Peru (Spanish: Perú, Quechua: Piruw, Aymara: Piruw), officially the Republic of Peru (Spanish: República del Perú (help·info), IPA: [reˈpuβlika del peˈɾu]), is a country in western South America. It is bordered on the north by Ecuador and Colombia, on the east by Brazil, on the southeast by Bolivia, on the south by Chile, and on the west by the Pacific Ocean.
Peruvian territory was home to the Norte Chico civilization, one of the oldest in the world, and to the Inca Empire, the largest state in Pre-Columbian America. The Spanish Empire conquered the region in the 16th century and established a Viceroyalty, which included most of its South American colonies. After achieving independence in 1821, Peru has undergone periods of political unrest and fiscal crisis as well as periods of stability and economic upswing.
Peru is a representative democratic republic divided into 25 regions. Its geography varies from the arid plains of the Pacific coast to the peaks of the Andes mountains and the tropical forests of the Amazon Basin. It is a developing country with a medium Human Development Index score and a poverty level around 40%. Its main economic activities include agriculture, fishing, mining, and manufacturing of products such as textiles.
The Peruvian population, estimated at 28 million, is multiethnic, including Amerindians, Europeans, Africans and Asians. The main spoken language is Spanish, although a significant number of Peruvians speak Quechua or other native languages. This mixture of cultural traditions has resulted in a wide diversity of expressions in fields such as art, cuisine, literature, and music.
The word Peru is derived from Birú, the name of a local ruler who lived near the Bay of San Miguel, Panama, in the early 16th century. When his possessions were visited by Spanish explorers in 1522, they were the southernmost part of the New World yet known to Europeans. Thus, when Francisco Pizarro explored the regions farther south, they came to be designated Birú or Peru. The Spanish Crown gave the name legal status with the 1529 Capitulación de Toledo, which designated the newly encountered Inca Empire as the province of Peru. Under Spanish rule, the country adopted the denomination Viceroyalty of Peru, which became Republic of Peru after independence.
History
The earliest evidence of human presence in Peruvian territory has been dated to approximately 11,000 years BCE. The oldest known complex society in Peru, the Norte Chico civilization, flourished along the coast of the Pacific Ocean between 3000 and 1800 BCE. These early developments were followed by archaeological cultures such as Chavin, Paracas, Mochica, Nazca, Wari, and Chimu. In the 15th century, the Incas emerged as a powerful state which, in the span of a century, formed the largest empire in pre-Columbian America. Andean societies were based on agriculture, using techniques such as irrigation and terracing; camelid husbandry and fishing were also important. Organization relied on reciprocity and redistribution because these societies had no notion of market or money.
Machu Picchu, the "Lost City of the Incas"In 1532, a group of conquistadors led by Francisco Pizarro defeated Inca Emperor Atahualpa and imposed Spanish rule. Ten years later, the Spanish Crown established the Viceroyalty of Peru, which included most of its South American colonies. Viceroy Francisco de Toledo reorganized the country in the 1570s with silver mining as its main economic activity and Indian forced labor as its primary workforce. Peruvian bullion provided revenue for the Spanish Crown and fueled a complex trade network that extended as far as Europe and the Philippines. However, by the 18th century, declining silver production and economic diversification greatly diminished royal income. In response, the Crown enacted the Bourbon Reforms, a series of edicts that increased taxes and partitioned the Viceroyalty of Peru. The new laws provoked Túpac Amaru II's rebellion and other revolts, all of which were defeated.
In the early 19th century, while most of South America was swept by wars of independence, Peru remained a royalist stronghold. As the elite hesitated between emancipation and loyalty to the Spanish Monarchy, independence was achieved only after the military campaigns of José de San Martín and Simón Bolívar. During the early years of the Republic, endemic struggles for power between military leaders caused political instability. National identity was forged during this period, as Bolivarian projects for a Latin American Confederation foundered and a union with Bolivia proved ephemeral. Between the 1840s and 1860s, Peru enjoyed a period of stability under the presidency of Ramón Castilla due to increased state revenues from guano exports. However, by the 1870s, these resources had been squandered, the country was heavily indebted, and political in-fighting was again on the rise.
Angamos, a decisive battle during the War of the Pacific.Peru was defeated by Chile in the 1879–1883 War of the Pacific, losing the provinces of Arica and Tarapacá in the treaties of Ancón and Lima. Internal struggles after the war were followed by a period of stability under the Civilista Party, which lasted until the onset of the authoritarian regime of Augusto B. Leguía. The Great Depression caused the downfall of Leguía, renewed political turmoil, and the emergence of the American Popular Revolutionary Alliance (APRA). The rivalry between this organization and a coalition of the elite and the military defined Peruvian politics for the following three decades.
In 1968, the Armed Forces, led by General Juan Velasco Alvarado, staged a coup against president Fernando Belaunde. The new regime undertook radical reforms aimed at fostering development but failed to gain widespread support. In 1975, Velasco was forcefully replaced as president by General Francisco Morales Bermúdez, who paralyzed reforms and oversaw the reestablishment of democracy. During the 1980s, Peru faced a considerable external debt, ever-growing inflation, a surge in drug trafficking, and massive political violence. Under the presidency of Alberto Fujimori (1990–2000), the country started to recover; however, accusations of authoritarianism, corruption, and human rights violations forced his resignation after the controversial 2000 elections. Since the end of the Fujimori regime, Peru has tried to fight corruption while sustaining economic growth; the current president is Alan García.
Government
Congress sits in the Palacio Legislativo in Lima.Peru is a presidential representative democratic republic with a multi-party system. Under the current constitution, the President is the head of state and government; he or she is elected for five years and may not immediately be re-elected. The President designates the Prime Minister and, with his advice, the rest of the Council of Ministers. There is a unicameral Congress with 120 members elected for a five-year term. Bills may be proposed by either the executive or the legislative branch; they become law after being passed by Congress and promulgated by the President. The judiciary is nominally independent, though political intervention into judicial matters has been common throughout history and arguably continues today.
The Peruvian government is directly elected, and voting is compulsory for all citizens aged 18 to 70. General elections held in 2006 ended in a second round victory for presidential candidate Alan García of the Peruvian Aprista Party (52.6% of valid votes) over Ollanta Humala of Union for Peru (47.4%). Congress is currently composed of the Peruvian Aprista Party (36 seats), Peruvian Nationalist Party (23 seats), Union for Peru (19 seats), National Unity (15 seats), the Fujimorista Alliance for the Future (13 seats), the Parliamentary Alliance (9 seats) and the Democratic Special Parliamentary Group (5 seats).
Peruvian foreign relations have been dominated by border conflicts with neighboring countries, most of which were settled during the 20th century. There is still an ongoing dispute with Chile over maritime limits in the Pacific Ocean. Peru is an active member of several regional blocs and one of the founders of the Andean Community of Nations. It is also a participant in international organizations such as the Organization of American States and the United Nations. The Peruvian military is composed of an army, a navy and an air force; its primary mission is to safeguard the independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity of the country. The armed forces are subordinate to the Ministry of Defense and to the President as Commander-in-Chief. Conscription was abolished in 1999 and replaced by voluntary military service.
Regions
Ama
zonasAncashApurímacArequipaAyacuchoCaja
marcaCuscoHuánucoHuanca
velicaIcaJunínLa LibertadLamba
yequeLimaLima
ProvinceCallaoLoretoMadre de DiosMoqueguaPascoPiuraPunoTacnaTumbesSan
MartínUcayali
infoClickable map of the regions of Peru.Peru is divided into 25 regions and the province of Lima. Each region has an elected government composed of a president and a council, which serves for a four-year term. These governments plan regional development, execute public investment projects, promote economic activities, and manage public property. The province of Lima is administered by a city council.
Regions:
Amazonas
Ancash
Apurímac
Arequipa
Ayacucho
Cajamarca
Callao
Cusco
Huancavelica
Huánuco
Ica
Junín
La Libertad
Lambayeque
Lima
Loreto
Madre de Dios
Moquegua
Pasco
Piura
Puno
San Martín
Tacna
Tumbes
Ucayali
Province:
Lima
Geography
Topographic map of PeruPeru covers 1,285,220 km² (496,193 sq mi), making it approximately two-thirds the size of Mexico. It neighbors Ecuador and Colombia to the north, Brazil to the east, Bolivia to the southeast, Chile to the south, and the Pacific Ocean to the west.
The Andes mountains run parallel to the Pacific Ocean, dividing the country into three geographic regions. The costa (coast), to the west, is a narrow plain, largely arid except for valleys created by seasonal rivers. The sierra (highlands) is the region of the Andes; it includes the Altiplano plateau as well as the highest peak of the country, the 6,768 m (22,205 ft) Huascarán. The third region is the selva (jungle), a wide expanse of flat terrain covered by the Amazon rainforest that extends east. Almost 60% of the country's area is located within this region.
Most Peruvian rivers originate in the Andes and drain into one of three basins. Those that drain toward the Pacific Ocean are steep and short, flowing only intermittently. Tributaries of the Amazon River are longer, have a much larger flow, and are less steep once they exit the sierra. Rivers that drain into Lake Titicaca are generally short and have a large flow. Peru's longest rivers are the Ucayali, the Marañón, the Putumayo, the Yavarí, the Huallaga, the Urubamba, the Mantaro, and the Amazon.
The peaks of the Andes are the source of many Peruvian rivers.Peru, unlike other equatorial countries, does not have an exclusively tropical climate; the influence of the Andes and the Humboldt Current causes great climatic diversity within the country. The costa has moderate temperatures, low precipitations, and high humidity, except for its warmer, wetter northern reaches. In the sierra, rain is frequent during summer, and temperature and humidity diminish with altitude up to the frozen peaks of the Andes. The selva is characterized by heavy rainfall and high temperatures, except for its southernmost part, which has cold winters and seasonal rainfall. Because of its varied geography and climate, Peru has a high biodiversity; 21,462 species of plants and animals had been reported as of 2003, 5,855 of them endemic. The Peruvian government has established several protected areas for their preservation.
Economy
The seaport of Callao is the main outlet for Peruvian exports.Peru is a developing country with a 2005 Human Development Index score of 0.773. Its 2006 per capita income was US$3,374; 39.3% of its total population is poor, including 13.7% that is extremely poor. Historically, the country's economic performance has been tied to exports, which provide hard currency to finance imports and external debt payments. Although exports have provided substantial revenue, self-sustained growth and a more egalitarian distribution of income have proven elusive.
Peruvian economic policy has varied widely over the past decades. The 1968–1975 government of Juan Velasco Alvarado introduced radical reforms, which included agrarian reform, the expropriation of foreign companies, the introduction of an economic planning system, and the creation of a large state-owned sector. These measures failed to achieve their objectives of income redistribution and the end of economic dependence on developed nations. Despite these adverse results, most reforms were not reversed until the 1990s, when the liberalizing government of Alberto Fujimori ended price controls, protectionism, restrictions on foreign direct investment, and most state ownership of companies. Reforms have permitted sustained economic growth since 1993, except for a slump after the 1997 Asian financial crisis.
Services account for 53% of Peruvian gross domestic product, followed by manufacturing (22.3%), extractive industries (15%), and taxes (9.7%). Recent economic growth has been fueled by macroeconomic stability, improved terms of trade, and rising investment and consumption. Trade is expected to increase further after the implementation of a free trade agreement with the United States, which was signed on April 12, 2006. Peru's main exports are copper, gold, zinc, textiles, and fish meal; its major trade partners are the United States, China, Brazil, and Chile.
Demographics
Peruvian woman and child of Amerindian ancestryWith about 28 million inhabitants, Peru is the fourth most populous country in South America as of 2007. Its demographic growth rate declined from 2.6% to 1.6% between 1950 and 2000; population is expected to reach approximately 42 million in 2050. As of 2005, 72.6% lived in urban areas and 27.4% in rural areas. Major cities include Lima, Arequipa, Trujillo, Chiclayo, Piura, Iquitos, Chimbote, Cusco, and Huancayo, all of which reported more than 200,000 inhabitants in the 1993 census.
Peru is a multiethnic nation formed by the combination of different groups over five centuries. Amerindians inhabited Peruvian territory for several millennia before Spanish Conquest in the 16th century; their population decreased from an estimated 9 million in the 1520s to around 600,000 in 1620 mainly due to infectious diseases. Spaniards and Africans arrived in large numbers under colonial rule, mixing widely with each other and with indigenous peoples. After independence, there has been a gradual European immigration from England, France, Germany, Italy, and Spain. Chinese arrived in the 1850s as a replacement for slave workers and have since become a major influence in Peruvian society. Other immigrant groups include Arabs and Japanese.
Spanish, the first language of 80.3% of Peruvians age 5 and older in 1993, is the primary language of the country. It coexists with several indigenous languages, the most important of which is Quechua, spoken by 16.5% of the population in 1993. Other native and foreign languages were spoken at that time by 3% and 0.2% of Peruvians, respectively. The 2006 National Continuous Census conducted by the National Statistics Institute (INEI) finds that 85 percent of the population that identified with a religion is Catholic and 11 percent Protestant; the remaining 4 percent includes Adventists, Mormons, Jehovah's Witnesses, and Israelites of the New Universal Pact. Literacy was estimated at 88.9% in 2005; this rate is lower in rural areas (76.1%) than in urban areas (94.8%). Primary and secondary education are compulsory and free in public schools.
Culture
Anonymous Cuzco School painting, 18th centuryPeruvian culture is primarily rooted in Amerindian and Spanish traditions, though it has also been influenced by various African, Asian, and European ethnic groups. Peruvian artistic traditions date back to the elaborate pottery, textiles, jewelry, and sculpture of Pre-Inca cultures. The Incas maintained these crafts and made architectural achievements including the construction of Machu Picchu. Baroque dominated colonial art, though modified by native traditions. During this period, most art focused on religious subjects; the numerous churches of the era and the paintings of the Cuzco School are representative. Arts stagnated after independence until the emergence of Indigenismo in the early 20th century. Since the 1950s, Peruvian art has been eclectic and shaped by both foreign and local art currents.
Peruvian literature has its roots in the oral traditions of pre-Columbian civilizations. Spaniards introduced writing in the 16th century; colonial literary expression included chronicles and religious literature. After independence, Costumbrism and Romanticism became the most common literary genres, as exemplified in the works of Ricardo Palma. In the early 20th century, the Indigenismo movement produced such writers as Ciro Alegría, José María Arguedas, and César Vallejo. During the second half of the century, Peruvian literature became more widely known because of authors such as Mario Vargas Llosa, a leading member of the Latin American Boom.
Ceviche is a citrus marinated seafood dish.Peruvian cuisine is a blend of Amerindian and Spanish food with strong influences from African, Arab, Italian, Chinese, and Japanese cooking. Common dishes include anticuchos, ceviche, humitas, and pachamanca. Because of the variety of climates within Peru, a wide range of plants and animals are available for cooking. Peruvian cuisine has recently received acclaim due to its diversity of ingredients and techniques.
Peruvian music has Andean, Spanish and African roots. In pre-Hispanic times, musical expressions varied widely from region to region; the quena and the tinya were two common instruments. Spanish conquest brought the introduction of new instruments such as the guitar and the harp, as well as the development of crossbred instruments like the charango. African contributions to Peruvian music include its rhythms and the cajón, a percussion instrument. Peruvian folk dances include marinera, tondero, danza de tijeras and huayno.
South America's third largest country, with Ecuador, Colombia, Brazil, Bolivia, Chile border. An area of 1,285,216 square kilometers, population 22.33 million (1990), Lima
Translated by Google
秘鲁(ｂì－)
Peru (bì-): South America Western countries. Pro Pacific. Area of 128 52 million square kilometers. Population 2355 million (1994). The capital of Lima. Andes south bound, cool mountain climate; western arid coastal plain, the east is hot and humid lowlands. Developed mining, oil and copper, the most important mining and production of iron, zinc, bismuth, and silver. Mineral products are exported. The famous fishing grounds offshore. Fishmeal production and exports highest in the world.
Translated by Google
No. 4
Best Peru Travel time: throughout the tropics from west to east into the desert, plateau and tropical rain forest climate. Average temperature 12 ~ 32 ℃, Central 1 ~ 14 ℃, Eastern 24 ~ 35 ℃. April and August to October is best visit. Two weeks before Christmas and Easter week should not be. 1-3 months to take leave. June, July, Independence Day, 11 month period, hotels will be full, to make reservations in advance, in addition to lodging hotels are no problem. Folk Festivals Peru: Peru Spanish residents to keep a lot of practices, such as keen to cock fighting, bullfighting, but also like movies and theater. They also like hiking, often visit the country's cultural regions and cities. Peruvians loved dancing is an activity held every year to dance-oriented national carnival. Chinese martial arts of some cities in Peru are more popular. Peru residents usually more casual dress, wearing a suit on formal occasions. Peruvian food to mainly Western, but full of national characteristics. Peruvians worship the sun god, son Sunzi Hao Yi Shi sun, yellow has always been advocating, their food more yellow-based, such as yellow potatoes, yellow squash, yellow pepper and other persimmons. "Sir" and "Lady" is the most used in public Peruvians title, for unmarried young men and women can be called Master and Miss. Meet familiar friends, you can directly call each other names. On formal occasions to call the former Canadian administrative duties or academic titles. Invited to Peruvian guest at home, can take a bunch of flowers, a box of chocolates or a bottle of wine, but to avoid the purple color, purple is unknown, as a result of Peruvians. Peru is a resident of Western-style taboo, with Spain and Mexico and other Latin American countries. Indians throughout the year separated from a large shawl. Peruvian conservative and cautious. Both men and women can meet and shake hands at parting. Men hugged each other good friends, good friends among women kiss each cheek, any occasion, flowers are available as gifts. Most of the dinner is at 9 pm or even later start, at the dinner arrived half an hour after the start was considered normal. The only thing required is to look at the absolute time bullfighting competition. Involved parties are advised to avoid talking politics. Lima every 10 months, during ceremonies in November, every Sunday at acho Square Jieyou Bull competition. The Uro Indians are one of the world's original peoples. They live in the Lake Titicaca, among the cattails. They live in Typha stacked with dozens of "floating islands", each "island" on the lives of 4 to 5 families. Household and had built huts with fragrant rushes, roof cylindrical cone, from afar, resemble mushrooms in general. In addition, cattail, or one of their major food. Uro women also used a variety of daily necessities and handicrafts woven cattail, which is "Hong Pu Wenming." Holiday List: New Year's Day: January 1 Condra Australia Virgin Festival: February 2-15 days Valentine's Day: February 14 Easter: The March 22-April 25 between International Labour Day: May 1 Mother's Day: Every year the second Sunday in May as Mother's Day provides Father's Day: Every year the third Sunday of June as Father's Day requirements. Oath of allegiance to the Flag Day: June 7 St. Peter and Paul Day: June 29 Sun Festival: June 24 Ya Waer Festival: In late July, 1780 Independence Day (National Day): July 28 Lima Rose Festival: August 30 God of Day Tour: October Halloween: Nov. 1 All Souls Day: November 2 The city of Puno Day: November 4 -5 days Army Day, the Battle of Ayacucho Victory Day: December 9 Christmas: Dec. 25 Army and police Festival: In addition to article 18 of the Army described Festival: December 9, the army festival there, the Air Force Day: July 23, Armed Forces Day: September 24, the Navy Day: October 8 that An Jiamo anniversary of the Battle of the National Police Day: December 6. Peru Special tips: 1, tri-band GSM mobile phone this can be used, frequency of the no. 2, Peru salary is not high, no need to tip more. Airport baggage handling and hotel attendants, depending on how many bags to 1-3 dollars. Despite the general restaurant bills include 13% service charge, but generally still another to about 1 - 2% of the tip. taxis do not pay a tip. 3 Important Phone: Directory Assistance: 103; emergency: 105; emergency call: Police 4416377/4752995/2250202; medical emergency center 2254040/4377071/2426869 Pisco, wine and pisco cocktails Pisco is subject to the wonders of the wilderness of Peru and the impact of Indian and Spanish with a wine produced. This wine is not stored in a large deep conical shape of individual containers in the mud. Pisco dedicated to the production of these containers. Pisco manufactured by distillation, which began with the traditional techniques of the mid-16th century introduction of grape cultivation soon. We pisco sour cocktail made wine, renowned throughout the world. Modulation must add egg, sugar, lemon juice, syrup, bitter liquid, crushed ice and cinnamon. Game fish than the cut "Se Biqie" from Gu Moqie language, this dish is fresh fish and meat for the needs of them soaked in marinade, the resulting invention. Lemon ancient Peruvians do not know this kind of thing, but they know some other sour fruits, such as "churuba", "camu-camu" and the West and other fan Lin. The fruit juice can provide adequate preservation function. Later in the dish and add the red onion, pepper, curry and lettuce, until the arrival of immigrants in the Andes, it was finally shaped boiled sweet potatoes and corn to join the stick form. Peru Shopping: Local shopping Inca crafts mainly dominated by gold, silver, copper, leather products, camel wool products, wood based products. Peru transportation: train the locals in Peru one of the main means of transport. Southern Peru, Arequipa, Puno and Cusco between the three cities to facilitate the rail transportation system, to guarantee seat and passenger tickets. One Puno - Marcus Line tickets can Puno, Cusco and Bolivia Ke Paka in any of the three cities to buy. In between Cuzco and Lima not available to ride the train, but buses and trams are also a good choice. Peru most of the taxi meter is not installed, so it is often necessary and the driver before departure to some bargaining. Large hotels and airport taxi scheduling, fares slightly more expensive but safe and comfortable. Taxi-free tip. Each piece of luggage 900 Sol. Hostel 10%, the general joined the bill is attached, can be an extra 5% to the waiter, and other services per day to 300soles. Accommodation Peru: Peru hotel prices in general prices are not high, a simple bed one night not more than 10 USD to hotel approximately U.S. economy is about 15 yuan (person ╱ days). Peru Entertainment: Jockey in Peru has a long history, has a mass of sports and entertainment activities. Race to the elegant and superb equestrian knight, reputation in the international horse racing enthusiasts. Arequipa, Ica, Lambayeque produced in the provinces of horse, rider by countries to bid. Peru, almost without exception, the size of the city a wide smooth racetrack Piyou. Competitions and performances every week, the capital of Lima has a modern Mengtelike racecourse up to 4 games a week. Arrangements generally have speed racing games and horse skills. There Pegasus Equestrian traditional chicken wins, "horse dance" and so on. Horse racing news and pictures in the newspapers every day, figured prominently.
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