proposal. July 31, the German Ambassador in St. Petersburg was instructed to give the Russian government an ultimatum, requiring it to stop the mobilization within twelve hours, or Germany will mobilize. Because Russia refused to answer, Aug. 1 to enter a state of war between Germany and Russia. France also ordered mobilization. August 2, Italy declared its neutrality (until August 6 Austria-Hungary declared war to Russia only), British Foreign Secretary Grey informed the French government: If the Germans attack the French fleet in the English Channel, the British fleet would intervene. At this point, as early as August 2, the German cavalry patrol had crossed the borders of Luxembourg. Twenty past seven p.m., the German ambassador to Belgium to an ultimatum to the Belgian Government, asked the German forces in Belgium to allow freedom of passage. If agreed, Belgium, the Belgian post-war Germany will maintain the independence and territorial integrity. Answer period of twelve hours, the result is rejected. August 3, King of England King of Belgium made to a private appeal to the protection of his country. Forty-five past six p.m., Germany declared war to France, nine hours later, also the Belgian declaration of war. Finally, to at 15:00 on August 4th, the British Foreign Office, Sir Ghosn was ordered to the German government asking for protection of Belgian neutrality, which is a treaty guaranteed and should be respected. German Chancellor Bateman - Hall, Ludwig said: "just for a bunch of paper, Great Britain actually willing to work with the same racial country at war." Midnight August 4, Britain declared war on Germany. Canadian people to commemorate World War I people to locate Nov. 11, is China's November 12th! On that day people will be wearing a poppy flower flower called the left! Because the Canadian soldiers died in the ground covered with poppy, the tomb is covered with poppy! Outcome of the war statistics World War I, the two warring sides in the proportion of civilian deaths, accounting for 36% of Allied soldiers, civilians accounted for 20% of the Allies; Allied soldiers and civilians, 22% each. Please note that most civilians died in the war in the Spanish influenza. Allied soldiers killed: 5,497,600 * Belgium: 13,700 United Kingdom: 908,000 * Australia: 60,000 * Canada: 55,000 * India: 25,000 * New Zealand: 16,000 * South Africa: 7,000 * Great Britain: 715,000 * France: 1,240,000 * French colony: 114,000 * Greece: 5,000 * Italy: 650,000 * China: 3000 Japan: 300 * Montenegro: 30,000 * Romania: 336,000 * Russian Empire: 1,700,000 * Serbia: 450,000 * United States: 50,600 Allied soldiers killed: 3,382,500 * Austria-Hungary: 1,200,000 * Bulgaria: 87500 * German Empire: 1,770,000 * Ottoman Empire: 325,000 Civilians killed: 6,493,000 * Austria-Hungary: 300,000 * Belgium: 30,000 United Kingdom: 31,000 * Bulgaria: 275,000 * France: 40,000 * German Empire: 760,000 * Greece: 132,000 * Romania: 275,000 * Russia: 3,100,000 * Serbia: 650,000 * Ottoman Empire: 1,000,000 During World War II, military personnel, civilian deaths over 55 million, belligerent material losses amounting to 4 trillion U.S. dollars total. Paris Peace Conference Nature: the spoils of imperialism will Other Peace The victors and the vanquished have other conditions were harsh peace treaty was signed, the victors and the Austrian part of Austria-Hungary sign the "Treaty of Saint-Germain", Austria-Hungary was divided into nation-states; and Bulgaria signed "it by treaty "Bulgaria lost the Aegean sea, and shall indemnity 400,000,000 $ 45,000,000; and Hungary signed the" Treaty of Trianon, "a substantial reduction of the territory of Hungary; and Turkey signed the" Treaty Sévres, "and completely divide the territory of Ottoman Turkey . Later, only the Republic of Turkey in Istanbul, near the small part of its territory and parts of Asia Minor. The "Treaty of Versailles," and other peace posed by the various post-war Europe and a new system of international relations, is called the Versailles system, the post-war European and international relations have an important impact. The impact of war World War I, there are 30 countries, 15 million people involved in the war on the human spirit and have caused great material destruction. Nation-state War brought great losses to humanity, but in World War I, Czarist Russia, the German Empire, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, the four major empires fell. The Balkans and the Middle East nation state began to rise, such as Yugoslavia, Hungary and Iraq. British weaken The original and the world financial center for the world hegemony of the United Kingdom, although the territory has increased after the war, but because of its control over the territory of the great war casualties and material losses and greatly reduced, and its economy to the war seriously affected Yi Yin , a serious recession, since the world financial center give the United States. October Revolution During the war, the Russian October Revolution happened, the world's first socialist state emerged - the USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics). The rise of US-Japan The war weakened Britain, France, Italy; the United States as the world's number one economic power, the World Financial Center, transferred from London to New York; Japan has also become a creditor by the debtor, and the German sphere of influence formerly occupied Jiaozhou Bay, China and Shandong Peninsula. 1914-1919, the Japanese companies the amount of paid-up capital increased to 2.218 billion yen from 6.123 billion yen, industrial production increased by 4 times. It's real industrial output increased 1.8 times, there has been an export expansion of industrial enterprises as the center of the new climax. The construction of the shipbuilding industry in 1914 79, total 82,000 tons in 1918 jumped to 443, total 540,500 tons, from the pre-war rise of the world's sixth to third place. Germany's revenge "Versailles Treaty" will push all the responsibility for war to the German, which is extremely harsh conditions on Germany's implementation of economic and military sanctions, Germany lost 13% of the country and 12% of the population, Germany is disarmed, the German army was control the population is below 10 are not allowed to have the Air Force. While Germany was defeated in a battle last, but Germany's strength has not been too much harm, industrial system remains intact, and the war in Germany itself has not been affected, and the "Versailles Treaty" victors over the distribution of benefits to consider , has not defeated its own interests into account, coupled with unprecedented harshness of the treaty and plunder of nature, making a German national of a treaty imposed on them have a strong feeling of resentment and conflict, caused the German people strong national sentiments of revenge. Proud of the Germanic people to get rid of "the Treaty of Versailles," the shackles of political forces, all political thought in Germany, scramble, it is particularly intense, it was Germany as a new World War provided the conditions. The results of Hitler's Nazi Germany under the leadership of the party, launched a World War II. May Fourth Movement Peace Treaty of Versailles the German rights in Shandong, China transferred to Japan to become China's May Fourth Movement of the fuse. May 4, 1919 Beijing, China, and the broad masses of young students, the public, business people and other middle and lower classes participated in a wide range of demonstrations, petitions, strikes, strikes, violence against the government and other forms of patriotic movement, and the cause is Paris Peace Conference, the powers trample on China's sovereignty rights and interests of the original transfer to Germany in Shandong to Japan, the Shandong question. It is the rise of the New Culture Movement and the early history of China together to become the first large-scale far-reaching political and ideological and cultural movement in modern China to date on the political, social, cultural, ideological and great influence. The wages The status of women Before the outbreak of the First World War, women are not to be seen as "people". Until a war broke out, the men do the soldiers have been imposed, leaving only young and old, disabled woman, at that time, support a family doing things the only woman. So the women went out to work to earn money to support their families. Although they and the men do the same work, they are paid much less, relatively speaking. However, when World War I, a woman's status has improved to some extent. International League In view of the first World War, huge casualties and material losses, such as Britain and France launched a victorious thus to reduce the number of weapons, quell international disputes and maintain the living standards of people in the organization is the International Union (National League). However, the League of Nations can not effectively prevent the fascist aggression. Replace the United Nations after World War II. Military academic World War I experience, academic development of the military had a significant impact. Emerging post-war total war, blitzkrieg, tanks on winning, winning the Air Force and other military theory of the emergence of different perspectives are summarized from the results of World War II experience. Development of new technologies World War I as a catalyst for the development of new technologies. During the war, long before the invention of aircraft by some national attention, and soon entered the practical stage. Military aircraft on the battlefield into a new army. The number of aircraft also increases. During the war, car mobility cause for concern. Before the war in Europe and the United States dominated the streets of the carriage, and soon replaced by a car. Germany and other countries, the lack of raw materials, in order to meet the enemy's blockade, to develop chemical synthesis technology. Thereby promoting the development of chemical technology. Warrior of the strong demand for goods, but also encourage people to continue to improve the production process for the production of management provides the conditions for innovation. Changes in the functions of government agencies Early in the war, governments are not ready for long war, and therefore not to intervene in the economy. With the extension of the war, countries had to establish a _set_ of specialized agencies, in order to effectively utilize the country's human and material resources. These organizations begin with the direction of intervention in the private business investment, is responsible for the allocation of government orders, control the supply of raw materials, adjust a variety of economic relations, foreign trade monopoly. Rhine demilitarized zone Rhine demilitarized zone 50 kilometers east of the Rhine. This is a post-war "Versailles" in the content. "Versailles" is a victory of the Allies after World War peace treaty with Germany, generally including: the introduction of universal military ban on compulsory military service in Germany, only the recruitment of support staff to join the army, only 10 million people in the Army reserves, has allowed the Air Force, Navy surface ships to retain only part of the light (when Hitler came to power in Germany only 36 light surface ships), not allowed to have a large tonnage ships and submarines, 50 km east of the Rhine Garrison in Germany may not fortified, the so-called Rhine demilitarized zone. Germany and Austria banned the political composition of any form of merger or alliance of groups. Territory of Germany in the Franco-Prussian War to France to obtain the return of Alsace and Lorraine, Saar coal mining area hosted by the League for 15 years, during which free France from here as the German occupation of mining coal in Alsace and Lorraine compensation (both are important coal base in France), 15 years after the expiration of the referendum decision has Saarland vested (that is, the area is incorporated into France, or the reunification of Germany, German reunification in 1934, Saar), Germany gave up the large territory, on this basis, to rebuild the Polish state, the German all overseas colonies by the League of Nations "Mandate", in fact, the British and French carved up Japan and other major victors. Provisions of the German economy to pay a large indemnity, but did not provide for specific number. Later, he proposed to the Allied side Dawes Plan and the Young Plan ,1929 - 1933 Germany announced after the outbreak of the economic crisis stopped paying reparations.
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About the war
Date: July 28, 1914 -1918 on November 11 Location: Europe, Africa, the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian Ocean, the Middle East Results: The death of the Allies won (approx.): 10,000,000 people Soldiers: 9000000 The civilian population: 7,000,000 Total: 16,690,000 Initiating country: Allies, the Allies Main belligerent: Allies * Kingdom of Serbia * Russian Empire * France * Belgium * British Empire and its colonies * Japan * Kingdom of Italy (May 1915, Italy withdraw from the Triple Alliance, to join the Allies) * Romania * Greece * United States * China, Allies * German Empire * Austria-Hungary * Ottoman Empire * Bulgaria World War I (referred to as a war, August 1914 -1918 in November) is a major place in Europe but spread to the world war. At that time most of the world are involved in the war. Main course of the war the Allies (Central Powers) and the Entente (Allied Powers) between the fighting. German Empire and Austria-Hungary were allies, Britain, France, Italy, the Russian Empire and Serbia is the Allies. In the 1914-1918 period, many in Asia, Europe and America countries have joined the Allies. The main battlefield in Europe. Worth noting that although the Allies in Italy, but later the United Kingdom, France and Russia signed a secret treaty with Italy, promised to give Italy some of the land, the result against Italy joined the Entente Allies. The history of the war in Europe one of the most damaging war. About 65,000,000 people entered the war, 10,000,000 people lost their lives, 20,000,000 people were injured. The fuse of war is in June 1914 in Sarajevo, the battle lines are divided into East (Russia fighting Germany and Austria), West (Britain and France over the war with Germany) and the southern line (also known as the Balkan front, Serbia Austria-Hungary Imperial combat). In which the worst West, there is the famous battle of the Marne battle, Battle of Verdun and the Somme.
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The background of war
Franco-Prussian War In order to unify Germany, Prussia, France contention with the hegemony of the European continent, so in 1870 years - 1871 and the Franco-Prussian War broke out in France. The war with the French defeat, the Prussian victory, the establishment of the German Empire ended. The Franco-Prussian Armistice Treaty is extremely harsh, and about the provisions of French Alsace and Lorraine ceded to Germany, and claims 5 billion francs. France and Germany resulted in an enemy, a cause of the First World War. Each camp established After the Franco-Prussian War, Prussian Prime Minister Otto von Bismarck worried about the French retaliation, so he took an alliance policy, containment of France. He would make Germany and Austria-Hungary and Russia formed a "Triple Alliance", but then Russia in 1878 the Berlin meeting, due to the Balkans, and Austria-Hungary conflict of interest. Germany finally chosen in 1879 as an ally of Austria-Hungary, and Austria-Hungary, Germany and Austria concluded a secret alliance. In addition, the Bismarck and the French turned and because the conflict in colonial affairs, competition for North Africa in Tunis in 1881 failed, and faced isolation of the Italian alliance. Therefore the German Empire, Austria-Hungary and Italy concluded the Kingdom of the Three Kingdoms "Triple Alliance." Russia, Germany and Austria that the two countries signed a "German and Austrian allies", the Russians very angry. But Bismarck is a seasoned politician. In order to maintain good relations with Russia, in 1887 and Russia signed a "treaty reinsurance." But when Bismarck stepped down in 1890 after Kaiser Wilhelm II allowed to terminate the treaty. France is concerned, the financial support of Russian industrialization in France after the alliance with Russia in 1892. For the "Franco-Russian alliance." The British and the French in 1904 signed the "sincere agreement." This agreement was not a military alliance. This is a colonial _set_tlement of their disputes concerning the agreement. The instigation of France, Britain, and Russia was finally ended in 1907, their colonial disputes, signed the "Anglo-Russian understanding." In the same year, France, Britain and Russia are due to the strength of the German threat in the Ottoman Empire, form the "Triple Entente." Since then divided into two camps in Europe, so long as there is any sign of trouble, may have evolved into a world war, World War I because the Crown Prince of Austria-Hungary - Ferdinand was assassinated caused. Colonial scramble Arms race Carried out two major military blocs in a fierce pre-war arms race: the German Navy in 1900 developed method, the large increase expansion of the Navy, the United Kingdom to maintain the advantages of sea power to maintain the security, began construction in 1905 Dreadnought, and in 1907 Germany began the construction of dreadnoughts to two to one when the naval policy of maintaining its German dreadnoughts twice the number of the corresponding payment, in the second Morocco crisis, together with France and Russia but also the implementation of the three naval defense, the United Kingdom in the North Sea, the Mediterranean, France, Russia against Germany and Austria, respectively, in the Baltic Navy; and respect in the Army from 1880 to 1913, the German standing army from the 420,000 to expand to 87 million, France from 50 million to expand to 80 million, Russia is also prepared from 80 million to 2.3 million, but the last has not yet standard, only in the Army than 140 million, is the highest in Europe, but the quality is very low, can not be German and French Army compared; Austria-Hungary's military expansion by the 27 million rose to 80 million, Italy by 20 million to expand to 35 million, while the Austrian Army between Italy and Germany and France, neither the quality of the last U.S. forces corresponding to the number of tensions in Europe by the 30,004 thousand expansion to 16 million. Compete Morocco German and French interests in Morocco in order to compete, causing the two Moroccan crises. First Moroccan Crisis March 31, 1905, Kaiser Wilhelm II's visit an important port in southern Morocco, Tangier, Morocco, when the claim will protect the independence and territorial integrity, its expansion in Morocco, France and the relationship has become strained, and this is the first time Moroccan crisis. January 16, 1906, the European meeting in Algeciras, reached a "Algeciras resolution", resolution to recognize the independence of Morocco, but from France and Spain, Morocco, the police responsible. Morocco, which is controlled by the French customs and police. Second Moroccan Crisis Hence to Germany and Britain, France and China in the two Moroccan crises grudges deeper, and Kaiser also threatened to no longer give way, which makes more of the big war crisis. Powder keg of Europe - the Balkans Balkans have always been known as the European powder keg, when the Balkan countries in order to place their own interests and the two Balkan wars, and so Austria-Hungary and Russia has deepened the conflict, buried deep in the fuse for the First World War. Bosnia and events October 6, 1908, to protect the nationals of Austria-Hungary annexed the former ground troops hosted by Bosnia and Herzegovina, which provoked both want to get to (because there are more Serbs) and the strong anti-Austrian sentiment in Serbia . Slavic countries as Serbia, as "Elder Brother" ("Big Brother" in the name of the Russian owned), desperate to rule the whole Balkan Slavs. But Austria-Hungary's troops so that it hoped to destroy, so opposed to this action. First Balkan War March 13, 1912, Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece and Montenegro formed the Balkan League, the United attack on Ottoman Turkey. October 18, the outbreak of the Balkan Alliance and the Ottoman Turkish First Balkan War. Results defeated Ottoman Turkey, May 30, 1913 with the signing of the Balkan League, "Treaty of London", to renounce all except Constantinople outside the territory in the Balkans; Bulgaria, Macedonia, is made; Serbia because of lack of Adrian Sea to the sea and unhappy, so split the Balkan alliance. Second Balkan War Sarajevo The events in Europe, the direct cause of the outbreak of total war. War breaks out July 28, 1914, Austria-Hungary to declare war on Serbia. July 30 Russia mobilized, sent troops to aid Serbia. August 1st, Germany declared war on Russia, then in 3, to the French declaration of war. August 4, Germany invaded neutral Belgium, Belgium declared war on Germany; the same day, the United Kingdom to Belgium to consider the importance of their own homeland security, and earlier in order to ensure the neutrality of Belgium, and in 1839 signed the Treaty of London, so declared war on Germany. August 6, Austria-Hungary declared war on Russia, Serbia declared war on Germany and Italy declared neutrality. August 12, the United Kingdom to declare war on Austria-Hungary. World War I broke out. Root cause: the political economy of capitalist uneven development.
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The course of the war
】 【West front Schlieffen Plan A few years before the war broke out, Germany • Chief of Staff Alfred von Schlieffen • have developed the main features of the quick Schlieffen Plan: First developed by German railway network, concentrating a superior force in June weeks to defeat France, then transferred to the Eastern Front forces attacked Russia. Correspondingly, the French army has developed to the two go hand in hand, in one fell swoop recovered ceded to Germany after the Franco-Prussian War of Alsace and Lorraine in the 17th plan. However, the development of the war beyond the military strategist is expected to make these two schemes are not feasible. German attack War stalemate The spring of 1915, British and French troops in the east while the main focus of the German front, launched an offensive in two rounds of Champaign and Adwa. But because to use the old tactics, and lack of strong firepower, the results were successfully resist the Germans, but one's own casualties. The German counter-attack in April, and the first use of poison gas, so that both sides suffered greater losses. The results of the western front in 1915, millions of people dead and wounded British and French troops, the Germans also injured 61 people, but the war remains a stalemate. February 1916, slightly lower pressure of the eastern front, the Germans moved west again, the main line of the Battle of Verdun and the outbreak of the French army. Results in the battle over seven months later, the Germans still could not prevail against Verdun. The British and French troops to check the Germans, in early July of that year and the German line to the outbreak of the Somme Battle of the Somme, fighting even more tragic. Although the British first used tanks in the war, but the two sides casualties of about 120 million people, the war has not been a major breakthrough, and continued until November of that year, the West once again become deadlocked confrontation line, but the Allies begin to grasp the initiative in the war. United States entered the war Last attack 】 【East front Russia mobilized July 28, 1914, Austria-Hungary as Germany opened its "empty promises" and therefore confidence, broke off diplomatic relations with Serbia and its declaration of war. Russia then declared a general mobilization in support of Serbia, which caused discontent in Germany. August 1, Germany is Russia's refusal to halt the Russian general mobilization as an excuse to declare war, while in the West line into invasion of Belgium. August 4, Britain, Belgium for their own safety because of the key, it declared war on Germany. August 6, Austria-Hungary declared war on Russia. German-Russian war Turkey entered the war In order to contain Russia, Germany, Ottoman Turkey, then agreed to provide one hundred million francs in loans in exchange for its war. So Turkey October 29, 1914 formal war. And fighting with Russia in the Caucasus. Russian combat negative at first, but in January 1915 launched a counter attack, Turkey's Ninth Army was wiped out, lost some 70,000 people. Italy turned to the Allies May 1915, Italy after the war because Britain and France agreed to share Fiume and Dalmatia, then to invest in the Allied side, declaring war on the Allies. Although the weaker the Italian Army, fighting the loss of almost 30 million people in the beginning, but Austria-Hungary successfully delaying the 40 divisions have eased the pressure on Russia and France. September 1915, Bulgaria joined the Allies, and sent troops to 300,000, with Germany and Austria attacked Serbia coalition, the results will soon be occupied by the Allies the whole territory of Serbia, the Serbian government and the army was forced to retreat to the Greek island of Kerkyra. Russian counter-attack The spring of 1916, the Russian Army mobilized a total of 3 200 million to the German and Austrian forces launched a counter attack, after the battle round, the two sides of the loss of millions of troops, but Russian troops more, so push back the German and Austrian forces, and exploit a victory scored eastern Galicia. Romania will also be a declaration of war to the Allies in August. German and Austrian forces decided to invade Romania, to seize the oil and food supplies. Results Bucharest soon fall, German and Austrian troops occupied most of the Romanian territory. Istanbul attack Allied forces in the Caucasus is to lift Russia to contain the difficulties the Turkish Ottoman decided to jointly attack the Ottoman capital of Istanbul, Turkey. Early 1915, the Battle of Gallipoli broke out. There have been 500,000 Allied soldiers crossed the waters to the Gallipoli Peninsula. Ten month near the fighting, a total of about 131,000 people were killed and 262,000 injured, the result was forced to retreat. This battle is a battle one of the most famous battle, was also the biggest sea landing operations. October Revolution Russia itself is the economic system of serfdom, the war can not withstand continued east, the results of its domestic economic collapse, factory closures and unemployment soaring, the arms supplies extremely difficult, extremely war-weary soldiers. Winter 1916, Russia increased the internal contradictions, the capital Moscow, the number of strikers more than one million people to achieve results in March 1917 (Russian calendar February) February Revolution, Czar Nicholas II abdicated. But the new interim government composed of Kerensky still continue the war, but then the German and Austrian forces were defeated. Results can not stand the Russian workers and peasants, in November 1917 (Russian calendar in October), by the Bolshevik leader Lenin led an armed uprising to overthrow the bourgeois regime, the Provisional Government, established the first socialist government and the Soviet countries, known as the "October Revolution." Lenin subsequently signed with Germany Brest - Lithuania Khabarovsk Treaty and announced its withdrawal from the First World War. It has historical importance because it is the first time in human history to win the socialist revolution, the world's first socialist state was born. It is a heavy blow to the victory of the imperialist domination, and promote the development of the international socialist movement, inspiring the people of colonial semi-colonial liberation struggle, marked the beginning of World History. Allies defeated Although the Russians withdraw from war, but Germany, the allies - Ottoman Turkey, Bulgaria and Austria-Hungary because of the continued operations, resulting in economic collapse, the domestic national uprising, the results of inability to fight another day, one after another sum to the Allies. Finally, also within the German military coup, the sum to the Allies, ending World War. War at sea Although the pre-war struggle between British and German dreadnoughts built, but the whole time but only a large-scale World War I, the main battle fleet is the Battle of Jutland. Comparing the results of this battle in particular: on the one hand, led by Admiral Sheer Hai German Ocean to the relatively small fleet tonnage of ships sunk by the loss of more British ships, to obtain a tactical victory; the other hand, command of British Admiral Jellicoe's main fleet successfully naval blockade of Germany in the German ports, making the latter a little later in the war, to obtain a strategic victory. Japan sent troops to Toward the Allies in World War I in Japan, declared war on Germany to the German interest in China's Shandong Province and sent troops to the occupation of Qingdao. Japan, the results of such a move has aroused Chinese people's discontent, and subsequently led to the occurrence of the May Fourth Movement. War in other countries In the United States entered the war, the Latin American countries have followed the U.S. declared war on the Allies, resulting in further expansion of the scope of the war. However, most of these countries fought in the name, not actually into the war. Fight in China Do not participate in the First World War to declare war on Germany on this issue, the Northern government divided, fighting fierce. In order to achieve the purpose of the main battle, Duan its military governor called a dozen men in Beijing, formed the "Governor Corps" to put pressure on the Li Yuan-hung, but without success; later Duan called to write a declaration of war against Germany the book back to the president, Li Yuan-hung to quell the storm, barely stamped in the file. Even so, Duan still not satisfied, the discussion session of Congress, and wantonly interfere in, and finally touched the public outrage. Just at that moment, Duan privately matter was revealed to the Japanese loan. May 21, 1917, Li Yuan-hung Chouzhunshiji at this time the Prime Minister ordered the revocation of his duties, Duan angrily left Beijing to Tianjin, and that means the Provisional Constitution, the president no right to withdraw as prime minister, does not recognize Lebanon's dismissal order . One party, presidential, one for the State Department, so the battle between them is called "School House battle." Li Yuan-hung, head after the Army requested the Governor on June 14 Zhang Xun to Beijing mediation. Zhang Xun to Beijing, the backers Xuantong restoration. The suppression of events Duan, Li Yuan-hung in the post after his resignation as president, replaced by Feng Guozhang as President. Government hospital dispute to an end. Duan under the rule of the Northern Government, in support of Britain and France, participated in the Allies, declared war on the Allies. German revolution Events of World War I June 1914 Ferdinand was assassinated, igniting the fuse of war. July 1914 Austria-Hungary to declare war on Serbia. August 1914 by Germany to Russia, France declared war and invaded Belgium. Britain to declare war on Austria-Hungary and Germany. May 1915 Italy joined the Allies. February 1917 February Revolution broke out in Russia, and thus exit the war. April 1917 the United States entered the war. March 1918 Russia and Germany signed the armistice. September 1918 the Allies began the final attack. November 1918 Germany signed a cease-fire, end of the war. Events (e): the origin of the First World War And historical practices, conflicts of proximate cause is usually from the last war (one thousand eight hundred and seventy - 1871) to search the results. From the end of the Franco-Prussian War was removed as prime minister until the Bismarck (1890), the stable and his policies are to ensure that Germany had won the peace. To this end, he managed to isolate the one hand, France, Germany and the other is trying to maintain friendly relations between Russia. In order to achieve the first objective, 2 October 1879, he concluded with Austria-Hungary Defense Treaty, the so-called "alliance between the two countries." Two years later the French occupation of Tunisia, and the diplomacy of Bismarck won the opportunity to juggle. This time the annexation to Italy, very up_set_, so he joined the alliance between the two countries, and to become a "Triple Alliance." This situation has been maintained until June 15, 1888, on this day, William II of Hohenzollern royal family (one thousand eight hundred eighty-eight - 1918) became the German emperor. He is the grandson of Queen Victoria, due to the death of his father, Frederick II, gave him the opportunity to inherit a large system. Ba Fuer (whispering): "We really fool, because many ships built in Germany and snatch our business, we could not find a reason to declare war on Germany." White: "In private life you are a very noble soul man. Why do you think of this political sub-moral things, a completely harmless to the national challenges? Germany and the UK as reasons not to develop the Navy? If want to competition in trade with Germany, you should work harder. " Ba Fuer: "That is to say to lower our standard of living. Maybe for us, war is still relatively simple." White: "You actually have such thoughts, I really startled me." Ba Fuer: "This is a 'non' of the problem? May be only the problem of how to maintain our advantage." Of this talk is not the Ba Fuer individuals should pay attention to the idea, but because of the reasons for the industrial revolution, created a economic struggle for survival, so in order to protect themselves, humans had to return to the jungle of life. Occurred in the original struggle between man and beast, and now this happened industrial struggle between the nation and the nation - but full of animal is the same. Four years later, Sir Fisher British naval chief of staff to show his more prescient. He said: "I can predict that if the British request to the French promise of leaving a British Army landed in France at war with Germany, the result would be unprecedented against the British - this is not a defeat, because we are determined will not yield - but in terms of our economic resources, it is a fatal blow, and would downgrade the British Navy 'auxiliary military services'. " According to this treaty, the two governments to begin addressing the importance of colonial disputes between them. British in Egypt were free right of disposal, while France also won in Morocco the same rights, the only requirement is to respect the sovereignty of the country. Nevertheless, the two countries in October Fassi has signed a treaty to divide up Morocco, and a copy of this secret British Foreign Office copy. Although this agreement with Britain and France had obviously conflict, but the British Foreign Secretary Lord Lansdowne Road, but no objection Well accepted. This caused an uproar. Silas Algiers shortly after the meeting, between the British Government to obtain an understanding with Russia, including a consent to divide Persia - which is an independent state - as the three regions, north and south between the two countries were Britain and Russia sphere of influence, while the middle was a neutral zone. This solution has made in the Far East area of Russia to lift the worries and can concentrate fully participate in European politics more dangerous gamble. So Triple Entente faced the Triple Alliance, which means that once the war broke out, Germany to be something both sides in the fighting. When the Moroccan crisis is shaking the international relations, in the UK took place in a naval panic disorder, which is Coventry Ordnance Company, Mr. Harrell encouraged Jose up with the result that the British Government, opposition parties and the people are great was shocked. Because it is so unreasonable, so the Fisher real situation before deciding to submit a report to the British king. The end of 1907, he told the king that report: After the March 21, 1909, Fischer has caused the book Ayshire Lord said: "four years of unremitting efforts, we are now deployed in the internal waters of a full fleet of two equipment, Germany Even if all the ships were mobilized and put into combat, we can not compare any two of a fleet, we have a tremendous advantage ... ... that advantage will not change in a few years the ... ... you can sleep peacefully Great feel it! Germany to build vessels not crazy fight with you! No, they worry day and night is the second time 'Copenhagen bombardment', they know whether or Bismarck Pitt are going to do that! " While opposition leader, Mr. Ba Fuer knowing these facts, but in the January 1910 general elections but deliberately engaged in a fierce attack on Germany in order to promote people's psychological fear of Germany and, for the Tories to win votes. He claimed that Britain is in danger, navy inadequate. He said: "I can confirm to you that most countries agreed that the struggle between Britain and Germany have no escape." Mr. Churchill, the Liberal Party, retorted: "Conservative simply ashamed of the attitude of the Navy. This policy is not to cause the phenomenon of a reasonable fear, and no reason to create two major ethnic Antagonism. " | Year | United Kingdom | France | Russia | Germany | | 1909 | 11,076,551 | 4,517,766 | 1,758,487 | 10,177,060 | | 1910 | 14,755,289 | 4,977,682 | 1,424,013 | 11,392,851 | | 1911 | 15,148,171 | 5,876,659 | 3,215,396 | 11,701,899 | | 1912 | 16,132,558 | 7,114,878 | 6,897,580 | 11,491,187 | | 1913 | 16,883,875 | 8,093,064 | 12,082,516 | 11,010,883 | | 1914 | 18,876,080 | 11,772,862 | 13,098,613 | 10,316,244 | May 6, 1910, the death of Edward VII, George V by his son succeeded to the throne. But before his coronation, mid - year June 22 in Morocco took place in another fierce accidents. French government hopes to complete control of Morocco to the protection of nationals as a pretext to occupy Fez. Although the German government still does not know the secret in 1904, but that the French violated the Algiers Treaty Silas was immediately sent a gunboat "Panther" was to Agadir to protect German nationals in Morocco and commercial interests. At this time Lloyd George was the British Minister of Finance to the Mayor's official residence in London, delivered a fiery speech, almost triggered a war. But in November, finally get a peaceful solution, the results obtained in Morocco, France, the right of free disposal, and the German sub had a part of French Congo. This does not make Italy to meet, for fear that the next step in the French occupation of Tripoli, it to protect the business and residents of the "normal" an excuse to declare war on Turkey, invades Tripoli, and the occupation of 佐泽卡尼索 Islands of Rhode Island and other islands. Now say from Western Europe to Eastern Europe, because the development of the empire also embarked on the one hand, in that same dangerous road. This is a good opportunity for Russia not to be missed. Russian government to immediately launch publicity to the Balkans, told them that if we do not stop the war, and jointly resisting foreign aggression, then there was the annexation of Austria-Hungary the risk of one by one. The results form a "Balkan Federation", when the Italian soil the war occurs, it think this is a sacrifice in order to expand Turkey's best chance. Unfortunately, not only UK but also throughout the world have been cocoon. Under the cover of secret diplomacy, in 1904 the "agreement" has become a military alliance can not be a secret escape. July 23, Austria-Hungary delivered an ultimatum to Belgrade time limit is forty-eight hours, to take action to stop the Russians, the British Foreign Secretary urged the Serbian Government to fully yield to Gray, but Sazha Ivanov, the thinking is completely different. He claims this is an unprecedented act of aggression ultimatum, that the only to avoid war with Germany is to make the Berlin authorities to recognize that it faces the joint Allied forces. Then Russia ordered a partial mobilization. German side said that the issue should be separate between the two countries to find a solution Osei, any other powers are enough to cause interference incalculable consequences. Germany is caught in the law between Britain and Russia, the situation is extremely conducive to the overall war, but as pointed out by German White Paper: "if Russia and France continue to help Serbia to endanger the survival of Austria-Hungary, the result will be the Austria-Hungary the gradual collapse, and all Slavic peoples have allegiance to the flag of Russia under the Teutonic base in Central Europe will not. Slavism in Russia's largest oppression, the spirit has been weakened Austria-Hungary is no longer alliance with the qualifications, then both sides of Germany, something more difficult to resist the increasing pressure. "Therefore, resolutely decided to support its ally, Germany. July 25, the Serbian ultimatum of Austria-Hungary made a reply, although the wording of humble, but the content is not complete, it was Austria-Hungary refused. So Austria-Hungary under the general mobilization order, and to declare war on Serbia in the 28th. Russia, too, immediately following the mobilization order. On the 29th, the German Prime Minister Meets with British Ambassador in Berlin, Sir Ghosn, said that if Britain remains neutral, once after the victory over France, Germany, to allow respect for the territorial integrity of France. British rejected his proposal. July 31, the German Ambassador in St. Petersburg was instructed to give the Russian government an ultimatum, requiring it to stop the mobilization within twelve hours, or Germany will mobilize. Because Russia refused to answer, Aug. 1 to enter a state of war between Germany and Russia. France also ordered mobilization. August 2, Italy declared its neutrality (until August 6 Austria-Hungary declared war to Russia only), British Foreign Secretary Grey informed the French government: If the Germans attack the French fleet in the English Channel, the British fleet would intervene. At this point, as early as August 2, the German cavalry patrol had crossed the borders of Luxembourg. Twenty past seven p.m., the German ambassador to Belgium to an ultimatum to the Belgian Government, asked the German forces in Belgium to allow freedom of passage. If agreed, Belgium, the Belgian post-war Germany will maintain the independence and territorial integrity. Answer period of twelve hours, the result is rejected. August 3, King of England King of Belgium made to a private appeal to the protection of his country. Forty-five past six p.m., Germany declared war to France, nine hours later, also the Belgian declaration of war. Finally, to at 15:00 on August 4th, the British Foreign Office, Sir Ghosn was ordered to the German government asking for protection of Belgian neutrality, which is a treaty guaranteed and should be respected. German Chancellor Bateman - Hall, Ludwig said: "just for a bunch of paper, Great Britain actually willing to work with the same racial country at war." Midnight August 4, Britain declared war on Germany. Canadian people to commemorate World War I people to locate Nov. 11, is China's November 12th! On that day people will be wearing a poppy flower flower called the left! Because the Canadian soldiers died in the ground covered with poppy, the tomb is covered with poppy! Outcome of the war statistics World War I, the two warring sides in the proportion of civilian deaths, accounting for 36% of Allied soldiers, civilians accounted for 20% of the Allies; Allied soldiers and civilians, 22% each. Please note that most civilians die in war, the Spanish flu. Allied soldiers killed: 5,497,600 * Belgium: 13,700 United Kingdom: 908,000 * Australia: 60,000 * Canada: 55,000 * India: 25,000 * New Zealand: 16,000 * South Africa: 7,000 * Great Britain: 715,000 * France: 1,240,000 * French colony: 114,000 * Greece: 5,000 * Italy: 650,000 * China: 5000 Japan: 300 * Montenegro: 30,000 * Romania: 336,000 * Russian Empire: 1,700,000 * Serbia: 450,000 * United States: 50,600 Allied soldiers killed: 3,382,500 * Austria-Hungary: 1,200,000 * Bulgaria: 87500 * German Empire: 1,770,000 * Ottoman Empire: 325,000 Civilians killed: 6,493,000 * Austria-Hungary: 300,000 * Belgium: 30,000 United Kingdom: 31,000 * Bulgaria: 275,000 * France: 40,000 * German Empire: 760,000 * Greece: 132,000 * Romania: 275,000 * Russia: 3,100,000 * Serbia: 650,000 * Ottoman Empire: 1,000,000 During World War II, military personnel, civilian deaths over 55 million, belligerent material losses amounting to 4 trillion U.S. dollars total. Paris Peace Conference Nature: the spoils of imperialism will Other Peace The victors and the vanquished have other conditions were harsh peace treaty was signed, the victors and the Austrian part of Austria-Hungary sign the "Treaty of Saint-Germain", Austria-Hungary was divided into nation-states; and Bulgaria signed "it by treaty "Bulgaria lost the Aegean sea, and shall indemnity 400,000,000 $ 45,000,000; and Hungary signed the" Treaty of Trianon, "a substantial reduction of the territory of Hungary; and Turkey signed the" Treaty Sévres, "and completely divide the territory of Ottoman Turkey . Later, only the Republic of Turkey in Istanbul, near the small part of its territory and parts of Asia Minor. The "Treaty of Versailles," and other peace posed by the various post-war Europe and a new system of international relations, is called the Versailles system, the post-war European and international relations have an important impact.
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The impact of war
World War I, there are 30 countries, 15 million people involved in the war on the human spirit and have caused great material destruction. Nation-state War brought great losses to humanity, but in World War I, Czarist Russia, the German Empire, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, the four major empires fell. The Balkans and the Middle East nation state began to rise, such as Yugoslavia, Hungary and Iraq. British weaken The original and the world financial center for the world hegemony of the United Kingdom, although the territory has increased after the war, but because of its control over the territory of the great war casualties and material losses and greatly reduced, and its economy to the war seriously affected Yi Yin , a serious recession, since the world financial center give the United States. October Revolution During the war, the Russian October Revolution happened, the world's first socialist state emerged - the USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics). The rise of US-Japan The war weakened Britain, France, Italy; the United States as the world's number one economic power, the World Financial Center, transferred from London to New York; Japan has also become a creditor by the debtor, and the German sphere of influence formerly occupied Jiaozhou Bay, China and Shandong Peninsula. 1914-1919, the Japanese companies the amount of paid-up capital increased to 2.218 billion yen from 6.123 billion yen, industrial production increased by 4 times. It's real industrial output increased 1.8 times, there has been an export expansion of industrial enterprises as the center of the new climax. The construction of the shipbuilding industry in 1914 79, total 82,000 tons in 1918 jumped to 443, total 540,500 tons, from the pre-war rise of the world's sixth to third place. Germany's revenge "Versailles Treaty" will push all the responsibility for war to the German, which is extremely harsh conditions on Germany's implementation of economic and military sanctions, Germany lost 13% of the country and 12% of the population, Germany is disarmed, the German army was control the population is below 10 are not allowed to have the Air Force. While Germany was defeated in a battle last, but Germany's strength has not been too much harm, industrial system remains intact, and the war in Germany itself has not been affected, and the "Versailles Treaty" victors over the distribution of benefits to consider , has not defeated its own interests into account, coupled with unprecedented harshness of the treaty and plunder of nature, making a German national of a treaty imposed on them have a strong feeling of resentment and conflict, caused the German people strong national sentiments of revenge. Proud of the Germanic people to get rid of "the Treaty of Versailles," the shackles of political forces, all political thought in Germany, scramble, it is particularly intense, it was Germany as a new World War provided the conditions. The results of Hitler's Nazi Germany under the leadership of the party, launched a World War II. May Fourth Movement Peace Treaty of Versailles the German rights in Shandong, China transferred to Japan to become China's May Fourth Movement of the fuse. May 4, 1919 Beijing, China, and the broad masses of young students, the public, business people and other middle and lower classes participated in a wide range of demonstrations, petitions, strikes, strikes, violence against the government and other forms of patriotic movement, and the cause is Paris Peace Conference, the powers trample on China's sovereignty rights and interests of the original transfer to Germany in Shandong to Japan, the Shandong question. It is the rise of the New Culture Movement and the early history of China together to become the first large-scale far-reaching political and ideological and cultural movement in modern China to date on the political, social, cultural, ideological and great influence. The wages World War I soldiers received U.S. $ 1 per person per day for the salary, plus 25, divided into daily consumption in the United States abroad. Later, the Great Depression of the 1930s, veterans, their families and other concerned groups to obtain U.S. government requires real-time war service in the reward amount to no avail and the U.S. military intervention in 1932 led to bloody pay pensions into the event. The status of women Before the outbreak of the First World War, women are not to be seen as "people". Until a war broke out, the men do the soldiers have been imposed, leaving only young and old, disabled woman, at that time, support a family doing things the only woman. So the women went out to work to earn money to support their families. Although they and the men do the same work, they are paid much less, relatively speaking. However, when World War I, a woman's status has improved to some extent. International League In view of the first World War, huge casualties and material losses, such as Britain and France launched a victorious thus to reduce the number of weapons, quell international disputes and maintain the living standards of people in the organization is the International Union (National League). However, the League of Nations can not effectively prevent the fascist aggression. Replace the United Nations after World War II. Military academic World War I experience, academic development of the military had a significant impact. Emerging post-war total war, blitzkrieg, tanks on winning, winning the Air Force and other military theory of the emergence of different perspectives are summarized from the results of World War II experience. Development of new technologies World War I as a catalyst for the development of new technologies. During the war, long before the invention of aircraft by some national attention, and soon entered the practical stage. Military aircraft on the battlefield into a new army. The number of aircraft also increases. During the war, car mobility cause for concern. Before the war in Europe and the United States dominated the streets of the carriage, and soon replaced by a car. Germany and other countries, the lack of raw materials, in order to meet the enemy's blockade, to develop chemical synthesis technology. Thereby promoting the development of chemical technology. Warrior of the strong demand for goods, but also encourage people to continue to improve the production process for the production of management provides the conditions for innovation. Changes in the functions of government agencies Early in the war, governments are not ready for long war, and therefore not to intervene in the economy. With the extension of the war, countries had to establish a _set_ of specialized agencies, in order to effectively utilize the country's human and material resources. These organizations begin with the direction of intervention in the private business investment, is responsible for the allocation of government orders, control the supply of raw materials, adjust a variety of economic relations, foreign trade monopoly. Rhine demilitarized zone Rhine demilitarized zone 50 kilometers east of the Rhine. This is a post-war "Versailles" in the content. "Versailles" is a victory of the Allies after World War peace treaty with Germany, generally including: the introduction of universal military ban on compulsory military service in Germany, only the recruitment of support staff to join the army, only 10 million people in the Army reserves, has allowed the Air Force, Navy surface ships to retain only part of the light (when Hitler came to power in Germany only 36 light surface ships), not allowed to have a large tonnage ships and submarines, 50 km east of the Rhine Garrison in Germany may not fortified, the so-called Rhine demilitarized zone. Germany and Austria banned the political composition of any form of merger or alliance of groups. Territory of Germany in the Franco-Prussian War to France to obtain the return of Alsace and Lorraine, Saar coal mining area hosted by the League for 15 years, during which free France from here as the German occupation of mining coal in Alsace and Lorraine compensation (both are important coal base in France), 15 years after the expiration of the referendum decision has Saarland vested (that is, the area is incorporated into France, or the reunification of Germany, German reunification in 1934, Saar), Germany gave up the large territory, on this basis, to rebuild the Polish state, the German all overseas colonies by the League of Nations "Mandate", in fact, the British and French carved up Japan and other major victors. Provisions of the German economy to pay a large indemnity, but did not provide for specific number. Later, he proposed to the Allied side Dawes Plan and the Young Plan ,1929 - 1933 Germany announced after the outbreak of the economic crisis stopped paying reparations.
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About the war
Date: June 28, 1914 -1918 on November 11 Location: Europe, Africa, the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian Ocean, the Middle East Results: The death of the Allies won (approx.): 10,000,000 people Soldiers: 9000000 The civilian population: 7,000,000 Total: 16,690,000 Initiating country: Allies, the Allies Main belligerent: Allies * Kingdom of Serbia Russia * France * Belgium * British Empire and its colonies * Japan * Kingdom of Italy (May 1915, Italy withdraw from the Triple Alliance, to join the Allies) * Romania * Greece * United States * China, Allies * German Empire * Austria-Hungary * Ottoman Empire * Bulgaria Main course of the war the Allies (Central Powers) and Allies (Triple Entente) between the fighting. German Empire and Austria-Hungary were allies, Britain, France, Italy, the Russian Empire and Serbia is the Allies. In the 1914-1918 period, many in Asia, Europe and America countries have joined the Allies. The main battlefield in Europe. Worth noting that although the Allies in Italy, but later the United Kingdom, France and Russia signed a secret treaty with Italy, promised to give Italy some of the land, the result against Italy joined the Entente Allies. The war about 65,000,000 people in the war, 10,000,000 people lost their lives, 20,000,000 people were injured.
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Encyclopedia
Di-yi Ci Shijie Dazhan World War I First World War 1914 ~ 1918, Allied Group and Allied Group to re-divide between the colonies and spheres of influence for world hegemony and the first world-scale war. This imperialist war lasted 4 years and 3 months, the war spread across Europe, extended to Africa and Asia, the North Sea, the Atlantic, the Mediterranean and the Pacific have occurred in the southern waters of the fierce sea battle. This war has involved 33 countries, more than 1.5 billion population. (See color pictures of World War I battlefields of Europe) World War I, World War II roots and causes of the imperialist system is the product of capitalism from free competition to the monopoly stage of development, all countries reap greater profits for the financial oligarchy, plundering the wealth of other countries the strength contest. It is the imperialist stage of capitalist development, the imbalance increased, the emerging imperialist countries seek to re-divide the world compete for the final battle for world hegemony. Economic and political roots of the late 19th early 20th century, the world capitalist country's economy has developed rapidly. World steel production in 1900 increased more than 54 times in 1870, the total length of railways increased by nearly 3 times the oil production increased by 1.5 times. Doubled the world's total industrial output value of heavy industry over light industry dominate. Chemical, electric power, oil, automotive and other new heavy industry sector has emerged. All the major capitalist powers of production and capital has reached a high degree of concentration, cartels, syndicates, trusts and other forms of monopoly has dominated in the economy. Bank capital and industrial capital of mutual integration, the formation of financial capital and the financial oligarchy forces. National financial oligarchy with strong capital strength, in fact, become the rulers of these countries. Governments on behalf of the interests of financial capital for the Group to maximize monopoly profits and plunder his nation's wealth, and actively implement the policy of foreign expansion and aggression, leading to sharp contradictions between the imperialist countries together. The capitalist powers to use force around the world compete in the colony. By 1900, 90.4% of the African continent, Asia 56.6% of the region, the Americas and Australia 27.2% of the region all have been reduced to Britain, Russia, France, Germany and other countries of the colony, the world's territory among themselves. But the imperialist powers colonial possession uneven. Older colonial powers Britain, Russia, France and accounts for most of the colonial world. In 1914, the British colonial possession of the total area of about 33.5 million square kilometers, is 110 times the area of the United Kingdom. Tsarist Russia's colonial occupation of an area of 17,400,000 square kilometers, ranking No. 2 behind the United Kingdom. Colony of France has 10.6 million square kilometers, is the world's No. 3 colonial empire. Germany, the United States, Japan, three-and-coming imperialist countries, in the 19th century, 80 years ago has no colonies, to 1914, the German colonial area of only 2.9 million square kilometers, the United States and Japan, each 30 square kilometers. However, Germany, United States, Japan's economic growth and national strength has quickly caught up and surpassed Britain, France, Russia a few old imperialist countries. Germany, U.S. and Japan are not satisfied with this situation, requiring the use of force to re-divide colonies. Consecutive years 1898 to 1905 occurred in the Spanish-American War, the British Boer War and Russo-Japanese War, the imperialist re-division of the world carried out for the first few imperialist war. Cyclical capitalist economic crisis and intensification of class contradictions, so that imperialist nations rule instability. In order to pass the crisis, the imperialist countries to step up military preparations in an attempt to launch wars of aggression to solve domestic crises.