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No. 1 　　社会福利是现代社会广泛使用的一个概念。人们根据他们各自的立场和目的给予这个概念以不同的解释。根据日本学者一番ク濑康子的解释，社会福利“是泛指解决有关‘福利’问题的各种社会方法和政策”。但是，仅仅作这样的解释是不足以帮助我们掌握社会福利的意义和价值的。因为，福利也涉及人们的主观感受和实际的生活状态，并且和各种社会事项相联系。 　　福利首先是同人的生活幸福相联系的概念。在英语里，“福利”是welfare，它是有well和fare两个词合成的，意思是“好的生活”。但是，什么是“好的生活”却是一个仁者见仁，智者见智的事情。它既可以指物质生活的安全、富裕和快乐，也可以是精神上、道德上的一种状态。社会福利还与社会政治相关联，既被看作是一种国家治理的状态，又被看作是调整社会关系的手段。所以，“福利不单单表现为心情等主观因素，而是作为一个人主动追求人间幸福生活权利的基础、机会和条件，以及在日常生活中所做的各种必要的努力”（一番ク濑康子）。 　　从一般抽象的意义来说，福利就是能使人们生，活幸福的各种条件。它既包括人的身体应得到的保护和照顾，也包括影响人的智力和精神自由发展的各种因素。而作为“社会福利”就更超出了个人的范畴，要求人们在“社会”的层面上来考虑和解决如何使人能够过一种“好的生活”。它涉及社会根据什么来帮助人们生活得幸福，需要通过什么样的制度和政策安排来保证他们生活得幸福 　　社会福利是指国家依法为所有公民普遍提供旨在保证一定生活水平和尽可能提高生活质量的资金和服务的社会保障制度。一般社会福利，主要指社会服务事业及设施。社会福利制度一般来讲具有四个特点：社会福利是社会矛盾的调节器；每一项社会福利计划的出台总是带有明显的功利主义目的，总是以缓和某些突出的社会矛盾为终极目标；社会福利的普遍性，社会福利是为所有公民提供的，利益投向呈一维性，即不要求被服务对象缴纳费用，只要公民属于立法和政策划定的范围之内，就能按规定得到应该享受的津贴服务；社会福利较社会保险而言是较高层次的社会保险制度，它是在国家财力允许的范围内，在既定的生活水平的基础上，尽力提高被服务对象的生活质量。 　　社会福利有广义和狭义之分。（一）广义的社会福利是指提高广大社会成员生活水平的各种政策和社会服务，旨在解决广大社会成员在各个方面的福利待遇问题。（二）狭义的社会福利是指对生活能力较弱的儿童、老人、母子家庭、残疾人、慢性精神病人等的社会照顾和社会服务。社会福利所包括的内容十分广泛，不仅包括生活、教育、医疗方面的福利待遇，而且包括交通、文娱、体育、欣赏等方面的待遇。社会福利是一种服务政策和服务措施，其目的在于提高广大社会成员的物质和精神生活水平，使之得到更多的享受。同时，社会福利也是一种职责，是在社会保障的基础上保护和延续有机体生命力的一种社会功能。 　　社会福利份的分类： 　　（一）社会福利的二分法 　　1.剩余性社会性福利与制度性社会福利 　　2.积极的社会福利与消极性的社会福利 　　3.公共福利与私人福利 　　（二）社会福利的三分法 　　1.剩余性社会福利，财政福利，职业福利 　　2.剩余性社会福利，工业成就--表现模式和制度再分配模式。 百科辞典 　　shehui fuli 　　社会福利 　　social welfare 　　　　国家和社会为增进与完善成员尤其是困难者的社会生活的一种社会制度。旨在通过提供资金和服务，保证社会成员一定的生活水平并尽可能提高他们的生活质量。社会福利狭义指当社会成员因年老、疾病、生理或心理缺陷而丧失劳动能力而出现生活困难时向其提供的服务措施；广义指为了改善和提高全体社会成员的物质生活和精神生活的各种社会服务措施。 　　　　基本内容　社会福利一般包括现金援助和直接服务。现金援助通过社会保险、社会救助和收入补贴等形式实现；直接服务通过兴办各类社会福利机构和设施实现。主要内容有：医疗卫生服务、文化教育服务、劳动就业服务、住宅服务、孤老残幼服务、残疾康复服务、犯罪矫治及感化服务（见矫治社会工作）、（见感化教育）、心理卫生服务、公共福利服务等。服务对象包括老年人、残疾人、妇女、儿童、青少年、军人及其家属、贫困者，以及其他需要帮助的社会成员和家庭等。服务的形式有人力、物力、财力的帮助，包括国家、集体、个人兴办的社会福利事业的收养、社区服务、家庭服务、个案服务、群体服务等。 　　　　西方福利思想的发展　古巴比伦王国《汉穆拉比法典》强调保护孤寡，犹太教、基督教等教派宣扬博爱、助人、公平的宗教教义，都包含有福利的思想。中世纪的欧洲，出现了以宗教为主要形式的私人慈善机构和组织,专门从事救济贫民的工作。1601年,英国颁布伊丽莎白济贫法，开始以立法形式对贫民实施救济。18世纪中叶以后，西方国家的工业化、城市化、社会分工专业化的进程加快，随之带来了贫穷、伤残、失业、犯罪等日益严重的社会弊病，劳资冲突等社会矛盾大大加剧。家庭、私人慈善组织、社会团体已无力解决与日俱增的社会问题和福利需求。资产阶级经济学家、社会学家开始寻找产生社会弊病的原因和解决办法。19世纪初叶，空想社会主义者C.H.de圣西门、C.傅立叶、R.欧文设计并亲自实践了一系列社会改革的方案，试图建立平等、幸福、和谐的理想社会，提出了改善劳工待遇、增进社会福利、消灭贫穷的主张。18、19世纪的社会福利工作受自由主义的影响，认为贫困是个人无能和懒惰所致，应由个人负责，国家不负担救济和帮助贫穷者的责任和义务，私人可以举办社会救济和社会福利而不受国家干预。19世纪末20世纪初，慈善组织运动发展成为推行社会福利的主要机构。英国于1869年和1884年先后建立了“慈善机关联合会”和托因比服务所；1886年美国建立了邻里协会。这些慈善团体和社区睦邻组织的建立，标志着慈善事业开始向社会化、制度化发展，社会福利开始被列入社会制度和社会政策的范畴。英国统计学家C.布思在《伦敦居民的生活与劳动》（1891～1903）一书中提出，国家有责任通过抚养病人、老年人、残疾人及儿童，使他们摆脱就业竞争；有责任保障有生存能力者的生活。此后，逐渐形成国家应保障最低国民生活水平的福利观念。工人运动的蓬勃发展，有力地促使国家干预社会福利。政府开始介入对贫穷、失业、疾病等问题的处置，以广泛的社会福利规划和措施提供基本经济保障和社会服务，成为近代社会福利制度的基石。 　　　　中国福利思想的发展　中华民族在历史上早已形成扶贫济困、敬老助残的社会风尚和道德观念。先秦儒家提出了“使老有所终”、“矜寡孤独废疾者,皆有所养”（《礼记·礼运》）等思想和主张，对中国福利思想的产生有积极影响。清朝末年发生的资产阶级改良主义的维新运动，宣扬西方资产阶级自由、平等、博爱、民权的进步思想，西方的福利思想和福利主张开始在中国传播。中国资产阶级民主革命的伟 English Expression :  social security,  government payments to people who are unemployed, ill, disabled, etc,  SS social security n.:  social welfare Related Phrases Shenzhen (city in china) University marriage household community service faculty of law public service hongkong tissue hongkong public welfare fund accost Ministry of Civil Affairs Deliverance Station Internment wise Station social security subsidy service Welfare Welfare Institution management system Welfare enterprise huimin appeasement provide for the aged Respect notify Canton Municipal measures for administration Containing Phrases community welfare department welfare Social welfare arrange community welfare house Social welfare industry social service social work antisocial welfarism social welfare lotteries for the common [general, public] weal child social welfare community Welfare regime Social Welfare Function Macao social welfare community Welfare Institution community welfare centre social welfare expenditure social worker Age community welfare house hongkong Social welfare arrange Social welfare Dress factory welfarism social welfare enterprise social welfare enterprise denomination High hyalomere community welfare house Changde city community welfare house Fushun municipal community welfare house Dafeng city community welfare house China age social welfare canton Social welfare Insurance social welfare community organization Kuche county community welfare house Chongyi county community welfare house Changling county community welfare house Hangu district community welfare house Canton municipal community welfare house Shanghai city Third community welfare house Beijing city Chiefly community welfare house Hangzhou community welfare centre China community Welfare coeducation foundation Social welfare 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administration City Social welfare enterprise Regulate employment try plan Yantai city Muping District Social welfare Sizhichang Sơn Dương Social welfare Company costume Cutting factory Harbin city Daowai district Donglai Social welfare Garment Factory Qingdao city huangdao district social welfare Printing and dyeing factory Qingdao city Laoshan District Social welfare Knit leather goods Cutting factory Bale morning market Donghe District Social welfare knitwear Ih ju league Social welfare Shengxin mill Shouyang County Social welfare enterprise Corporation Restaurant Qingdao City Social welfare Corporation Haosheng Hotel Anyang city Beiguan District Social welfare Meat cutting factory Fields and gardens Hotel Xuanhan county Canlian Social welfare rehabilitate clinic Shenzhen (city in china) Municipal Social welfare Center companion Keep fit courtyard Linyi city municipal Hedong District Social welfare sanatorium Harbin city Social welfare courtyard Disability Rehabilitate Hospital 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Lanzhou municipal Qili village River Social welfare day Food factory Dongxiang county Phoenix Hill Social welfare Building materials factory service company Social welfare synthesis Cutting factory Welfare county Huguanshaleng Social welfare brickyard Welfare County Social welfare Linhong Carpentry synthesis Cutting factory Welfare county kermes Social welfare Brickyard Wrong path Fenchang Wuwei city Liangzhou District Social welfare Funeral and interment Thing department Longnan city Wudu District Social welfare Synthesis factory Longnan city wudu district social welfare synthesis factory civil affair hospice Lanzhou municipal Xigu Social welfare Xingda Grease chemical plant Dongxiangzu autonomous county Chun Tai Social welfare brickyard Linxia City Social welfare fabric Company Lanzhou municipal xiguqu Avantgarde Road Social welfare Youhuachangyouhuafenchang Badge County Social welfare Huangbaqianxin Co., Ltd. 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