Zu Chong Zhi (429-500): Southern and Northern Dynasties mathematician and astronomer. Word Wenyuan, Fan Yang Qiu County (now Hebei Laishui North) people. In mathematics, computing pi, reached 3 1415926 <π <3 1415927, and the first proposed rate of about 22 / 7 and Mi 355/113, a thousand years earlier than in the West. In astronomy, the Creation of "Daming calendar", the earliest introduction of the precession calendar. Guide also designed and manufactured car, Shueiduei grinding, Trinidad boat sophisticated machinery. More books have been lost, and now the only remaining "Daming calendar", "Refutation" and so on.
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zǔ chōng zhī
(429-500) of China Northern and Southern Dynasties Southern mathematician, astronomer. Word Wenyuan, Fan Yang-Qiu (now Hebei Laishui County) people. He was in mathematics, astronomy and calendar, machinery and so have a significant contribution. In mathematics, he absorbed the results of previous studies, further pi after the decimal point projection to the first seven, that is between 3.1415926 to 3.1415927. He also used 22 / 7, said about the rate π, π with the 355/113 that the secret rate than the 16 century, Ye Deguo of Ottawa and the Netherlands Anthonisz off a thousand years earlier. His math books have "write operation" and "IX Meaning note." In the calendar, working out common than was "Yuan Jia Li" better "Daming calendar" provides for one year as 365.24281481 days, and modern astronomers measured values compared to just under 50 seconds. Was the most accurate calendar. In machinery manufacturing, he transformed the guide car, created with water-driven "Shueiduei grinding"
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No. 3
(429 years -500 years)
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Biography
Zu (zǔchōngzhī, AD 429 AD 500 years ─) is a mathematician and scientist. Northern and Southern Dynasties people, the word text far. Emperor Yuan Jia is not born six years, died faint Hou Qi yuan two years. County native of Fan Yang Qiu County (now Laishui County, Hebei). Ancestors moved south, in charge of civil construction grandfather, my father learned. Zu small to accept the well-known scientific knowledge. When young people enter the Waring School provinces, engaged in academic activities. Life has either been south of Xuzhou (now Zhenjiang City) in the history of public and government to join the army, Logan County (now Northeast China Kunshan County) Order, Ye Zhe Pu She, and other long water XiaoWei official. The main contribution to mathematics, astronomy, calendar, and mechanical three. In mathematics, he wrote "infix operation", which is income the famous "ten count by the book" in the Tang Dynasty Imperial College as a mathematics textbook, but unfortunately was lost. "Li Zhi Sui law," leaving a small section on the pi (π) of the records, Zu calculate the true value of π 3.1415926 (Xun number) and 3.1415927 (earnings number), equal accurate to 7 decimal place became the world's most advanced achievements. The record before the 15th century by the Arab mathematician Mikhail broken. Zu π are given in the form of two scores: 22 / 7 (about rate) and 355/113 (density ratio), in which density rate accurate to 7 decimal place only in the West until the 16th century by the Dutch mathematician Otto re- found. Zu and his son Zu Geng also successful with the use of "co-Mou square cover" to solve the global problem of calculating the volume, the volume formula to get the right ball. In the astronomical calendar, the Zu created a "Daming calendar", the first to precession the introduction of the calendar; used 391 plus 144 leap month of the new leap week; first precision measure point of intersection on the number of days (27.21223), regression of the number of days (365.2428) and other data, also invented the sundial measuring several days around the winter solstice the sun at noon shadow length to be the winter solstice moment method. In mechanics, he had Shueiduei design and manufacture of grinding, copper mechanical drive guide vehicles, ships thousands of miles, timers and so on. In addition, he temperament, literature, textual has also accomplished, He is fluent in temperament, good at chess, also wrote a novel "Shu Yi Ji." Is rare in the history of erudite figure. To commemorate the great ancient scientists, people will back a lunar crater named "Zu crater", the asteroid 1888 named "Zu asteroid."
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People Life
AD 42o from the demise of the Eastern Jin Dynasty to the Sui Dynasty 589 years of unity among the country's one hundred and seventy, the formation history of our country confrontation between North and South, the period known as the Northern and Southern. AD 42o Southern general Liu Yu usurping the throne of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the establishment of the Song regime began, through the Song, Qi, Liang and Chen dynasties. Confrontation with the Northern Dynasties Southern and Northern dynasties through the Northern Wei, Eastern Wei, Western Wei, Northern Qi Dynasty, Northern Zhou dynasties. Zu is a Southern man, born in the Song, when death is during the Southern Qi. Southern society was relatively stable as agriculture and handicrafts have significant progress, economy and culture has been developing rapidly, which also contributed to the advance of science. Therefore, in this period of time, there have been some great achievements of Southern scientists, Zu is one of the most prominent figures. Zu Qiu county of origin is a Fan Yang County (now Yi County, Hebei). In the Western Jin Dynasty, home country since the war home has been destroyed, moved south to live. Zu Zu Chang grandfather had served in government in the Song Da Jiang Qing, who presides over the construction, is to master a number of scientific and technical knowledge; same time, the home country have a great history of the astronomical calendar. So Zu childhood exposure to science and technology have the opportunity. Zu for the natural sciences and literature, philosophy has a wide range of interests, especially in astronomy, mathematics, and machinery manufacturing, more a passion and in-depth study. Early youth, he had a reputation for erudite, and was then sent to a government research agencies - Waring School provinces, to do research. He later served as a local official. In 461 AD, he was appointed South Xuzhou (now Jiangsu Zhenjiang) in the provincial governor's palace. 464 years, the government transferred him to Lou Song County (now Jiangsu Kunshan County, Northeast) as magistrate. Song Dynasty, Zu back to our health (now Nanjing), as Yezhe Pu She's office. From this point, has been in attendance toward the early years, he spent a large effort to study the mechanical manufacturing, re-made guide to cars, invented thousands of miles the ship, Shueiduei grinding, etc., made an outstanding contribution. When Zu his later years, Qi towards the ruling group had civil strife, political corruption and darkness, people's lives is very painful. Northern Wei took the opportunity to send soldiers to south attack. From AD 494 to 5o0 years, Jiangnan area has plunged into war. For such a heavy force of internal and external political situation, Zu deeply concerned. About AD 494 to 498 years between, he served as Captain of the official length of the water. At that time he wrote an article entitled "On the security side," suggested that land reclamation, development of agriculture, enhance the strength, stability and people's livelihood, strengthen national defense. Qiming Di saw this article, intends to send Zu patrolling the square, the establishment of the cause of which are conducive to people's livelihood. However, due to years of war, his proposal has not been able to achieve. A moment later, the superior of the greatest scientists live to seventy-year-old to the time of the year 50o died. Calendar reform introduced precession Working people in ancient China, due to the need for animal husbandry and agricultural production, after a long period of observation, found the sun and the moon to run the basic law. They first full moon or the moon to full moon or the moon a second period of time defined as one month twenty-nine days is little more than a month, twelve months as a year. This dating method is called the lunar calendar. They also observed: from the first winter solstice to the next winter (in fact, the earth around the sun a week) require a total of three hundred sixty-five days and a quarter days, and it will call some time this year. Calculated in accordance with this approach is often called the Gregorian calendar. However, the lunar and solar calendar year, the number of days a year is not exactly equal. Calculated according to the lunar calendar, the year a total of three hundred fifty-four days; calculated according to the solar calendar year shall be three hundred sixty-five days five hours forty-eighth forty-six seconds. Lunar solar calendar year, less than one year eleven days more. To make this consistent with the number of days the two calendars together, we must think of ways to adjust the lunar year, the number of days. For this problem, our ancestors had already found a solution, that is, a "leap month" approach. A number of years to arrange a leap year, one in each leap year leap month added. Every leap year, ten months a year there. As a result of this leap year approaches, the lunar year and solar year is more in line. In ancient times, our family has always been the ninth year calendar as a leap year calculation unit, known as the "chapter" in each chapter, there are seven leap years. That is, in the nineteenth year, there shall be seven years is ten months. The Run method has been used a thousand years, but it is not enough careful and precise. AD 412, the Northern Liang Zhao Fei creation "Yuanshi calendar" before breaking the old chapter regulation to limit the _insert_ion in the middle of six years two hundred twenty-one leap month. Zhao Fei Unfortunately, the reform did not cause the attention of people at that time, such as the famous home calendar 443 years, Edward made in the year, "Yuan Jia Li," when, or the use of the ancient seven nineteen years. Zu Zhao Fei learned the advanced theory, combined with his own observations, that the nineteen years the number of seven intercalated leap too many bad day every two years will, and six hundred two hundred twenty-one Zhao Fei Chuang's leap a few but a little too thin, not very sophisticated. Therefore, he proposed a three hundred and ninety one hundred forty-four leap year, a new leap method. The Run method is probably the most sophisticated of the time. Run away from the reform law, Zu research in the calendar, another major achievement, is the first-ever application of the "precession." With the progressive development of astronomy in ancient China scientists have gradually discovered the phenomenon of precession. Deng Han Ping, Liu Xin Eastern Han Dynasty, Jia Kui, who have observed the phenomenon of the winter solstice point shift, but they are not yet clear that the existence of precession. To the Eastern Jin dynasty, the astronomers began Yuxi sure precession phenomenon, and the first to advocate the introduction of precession in the calendar. He presented the first data precession, calculated the winter solstice once every five years back. Later, the Southern Song dynasty, Edward precession that once every hundred years difference, but he developed in his "Yuan Jia Li," there is no application of precession. Zu inherited the previous research results, not only confirmed the existence of the phenomenon of precession, precession is calculated every ten forty-five years back once a month, and in his production of "Daming calendar" in the application of the precession. Because he was based on historical data are still not accurate astronomical, so naturally he's not very accurate data. Nevertheless, the Zu applied to the calendar, the precession of the equinoxes, the astronomical calendar is a pioneering undertaking in the history for the improvement of China opened a new calendar page. To Sui after the precession has been home to many of the great importance of the calendar, as the Sui Dynasty "cause calendar," "great imperial calendar" are applied in the precession. Zu research in the calendar third great contribution is to find the calendar, often referred to as "draconic month" the number of days. The so-called intersection of months, that is, twice the moon through the "Yellow Road" and "white road" in the intersection before and after the interval of time. The ecliptic is the person we see on Earth orbit the sun, and white are the people we see on Earth orbit the moon. Intersection of the month can be estimated by the number of days out. Zu measured at the intersection of several months is 27.21223 days, astronomers measured than in the past to be much more sophisticated, modern astronomers measured the same intersection number of days the month has been very similar to 27.21222 days. Level of astronomy at the time, Zu get this precise figures, performance is amazing. The eclipse and a lunar eclipse is in the yellow or white Road near the intersection, so the projected number of days of the month after the intersection, to more accurately calculate the solar eclipse or lunar eclipse occurred. Zu in his formulation of "Daming calendar", the application derived from the Japanese point of intersection on the eclipse time than in the past accurately, and actually appear on the eclipse time is very close. Zu According to the research results, and finally made at the time the most scientific and most advanced calendar - "Da Ming Li." This is the Zu crystallization of scientific genius, but also his astronomical calendar of the most outstanding contributions. In AD 462 (Song Daming six years), Zu carefully compiled to the "Daming calendar" to the government, announced the implementation of the request. Royal command to understand the calendar SONG EMPEROR XIAOWU officials to discuss the merits of this calendar. During the discussion, Zu Dai SG met with conservative forces, represented by the opposition. SG is the emperor wearing cronies SONG EMPEROR XIAOWU minister, is very powerful. As he led the opposition to the new calendar, court officials echoed the size, we do not support changing the calendar. Zu order to stick to their correct position to wear the same SG confidently launched a fierce debate. This is a debate about the merits of the new calendar, in fact, reflected the scientific and anti-scientific, progressive and conservative forces in both the acute struggle. First letter to the emperor wearing SG, carried away from the ancient sages of the signs in the book to suppress Zu. He said at the winter solstice the sun always in a certain position, which is measured sages, is Jesus Christ can not be changed. He said that the winter solstice Zu move slightly each year, is the slander of the day, contrary to the saints of the classic. He called the then prevailing nineteenth of July break in the calendar, also developed by ancient sages said, can never be changed. He even scolded Zu is a rudimentary stage that is not qualified to talk about reform of the calendar. Zu attack on the powerful forces of fear did not. He wrote a famous refutation. According to the ancient literature he was observing the sun and the records to prove that there is a change in the winter solstice point. He pointed out: the facts are understood, how can we trust this ancient and doubt. He also cited a detailed personal observations over the years before and after the winter solstice day at noon Shadow length changes, accurately calculate the date and time of the winter solstice, seven leap from that nineteen years is very sophisticated. He questioned said: the old calendar inaccurate, not it should always be using it, never allowed to reform. Who is to say, "Daming calendar" is not good, should show conclusive evidence. SG refers to was not wearing the new calendar in the end what are the disadvantages, so the debate to date on the line speed, shadow length, speed and so on up on the line. Zu argue one by one, have refuted him. In Zu righteous refutation, the Dai SG did not, then you can reply, and actually being unreasonable and said: "The new calendar best it can." Zu has not been wearing a SG this arrogant attitude of intimidated, but firmly said: "The decision should not blindly believe the ancients. Since the law's shortcomings found in the lunar calendar, but also established a new calendar has many advantages, it should be converted to the new. " In this great debate, many ministers were Zu theory Thoroughly convinced, but they wear because of fear of the power of SG, did not dare speak for the Zu. Finally there is a call out of the nest is still the minister expressed support for Zu. He said, "Daming calendar" is Zu results of years of research, according to "Daming calendar" to calculate Yuan Jia ten years (436), fourteen years, twenty-eight years, the Ming three years (459) of the four eclipses are very accurate results with the old calendar used to derive the error on the big, "Daming calendar" since the facts have proven that good, should be used. In this way, wearing only a speechless SG. Zu achieved the final victory. The Ming emperor decided SONG EMPEROR XIAOWU nine (465) diverted to the new calendar. Surprisingly, the Ming Emperor Xiao died eight years, and then ruling upheaval occurred, this calendar reform was shelved. Liang overturned prison until nine (51o), was formally adopted the new calendar, but when Zu is dead for ten years. Law books circle infix operation Zu is not only versed in astronomy, calendar, his contributions in mathematics, in particular, the "pi" outstanding achievements in research, it is beyond the previous generation, history of mathematics in the world, radiating splendor. We all know that pi is the circumference of a circle and the same ratio of the diameter of the circle, this ratio is a constant, now common Greek letter "π" to indicate. Pi is an infinite decimal is always indivisible, it can not score, finite decimal, or recurring decimal completely and accurately represented. As the progress of modern mathematics, has calculated the number of digits after the decimal point two thousand pi. With the cutting circle method approach to find the circumference ratio, is roughly this: first make a circle, and then in the circle to make a regular hexagon inscribed. Assuming that the diameter of circle is 2, then the radius equal to 1. Regular hexagon inscribed on one side must equal to the radius, so it is equal to 1; its perimeter equal to 6. If the internal circumference of 6 as a hexagonal circumference of a circle with a diameter of 2 removal by the ratio of circumference to diameter π = 6 / 2 = 3, which is the value of ancient π = 3. However, this value is not correct, we can clearly see that the perimeter of inscribed regular hexagon is much smaller than the circumference of a circle. If we take the regular hexagon inscribed double the number of edges instead of being second-gon inscribed, and then find the appropriate method of its perimeter, then we can see that within the perimeter than at regular hexagon perimeter closer to the circumference of a circle, the inscribed dodecagon more close to the area of area of a circle. From here you can get to this conclusion: the inner circle then made a few more regular polygon edges, which added to the total length of all sides (perimeter) and the difference between the circumference of the smaller circumference. In theory, if the number of sides inscribed regular polygon increases infinitely long time, then the perimeter of the polygon will coincide with the circle close together, from the calculated area of polygon inscribed infinite, it and the area of a circle equal to the. But the fact is, we can not put the number of inscribed regular polygons increased to an infinite number of edges, leaving the perimeter of the infinite regular polygon coincides with the circumference. Only a limited increase in the number of sides inscribed regular polygon, and circle the perimeter to make it nearly coincides. Therefore, the circle inscribed with the increase in the number of ways to seek regular polygon edges pi, thanks to a number slightly less than π is always the true value. Liu Hui is based on this reason, from the beginning inscribed regular hexagon, successive double increase the number of edges, has been calculated to ninety hexagon inscribed date, obtained pi is 3.141o24. This number into a fraction, that is, 157/50 Liu Hui pi are obtained, later known as the "emblem rate." He calculated that, in fact, has the ultimate concept in modern mathematics. This is about pi in ancient China, a brilliant achievement study. Ying Xun can be fitted to two the number of inequality, such as: 3.1415926 (*) <π (the real pi) <3.1415927 (surplus), suggesting that Pi Ying Xun should be between two numbers. Calculations in accordance with the score was accustomed, Zu also uses the value of pi two scores. One is 355/119 (approximately equal to 3.1415927), the number of more sophisticated, so Zu called "secret rate." The other is the (approximately equal to 3.14), compared the number of careless, so Zu call it "about rates." In Europe, until 1573 was obtained by the German mathematician Ottawa off the 355/119 this value. Therefore, the Japanese mathematician who proposed the three Yifu 355/119 on the value of pi is called "ancestral rate", to commemorate the great mathematicians in China. As Zu written mathematical monograph, "infix technique" has been lost, "Sui Shu" has not specifically documented that he find the circumference ratio method, therefore, our research motherland mathematical heritage experts, for he begged pi means there are different view. Some people think that Zu pi in the "Xun number." Is used as a regular polygon inscribed circle method obtained; and "the number of surplus" is used as a regular polygon circumscribed circle method obtained. Zu way if we continue to use Liu Hui, from the regular hexagon inscribed circle, counting the number of successive double edge, has been inscribed count to 24,576 polygons, it is only the sum of the length of each side and smaller in successive close circumference of the perimeter, the area of this polygon can only be close to and smaller in successive circular area, calculated from the circumference was 3.14159261, only less than the true value of pi, which is Xun number. From Zu mathematical level, the breakthrough method of Liu Hui, counting from the circumscribed regular hexagon, successive find the circumference ratio, is also possible. If Zu circumscribed regular hexagon to the number of edges multiplied to the polygon is 24,576, he calculated the circumference of the rate should be 3.1415927o2o8. This number is obtained using methods outside the cut. Collage circumscribed regular polygon as the sum is always greater than the circumference of a long length, which are always greater than the area of polygon area of a circle, so the number pi is better than the real big. Seven with rounded after rounding decimal numbers to draw profit number. Zu whether used both internal and external cutting of these two methods calculate the number pi Xun and profit numbers, there is no precise historical data can be confirmed. But this approach are calculated using the Xun, the two surplus values, and Zu results originally obtained roughly the same. Therefore, some historians believe that Zu mathematics was used for regular polygon circumscribed circle method obtained pi is presumably a very perverse. But according to some historians of mathematics, surplus, and Xun by the calculation of the two numbers can be inscribed circle and regular polygon 12288 24576 polygon derived from the side. However, such calculations are so obscure, there is not to say. Despite the claims differ, but Zu has obtained "secret rate", and clearly spend the next two to illustrate the limited scope of this number pi, is certain. In the fifteen hundred years ago, he had such success and understanding of, really worthy of our admiration. In the projections pi, the Zu I do not know how much to pay the hard work. If counting from the regular hexagon, count to 24 576 edges, it must be repeated twelve times the same operation procedures, and procedures for each operation, including addition, subtraction and then prescribe more than ten steps. We now use pen and paper calculations to carry out such a calculation is extremely laborious. Zu was calculated for such troublesome, can only chips (small bamboo sticks) to gradually deduction. Fine if the mind is not very cool, no perseverance, it is absolutely not succeed. Zu indomitable spirit of hard study, it is exemplary. Zu death, his son Zu Geng [xuan Xuan〕 continue his father's study further found that the method for calculating the volume sphere. Mathematical work in ancient China, "Liu Hui", the ball was out there calculating the volume of formula, but very accurate. Liu Hui Although it was pointed out the error, but how to calculate what should be, he did not seek to solve. Assiduously by Zu Geng, and finally found the right method. The calculation of his projected sphere volume formula is: sphere volume = π / cd (d on behalf of the sphere diameter). This formula has been used with people today also. Zu has also written "augmented surgery," five volumes, is a math book is extremely interesting, very popular with people seriously. Tang's government-run schools provided the operator disciplines: students want to learn "augmented surgery" four years; government held a math exam, and more from the "infix operation" in the title. The book was later spread to Korea and Japan. Unfortunately, the North Song Dynasty, this valuable book actually lost. Skilled sound philosophy bypass machine Guide to the direction of the car is a car. Car equipped with machinery, vehicles equipped with wooden men. To open the car before the line, first wooden men's fingers to the south, no matter how the car turns, wooden men's hands always point to the south the same. This structure has lost the car, but according to historical records, you can know that it is driven by the structure of gear made of each other. According to legend, the Yellow Emperor of ancient Chi fighting vehicles have been used to identify the direction of guidelines, but it is a legend. According to historical records, the inventor of the Three Kingdoms era of Ma Jun who had this guide to car manufacturers, but unfortunately was lost. Eastern Jin general Liu Yu in 417 AD (that is, later the founding emperor of the Song Dynasty) to enter to Chang, he had access to Later Qin ruler Yao Xing an old guide to car, car inside the machinery has been lost, the car running, only the people to turn the wooden men's hands, so that it points to the south. Later Qigao Di Xiao Daocheng to Lingzu Chong imitation. Zu The system guides the car all the internal parts of copper. Made later, he sent Secretary of State Wangseng Qian Xiao Daocheng, Liu went off the two tests, the results prove its compact structure, flexible operation, no matter what turn the hands of wooden men often point to the south. When Zu guide car made when there is a Northern to the Southern Ming Jiaosuo Yu Lin's, claiming to also create guidelines car. So let him make a Xiaodao Cheng, in the palace of Le Tour by the Court and Zu-made guide to car race. Results Zu operation of the vehicle guidance system with ease, Yu Lin of the cable system is very inflexible. Cable Yu Lin had to admit defeat, and to guide their car destroyed the system. Zu guide to car manufacturing, although we have not seen the original, but by this matter can imagine, it must be very compact structure. Zu also created a very useful working tool. Tsuishine working people he saw, milling is very laborious to create a food processing tool, called Shueiduei mill. Ancient working people have long invented the use of water with the rice and water mill water mill reef. Western Jin Dynasty, Du Yu had to be improved, invented the "even machine pestle" and "water to even the ground." A company can drive several machines pestle with a stone pestle floor Tsuishine; a water mill can turn even while driving eight grinding mill. Zu and on this basis, further improvement, the combination of Shueiduei and water mill, the more improved production efficiency. The processing tools, now some rural areas in southern China are still using the. Zu also design and manufacture of over a thousand ships. It may advance the use of the principle of the wheel shock caused by water a day can do more than one hundred years. Zu literature also records under the Spring and Autumn Period, a system of "interjection device", the second son of Qi Wudi sent Xiao Ziliang. The ancients used to caution interjection control apparatus for complacency. When there is no water inside, is the lateral side. Which later filled with water, if water is moderate, it had been erected; if the water is full, it will to one side, the water poured out. This apparatus, the Jin dynasty scholar Du Yu had trial three times, without success; Zu was successful imitation. Thus, Zu have a profound variety of mechanical studies. Zu's achievements have not only limited to natural science, he is also fluent in music theory. Great deal of research for the melody. In addition, the Zu and author of "easy to justice", "Lao Zi Yi", "Zhuangzi Yi", "Release The Analects of Confucius" and other books on philosophy, have been lost. Zu Zu Geng's son, also an outstanding mathematician, he inherited his father's research, the creation of the correct size of the sphere algorithm. In astronomy, he also inherited his father. He has book "Astronomy recorded" thirty volumes, "recorded by the tips of Astronomy," a roll, but unfortunately these books are lost. Developed by his father, "Daming calendar", that is, three times by his Government proposed to the Liang Dynasty, was formally adopted. He also had in mind when manufacturing the clepsydra made with a very accurate and made a "Water Clock by." Zu in astronomy, calendar, mathematics and mechanical manufacturing, and other aspects of the brilliant achievements of ancient science in China fully demonstrated the high level of development. Zu has been able to achieve such a brilliant achievement, not accidental. First of all, when the progressive development of social production is the need to have some success with the advance of science, and thus to promote the progress of science, Zu achieved in this time of astronomy, mathematics, and equipment manufacturing, and other aspects of the results. Secondly, from the ancient to this time in a long time in thousands of years, has accumulated a lot of scientific results, Zu created in the previous made on the basis of his achievements. As Zu individuals to seriously study assiduously, not superstitious ancients, without fear conservatives, not afraid of the struggle, do not avoid the difficult, naturally, are an important reason for outstanding achievements. Zu is not only an outstanding scientist in our history, and history of science in the world have high status. Zu create a "secret rate", is world famous. We should mark this as Zu scientists value their precious heritage.
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Academic works
"Sui Zhi" recorded "Captain Zu long _set_ of water" Fifty roll, but is now left behind Lost. Scattered along with various historical records, the following works: "On the security side," Lost. "Shu Yi Ji" ten volumes, lost. "Yi Yi Lao release," Lost. "The Analects Book of Filial Piety Note," Lost. "Infix technique" six volumes, lost. "Liu Hui Yi Note," nine volumes, Lost. "The bad note," a roll, lost. "Daming calendar" "Daming calendar on the table" "Refutation" "Open circle method" Zu life of many writings, the content is multifaceted. In mathematics, written by "infix operation", which is known as "The Ten count" one, was the Tang Dynasty Imperial College as a mathematics textbook, provides four years of study, but unfortunately has been lost. In the astronomical calendar, he compiled "Daming calendar", and the Ming Li wrote the "Refutation." Notes in the ancient classics, the Zu are "easy justice," "I sense", "Zhuangzi Yi", "release Analects of Confucius", "Release Book of Filial Piety" and other works, but Yi Jie lost. He is the literary aspects of "Shu Yi Ji" in the "Tai Ping Yu Lan" and other books can be seen fragments of this work. "Augmented surgery," a book, a collection of his son Zu mathematical research. This book is profound, and "study the esoteric school officials monensin, so the waste and disregard." "Augmented technique" in the Tang Dynasty income "calculated by Ten", as the Tang Dynasty Imperial College mathematics textbooks, was learning "infix operation" requires four years, see "augmented technique" difficult. "Infix technique" has spread to Korea, but Song Yi had been lost when the book.
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People affected
Zu's achievements in astronomy and calendar, mostly contained in his report on "Daming calendar" and is written in the Ming Refutation in the calendar. Prior to the Zu, people use the calendar is compiled by astronomer Edward "Yuanjia calendar." Zu After years of observation and calculation, found that "Yuanjia Calendar" there is a big discrepancy. So Zu proceed to develop a new calendar, the Ming Emperor SONG EMPEROR XIAOWU six years (AD 462), he compiled into "Daming calendar." Daming calendar is always alive in the Zu did not use, prison nine days until the Emperor Wu (AD 510) was formally promulgated. "Daming calendar" of the main achievements are as follows: Distinguish between the tropical year and sidereal year, the first time the introduction of calendar precession, the measured precession for the poor was 45 years in November (this difference was measured about 70.7 years). The introduction of precession is significant progress in the history of the Chinese calendar. 365.24281481 year _set_ a return date (now measured as 365.24219878 days) per year until the Southern Song Dynasty Ningzong Qing (AD 1199) YANG calendar days before the auxiliary system of systems, it has been the most accurate data. 144 of 391 _set_ by the new leap leap week calendar used than in the past 19 years, the leap home 7 weeks of more sophisticated leap. Scheduled day of the intersection number of 27.21223 days (now measured as 27.21222 days). Intersection on the number of days the exact measured so accurate eclipse prediction possible, Zu has used the Ming Li calculated from the Yuanjia thirteen years (AD 436) of the Ming dynasty three years (AD 459), the 23 years occurred in 4 eclipse time, the results with the actual full compliance. Jupiter obtained once every 84 years over Chen's conclusion that Jupiter's orbital period is scheduled to 11.858 years (now measured as 11.862 years). Gives more accurate star synodic period, in which the synodic period of Mercury and Jupiter are close to modern values. Measured with a sundial made a long shadow in the noonday sun _set_ time approach the winter solstice. To commemorate the great ancient scientists, people will back a lunar crater named Zu crater, the asteroid 1888 asteroid named Zu. 【Zu and circumference Rates Calculate the value of pi is a very important mathematics is also very difficult task. Many are dedicated to ancient Chinese mathematicians calculated pi, and the 5th century AD, Zu achievements can be said that a leap forward in terms of pi. Zu been assiduously, inheritance and development of the senior scientists of outstanding results. His research for pi, is his country and the world for an outstanding contribution. Zu exact value of pi calculated value, using his name to be named "Zu pi", referred to as "ancestral rate." What is the circumference rate? Circle has its circumference and center, from the circumference of the distance from any point to the center of the circle is called the radius, diameter, radius is doubled. Diameter is a line through the center of the circle, the circumference is an arc, the number of times that arc is a straight line, called Pi in mathematics. Simply put, pi is the circumference of a circle to its diameter, the ratio between, it is a constant, with the Greek letter "π" to that obtained for the formula 355 ÷ 113. In terms of astronomical calendar and production practice, all round and all the problems involved, we must use to calculate pi. How to inquire the value of pi, is the world history of mathematics is an important issue. Mathematicians in ancient China attaches great importance to this issue, the study also early. In "Zhou Bi Suan Jing" and "Nine Chapters on Arithmetic" on the proposed path of the ancient three-week rate, fixed rate of three-circle, that is the diameter circumference length of three. Since then, mathematicians have been through the ages to explore, figure out the value of pi more accurate. Liu Xin Han Dynasty design for the circular copper Gok Wang Mang (a gauges) in the process, found a diameter of one circle of the ancient rate of three are too rough, after further projections, obtained the value of pi 3.1547. Han famous scientist Zhang Heng calculate the value of pi 3.162. Three countries, the mathematician Wang Fan calculate the value of pi 3.155. Wei Liu Hui on the occasion of the famous mathematician for the "Nine Chapters on Arithmetic" as a note when the projected creation of a new method of Pi - cutting circle method. He _set_ a circle of radius 1, the round Saturday decile, for the regular hexagon inscribed circle, calculated using the Pythagorean theorem that the circumference of the regular hexagon inscribed; and then followed for internal dodecagon, II Ten quadrilateral ... ... to one hundred ninety-two inscribed polygon, the draw of its side and is 6.282048, while the inscribed regular polygon of side a few more, the closer it round the side of the actual perimeter, so at this time the value of pi divided by 2 side, the approximate value of 3.14; and that this value than the actual value of pi to be smaller. In the cutting circle method, the Liu Hui has recognized the limits of the concept of modern mathematics. He founded the cutting circle method, is to explore the process of pi values a major breakthrough. Liu Hui post to commemorate this achievement, he obtained the value of pi is called "emblem rate" or "emblem surgery." Liu Hui after the search pi accomplished scholars, there have been times of Edward Southern, leather cases and others extended. Edward obtained pi value of 3.1428; skin extension were calculated pi is 22 / 7 ≈ 3.14. More scientists study the projections pi made great contributions, but the circumference, and Zu rate compared to much less. Zu that since the Qin and Han Wei, of the several hundred years, as well as research achievements of the greatest scholars of pi is Liu Hui, but did not reach the degree of accuracy, so he lean further study, to explore a more accurate value. It is the result of research and calculations to prove that pi should be between 3.1415926 and 3.1415927. He became the world's first accurate numerical calculation of pi to seven digits after the decimal point one. It was not until years later, this record was only the Arab mathematician Al Casey and the French mathematician-dimensional characteristics of the broken leaves. Zu's "close rate", but also until after a thousand years before from Germany called "Antoine Martinez rate", as well as people with ulterior motives, said Pi Zu Ming Dynasty in the Western mathematics was introduced into China forged. This is a deliberate fabrication. Recorded Zu on the pi of the situation of ancient books is written in the Tang Dynasty in the history books, "Sui Dynasty", and now pass the "Sui Shu" There Yuan Dade Heigo (Year 1306) of the printed edition, among them, and the other is passed version Zu like pi on the record, what three hundred years ago in the late Ming Dynasty. And there are many mathematicians before the Ming dynasty in their own writings quoted Zu circumference ratio, these facts prove that pi Zu research in outstanding achievements. So, Zu is how to obtain such a major scientific achievements it? To be sure, his achievement is built on the basis of previous studies. From the perspective of mathematics at that time, Zu Chong Zhi Liu Hui is likely to be inherited by the founder and first use of the cutting circle method, and to be developed, so get beyond previous achievements. In front, we have already mentioned cutting circle method known to this conclusion: inscribed n-gon is the more the number of sides, each side the closer the sum of the actual length of the circumference. But because it is internal, and they can not increase the number of edges of an infinite number, so the sum is always less than the circumference of the side. To make such a precise calculation, is an extremely delicate and difficult mental work. We know that in Zu that time, the thinking has not yet appeared, it was widely used computational tool called the operator to raise, it is a long root a few inches square or a small flat stick, a bamboo, wood, iron, jade, and other materials. Raised by the different operators pendulum method, to represent a variety of numbers, called the chip algorithm. If the calculation of the number of digits the more, the greater the need to place the area. Used to calculate the chip count not as a pen, written calculation can stay on paper, and prepare for making each re-calculation of the end of a swing would have to carry out new calculations; only and write the results, and can not be a more intuitive graphical and equation . So long as there is error, such as the operator was hit out of the way or raising an error in calculation, it can only start from scratch. To get the Zu pi values, we need the effective number of nine decimal addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and square root operations in the calculation of more than ten steps, each step must be repeated a dozen times, prescribing operation 50 times, the last figure was calculated after the decimal point sixteen, seven. Today, the use of abacus and pencil to complete these calculations, is not an easy task. Let us consider, in the fifteen hundred years ago, the Southern Times, a middle-aged man in the dim oil lamp, hand kept count ah, ah mind, they often re-placed tens of thousands of count chips, these are just hard to do, and also need to repeat day after day in this state, if a person is not great stamina, is absolutely able to fulfill this work. The glorious achievements, but also fully reflects the development of a high level of ancient mathematics. Zu, not only admired by Chinese people, but also by the scientific community around the world respected. In 1960, Soviet scientists studied the pictures of the moon back then, with some of the most contribution to the world the names of scientists, to name it above the valley, where there is a crater named "Zu crater." Zu rate in the study circle, has a positive significance, adapted to the production practice needs. He personally studied the weights and measures, and results with the latest amendments to the ancient pi gauges volume calculations. There is a ancient gauges called "kettle", the general was a foot deep, cylindrical shape, and that the volume of such gauges be? To calculate this value, it is necessary to use pi. Zu use of his research, find the exact value. He also re-calculated the Han Liu Xin had made "Law Ka quantity" (another container, and the above-mentioned are similar to what we are using the "L" and other gauges, but they are all cylinders .), the calculation method used by Liu Xin and pi values are not accurate enough, so he got the volume value and the actual values differ. Zu find his mistake, the use of "ancestral rate" corrected value. Since, people have used when manufacturing gauges Zu "Tso rate" value. Zu on the basis of the previous, after assiduously, repeated calculation, will calculate pi to 7 digits after the decimal point, and scores obtained in the form of the approximation of pi. Zu whether the method used to come to this result, the undiscovered; if he envisaged by Liu Hui's "cutting circle method" approach to seeking, then we would calculate the 16,000 inscribed polygon, which takes much time and how much to pay great work ah! Zu in mathematics achievement, mathematics achievement in ancient China but one aspect. In fact, 14 centuries ago, China has the world's most developed countries of Mathematics. Such as the Pythagorean theorem in geometry, mathematics in China earlier monograph, "Zhou Bi Suan Jing" (about a book in the 2nd century BC) and that is discussed; a book in the 1st century AD, another important mathematical monograph of the "Nine Chapters arithmetic, "history of mathematics in the world and the first to propose the concept of negative numbers to add and subtract positive and negative rules; the 13th century, China already has ten times the solution equation, but until the 16th century, Europe was put forward three equations. 【Zu contribution to his son】 Zu also with his son Zu Geng, with the ingenious solution to the calculation of the volume of a sphere. They then used a principle is: "not only with the power potential, then the product can not be different." Which means: It is located between two parallel two-dimensional plane, two planes were Ren Yiping line in the plane of the cut, if two constant cross section area equal to the volume is equal to two-dimensional. In the West known as the "Cavalieri principle", but it is in the Zu was a thousand years later by the Italian mathematician Cavalieri (cavalieri) found. Father and son to Ji Nianzu significant contribution to the discovery of this principle, the principle of mathematics, also known as "Zu Geng Principle." Zu Geng principle that is "equal-area principle." It is distinguished from the Northern and Southern China mathematician, the son of Zu Zu Geng first put forward. Zu Geng principles are: sandwiched between two parallel planes of the two geometry is two parallel planes parallel to the plane of the cut, if the cut was equal to the total area of two sections, then the volume of the two geometry equal. Zu Zu Geng is the son of a famous ancient Chinese mathematician. Hours of learning transmission of academic scientists, in-depth study of the very fine, there are smart mind. Skills to achieve marvelous position, is the ancient legend of the Lo Pan and Chui (when the legendary craftsman of Sun) that is difficult to exceed his cunning. When he thought that deep place, the Sound of Thunder is difficult to ear. Pu She had met while walking Xu Mian, Mian Xu head actually hit the body, Xu Mian he was aware of the call. His father, Edward _set_ the calendar change was not implemented, Emperor Wu-day supervision in the early years of Geng be revised again, which came into use at this time. Zhou Qing posts to be too.
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Historical records
"Nanshi Zu Chong Biography" VII sixty-second biography Zu word Wenyuan, Fan Yang Qiu people. Ancestor _set_s of Jin Shi Zhong. Zu Chang, Song Da Jiang Qing. New Moon of the Father, sent towards you. Chong Ji Gu, organic thinking, straight Waring SONG EMPEROR XIAOWU to learn province, thanks to Yu-house car service. Brown solution in the south of Xuzhou, Public House to join the army. Yuanjia in the beginning with Edward the system calendar, eleven for the dense than the old. Chong that still sparse, but in the end make the new law, on the table words. Takatake so hard toward those who experience the good, can not bend. Will Dibeng not implemented. Lou calendar bit magistrate, Ye Zhe Pu She. Early Song Wuping Guanzhong, was Yao Xing guide vehicles, a shape and inorganic Zhu, every line, people at the turn of. L Ming, Qi Gaodi Colonial, the ancient impulse of the chase repair. The transformation of red copper machine, round to not poor, and the Secretary as one side, Ma Jun has also been without the. North when people who claim Yiyun Yu Lin-made guide to cars, Gotti and the red of the parties and to make the school a total of Le Tour Court for trial, but rather poor secluded, is destroyed and burned it. Du Yu Jin when there is ingenuity, made interjection, a three reform accomplished. Sun Life, the good old Prince of Jingling, Chong-made devices offer the interjection, and the week does not differ from the temple. Prince Wen Hui in the Orient House, see the red of the calendar, Kai Emperor implementation. Wen Hui and death of a prince finding sleep. Captain of a long water transfer, and brought their own. On the red side of the build security, want to open Mita, wide agricultural yield. Jianwu, the Emperor Ming purports to punch the patrolling the square, Hing-made cause, can take advantage of people who will not even have the military, do not actually. Chong Chung legal Bose solution was absolutely alone, monensin on those. To Zhuge Liang wooden ox, a device is made, not because of feng shui, Shi machine from transportation, not labor manpower. He also made the boat a thousand miles, in the new trial of Tingjiang, diurnal hundred years. Court made in Le Tour Shueiduei grinding, as the Emperor himself Pro. Also provides a good operator. Yong Yuan death two years, seventy years. The Lao Yi Yi, Buddhist Confucian Analects, Book of Filial Piety, note IX, made dozens of decorated state. The sub-Geng. The word King Shuo Geng, less transfer the family business, study very subtle, some ingenuity. Ecstatic in essence, like, Chui not to have too. When the time of its micro-Yi, Thunder will not be admitted. Xu Mian case of Pu She try line to touch the head, Mian call is enlightenment. Father Edward lasted not change the line beam monitoring the early days, Geng the more repair it, so before a Yan. Zhou Qing-bit to too. Son of Geng Hao, ambition and generosity, there was little civil and military. Low pass the family business, good count calendar. Datong Jiangdu order for the latter thanks to Guangling Prefecture.
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People Life
AD 42o from the demise of the Eastern Jin Dynasty to the Sui Dynasty unified China in 589 hundred and seventy years between, the history of the formation of a confrontation between North and South, the period known as the Northern and Southern. AD 42o Southern general Liu Yu usurping the throne of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the establishment of the Song regime began, through the Song, Qi, Liang and Chen dynasties. Confrontation with the Northern Dynasties Southern and Northern dynasties through the Northern Wei, Eastern Wei, Western Wei, Northern Qi Dynasty, Northern Zhou dynasties. Zu is a Southern man, born in the Song, when death is during the Southern Qi. Southern society was relatively stable as agriculture and handicrafts have significant progress, economy and culture has been developing rapidly, which also contributed to the advance of science. Therefore, in this period of time, there have been some great achievements of Southern scientists, Zu is one of the most prominent figures. Zu Qiu county of origin is a Fan Yang County (now Laishui County, Hebei). In the Western Jin Dynasty, home country since the war home has been destroyed, moved south to live. Zu Zu Chang grandfather had served in government in the Song Da Jiang Qing, who presides over the construction, is to master a number of scientific and technical knowledge; same time, the home country have a great history of the astronomical calendar. So Zu childhood exposure to science and technology have the opportunity. Zu for the natural sciences and literature, philosophy has a wide range of interests, especially in astronomy, mathematics, and machinery manufacturing, more a passion and in-depth study. Early youth, he had a reputation for erudite, and was then sent to a government research agencies - Waring School provinces, to do research. He later served as a local official. In 461 AD, he was appointed South Xuzhou (now Jiangsu Zhenjiang) in the provincial governor's palace. 464 years, the government transferred him to Lou Song County (now Jiangsu Kunshan County, Northeast) as magistrate. Song Dynasty, Zu back to our health (now Nanjing), as Yezhe Pu She's office. From this point, has been in attendance toward the early years, he spent a large effort to study the mechanical manufacturing, re-made guide to cars, invented thousands of miles the ship, Shueiduei grinding, etc., made an outstanding contribution. When Zu his later years, Qi towards the ruling group had civil strife, political corruption and darkness, people's lives is very painful. Northern Wei took the opportunity to send soldiers to south attack. From AD 494 to 5o0 years, Jiangnan area has plunged into war. For such a heavy force of internal and external political situation, Zu deeply concerned. About AD 494 to 498 years between, he served as Captain of the official length of the water. At that time he wrote an article entitled "On the security side," suggested that land reclamation, development of agriculture, enhance the strength, stability and people's livelihood, strengthen national defense. Qiming Di saw this article, intends to send Zu patrolling the square, the establishment of the cause of which are conducive to people's livelihood. However, due to years of war, his proposal has not been able to achieve. A moment later, the superior of the greatest scientists live to seventy-year-old to the time of the year 50o died. Calendar reform introduced precession Working people in ancient China, due to the need for animal husbandry and agricultural production, after a long period of observation, found the sun and the moon to run the basic law. They first full moon or the moon to full moon or the moon a second period of time defined as one month, twenty-nine days is a little more than a month, twelve months as a year. This dating method is called the lunar calendar. They also observed: from the first winter solstice to the next winter (in fact, the earth around the sun a week) require a total of three hundred sixty-five days and a quarter days, and it will call some time this year. Calculated in accordance with this approach is often called the Gregorian calendar. However, the lunar and solar calendar year, the number of days a year is not exactly equal. Calculated according to the lunar calendar, the year a total of three hundred fifty-four days; calculated according to the solar calendar year shall be three hundred sixty-five days five hours and forty eight forty-six seconds. Lunar solar calendar year, less than one year eleven days more. To make this consistent with the number of days the two calendars together, we must think of ways to adjust the lunar year, the number of days. For this problem, our ancestors had already found a solution, that is, a "leap month" approach. A number of years to arrange a leap year, leap in to add a leap month each. Every leap year, ten months a year there. As a result of this leap year approaches, the lunar year and solar year is more in line. In ancient times, our family has always been the ninth year calendar as a leap year calculation unit, known as the "chapter" in each chapter, there are seven leap years. That is, in the nineteenth year, there shall be seven years is ten months. The Run method has been used a thousand years, but it is not enough careful and precise. AD 412, the Northern Liang Zhao Fei creation "Yuanshi calendar" before breaking the old chapter regulation to limit the _insert_ion in the middle of six years two hundred twenty-one leap month. Zhao Fei Unfortunately, the reform did not cause the attention of people at that time, such as the famous home calendar 443 years, Edward made in the year, "Yuan Jia Li," when, or the use of the ancient seven nineteen years. Zu Zhao Fei learned the advanced theory, combined with his own observations, that the nineteen years the number of seven intercalated leap too many bad day every two years will, and six hundred two hundred twenty-one Zhao Fei Chuang's leap a few but a little too thin, not very sophisticated. Therefore, he proposed a three hundred and ninety one hundred forty-four leap year, a new leap method. The Run method is probably the most sophisticated of the time. Run away from the reform law, Zu research in the calendar, another major achievement, is the first-ever application of the "precession." With the progressive development of astronomy in ancient China scientists have gradually discovered the phenomenon of precession. Deng Han Ping, Liu Xin Eastern Han Dynasty, Jia Kui, who have observed the phenomenon of the winter solstice point shift, but they are not yet clear that the existence of precession. To the Eastern Jin dynasty, the astronomers began Yuxi sure precession phenomenon, and the first to advocate the introduction of precession in the calendar. He presented the first data precession, calculated the winter solstice once every five years back. Later, the Southern Song dynasty, Edward precession that once every hundred years difference, but he developed in his "Yuan Jia Li," there is no application of precession. Zu inherited the previous research results, not only confirmed the existence of the phenomenon of precession, precession is calculated every ten forty-five years back once a month, and in his production of "Daming calendar" in the application of the precession. Because he was based on historical data are still not accurate astronomical, so naturally he's not very accurate data. Nevertheless, the Zu applied to the calendar, the precession of the equinoxes, the astronomical calendar is a pioneering undertaking in the history for the improvement of China opened a new calendar page. To Sui after the precession has been home to many of the great importance of the calendar, as the Sui Dynasty "cause calendar," "great imperial calendar" are applied in the precession. Zu research in the calendar third great contribution is to find the calendar, often referred to as "draconic month" the number of days. The so-called intersection of months, that is, twice the moon through the "Yellow Road" and "white road" in the intersection before and after the interval of time. The ecliptic is the person we see on Earth orbit the sun, and white are the people we see on Earth orbit the moon. Intersection of the month can be estimated by the number of days out. Zu measured at the intersection of several months is 27.21223 days, astronomers measured than in the past to be much more sophisticated, modern astronomers measured the same intersection number of days the month has been very similar to 27.21222 days. Level of astronomy at the time, Zu get this precise figures, performance is amazing. The eclipse and a lunar eclipse is in the yellow or white Road near the intersection, so the projected number of days of the month after the intersection, to more accurately calculate the solar eclipse or lunar eclipse occurred. Zu in his formulation of "Daming calendar", the application derived from the Japanese point of intersection on the eclipse time than in the past accurately, and actually appear on the eclipse time is very close. Zu According to the research results, and finally succeeded at that time made the most scientific and most advanced calendar - "Da Ming Li." This is the Zu crystallization of scientific genius, but also his astronomical calendar of the most outstanding contributions. In AD 462 (Song Daming six years), Zu carefully compiled to the "Daming calendar" to the government, announced the implementation of the request. Royal command to understand the calendar SONG EMPEROR XIAOWU officials to discuss the merits of this calendar. During the discussion, Zu Dai SG met with conservative forces, represented by the opposition. SG is the emperor wearing cronies SONG EMPEROR XIAOWU minister, is very powerful. As he led the opposition to the new calendar, court officials echoed the size, we do not support changing the calendar. Zu order to stick to their correct position to wear the same SG confidently launched a fierce debate. This is a debate about the merits of the new calendar, in fact, reflected the scientific and anti-scientific, progressive and conservative forces in both the acute struggle. First letter to the emperor wearing SG, carried away from the ancient sages of the signs in the book to suppress Zu. He said at the winter solstice the sun always in a certain position, which is measured sages, is Jesus Christ can not be changed. He said that the winter solstice Zu move slightly each year, is the slander of the day, contrary to the saints of the classic. Is an act of treason and heresy. He called the then prevailing nineteenth of July break in the calendar, also developed by ancient sages said, can never be changed. He even scolded Zu is a rudimentary stage that is not qualified to talk about reform of the calendar. Zu attack on the powerful forces of fear did not. He wrote a famous refutation. According to the ancient literature he was observing the sun and the records to prove that there is a change in the winter solstice point. He pointed out: the facts are understood, how can we trust this ancient and doubt. He also cited a detailed personal observations over the years before and after the winter solstice day at noon Shadow length changes, accurately calculate the date and time of the winter solstice, seven leap from that nineteen years is very sophisticated. He questioned said: the old calendar inaccurate, not it should always be using it, never allowed to reform? Who is to say, "Daming calendar" is not good, should show conclusive evidence. If there is evidence, I would have received. SG refers to was not wearing the new calendar in the end what are the disadvantages, so the debate to date on the line speed, shadow length, speed and so on up on the line. Zu argue one by one, have refuted him. In Zu righteous refutation, the Dai SG did not, then you can reply, and actually being unreasonable and said: "The new calendar best it can." Zu has not been wearing a SG this arrogant attitude of intimidated, but firmly said: "The decision should not blindly believe the ancients. Since the law's shortcomings found in the lunar calendar, but also established a new calendar has many advantages, it should be converted to the new. " In this great debate, many ministers were Zu theory Thoroughly convinced, but they wear because of fear of the power of SG, did not dare speak for the Zu. Finally there is a call out of the nest is still the minister expressed support for Zu. He said, "Daming calendar" is Zu results of years of research, according to "Daming calendar" to calculate Yuan Jia ten years (436), fourteen years, twenty-eight years, the Ming three years (459) of the four eclipses are very accurate results with the old calendar used to derive the error on the big, "Daming calendar" since the facts have proven that good, should be used. In this way, wearing only a speechless SG. Zu achieved the final victory. The Ming emperor decided SONG EMPEROR XIAOWU nine (465) diverted to the new calendar. Surprisingly, the Ming Emperor Xiao died eight years, and then ruling upheaval occurred, this calendar reform was shelved. Liang overturned prison until nine (51o), was formally adopted the new calendar, but when Zu is dead for ten years. Law books circle infix operation Zu is not only versed in astronomy, calendar, his contributions in mathematics, in particular, the "pi" outstanding achievements in research, it is beyond the previous generation, history of mathematics in the world, radiating splendor. We all know that pi is the circumference of a circle and the same ratio of the diameter of the circle, this ratio is a constant, now common Greek letter "π" to indicate. Pi is an infinite decimal is always indivisible, it can not score, finite decimal, or recurring decimal completely and accurately represented. As the progress of modern mathematics, has calculated the number of digits after the decimal point two thousand pi. With the cutting circle method approach to find the circumference ratio, is roughly this: first make a circle, and then in the circle to make a regular hexagon inscribed. Assuming that the diameter of circle is 2, then the radius equal to 1. Regular hexagon inscribed on one side must equal to the radius, so it is equal to 1; its perimeter equal to 6. If the internal circumference of 6 as a hexagonal circumference of a circle with a diameter of 2 removal by the ratio of circumference to diameter π = 6 / 2 = 3, which is the value of ancient π = 3. However, this value is not correct, we can clearly see that the perimeter of inscribed regular hexagon is much smaller than the circumference of a circle. If we take the regular hexagon inscribed double the number of edges instead of being second-gon inscribed, and then find the appropriate method of its perimeter, then we can see that within the perimeter than at regular hexagon perimeter closer to the circumference of a circle, the inscribed dodecagon more close to the area of area of a circle. From here you can get to this conclusion: the inner circle then made a few more regular polygon edges, which added to the total length of all sides (perimeter) and the difference between the circumference of the smaller circumference. In theory, if the number of sides inscribed regular polygon increases infinitely long time, then the perimeter of the polygon will coincide with the circle close together, from the calculated area of polygon inscribed infinite, it and the area of a circle equal to the. But the fact is, we can not put the number of inscribed regular polygons increased to an infinite number of edges, leaving the perimeter of the infinite regular polygon coincides with the circumference. Only a limited increase in the number of sides inscribed regular polygon, and circle the perimeter to make it nearly coincides. Therefore, the circle inscribed with the increase in the number of ways to seek regular polygon edges pi, thanks to a number slightly less than π is always the true value. Liu Hui is based on this reason, from the beginning inscribed regular hexagon, successive double increase the number of edges, has been calculated to ninety hexagon inscribed date, obtained pi is 3.141o24. This number into a fraction, that is, 157/50 Liu Hui pi are obtained, later known as the "emblem rate." He calculated that, in fact, has the ultimate concept in modern mathematics. This is about pi in ancient China, a brilliant achievement study. Ying Xun can be fitted to two the number of inequality, such as: 3.1415926 (*) <π (the real pi) <3.1415927 (surplus), suggesting that Pi Ying Xun should be between two numbers. Calculations in accordance with the score was accustomed, Zu also uses the value of pi two scores. One is 355/119 (approximately equal to 3.1415927), the number of more sophisticated, so Zu called "secret rate." The other is the (approximately equal to 3.14), compared the number of careless, so Zu call it "about rates." In Europe, until 1573 was obtained by the German mathematician Ottawa off the 355/119 this value. Therefore, the Japanese mathematician who proposed the three Yifu 355/119 on the value of pi is called "ancestral rate", to commemorate the great mathematicians in China. As Zu written mathematical monograph, "infix technique" has been lost, "Sui Shu" has not specifically documented that he find the circumference ratio method, therefore, our research motherland mathematical heritage experts, for he begged pi means there are different view. Some people think that Zu pi in the "Xun number." Is used as a regular polygon inscribed circle method obtained; and "the number of surplus" is used as a regular polygon circumscribed circle method obtained. Zu way if we continue to use Liu Hui, from the regular hexagon inscribed circle, counting the number of successive double edge, has been inscribed count to 24,576 polygons, it is only the sum of the length of each side and smaller in successive close circumference of the perimeter, the area of this polygon can only be close to and smaller in successive circular area, calculated from the circumference was 3.14159261, only less than the true value of pi, which is Xun number. From Zu mathematical level, the breakthrough method of Liu Hui, counting from the circumscribed regular hexagon, successive find the circumference ratio, is also possible. If Zu circumscribed regular hexagon to the number of edges multiplied to the polygon is 24,576, he calculated the circumference of the rate should be 3.1415927o2o8. This number is obtained using methods outside the cut. Collage circumscribed regular polygon as the sum is always greater than the circumference of a long length, which are always greater than the area of polygon area of a circle, so the number pi is better than the real big. Seven with rounded after rounding decimal numbers to draw profit number. Zu whether used both internal and external cutting of these two methods calculate the number pi Xun and profit numbers, there is no precise historical data can be confirmed. But this approach are calculated using the Xun, the two surplus values, and Zu results originally obtained roughly the same. Therefore, some historians believe that Zu mathematics was used for regular polygon circumscribed circle method obtained pi is presumably a very perverse. But according to some historians of mathematics, surplus, and Xun by the calculation of the two numbers can be inscribed circle and regular polygon 12288 24576 polygon derived from the side. However, such calculations are so obscure, there is not to say. Despite the claims differ, but Zu has obtained "secret rate", and clearly spend the next two to illustrate the limited scope of this number pi, is certain. In the fifteen hundred years ago, he had such success and understanding of, really worthy of our admiration. In the projections pi, the Zu I do not know how much to pay the hard work. If counting from the regular hexagon, count to 24 576 edges, it must be repeated twelve times the same operation procedures, and procedures for each operation, including addition, subtraction and then prescribe more than ten steps. We now use pen and paper calculations to carry out such a calculation is extremely laborious. Zu was calculated for such troublesome, can only chips (small bamboo sticks) to gradually deduction. Fine if the mind is not very cool, no perseverance, it is absolutely not succeed. Zu indomitable spirit of hard study, it is exemplary. Zu death, his son Zu Geng [xuan Xuan〕 continue his father's study further found that the method for calculating the volume sphere. Mathematical work in ancient China, "Liu Hui", the ball was out there calculating the volume of formula, but very accurate. Liu Hui Although it was pointed out the error, but how to calculate what should be, he did not seek to solve. Assiduously by Zu Geng, and finally found the right method. The calculation of his projected sphere volume formula is: sphere volume = π / cd (d on behalf of the sphere diameter). This formula has been used with people today also. Zu has also written "augmented surgery," five volumes, is a math book is extremely interesting, very popular with people seriously. Tang's government-run schools provided the operator disciplines: students want to learn "augmented surgery" four years; government held a math exam, and more from the "infix operation" in the title. The book was later spread to Korea and Japan. Unfortunately, the North Song Dynasty, this valuable book actually lost. Skilled sound philosophy bypass machine Guide to the direction of the car is a car. Car equipped with machinery, vehicles equipped with wooden men. To open the car before the line, first wooden men's fingers to the south, no matter how the car turns, wooden men's hands always point to the south the same. This structure has lost the car, but according to historical records, you can know that it is driven by the structure of gear made of each other. According to legend, the Yellow Emperor of ancient Chi fighting vehicles have been used to identify the direction of guidelines, but it is a legend. According to historical records, the inventor of the Three Kingdoms era of Ma Jun who had this guide to car manufacturers, but unfortunately was lost. Eastern Jin general Liu Yu in 417 AD (that is, later the founding emperor of the Song Dynasty) to enter to Chang, he had access to Later Qin ruler Yao Xing an old guide to car, car inside the machinery has been lost, the car running, only the people to turn the wooden men's hands, so that it points to the south. Later Qigao Di Xiao Daocheng to Lingzu Chong imitation. Zu The system guides the car all the internal parts of copper. Made later, he sent Secretary of State Wangseng Qian Xiao Daocheng, Liu went off the two tests, the results prove its compact structure, flexible operation, no matter what turn the hands of wooden men often point to the south. When Zu guide car made when there is a Northern to the Southern Ming Jiaosuo Yu Lin's, claiming to also create guidelines car. So let him make a Xiaodao Cheng, in the palace of Le Tour by the Court and Zu-made guide to car race. Results Zu operation of the vehicle guidance system with ease, Yu Lin of the cable system is very inflexible. Cable Yu Lin had to admit defeat, and to guide their car destroyed the system. Zu guide to car manufacturing, although we have not seen the original, but by this matter can imagine, it must be very compact structure. Zu also created a very useful working tool. Tsuishine working people he saw, milling is very laborious to create a food processing tool, called Shueiduei mill. Ancient working people have long invented the use of water with the rice and water mill water mill reef. Western Jin Dynasty, Du Yu had to be improved, invented the "even machine pestle" and "water to even the ground." A company can drive several machines pestle with a stone pestle floor Tsuishine; a water mill can turn even while driving eight grinding mill. Zu and on this basis, further improvement, the combination of Shueiduei and water mill, the more improved production efficiency. The processing tools, now some rural areas in southern China are still using the. Zu also design and manufacture of over a thousand ships. It may advance the use of the principle of the wheel shock caused by water a day can do more than one hundred years. Zu literature also records under the Spring and Autumn Period, a system of "interjection device", the second son of Qi Wudi sent Xiao Ziliang. The ancients used to caution interjection control apparatus for complacency. When there is no water inside, is the lateral side. Which later filled with water, if water is moderate, it had been erected; if the water is full, it will to one side, the water poured out. This apparatus, the Jin dynasty scholar Du Yu had trial three times, without success; Zu was successful imitation. Thus, Zu have a profound variety of mechanical studies. Zu's achievements have not only limited to natural science, he is also fluent in music theory. Great deal of research for the melody. In addition, the Zu and author of "easy to justice", "Lao Zi Yi", "Zhuangzi Yi", "Release The Analects of Confucius" and other books on philosophy, have been lost. Zu Zu Geng's son, also an outstanding mathematician, he inherited his father's research, the creation of the correct size of the sphere algorithm. In astronomy, he also inherited his father. He has book "Astronomy recorded" thirty volumes, "recorded by the tips of Astronomy," a roll, but unfortunately these books are lost. Developed by his father, "Daming calendar", that is, three times by his Government proposed to the Liang Dynasty, was formally adopted. He also had in mind when manufacturing the clepsydra made with a very accurate and made a "Water Clock by." Zu in astronomy, calendar, mathematics and mechanical manufacturing, and other aspects of the brilliant achievements of ancient science in China fully demonstrated the high level of development. Zu has been able to achieve such a brilliant achievement, not accidental. First of all, when the progressive development of social production is the need to have some success with the advance of science, and thus to promote the progress of science, Zu achieved in this time of astronomy, mathematics, and equipment manufacturing, and other aspects of the results. Secondly, from the ancient to this time in a long time in thousands of years, has accumulated a lot of scientific results, Zu created in the previous made on the basis of his achievements. As Zu individuals to seriously study assiduously, not superstitious ancients, without fear conservatives, not afraid of the struggle, do not avoid the difficult, naturally, are an important reason for outstanding achievements. Zu is not only an outstanding scientist in our history, and history of science in the world have high status. Zu create a "secret rate", is world famous. We should mark this as Zu scientists value their precious heritage.
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People affected
Zu's achievements in astronomy and calendar, mostly contained in his report on "Daming calendar" and is written in the Ming Refutation in the calendar. Prior to the Zu, people use the calendar is compiled by astronomer Edward "Yuanjia calendar." Zu After years of observation and calculation, found that "Yuanjia Calendar" there is a big discrepancy. So Zu proceed to develop a new calendar, the Ming Emperor SONG EMPEROR XIAOWU six years (AD 462), he compiled into "Daming calendar." Daming calendar is always alive in the Zu did not use, prison nine days until the Emperor Wu (AD 510) was formally promulgated. "Daming calendar" of the main achievements are as follows: Distinguish between the tropical year and sidereal year, the first time the introduction of calendar precession, the measured precession for the poor was 45 years in November (this difference was measured about 70.7 years). The introduction of precession is significant progress in the history of the Chinese calendar. 365.24281481 year _set_ a return date (now measured as 365.24219878 days) per year until the Southern Song Dynasty Ningzong Qing (AD 1199) YANG calendar days before the auxiliary system of systems, it has been the most accurate data. 144 of 391 _set_ by the new leap leap week calendar used than in the past 19 years, the leap home 7 weeks of more sophisticated leap. Scheduled day of the intersection number of 27.21223 days (now measured as 27.21222 days). Intersection on the number of days the exact measured so accurate eclipse prediction possible, Zu has used the Ming Li calculated from the Yuanjia thirteen years (AD 436) of the Ming dynasty three years (AD 459), the 23 years occurred in 4 eclipse time, the results with the actual full compliance. Jupiter obtained once every 84 years over Chen's conclusion that Jupiter's orbital period is scheduled to 11.858 years (now measured as 11.862 years). Gives more accurate star synodic period, in which the synodic period of Mercury and Jupiter are close to modern values. Measured with a sundial made a long shadow in the noonday sun _set_ time approach the winter solstice. To commemorate the great ancient scientists, people will back a lunar crater named Zu crater, the asteroid 1888 asteroid named Zu. 【Zu and circumference Rates Calculate the value of pi is a very important mathematics is also very difficult task. Many are dedicated to ancient Chinese mathematicians calculated pi, and the 5th century AD, Zu achievements can be said that a leap forward in terms of pi. Zu been assiduously, inheritance and development of the senior scientists of outstanding results. His research for pi, is his country and the world for an outstanding contribution. Zu exact value of pi calculated value, using his name to be named "Zu pi", referred to as "ancestral rate." What is the circumference rate? Circle has its circumference and center, from the circumference of the distance from any point to the center of the circle is called the radius, diameter, radius is doubled. Diameter is a line through the center of the circle, the circumference is an arc, the number of times that arc is a straight line, called Pi in mathematics. Simply put, pi is the circumference of a circle to its diameter, the ratio between, it is a constant, with the Greek letter "π" to that obtained for the formula 355 ÷ 113. In terms of astronomical calendar and production practice, all round and all the problems involved, we must use to calculate pi. How to inquire the value of pi, is the world history of mathematics is an important issue. Mathematicians in ancient China attaches great importance to this issue, the study also early. In "Zhou Bi Suan Jing" and "Nine Chapters on Arithmetic" on the proposed path of the ancient three-week rate, fixed rate of three-circle, that is the diameter circumference length of three. Since then, mathematicians have been through the ages to explore, figure out the value of pi more accurate. Liu Xin Han Dynasty design for the circular copper Gok Wang Mang (a gauges) in the process, found a diameter of one circle of the ancient rate of three are too rough, after further projections, obtained the value of pi 3.1547. Han famous scientist Zhang Heng calculate the value of pi 3.162. Three countries, the mathematician Wang Fan calculate the value of pi 3.155. Wei Liu Hui on the occasion of the famous mathematician for the "Nine Chapters on Arithmetic" as a note when the projected creation of a new method of Pi - cutting circle method. He _set_ a circle of radius 1, the round Saturday decile, for the regular hexagon inscribed circle, calculated using the Pythagorean theorem that the circumference of the regular hexagon inscribed; and then followed for internal dodecagon, II Ten quadrilateral ... ... to one hundred ninety-two inscribed polygon, the draw of its side and is 6.282048, while the inscribed regular polygon of side a few more, the closer it round the side of the actual perimeter, so at this time the value of pi divided by 2 side, the approximate value of 3.14; and that this value than the actual value of pi to be smaller. In the cutting circle method, the Liu Hui has recognized the limits of the concept of modern mathematics. He founded the cutting circle method, is to explore the process of pi values a major breakthrough. Liu Hui post to commemorate this achievement, he obtained the value of pi is called "emblem rate" or "emblem surgery." Liu Hui after the search pi accomplished scholars, there have been times of Edward Southern, leather cases and others extended. Edward obtained pi value of 3.1428; skin extension were calculated pi is 22 / 7 ≈ 3.14. More scientists study the projections pi made great contributions, but the circumference, and Zu rate compared to much less. Zu that since the Qin and Han Wei, of the several hundred years, as well as research achievements of the greatest scholars of pi is Liu Hui, but did not reach the degree of accuracy, so he lean further study, to explore a more accurate value. It is the result of research and calculations to prove that pi should be between 3.1415926 and 3.1415927. He became the world's first accurate numerical calculation of pi to seven digits after the decimal point one. It was not until years later, this record was only the Arab mathematician Al Casey and the French mathematician-dimensional characteristics of the broken leaves. Zu's "close rate", but also until after a thousand years before from Germany called "Antoine Martinez rate", as well as people with ulterior motives, said Pi Zu Ming Dynasty in the Western mathematics was introduced into China forged. This is a deliberate fabrication. Recorded Zu on the pi of the situation of ancient books is written in the Tang Dynasty in the history books, "Sui Dynasty", and now pass the "Sui Shu" There Yuan Dade Heigo (Year 1306) of the printed edition, among them, and the other is passed version Zu like pi on the record, what three hundred years ago in the late Ming Dynasty. And there are many mathematicians before the Ming dynasty in their own writings quoted Zu circumference ratio, these facts prove that pi Zu research in outstanding achievements. So, Zu is how to obtain such a major scientific achievements it? To be sure, his achievement is built on the basis of previous studies. From the perspective of mathematics at that time, Zu Chong Zhi Liu Hui is likely to be inherited by the founder and first use of the cutting circle method, and to be developed, so get beyond previous achievements. In front, we have already mentioned cutting circle method known to this conclusion: inscribed n-gon is the more the number of sides, each side the closer the sum of the actual length of the circumference. But because it is internal, and they can not increase the number of edges of an infinite number, so the sum is always less than the circumference of the side. To make such a precise calculation, is an extremely delicate and difficult mental work. We know that in Zu that time, the thinking has not yet appeared, it was widely used computational tool called the operator to raise, it is a long root a few inches square or a small flat stick, a bamboo, wood, iron, jade, and other materials. Raised by the different operators pendulum method, to represent a variety of numbers, called the chip algorithm. If the calculation of the number of digits the more, the greater the need to place the area. Used to calculate the chip count not as a pen, written calculation can stay on paper, and prepare for making each re-calculation of the end of a swing would have to carry out new calculations; only and write the results, and can not be a more intuitive graphical and equation . So long as there is error, such as the operator was hit out of the way or raising an error in calculation, it can only start from scratch. To get the Zu pi values, we need the effective number of nine decimal addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and square root operations in the calculation of more than ten steps, each step must be repeated a dozen times, prescribing operation 50 times, the last figure was calculated after the decimal point sixteen, seven. Today, the use of abacus and pencil to complete these calculations, is not an easy task. Let us consider, in the fifteen hundred years ago, the Southern Times, a middle-aged man in the dim oil lamp, hand kept count ah, ah mind, they often re-placed tens of thousands of count chips, these are just hard to do, and also need to repeat day after day in this state, if a person is not great stamina, is absolutely able to fulfill this work. The glorious achievements, but also fully reflects the development of a high level of ancient mathematics. Zu, not only admired by Chinese people, but also by the scientific community around the world respected. In 1960, Soviet scientists studied the pictures of the moon back then, with some of the most contribution to the world the names of scientists, to name it above the valley, where there is a crater named "Zu crater." Zu rate in the study circle, has a positive significance, adapted to the production practice needs. He personally studied the weights and measures, and results with the latest amendments to the ancient pi gauges volume calculations. There is a ancient gauges called "kettle", the general was a foot deep, cylindrical shape, and that the volume of such gauges be? To calculate this value, it is necessary to use pi. Zu use of his research, find the exact value. He also re-calculated the Han Liu Xin had made "Law Ka quantity" (another container, and the above-mentioned are similar to what we are using the "L" and other gauges, but they are all cylinders .), the calculation method used by Liu Xin and pi values are not accurate enough, so he got the volume value and the actual values differ. Zu find his mistake, the use of "ancestral rate" corrected value. For people's daily lives more convenient. Since, people have used when manufacturing gauges Zu "Tso rate" value. Zu on the basis of the previous, after assiduously, repeated calculation, will calculate pi to 7 digits after the decimal point, and scores obtained in the form of the approximation of pi. Zu whether the method used to come to this result, the undiscovered; if he envisaged by Liu Hui's "cutting circle method" approach to seeking, then we would calculate the 16,000 inscribed polygon, which takes much time and how much to pay great work ah! Zu in mathematics achievement, mathematics achievement in ancient China but one aspect. In fact, 14 centuries ago, China has the world's most developed countries of Mathematics. Such as the Pythagorean theorem in geometry, mathematics in China earlier monograph, "Zhou Bi Suan Jing" (about a book in the 2nd century BC) and that is discussed; a book in the 1st century AD, another important mathematical monograph of the "Nine Chapters arithmetic, "history of mathematics in the world and the first to propose the concept of negative numbers to add and subtract positive and negative rules; the 13th century, China already has ten times the solution equation, but until the 16th century, Europe was put forward three equations. 【Zu contribution to his son】 Zu also with his son Zu Geng, with the ingenious solution to the calculation of the volume of a sphere. They then used a principle is: "not only with the power potential, then the product can not be different." Which means: It is located between two parallel two-dimensional plane, two planes were Ren Yiping line in the plane of the cut, if two constant cross section area equal to the volume is equal to two-dimensional. In the West known as the "Cavalieri principle", but it is in the Zu was a thousand years later by the Italian mathematician Cavalieri (cavalieri) found. Father and son to Ji Nianzu significant contribution to the discovery of this principle, the principle of mathematics, also known as "Zu Geng Principle." Zu Geng principle that is "equal-area principle." It is distinguished from the Northern and Southern China mathematician, the son of Zu Zu Geng first put forward. Zu Geng principles are: sandwiched between two parallel planes of the two geometry is two parallel planes parallel to the plane of the cut, if the cut was equal to the total area of two sections, then the volume of the two geometry equal. Zu Zu Geng is the son of a famous ancient Chinese mathematician. Hours of learning transmission of academic scientists, in-depth study of the very fine, there are smart mind. Skills to achieve marvelous position, is the ancient legend of the Lo Pan and Chui (when the legendary craftsman of Sun) that is difficult to exceed his cunning. When he thought that deep place, the Sound of Thunder is difficult to ear. Pu She had met while walking Xu Mian, Mian Xu head actually hit him, he was aware of Xu Mian call to his existence. His father, Edward _set_ the calendar change was not implemented, Emperor Wu-day supervision in the early years of Zu Geng be revised again, which came into use at this time. Zhou Qing posts to be too.
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Historical records
"Nanshi Zu Chong Biography" VII sixty-second biography Zu word Wenyuan, Fan Yang Qiu people. Ancestor _set_s of Jin Shi Zhong. Zu Chang, Song Da Jiang Qing. New Moon of the Father, sent towards you. Chong Ji Gu, organic thinking, straight Waring SONG EMPEROR XIAOWU to learn province, thanks to Yu-house car service. Brown solution in the south of Xuzhou, Public House to join the army. Yuanjia in the beginning with Edward the system calendar, eleven for the dense than the old. Chong that still sparse, but in the end make the new law, on the table words. Takatake so hard toward those who experience the good, can not bend. Will Dibeng not implemented. Lou calendar bit magistrate, Ye Zhe Pu She. Early Song Wuping Guanzhong, was Yao Xing guide vehicles, a shape and inorganic Zhu, every line, people at the turn of. L Ming, Qi Gaodi Colonial, the ancient impulse of the chase repair. The transformation of red copper machine, round to not poor, and the Secretary as one side, Ma Jun has also been without the. North when people who claim Yiyun Yu Lin-made guide to cars, Gotti and the red of the parties and to make the school a total of Le Tour Court for trial, but rather poor secluded, is destroyed and burned it. Du Yu Jin when there is ingenuity, made interjection, a three reform accomplished. Sun Life, the good old Prince of Jingling, Chong-made devices offer the interjection, and the week does not differ from the temple. Prince Wen Hui in the Orient House, see the red of the calendar, Kai Emperor implementation. Wen Hui and death of a prince finding sleep. Captain of a long water transfer, and brought their own. On the red side of the build security, want to open Mita, wide agricultural yield. Jianwu, the Emperor Ming purports to punch the patrolling the square, Hing-made cause, can take advantage of people who will not even have the military, do not actually. Chong Chung legal Bose solution was absolutely alone, monensin on those. To Zhuge Liang wooden ox, a device is made, not because of feng shui, Shi machine from transportation, not labor manpower. He also made the boat a thousand miles, in the new trial of Tingjiang, diurnal hundred years. Court made in Le Tour Shueiduei grinding, as the Emperor himself Pro. Also provides a good operator. Yong Yuan death two years, seventy years. The Lao Yi Yi, Buddhist Confucian Analects, Book of Filial Piety, note IX, made dozens of decorated state.
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Biography
Zu (ZǔChōngzhī, AD 429 AD 500 years ─) is China's outstanding mathematicians, scientists. Northern and Southern Dynasties people, Han Chinese, the word text far. DI Yuan Jia was born in six years, died two years Qi Yuan Hou faint. County native of Fan Yang Qiu County (now Laishui County, Hebei). To avoid war, Zu Zu Chang-grandfather moved from the south of Hebei. Chang Liu Song was the progenitor of the "Da Jiang Qing", in charge of civil engineering; Zu's father moving in the official. Zu small to accept the well-known scientific knowledge. When young people enter the Waring School provinces, engaged in academic activities. Life has either been south of Xuzhou (now Zhenjiang City) in the history of public and government to join the army, Logan County (now Northeast China Kunshan City) Order, Ye Zhe Pu She, and other long water XiaoWei official. The main contribution to mathematics, astronomy, calendar, and mechanical three. In mathematics, he wrote "infix operation", which is income the famous "ten count by the book" in the Tang Dynasty Imperial College as a mathematics textbook, but unfortunately was lost. "Li Zhi Sui law," leaving a small section on the pi (π) of the records, Zu calculate the true value of π 3.1415926 (Nv number) and 3.1415927 (earnings number), equal accurate to 7 decimal place became the world's most advanced achievements. The record before the 15th century by the Arab mathematician Mikhail broken. Zu π are given in the form of two scores: 22 / 7 (about rate) and 355/113 (density ratio), in which density rate accurate to 7 decimal place only in the West until the 16th century by the Dutch mathematician Otto re- found. Zu and his son Zu Geng also successful with the use of "co-Mou square cover" to solve the global problem of calculating the volume, the volume formula to get the right ball. In the astronomical calendar, the Zu created a "Daming calendar", the first to precession the introduction of the calendar; used 391 plus 144 leap month of the new leap week; first precision measure point of intersection on the number of days (27.21223), regression of the number of days (365.2428) and other data, also invented the sundial measuring several days around the winter solstice the sun at noon shadow length to be the winter solstice moment method. In mechanics, he had Shueiduei design and manufacture of grinding, copper mechanical drive guide vehicles, ships thousands of miles, timers and so on. In addition, he temperament, literature, textual has also accomplished, He is fluent in temperament, good at chess, also wrote a novel "Shu Yi Ji." Is rare in the history of erudite figure. To commemorate the great ancient scientists, people will back a lunar crater named "Zu crater", the asteroid 1888 named "Zu asteroid."
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Zu Star
November 9, 1964 to Jinian Zu Chong of China and the world made a great contribution to science and culture, Purple Mountain Observatory in 1964 discovered the permanent number of international asteroid named 1888 as "Zu Star."
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People Life
In mathematics, he wrote "infix operation", which is income the famous "ten count by the book" in the Tang Dynasty Imperial College as a mathematics textbook, but unfortunately was lost. "Li Zhi Sui law," leaving a small section on the pi (π) of the records, Zu calculate the true value of π in 3.14159265357 and 3.14159275357, equal to the decimal precision 11-bit, reduced to 3.1415926, became the world the most advanced achievement. The record before the 15th century by the Arab mathematician Mikhail broken. Zu π are given in the form of two scores: 22 / 7 (about rate) and 355/113 (density ratio), in which density rate accurate to 7 decimal place only in the West until the 16th century by the Dutch mathematician Otto re- found. Zu and his son Zu Geng also successful with the use of "co-Mou square cover" to solve the global problem of calculating the volume, the volume formula to get the right ball. In the astronomical calendar, the Zu created a "Daming calendar", the first to precession the introduction of the calendar; used 391 plus 144 leap month of the new leap week; first precision measure point of intersection on the number of days (27.21223), regression of the number of days (365.2428) and other data, also invented the sundial measuring several days around the winter solstice the sun at noon shadow length to be the winter solstice moment method. In mechanics, he had Shueiduei design and manufacture of grinding, copper mechanical drive guide vehicles, ships thousands of miles, timers and so on. In addition, he temperament, literature, textual has also accomplished, He is fluent in temperament, good at chess, also wrote a novel "Shu Yi Ji." Is rare in the history of erudite figure. To commemorate the great ancient scientists, people will back a lunar crater named "Zu crater", the asteroid 1888 named "Zu asteroid." 42O years from AD 589 to the demise of the Eastern Jin Dynasty Sui Dynasty unified the middle of the country's one hundred and seventy years, the history of the formation of a confrontation between North and South, the period known as the Northern and Southern. AD 42O Southern general Liu Yu usurping the throne of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the establishment of the Song regime began, through the Song, Qi, Liang and Chen dynasties. Confrontation with the Northern Dynasties Southern and Northern dynasties through the Northern Wei, Eastern Wei, Western Wei, Northern Qi Dynasty, Northern Zhou dynasties. Zu is a Southern man, born in the Song, when death is during the Southern Qi. Southern society was relatively stable as agriculture and handicrafts have significant progress, economy and culture has been developing rapidly, which also contributed to the advance of science. Therefore, in this period of time, there have been some great achievements of Southern scientists, Zu is one of the most prominent figures. Zu Qiu county of origin is a Fan Yang County (now Laishui County, Hebei). In the Western Jin Dynasty, home country since the war home has been destroyed, moved south to live. Zu Zu Chang grandfather had served in government in the Song Da Jiang Qing, who presides over the construction, is to master a number of scientific and technical knowledge; same time, the home country have a great history of the astronomical calendar. So Zu childhood exposure to science and technology have the opportunity. Zu for the natural sciences and literature, philosophy has a wide range of interests, especially in astronomy, mathematics, and machinery manufacturing, more a passion and in-depth study. Early youth, he had a reputation for erudite, and was then sent to a government research agencies - Waring School provinces, to do research. He later served as a local official. In 461 AD, he was appointed South Xuzhou (now Jiangsu Zhenjiang) in the provincial governor's palace. 464 years, the government transferred him to Lou Song County (now Jiangsu Kunshan County, Northeast) as magistrate. Song Dynasty, Zu back to our health (now Nanjing), as Yezhe Pu She's office. From this point, has been in attendance toward the early years, he spent a large effort to study the mechanical manufacturing, re-made guide to cars, invented thousands of miles the ship, Shueiduei grinding, etc., made an outstanding contribution. When Zu his later years, Qi towards the ruling group had civil strife, political corruption and darkness, people's lives is very painful. Northern Wei took the opportunity to send soldiers to south attack. From AD 494 to 5O0 years, Jiangnan area has plunged into war. For such a heavy force of internal and external political situation, Zu deeply concerned. About AD 494 to 498 years between, he served as Captain of the official length of the water. At that time he wrote an article entitled "On the security side," suggested that land reclamation, development of agriculture, enhance the strength, stability and people's livelihood, strengthen national defense. Qiming Di saw this article, intends to send Zu patrolling the square, the establishment of the cause of which are conducive to people's livelihood. However, due to years of war, his proposal has not been able to achieve. A moment later, the superior of the greatest scientists live to seventy-year-old to the time of the year 50O died. Calendar reform introduced precession Working people in ancient China, due to the need for animal husbandry and agricultural production, after a long period of observation, found the sun and the moon to run the basic law. They first full moon or the moon to full moon or the moon a second period of time defined as one month twenty-nine days is little more than a month, twelve months as a year. This dating method is called the lunar calendar. They also observed: from the first winter solstice to the next winter (in fact, the earth around the sun a week) require a total of three hundred sixty-five days and a quarter days, and it will call some time this year. Calculated in accordance with this approach is often called the Gregorian calendar. However, the lunar and solar calendar year, the number of days a year is not exactly equal. Calculated according to the lunar calendar, the year a total of three hundred fifty-four days; calculated according to the solar calendar year shall be three hundred sixty-five days five hours forty-eighth forty-six seconds. Lunar solar calendar year, less than one year eleven days more. To make this consistent with the number of days the two calendars together, we must think of ways to adjust the lunar year, the number of days. For this problem, our ancestors had already found a solution, that is, a "leap month" approach. A number of years to arrange a leap year, one in each leap year leap month added. Every leap year, ten months a year there. As a result of this leap year approaches, the lunar year and solar year is more in line. In ancient times, our family has always been the ninth year calendar as a leap year calculation unit, known as the "chapter" in each chapter, there are seven leap years. That is, in the nineteenth year, there shall be seven years is ten months. The Run method has been used a thousand years, but it is not enough careful and precise. AD 412, the Northern Liang Zhao Fei creation "Yuanshi calendar" before breaking the old chapter regulation to limit the _insert_ion in the middle of six years two hundred twenty-one leap month. Zhao Fei Unfortunately, the reform did not cause the attention of people at that time, such as the famous home calendar 443 years, Edward made in the year, "Yuan Jia Li", the use of nineteen years or a leap of the ancient seven. Zu Zhao Fei learned the advanced theory, combined with his own observations, that the nineteen years the number of seven intercalated leap too many bad day every two years will, and six hundred two hundred twenty-one Zhao Fei Chuang's leap a few but a little too thin, not very sophisticated. Therefore, he proposed a three hundred and ninety one hundred forty-four leap year, a new leap method. The Run method is probably the most sophisticated of the time. Run away from the reform law, Zu research in the calendar, another major achievement, is the first-ever application of the "precession." With the progressive development of astronomy in ancient China scientists have gradually discovered the phenomenon of precession. Deng Han Ping, Liu Xin Eastern Han Dynasty, Jia Kui, who have observed the phenomenon of the winter solstice point shift, but they are not yet clear that the existence of precession. To the Eastern Jin dynasty, the astronomers began Yuxi sure precession phenomenon, and the first to advocate the introduction of precession in the calendar. He presented the first data precession, calculated the winter solstice once every five years back. Later, the Southern Song dynasty, Edward precession that once every hundred years difference, but he developed in his "Yuan Jia Li," there is no application of precession. Zu inherited the previous research results, not only confirmed the existence of the phenomenon of precession, precession is calculated every ten forty-five years back once a month, and in his production of "Daming calendar" in the application of the precession. Because he was based on historical data are still not accurate astronomical, so naturally he's not very accurate data. Nevertheless, the Zu applied to the calendar, the precession of the equinoxes, the astronomical calendar is a pioneering undertaking in the history for the improvement of China opened a new calendar page. To Sui after the calendar precession has a lot of attention to the house, like the Sui Dynasty "cause calendar," "great imperial calendar" are applied in the precession. Zu research in the calendar third great contribution is to find the calendar, often referred to as "draconic month" the number of days. The so-called intersection of months, that is, twice the moon through the "Yellow Road" and "white road" in the intersection before and after the interval of time. The ecliptic is the person we see on Earth orbit the sun, and white are the people we see on Earth orbit the moon. Intersection of the month can be estimated by the number of days out. Zu measured at the intersection of several months is 27.21223 days, astronomers measured than in the past to be much more sophisticated, modern astronomers measured the same intersection number of days the month has been very similar to 27.21222 days. Level of astronomy at the time, Zu get this precise figures, performance is amazing. The eclipse and a lunar eclipse is in the yellow or white Road near the intersection, so the projected number of days of the month after the intersection, to more accurately calculate the solar eclipse or lunar eclipse occurred. Zu in his formulation of "Daming calendar", the application derived from the Japanese point of intersection on the eclipse time than in the past accurately, and actually appear on the eclipse time is very close. Zu According to the research results, and finally succeeded at that time made the most scientific and most advanced calendar - "Da Ming Li." This is the Zu crystallization of scientific genius, but also his astronomical calendar of the most outstanding contributions. In AD 462 (Song Daming six years), Zu carefully compiled to the "Daming calendar" to the government, announced the implementation of the request. Royal command to understand the calendar SONG EMPEROR XIAOWU officials to discuss the merits of this calendar. During the discussion, Zu Dai SG met with conservative forces, represented by the opposition. SG is the emperor wearing cronies SONG EMPEROR XIAOWU minister, is very powerful. As he led the opposition to the new calendar, court officials echoed the size, we do not support changing the calendar. Zu order to stick to their correct position to wear the same SG confidently launched a fierce debate. This is a debate about the merits of the new calendar, in fact, reflected the scientific and anti-scientific, progressive and conservative forces in both the acute struggle. First letter to the emperor wearing SG, carried away from the ancient sages of the signs in the book to suppress Zu. He said at the winter solstice the sun always in a certain position, which is measured sages, is Jesus Christ can not be changed. He said that the winter solstice Zu move slightly each year, is the slander of the day, contrary to the saints of the classic. Is an act of treason and heresy. He called the then prevailing nineteenth calendar leap of July, also said it was developed by ancient sages, can never be changed. He even scolded Zu is a rudimentary stage that is not qualified to talk about reform of the calendar. Zu attack on the powerful forces of fear did not. He wrote a famous refutation. According to the ancient literature he was observing the sun and the records to prove that there is a change in the winter solstice point. He pointed out: the facts are understood, how can we trust this ancient and doubt. He also cited a detailed personal observations over the years before and after the winter solstice the length of the shadow of the sun at noon-day changes, accurately calculate the date and time of the winter solstice, seven leap from that nineteen years is very sophisticated. He questioned, said: "The old calendar inaccurate, not it should always be using it, never allowed to reform? Who say" Daming calendar "is not good, should come up with conclusive evidence. If there is evidence, I would have received." SG refers to was not wearing the new calendar in the end what are the disadvantages, so the debate to date on the line speed, shadow length, speed and so on up on the line. Zu argue one by one, have refuted him. In Zu righteous refutation, the Dai SG did not, then you can reply, and actually being unreasonable and said: "The new calendar best it can." Zu has not been wearing a SG this arrogant attitude of intimidated, but firmly said: "The decision should not blindly believe the ancients. Since the law's shortcomings found in the lunar calendar, but also established a new calendar has many advantages, it should be converted to the new. " In this great debate, many ministers were Zu theory Thoroughly convinced, but they wear because of fear of the power of SG, did not dare speak for the Zu. Finally there is a call out of the nest is still the minister expressed support for Zu. He said, "Daming calendar" is Zu results of years of research, according to "Daming calendar" to calculate Yuan Jia ten years (436), fourteen years (437), twenty-eight (451), the Ming three years (459) The four are very accurate lunar eclipse, with the lunar calendar was used to derive the results of the error on the big, "Daming calendar" since the facts have proven that good, should be used. In this way, wearing only a speechless SG. Zu achieved the final victory. The Ming emperor decided SONG EMPEROR XIAOWU nine (465) diverted to the new calendar. Surprisingly, the Ming Emperor Xiao died eight years, and then ruling upheaval occurred, this calendar reform was shelved. Liang overturned prison until nine (51O), was formally adopted the new calendar, but when Zu is dead for ten years. Law books circle infix operation Zu is not only versed in astronomy, calendar, his contributions in mathematics, in particular, the "pi" outstanding achievements in research, it is beyond the previous generation, history of mathematics in the world, radiating splendor. We all know that pi is the circumference of a circle and the same ratio of the diameter of the circle, this ratio is a constant, now common Greek letter "π" to indicate. Pi is an infinite decimal is always indivisible, it can not score, finite decimal, or recurring decimal completely and accurately represented. As the progress of modern mathematics, has calculated the number of digits after the decimal point two thousand pi. With the cutting circle method approach to find the circumference ratio, is roughly this: first make a circle, and then in the circle to make a regular hexagon inscribed. Assuming that the diameter of circle is 2, then the radius is equal to 1. Regular hexagon inscribed on one side must equal to the radius, so it is equal to 1; its perimeter equal to 6. If the internal circumference of 6 as a hexagonal circumference of a circle with a diameter of 2 removal by the ratio of circumference to diameter π = 6 / 2 = 3, which is the value of ancient π = 3. However, this value is not correct, we can clearly see that the perimeter of inscribed regular hexagon is much smaller than the circumference of a circle. If we take the regular hexagon inscribed double the number of edges instead of being second-gon inscribed, and then find the appropriate method of its perimeter, then we can see that within the perimeter than at regular hexagon perimeter closer to the circumference of a circle, the inscribed dodecagon more close to the area of area of a circle. From here you can get to this conclusion: the inner circle then made a few more regular polygon edges, which added to the total length of all sides (perimeter) and the difference between the circumference of the smaller circumference. In theory, if the number of sides inscribed regular polygon increases infinitely long time, then the perimeter of the polygon will coincide with the circle close together, from the calculated area of polygon inscribed infinite, it and the area of a circle equal to the. But the fact is, we can not put the number of inscribed regular polygons increased to an infinite number of edges, leaving the perimeter of the infinite regular polygon coincides with the circumference. Only a limited increase in the number of sides inscribed regular polygon, and circle the perimeter to make it nearly coincides. Therefore, the circle inscribed with the increase in the number of ways to seek regular polygon edges pi, thanks to a number slightly less than π is always the true value. Liu Hui is based on this reason, from the beginning inscribed regular hexagon, successive double increase the number of edges, has been calculated to ninety hexagon inscribed date, obtained pi is 3.141024. This number into a fraction, that is, 157/50. Liu Hui pi are obtained, later known as the "emblem rate." He calculated that, in fact, has the ultimate concept in modern mathematics. This is about pi in ancient China, a brilliant achievement study. Can be fitted to two the number of surplus Nv inequality, such as: 3.1415926 (*) <π (the real pi) <3.1415927 (surplus), suggesting that pi should be between the two numbers in the profit Nv. Calculations in accordance with the score was accustomed, Zu also uses the value of pi two scores. One is 355/113 (approximately equal to 3.1415927), the number of more sophisticated, so Zu called "secret rate." The other is the (approximately equal to 3.14), compared the number of careless, so Zu call it "about rates." In Europe, until 1573 was obtained by the German mathematician Ottawa off the 355/113 this value. Therefore, the Japanese mathematician who proposed the three Yifu 355/113 on the value of pi is called "ancestral rate", to commemorate the great mathematicians in China. As Zu written mathematical monograph, "infix technique" has been lost, "Sui Shu" has not specifically documented that he find the circumference ratio method, therefore, our research motherland mathematical heritage experts, for he begged pi means there are different view. Some people think that Zu pi in the "Nv number." Is used as a regular polygon inscribed circle method obtained; and "the number of surplus" is used as a regular polygon circumscribed circle method obtained. Zu way if we continue to use Liu Hui, from the regular hexagon inscribed circle, counting the number of successive double edge, has been inscribed count to 24,576 polygons, it is only the sum of the length of each side and smaller in successive close circumference of the perimeter, the area of this polygon can only be close to and smaller in successive circular area, calculated from the circumference was 3.14159261, only less than the true value of pi, which is the number Nv. From Zu mathematical level, the breakthrough method of Liu Hui, counting from the circumscribed regular hexagon, successive find the circumference ratio, is also possible. If Zu circumscribed regular hexagon to the number of edges multiplied to the polygon is 24,576, he calculated the circumference of the rate should be 3.14159270208. This number is obtained using methods outside the cut. Collage circumscribed regular polygon as the sum is always greater than the circumference of a long length, which are always greater than the area of polygon area of a circle, so the number pi is better than the real big. Seven with rounded after rounding decimal numbers to draw profit number. Zu whether used both internal and external cutting of these two methods calculate the number pi of the Nv and profit numbers, there is no precise historical data can be confirmed. But this approach are calculated using the Nv, surplus two values, and Zu results originally obtained roughly the same. Therefore, some historians believe that Zu mathematics was used for regular polygon circumscribed circle method obtained pi is presumably a very perverse. But according to some historians of mathematics, surplus, and Nv the number two can also be inscribed by the calculation is 12,288 and is 24,576 gon polygon derived from long side. However, such calculations are so obscure, there is not to say. Despite the claims differ, but Zu has obtained "secret rate", and clearly spend the next two to illustrate the limited scope of this number pi, is certain. In the fifteen hundred years ago, he had such success and understanding of, really worthy of our admiration. In the projections pi, the Zu I do not know how much to pay the hard work. If counting from the regular hexagon, count to 24 576 edges, it must be repeated twelve times the same operation procedures, and procedures for each operation, including addition, subtraction and then prescribe more than ten steps. We now use pen and paper calculations to carry out such a calculation is extremely laborious. Zu was calculated for such troublesome, can only chips (small bamboo sticks) to gradually deduction. Fine if the mind is not very cool, no perseverance, it is absolutely not succeed. Zu indomitable spirit of hard study, it is exemplary. Zu death, his son, Zu Geng (xuan Xuan) continued his father's study further found that the method for calculating the volume sphere. Mathematical work in ancient China, "Liu Hui", the ball was out there calculating the volume of formula, but very accurate. Liu Hui Although it was pointed out the error, but how to calculate what should be, he did not seek to solve. Assiduously by Zu Geng, and finally found the right method. The calculation of his projected sphere volume formula is: sphere volume = π / c D (D on behalf of the sphere diameter). This formula has been used with people today also. Zu has also written "augmented surgery," five volumes, is a math book is extremely interesting, very popular with people seriously. Tang's government-run schools provided the operator disciplines: students want to learn "augmented surgery" four years; government held a math exam, and more from the "infix operation" in the title. The book was later spread to Korea and Japan. Unfortunately, the North Song Dynasty, this valuable book actually lost. Now remains to be investigated. Skilled sound philosophy bypass machine Guide to the direction of the car is a car. Car equipped with machinery, vehicles equipped with wooden men. To open the car before the line, first wooden men's fingers to the south, no matter how the car turns, wooden men's hands always point to the south the same. This structure has lost the car, but according to historical records, you can know that it is driven by the structure of gear made of each other. According to legend, the Yellow Emperor of ancient Chi fighting vehicles have been used to identify the direction of guidelines, but it is a legend. According to historical records, the inventor of the Three Kingdoms era of Ma Jun who had this guide to car manufacturers, but unfortunately was lost. Eastern Jin general Liu Yu in 417 AD (that is, later the founding emperor of the Song Dynasty) to enter to Chang, he had access to Later Qin ruler Yao Xing an old guide to car, car inside the machinery has been lost, the car running, only the people to turn the wooden men's hands, so that it points to the south. Later Qigao Di Xiao Daocheng to Lingzu Chong imitation. Zu The system guides the car all the internal parts of copper. Made later, he sent Secretary of State Wangseng Qian Xiao Daocheng, Liu went off the two tests, the results prove its compact structure, flexible operation, no matter what turn the hands of wooden men often point to the south. When Zu guide car made when there is a Northern to the Southern Ming Jiaosuo Yu Lin's, claiming to also create guidelines car. So let him make a Xiaodao Cheng, in the palace of Le Tour by the Court and Zu-made guide to car race. Results Zu operation of the vehicle guidance system with ease, Yu Lin of the cable system is very inflexible. Cable Yu Lin had to admit defeat, and to guide their car destroyed the system. Zu guide to car manufacturing, although we have not seen the original, but by this matter can imagine, it must be very compact structure. Zu also created a very useful working tool. Tsuishine working people he saw, milling is very laborious to create a food processing tool, called Shueiduei mill. Ancient working people have long invented the use of water with the rice and water mill water mill reef. Western Jin Dynasty, Du Yu had to be improved, invented the "even machine pestle" and "water to even the ground." A company can drive several machines pestle with a stone pestle floor Tsuishine; a water mill can turn even while driving eight grinding mill. Zu and on this basis, further improvement, the combination of Shueiduei and water mill, the more improved production efficiency. The processing tools, now some rural areas in southern China are still using the. Zu also design and manufacture of over a thousand ships. It may advance the use of the principle of the wheel shock caused by water a day can do more than one hundred years. Zu literature also records under the Spring and Autumn Period, a system of "interjection device", the second son of Qi Wudi sent Xiao Ziliang. The ancients used to caution interjection control apparatus for complacency. When there is no water inside, is the lateral side. Which later filled with water, if water is moderate, it had been erected; if the water is full, it will to one side, the water poured out. This apparatus, the Jin dynasty scholar Du Yu had trial three times, without success; Zu was successful imitation. Thus, Zu have a profound variety of mechanical studies. Zu's achievements have not only limited to natural science, he is also fluent in music theory. Great deal of research for the melody. In addition, the Zu and author of "easy to justice", "Lao Zi Yi", "Zhuangzi Yi", "Release The Analects of Confucius" and other books on philosophy, have been lost. Zu Zu Geng's son, also an outstanding mathematician, he inherited his father's research, the creation of the correct size of the sphere algorithm. In astronomy, he also inherited his father. He has book "Astronomy recorded" thirty volumes, "recorded by the tips of Astronomy," a roll, but unfortunately these books are lost. Developed by his father, "Daming calendar", that is, three times by his Government proposed to the Liang Dynasty, was formally adopted. He also had in mind when manufacturing the clepsydra made with a very accurate and made a "Water Clock by."
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Historical Evaluation
Zu in astronomy, calendar, mathematics and mechanical manufacturing, and other aspects of the brilliant achievements of ancient science in China fully demonstrated the high level of development. Zu has been able to achieve such a brilliant achievement, not accidental. First of all, when the progressive development of social production is the need to have some success with the advance of science, and thus to promote the progress of science, Zu achieved in this time of astronomy, mathematics, and equipment manufacturing, and other aspects of the results. Secondly, from the ancient to this time in a long time in thousands of years, has accumulated a lot of scientific results, Zu created in the previous made on the basis of his achievements. As Zu individuals to seriously study assiduously, not superstitious ancients, without fear conservatives, not afraid of the struggle, do not avoid the difficult, naturally, are an important reason for outstanding achievements. Zu is not only an outstanding scientist in our history, and history of science in the world have high status. Zu create a "secret rate", is world famous. We should mark this as Zu scientists value their precious heritage. Zu Star November 9, 1964 to Jinian Zu Chong of China and the world made a great contribution to science and culture, Purple Mountain Observatory discovered in 1964, the permanent number of international asteroid named 1888 as "Zu Star."
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Wikipedia Daquan
Zu Chongzhi Zu China Southern and Northern Dynasties distinguished mathematician, astronomer. Word text far. DI Yuan Jia was born in six years (429), died two years Qi Dong Hun Hou yuan (500.) Fan Yang Qiu County native in the County (now Laiyuan County, Hebei), due to the war, Ancestors moved from the south of Hebei. Song Da Jiang Qing Ren Liu grandfather, is to manage the civil engineering officials. Upon his father towards you, learned, popular respect. Zu youth into the Waring specialize in academic learning province, engaged in academic activities. His life in Liu Song Southern Qi has served as South Korean Xuzhou (now Zhenjiang City) in the history of public and government to join the army, Logan County (now Northeast China Kunshan County) Order, Ye Zhe Pu She, and other long water XiaoWei official. In the astronomical calendar, the Zu created a "Daming calendar", the first to precession the introduction of the calendar, which is the ancient Chinese calendar is a major advance; adopted the 391 plus 144 leap month of sophisticated new leap Week; "Daming calendar" in the use of the return on the number of days (365.2428), the intersection on the number of days (27.21223), Jupiter revolution period, the five planets join the cycle, and other data are quite accurate; also invented the sundial measuring around the winter solstice for several days at noon the sun shadow length to be the winter solstice moment method, long used for future generations. Emperor Ming dynasty SONG EMPEROR XIAOWU six years (462), Liu Song Zu asked the government issued a letter to the implementation of "Daming calendar", but was wearing at that time □ Chen SG attacks. He believes that the introduction of precession Zu reform leap Week against the Confucian classics, blame Zu is "Innocence days back by." Zu tit for tat wrote a rebuttal of the memorial. He said a "significant, according to appreciate further to verify real reason," "floating virtual derogatory speech, not the fear of theft," the clear-cut stand, and answered with scientific reason to wear the blame SG. He observed facts proved that due to precession, the Sky was indeed seen and reflected in the Confucian classics in the spring before the situation is different, and indeed the length of tropical year than the "calendar quarter" and smaller. These astronomical facts are "visible to inspection, a few can be pushed," people can not "believe this ancient and doubt." Zu is an erudite scientists have also studied for a variety of machinery. He has been Shueiduei design and manufacture of grinding (food processing use of hydraulic tools), a guide to drive car parts copper, one can do it Barry's "thousand ships" and a number of land transport. He has also been designed and manufactured the timer ─ ─ clepsydra and ingenious device interjection. In addition, the Zu also proficient in temperament, and even has written novels, "Shu Yi Ji" ten volumes. Many of his writings, "Sui Shu. Jing Ji Zhi" was recorded as "Captain Zu long water collection," Fifty-roll. Scattered in various historical records are: "suffix technique", "s Jiu", "Daming calendar", "split Dai SG memorial," "On the security side", "Shu Yi Ji", "Book of Filial Piety release Analects" and on the "Book of Changes," "I", "Zhuangzi" in notes. However, the vast majority of books have been lost. □ Zu Zu's son, the word King Shuo, is a Southern famous mathematician and astronomer. In addition San Qi Liang served as assistant minister members, too Qing government, Nankang Prefecture, material officer, General Feng towards your other job. □ who are well ancestral family education, youth, already has acquired extensive knowledge of astronomy and mathematics is the science Zu Chong's successor, "augmented surgery" is their father and son together to complete the mathematical masterpiece. "Nine Chapters on Arithmetic. Less extensive" Zhang Chunfeng note quoted "Zu □ opening round of surgery," documented the size of ancestral father and son to solve the ball problem. IX mistaken for the ball with the old technique circumscribed cylinder volume ratio and the ratio of a circle square rate ratio,
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English Expression
n.: Zu Chongzhi(Tsu Ch’ ung-chih), Zu Chongzhi(Tsu Ch'ung-chih)
Related Phrases
math
Work of nature Kaiwu
s life
a senior high school
style
pi
book
(literally) the South and North Dynasties-- after East Jin China was divided into
Novel group of things having a shared quality
liangren
Containing Phrases
ung-chih) star
ung-chih) Road
ung-chih) Fuzi
ung-chih) snow
ung-chih) Middle School
ung-chih) asteroid
ung-chih) crater
ung-chih) Middle School
ung-chih)
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Ung-chih) road assert a matter of
sheet East road ung-chih) Road
Ung-chih) road Halei Road
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Zu Chongzhi(Tsu Ch’ ung-chih)
Sheet river road ung-chih) road Zhangjiang Middle School