Sociology is starting from the community, through social relations and social behavior of social structure, function, occurrence and development of a comprehensive law subjects, migraine management. It is the last major study from the origin of human society, organizations, customs of Anthropology, tend to look into the development of modern society and social groups in the organization or sex of the subjects. In sociology, people not as individuals but as a social organization, groups or bodies exist. Overview Today, sociologists study society, including a series of macro to micro behavior of the structure, including race, ethnicity, class and gender, to fine individuals such as family structure, patterns of social relations. Department of Sociology, with more detailed research into the direction, including crime and divorce as, for example, in micro aspects of human relationships. Sociologists also quantitative research methods commonly used to quantify the overall structure of up to describe a society in order to study social change can be predicted and people respond to social changes in the quantitative model. This from the 拉扎斯费尔德 (Paul F. Lazarsfeld) initiated research methods, sociological research is now one of the main methodology. Sociological Research Methods is another school of qualitative research, including participant observation, depth interviews, focus group discussions and other methods of data collection, and based on grounded theory, content analysis of qualitative data analysis. Engaged in some sociologists believe that the qualitative analysis, which is a better way, because it can enhance the understanding of "discrete" nature of human society and the uniqueness. This method never find a consistent point of view, but they can appreciate each taken their own unique way and learn from each other. Mainstream view is that both quantitative and qualitative research methods are complementary, not contradictory. History Comte invented the word sociology. "Sociology" is a new academic areas. It is across the economic, political, anthropology, history and psychology. Its meaning is to find a mixture of the source of human knowledge and philosophy. "Sociology" is by Comte (Auguste Comte) first, he tried to use a physical approach to unify all of the humanities - including history, psychology and economics, so as to establish the rules stand the test of science subjects, had he used "social physics" to call this new discipline. His main contribution is that he makes the last out of the Humanities and Social Sciences fields. His idea of sociology is a typical 18th century: he believes that all human activities are consistent through different historical stages, if a society can be grabbed at this stage, it can be effective for the community out patient prescription. The first book of sociology, the subject is the mid-19th century British philosopher Herbert Spencer book. In the U.S., the University of Kansas in 1890 "Elements of Sociology" is the first course of sociology [1], [2], the University of Chicago in 1892, _set_ up by the 艾比安斯摩尔 the first independent American University College, he also created the "American Journal of Sociology" [3]. In 1895, the University of Bordeaux, France established the first European Sociology. 1904, London School of Economics and Political Science was _set_ up Britain's first Faculty of Sociology [4]. Max Weber at the University of Munich in 1919 established the first Faculty of Sociology. 1920 Florian Znaniecki in Poland established the first Faculty of Sociology. The first occurred on the sociology of international cooperation in 1893. René Worms was _set_ up the "sociology of international small-college", and finally in 1949 with the creation of the International Association for the merger sociologist [5]. 1905 established the American Sociological Association is today the world's largest association of sociologists. 19th century to the 20th century, the rise of a group of classical sociologists, such as: Karl Marx, Ferdinand Toennies, Emile Durkheim, Pareto and Max Weber. As Comte, they will not see themselves as sociologists. Their work involves religion, education, economy, psychology, ethics, philosophy, theology and other academic areas. Of course they are very influential in the sociology of power, especially in economics, Karl Marx is important giant. Brought out earlier by the Comte way to mimic the theory of natural science research methods, apply the same methodology to study social phenomena. Emphasis on experience, evidence and scientific methods for the solid foundation of sociology. This methodology is called positivism. Finally, science does not actually replace the other social sciences, but rather to an emphasis on objects and methods of another form. Today, sociologists usually by comparison to the study of human organizations and social systems, especially in a complex social structure of industrial research. From 20 to 21 of view, sociological research should be the era of rapid development. Sociology of science and mathematics Today, the sociological study of human organizations, social groups, social interaction, etc. use a lot of comparison. The development of other scientific sociology additional demand, which is very important to the study of modern industrial society. In recent years, has been the revelation of anthropology, accelerated the multi-cultural and multi-national study. On the other hand, sociology towards the development of micro-social structure, such as: race, social class, gender and family. Because there are a lot of crime, family problems have a lot of social pressure, needed to find a solution to sociology. Quantitative research by sociologists to study social relations in order to predict social change. They hope that through qualitative research, such as interviews and group discussions on the functioning of society have a deeper understanding. Some sociologists are debating the balance from which to fill the gap between the two. For example: a large volume of research describing social phenomena and qualitative description of how individuals understand the large-scale social phenomena. Major theory With the objective of the Natural different social theorists rarely use the scientific method, and other facts and evidence and ways to prove points. Instead, they face a very large social movements at all times to use some hypotheses. However, these hypotheses require a long time to prove. This is the focus of criticism by opponents. For those of deconstruction and postmodernism, who also questioned the research and methods are all wrong inherited. In many cases, social theory has been identified as not proven. Social Research Methods Social Research Council experience in various methods of collecting evidence, including questionnaires, interviews, participant observation and statistical research. Different ways the difficulties that they are based on the theoretical basis for researchers to adopt their own interpretation and understanding of the community. As a function of advocates, Ai Mill Durkheim like large-scale structure of the community to explain anything. If he is symbolic interaction, he will focus on how people understand other people. Marxist or a new Marxist class struggle to turn into anything. Scientists think the phenomenon is only the general public how to create their own meaning of reality. When the parties face the reality of social problems, often argue who is right, but in fact would combine different methodologies. The Internet is of interest to sociologists, for four reasons: 1) it is research tools. Such as online questionnaires instead of paper questionnaires. B) a platform to discuss it. C) is a research topic itself. Sociology of the Internet, online communities, virtual communities. D) As the Internet and have social organizational changes such as transformation from industrial society to knowledge society, large-scale social change. Sociology and other social sciences In the early twentieth century, sociologists and psychologists had to study the industrial society, has contributed to anthropology. Must bear in mind is that anthropologists have to study the industrial society. Sociology and Anthropology major difference today is to study the different theories and methods, not objects. Sociobiology is a synthesis of sociology and biology of a new science. Although it quickly accepted, but there are still many controversies over evolution and try to use it to explain the social behavior of biological processes and structures. Sociologists often criticize the social biologists rely too much on the impact of genes on behavior. Biologists said that in between the community and nurture the natural existence of a complex relationship. Therefore, the biological with social anthropology, zoology, evolutionary psychology is closely related. This is still unacceptable to the other sciences. Some social biologists such as Richard Machalek require the use of sociology to study the non-human society. Sociology, social psychology has a relationship with the former concerned with social structure, which is interested in social behavior. The main theme of Sociology Groups of organizations: the Family - Community - Village - Towns - Cities - tribal - ethnic - groups - Cultural .. Groups and organizations Primary social groups Family Neighborhood Children's play groups Social organization Bureaucracy Social system: the family - marriage - economy - politics - Law - Religious - Education - Culture - Sports .. Social process: the co-operation - competition - War - reform - the revolution - social media - social values - social integration .. Socialization Social role Norms and Deviance Social Change Stratification and mobility Urbanization Modernization Social issues: employment - national division - Crime - Pollution - Population - Immigration - Racial Discrimination - Violence - Poor .. Sociology of the main characters Auguste Comte (Auguste Comte) Emile Durkheim Herbert Spencer Karl Marx Max Weber (Max Weber) Toennies Simmel Mannheim Pareto Malinowski Skinner 威廉萨姆纳 (William Sumner) William Thomas (William Thomas) 弗洛里安兹南 Nicky (Florian Zrannecki) Parsons Merton Smelser Gans Mills Mead Lewis Coser Homans Blau Emerson Goffman Schutz 哈罗德加芬 Kerr Adorno Erich Fromm Herbert Marcuse (Herbert Marcuse) Jurgen Habermas (Jurgen Habermas) Michel Foucault Lyotard 吕西安斯费兹 Bourdieu Anthony Giddens Elias Clifford Scholz (cultural anthropologist, Clifford Geertz) Fei Xiaotong Sociological Theory On the social organism Social development of On Social Justice Social exchange theory Social Interaction Social Darwinism On the social equilibrium Social cognitive theory Social nominalism Social realism Social learning theory Social control theory Structure and function of Conflict theory Frankfurt Frankfurt is Germany's Frankfurt University Social Research Institute constitute the academic community, in terms of the number of representatives, or from members of the theoretical achievements of the depth and breadth of view, it is the greatest Marxist of the 20th century schools of Westerners The major schools of Marxist doctrine, is one of the important schools of modern Western philosophy one. Can say, do not study and understand the Frankfurt School of social critical theory, not a very comprehensive and profound understanding of the spirit of the 20th century the evolution of human culture. Representative of a number of Frankfurt School, writing rich, read materials on a wide range of areas, and its main representative of the activities they cover almost the entire decade of the 20th century. Horkheimer and the Frankfurt School founder Georg Lukacs, Ernst Bloch, who is the same age, and its main representative of the second generation of Habermas and others it is still alive and very active. In 1923, when the international communist movement inside to Lukacs, Korsch and others for a group of representatives of non-orthodox Marxist proletarian revolution began to rethink the lessons learned, and new understanding of Marxist theory, the German Frankfurt University, established an internal study for the purpose of Marxism Institute for Social Research. Founder of the "socialist and labor movement history library" magazine, its first director from the fall tradition of the Austrian Marxist historian metrical Berg (Carl Crunberg 1861-1940) served. Classical Berg Marxist debate between different factions held a neutral attitude, his Eastern Orthodox Marxism and other Western Lukacs unorthodox Marxism share the same attitude. In a sense, the Frankfurt Institute for Social Research became the western and eastern points of Marxist thought of the connection, it organized a "socialist and labor movement History Library" on the East and West equally Marxist literature, both published by the newly discovered Marx and Engels presentation, Bernstein and others published an article, also published Lukacs and Korsch et al article. Can be said that Berg served as director of the Classical period, members of the community has not yet formed the Institute of Appellation of us today the Frankfurt School. In 1930, Horkheimer succeeded as a social ill metrical Berg Director of the Institute of Critical Theory from the beginning to the community, known history of the Frankfurt School. The history of the Frankfurt School can be divided into three main stages. From 1930 to 1949 between the magic created for the Frankfurt School and the early period, the activities of the members from the Frankfurt School in terms of area, this period is mainly the United States during the school. Horkheimer and Classical Berg biggest difference is that he is not the Institute for Social Research and the "History of Library of socialism and the labor movement," just as the intersection of different Marxist thought or dialogue of the place, but for the community members of the Institute research identified a clear direction is the establishment of social critical theory or critical social theory. Horkheimer made at the director-time, entitled "Situation of Social Philosophy and Social Research Institute's mission," the speech, clearly, Social Research Institute's mission is to create a social philosophy, it was not enough capital Marxist society, economics and history of the empirical analysis, but to "all mankind as a whole material culture and spiritual culture" as the object reveal and explain, "as members of the human fate," the entire capitalist society in general Philosophical criticism and the sociology of criticism. Thus, Horkheimer on the one hand the introduction of Freud's psychoanalysis, cultural and ideological critique; the other hand, he introduced the study and organized a number of famous scholars such as Adorno, Malta Qusay, Fromm, Benjamin and others, these people or become a member of the University of Frankfurt Institute for Social Research, or become the new founder of the Institute's "Journal of Social Research," the writer, thus constitute the Frankfurt School a strong camp. 1949 to the late 60's mid-term for the Frankfurt School, is a member of the Frankfurt School returned to Germany, a period of activity in West Germany, this is the heyday of the Frankfurt School, or Golden Age. In 1949, the Government's invitation to be West Germany, Horkheimer and Adorno, who returned to rebuild Society Institute, two serving as the Institute and deputy director. Soon, Horkheimer as Frankfurt University, and later the United States to give lectures, practice of social work of the Institute presided over mainly by Adorno. During this period, not only Horkheimer, Adorno, Marcuse, Fromm and others (both returned to Germany or stay in the United States) to continue construction and development of the Frankfurt School of social critical theory, and a group of young theorists such as Habermas, Schmitt, Nergert and others have begun to emerge as the second generation of Frankfurt School theorists. During this period, the Frankfurt School to further develop their own critical theory of society. They further stressed the negative dialectical and revolutionary, advanced industrial society on the all-round criticism reveals a profound alienation of modern man and the physical and chemical structure of modern society, especially the ideological, technical rationality, mass culture, the power of alienation human bondage and domination, and developed under the conditions of the developed capitalist revolution strategy. Frankfurt School of Critical Theory radical culture throughout Europe in the late 60 students and young rebel movement gained a high reputation, had a huge impact. Horkheimer, Adorno, Marcuse, Fromm and other major representative has become a very famous, very influential social thinkers. Thinking on behalf of the Frankfurt School's major works of this period have Adorno's "Negative Dialectics", Fromm's "healthy society" and "Eros and Civilization", Habermas's "knowledge and interest," Schmidt's "Marx's Concept of Nature" and so on. From the 70's, the Frankfurt School into their advanced stage, which is the main representative of the Frankfurt School have died, school start times to disintegration. The late 60s student movement across all of Europe to the Frankfurt School's reputation reached its peak, but soon after the Frankfurt School began the process of decline and disintegration. Reasons for this situation is in many aspects. First, the Frankfurt School have the main representative of the first generation of die, Adorno died in 1969, died in 1973, Horkheimer, Marcuse died in 1979, Fromm's death in 1980. Second, the Frankfurt School and Habermas the main representative of the second generation there is a big difference between the Schmidt, which led to the disintegration of the Frankfurt School. Schmidt was regarded as legitimate heir to the Frankfurt School, he thought the Frankfurt School of Critical Theory in the 70's under the conditions of advanced industrial society is still valid, Habermas stresses the Frankfurt School critical theory tradition of modern social conditions are not the same adaptability, he began efforts to explore the legality of late capitalism, advocated replacing communicative rationality instrumental rationality of the heart, thus Theory of Communicative Action Reconstruction of Historical Materialism. These differences are reflected in Schmidt's "On the Critical Theory," "critical theory as a philosophy of history" and Habermas's "the legality of late capitalism", "Reconstruction of Historical Materialism", "Communication and social evolution, "among other works. Differences in theory undermine cooperation among the members of the Frankfurt School. In 1969, Habermas as director of the Institute community, but soon, due to the deterioration of relations between the same Schmidt, Habermas had quit in 1971, Institute for Social Research. Schmidt began in 1972 as director of the Institute. Habermas returned to Frankfurt in 1983, a university professor. Although there are still Institute for Social Research, Habermas and others, but more as a single thinker and active in the international academic community, the Frankfurt School as a strong history of basically the end of school. School of Sociology and branch Sociological history School of social statistics Branch of sociology History of Sociology Sociology of Education History of Social Thought Sociological Methods Social survey methods, social statistics Experimental sociology Mathematical Sociology Applied Sociology Occupational sociology, industrial sociology, medical sociology, urban sociology, rural sociology, family sociology, environmental sociology, sociology of youth, the elderly sociology, criminal sociology, Sociology of Deviance, women's issues, racial issues, social problems, social masses and stratification, communities, social security, social work, micro-sociology, political sociology, sociology of religion, sociology, development sociology, sociology of population Comparative Sociology Social Geography Cultural Sociology Sociology of art, sociology of knowledge, moral sociology Historical Sociology Economic Sociology Military Sociology Social Psychology History of social psychology, experimental social psychology Public Relations Social Anthropology Organizational sociology Development Sociology Welfare Sociology Demography Population, economics, sociology, population, population theory of history and historical demography, population geography, population ecology, regional demography, population engineering, population predictions, study population planning, population policy studies, Family Planning See also: Psychology - Information Science - Politics - Socialism - the law of social development - social structure - Talent Study Related Documents Weber (Germany), "the basic concept of sociology", Guangxi Normal University Press, 2005, ISBN 7563352058 Ye Zhicheng, "What is sociology," ALi Corporation culture, 2005, ISBN 9578187181 George. Ritzer (U.S.), "Contemporary Sociological Theory and its classical roots," Peking University Press, 2005, ISBN 7301087985 乔纳森特纳 (U.S.), "Structure of Sociological Theory", John Wiley & Sons Inc., 2001, ISBN 957551498X John J. Macionis, Sociology (10th Edition), Prentice Hall, 2004, ISBN 0131849182 Piotr Sztompka, Socjologia, Znak, 2002, ISBN 8324002189 Stephen H. Aby, Sociology: A Guide to Reference and Information Sources. 3rd edn. Littleton, CO, Libraries Unlimited Inc., 2005, ISBN 1563089475 Anthony Giddens, Conversations with Anthony Giddens, Polity, Cambridge, 1998. On to make a good introduction to classical sociology. Anthony Giddens, Sociology, Polity, Cambridge Anthony Giddens, Human Societies: Introduction Reading in Sociology Robert A. Nisbet, The Sociological Tradition, London, Heinemann Educational Books, 1967, ISBN 1560006676 Evan Willis, The Sociological Quest: An introduction to the study of social life, 3rd edn, New Brunswick, NJ, Rutgers University Press, 1996, ISBN 0813523672 Andrey Korotayev, Artemy Malkov, and Daria Khaltourina, Introduction to Social Macrodynamics, Moscow: URSS, 2006. ISBN 5-484-00414-4 [6].
Starting from the community, through social relations and social behavior of social structure, function, occurrence, development law and social sciences. Sociology not only to study practical problems, but also of doctrine. Such as population, labor, culture, morality, women's, youth, children, elderly, urban, rural, professional division of labor and so on, are within the scope of research in sociology. Liang, "and then forwarding a report on the state-owned land": "18 century thinkers Sheng said the existence of natural law. And Modern history of sociological research lines, the existence of natural law, long denied." Ba Jin "destroyed" Chapter XII: "Although he can not, as most scholars or writers from the fields of science, philosophy, sociology, on the end of the conclusion to prove itself the ideal, but he firmly believes that great day will come. "
Translated by Google
No. 3
A community of mutual relations between people and the development law and social sciences. Mid-19th century produced in the West. Main representative for the French Comte and Spencer UK. The 19th century came to China 90. Main research: (1) the objective laws of social fields, to raise awareness of society's ability to forecast the development trend of social change; (2) the interaction and the formation of people of various codes of conduct; (3) social issues and social change .
Translated by Google
Concept
Sociology is a benign operation and coordination of social conditions and mechanisms for the development of a comprehensive specific social science.
Translated by Google
Overview
Sociology is starting from the community as a whole, through the social relations and social behavior to study the social structure, function, occurrence and development of a comprehensive law subjects. Comte was originally named after the subject, after Karl Marx, Spencer, Durkheim, Max Weber and other scholars, the continuous development, and gradually formed an independent theory, research methods and a social science paradigm. The study was extensive, and the historical, political, economic, social structure, demographic changes, ethnic, urban, rural, community, marriage, family and sex, faith and religion, modernization and other fields have cross. The methodology of thinking is holistic, believing that people exist in society, their behavior and thought are not simply subject to individual rationality, but by shaping society to limit and even decide
Translated by Google
Overview
Today, social scientists study society, including a series of macro to micro behavior of the structure, including race, ethnicity, class and gender, to the fine individuals such as family structure, patterns of social relations. Department of Sociology, more detailed research into the direction of more, including such as crime and divorce, for instance in micro aspects of the relationship between people. Sociologists also commonly used method of quantitative description of a society come from the number of overall structure, in order to study social change can be predicted and people respond to the quantitative model of social change. This from the La Zhasi Feld (Paul F. Lazarsfeld) advocated research methods, sociological research is now one of the main methodology. Sociological Research Methods is another genre of qualitative research, including participant observation, interviews, focus group discussions of data collection methods, and based on grounded theory, content analysis of qualitative data analysis methods. In the qualitative analysis of some social scientists believe that this is a better way, because it can enhance the understanding of "discrete" nature of human society and the uniqueness. This method never find a consistent point of view, but they can appreciate each taken their own unique way and learn from each other. Mainstream view is that both quantitative and qualitative research methods are complementary, not contradictory.
Translated by Google
History
Comte invented the word sociology. "Sociology" is a new academic areas. It is across the economic, political, anthropology, history and psychology. It is about finding a mixture of the source of human knowledge and philosophy. "Sociology" is the term Comte (Auguste Comte) first, he tried to use a physical approach to the unity of all the humanities - including history, psychology and economics in order to establish the rules stand the test of science subject, he used the original "social physics" to refer to this new discipline. He made his major contribution to social science is finally out of the humanities. His philosophy is typical of 18th century sociology: he believed that all human activities are consistent through different historical stages, if a society can grab this stage, it can be opened for the social disease of effective prescription. The first book of sociology as a subject is the mid-19th century, written by British philosopher Herbert Spencer. In the United States, 1890 Kansas University's "Elements of Sociology" is the first sociology course, in 1892 the University of Chicago _set_ up by the Abbey Ann Moore, the first independent American University College, he also founded the "American society study of. " In 1895, the University of Bordeaux, France established the first European Sociology. 1904, London School of Economics and Political Science was _set_ up Britain's first Faculty of Sociology. Max Weber in 1919, first established at the University of Munich Faculty of Sociology. Florian Znaniecki in 1920 established the first in Poland, Faculty of Sociology. The first occurred on the sociology of international cooperation in 1893. When René Worms founded "Institute of Sociology, International Small", the last in 1949 with the creation of the International Association of merger sociologist. Established in 1905 is today the American Sociological Association, the world's largest association of social scientists. 19th century to the 20th century, a group of emerging classical sociologists, such as: Karl Marx, Ferdinand Toennies, Emile Durkheim, Pareto and Max Weber. As Comte, they will not see themselves as social scientists. Their work involves religion, education, economy, psychology, ethics, philosophy, theology and other academic areas. Of course they are very influential in sociology, especially the economics of Karl Marx is even more important to leaders. Comte out early from the way the theory of imitation of the natural scientific method, apply the same methodology to explore the social phenomenon. Emphasis on experience, evidence and scientific methods for the solid foundation of sociology. This methodology is called positivism. Finally, science does not actually replace the other social science, but stressed the objects and methods into another form. Today, social scientists usually by comparison to the study of human organizations and social systems, especially in a complex social structure of industrial research. From 20 to 21 of view, sociological research should be the era of rapid progress.
Translated by Google
Sociology of Science and Mathematics
Today, the sociological study of human organizations, social groups, social interaction, etc., use a lot of comparison. The development of other scientific sociology extra demand, the study of modern industrial society is very important. In recent years, been a revelation of anthropology, accelerated the multi-cultural and multi-national study. On the other hand, sociology towards the development of micro-social structure, such as: race, social class, gender and family. Because there are a lot of crime, family problems have a lot of social pressure, needed to find a solution to sociology. Sociologists to study through quantitative research to predict social change social relations. They hope that through qualitative research, such as interviews and group discussions on the functioning of society have a deeper understanding. Some social scientists are working to balance the debate from which to fill the gap between the two. For example: a large amount of research describes the social phenomenon of the qualitative study describes how individuals understand the large-scale social phenomena.
Translated by Google
Main theory
Different with the objective of natural science, social theorists rarely use the scientific method and other methods to prove the arguments on evidence. Instead, they face a very major social movements at all times to use some hypothesis. However, these hypotheses need for a long time to prove it. This is the focus of criticism by opponents. For deconstructionists and postmodernists, who question the research and methods are all wrong inherited. In many cases, social theory has been identified as not proven.
Translated by Google
Social Research Methods
Social Research Council of experience in various methods of collecting evidence, including questionnaires, interviews, participant observation and statistical research. Different ways to the difficulties faced by researchers is that they are based on the theoretical basis of their adopted to explain and understand the community. As a function of advocates, John Stuart Mill, Emile Durkheim Ai like a large-scale structure of the community to explain anything. If he is symbolic interaction, he will focus on how people understand other people. Marxist or a new Marxist class struggle to turn into anything. Scientists think the phenomenon of the public on the reality of just how to create their own meaning. When parties are faced with real social problems, often argue who is right, and in fact will combine different methodologies. The Internet is of interest to sociologists, for four reasons: a) it is the study tool. Such as online questionnaires instead of paper questionnaires. B) It is a platform for discussion. C) is a research topic itself. Sociology of the Internet online communities, virtual communities. D) As a result of social organization on the Internet changes such as transformation from an industrial society to knowledge society, large-scale social change.
Translated by Google
Sociology and other social sciences
In the early twentieth century, sociologists and psychologists had to study the industrial society, has contributed to anthropology. Point to note is that anthropologists have to study the industrial society. Sociology and anthropology major difference today is to study the different theories and methods rather than objects. Sociobiology is a synthesis of sociology and biology of a new science. Although it quickly accepted, but there is still much controversy as it tries to use local and biological processes to explain the evolution of social behavior and structure. Sociologists often criticize social biologists too much reliance on the impact of genes on behavior. Between the nature of social biologists say there is a complex relationship and feeding. Therefore, with the anthropology of social biology, zoology, evolutionary psychology are closely related. This is still unacceptable to other sciences. Some social biologists such as Richard Machalek require the use of sociology to study the non-human society. Sociological social psychology has a relationship with the former concerned with social structure, the latter concerned with social behavior.
Translated by Google
The main theme of Sociology
Community organization: Family - Community - Village - town - city - Tribal - National - Group - Culture .. Groups and organizations Primary social groups Family Neighborhood Children's play groups Social organization Bureaucracy Social system: the family - marriage - Economy - Politics - Law - Religion - Education - Culture - Sports .. Social process: the cooperation - competition - War - reform - Revolution - Social media - social values - social integration .. Socialization Social role Standard and deviant Social Change Stratification and mobility Urbanization Modernization Social issues: employment - national division - Crime - Environmental Pollution - Population - Immigration - Racial Discrimination - Violence - Poor ..
Translated by Google
Sociology of the main characters
Auguste Comte (Auguste Comte) Emile Durkheim (also translated: Durkheim) Herbert Spencer Karl Marx Max Weber (Max Weber) Toennies Simmel Mannheim Pareto Malinowski Skinner Wei Liansa Sumner (William Sumner) William Thomas (William Thomas) 弗洛里安兹南 Nicky (Florian Zrannecki) Parsons Merton Meadow Horse Gans Mills Mead Lewis Coser Homans Blau Ralph Waldo Emerson Goffman Schutz Kerr Harold Gaffin Adorno Erich Fromm Herbert Marcuse (Herbert Marcuse) Jurgen Habermas (Jurgen Habermas) Michel Foucault Lyotard 吕西安斯费兹 Bourdieu Anthony Giddens Elias Clifford Douglas Scholz (cultural anthropologist, Clifford Geertz) Fei Xiaotong Gang Feng
Translated by Google
Sociological Theory
On the social organism Social development of On social justice Social exchange theory Social Interaction Social Darwinism On the social equilibrium Social cognitive theory Social nominalism Social realism Social learning theory Social Control Structure and function of Conflict theory
Translated by Google
Frankfurt
Frankfurt University of Frankfurt by the Institute for Social Research in Germany constitute the academic community, in terms of the number of representatives, or from members of the theoretical achievements of the depth and breadth of view, it is Marxism in the 20th century, the largest school of Westerners The major schools of Marxist doctrine, is one of the important modern schools of Western philosophy. Can say, do not study and understand the theory of the Frankfurt School of social criticism, not very comprehensive and profound understanding of the spirit of the 20th century, the evolution of human culture. Representatives of a number of Frankfurt School, writing rich, covered a wide range of areas, and its main representative of the activities of the age and almost covers the entire 20th century. Horkheimer, founder of the Frankfurt School and Georg Lukacs, Ernst Bloch, who is the same age, and its main representative of the second generation of Habermas and others it is still alive and very active. In 1923, when the international communist movement within the Lukacs, Korsch and other human representative of a group unorthodox Marxist proletarian revolution began to reflect on the lessons learned and re-understanding of Marxist theory, German University of Frankfurt to build a house for the purpose of studying Marxism Institute for Social Research. Founder of the "history of socialism and the labor movement library" magazine, its first director from the fall tradition of the Austrian Marxist historian metrical Berg (Carl Crunberg 1861-1940) served. Classical Marxist Berg's argument within the different factions hold a neutral attitude, his Eastern Orthodox Marxism and Lukacs unorthodox Marxism and other Western shared the same attitude. In a sense, the Frankfurt Institute for Social Research became the West and the East junction point of Marxist thought, it has to do the "Library of socialism and the labor movement history" on the East and West equally Marxist literature, both published in the newly discovered Marx and Engels presentation, Bernstein and others published an article, also published Lukacs and Korsch et al article. It can be said Berger served as director of the Classical period, members of the Institute for Social Research has not yet formed we call it the Frankfurt School. In 1930, Horkheimer succeeded as a social ill rhyme Berg Director of the Institute began to critical social theory known history of the Frankfurt School. The history of the Frankfurt School can be divided into three main phases. 1930 to 1949 years to the magic of the creation of the Frankfurt School and the early period, the activities of members of the Frankfurt School from the geographic terms, this period is mainly the United States during the school. Horkheimer and metrical Berg biggest difference is he is not the Institute for Social Research and the "History of Library of socialism and the labor movement," just as the intersection of different thoughts or dialogue of Marxism place, but for members of the Institute for Social Research study identified a clear direction is the establishment of social critical theory or critical social theory. Horkheimer made at the time on the founding director, entitled "Situation of Social Philosophy and Social Research Institute of the task" of the speech, made it clear that the task of social research is to establish a social philosophy, it is not satisfied with the capital Marxist economics, society and history of the empirical analysis, but to "all the material culture of the whole human and spiritual culture" and to reveal and explain the object "as the fate of members of society," the entire capitalist society on the whole of philosophical criticism and sociological criticism. Thus, Horkheimer on the one hand the introduction of Freud's psychoanalysis, cultural and ideological critique; the other hand, he introduced the study and organization of a number of famous scholars such as Adorno, Malta Qusay, Fromm, Benjamin and others, these people or become a member of the University of Frankfurt Institute for Social Research, or become the new founder of the Institute's "Journal of Social Research," the writer, thus constitute the Frankfurt School a strong camp. 1949 to the late 60s to mid Frankfurt School, is a member of the Frankfurt School to return to Germany, a period of activity in West Germany, this is the heyday of the Frankfurt School, or Golden Age. In 1949, the Government's invitation to be West Germany, Horkheimer and Adorno, who returned to rebuild Society Institute, two serving as the Institute and deputy director. Soon, Horkheimer as president of the University of Frankfurt, after the United States to give lectures, practice of social work of the Institute presided over mainly by Adorno. During this period, not only Horkheimer, Adorno, Marcuse, Fromm and others (either return to Germany or stay in the U.S.) to continue construction and development of the Frankfurt School of social critical theory, and a group of young theorists such as Habermas, Schmitt, Neige Te, who began to emerge as the second generation of Frankfurt School theorists. During this period, the Frankfurt School to further develop his own theory of social criticism. They further stressed that the negative dialectic and revolutionary, and a full range of advanced industrial society criticism reveals the alienation of modern man and the physical and chemical structure of modern society, in particular, ideological, technical rationality, mass culture, the power of alienation of human bondage and domination, and developed under the conditions of the developed capitalist revolution in strategy. Frankfurt School critical theory of radical culture throughout Europe in the late 60 students and young rebel movement gained a high reputation, resulting in a very dramatic impact. Horkheimer, Adorno, Marcuse, Fromm and other major representatives has become a very famous, very influential social thinkers. Frankfurt School on behalf of major works of this period are thought Adorno's "Negative Dialectics", Fromm's "healthy society" and "Eros and Civilization", Habermas's "knowledge and interest," Schmidt's "Marx's concept of nature," and so on. From the 70's, the Frankfurt School into the late development of their own, which is the main representative of the Frankfurt School have died during the school began to move toward disintegration. The late 60's student movement is sweeping across Europe to the Frankfurt School's reputation reached its peak, but since then the Frankfurt School soon began the process of decline and disintegration. Reasons for this situation is caused by many aspects. First, the Frankfurt School, the main representative of the first generation of die one after another, Adorno died in 1969, died in 1973, Horkheimer, Marcuse died in 1979, Fromm death in 1980. Second, the Frankfurt School, the main representative of the second generation of Habermas and Schmitt there is a big difference between, which led to the disintegration of the Frankfurt School. Schmidt Frankfurt School was regarded as the orthodox successor, he thought of the Frankfurt School of Critical Theory in the 70's under the conditions of advanced industrial society is still valid, Habermas emphasizes the Frankfurt School critical theory tradition of modern social conditions are not the same adaptability, he aimed to investigate the legality of late capitalism, advocated the communicative rationality to replace the core of instrumental rationality, communicative action theory to the reconstruction of historical materialism. These differences are reflected in Schmidt's "the idea of critical theory," "critical theory as a philosophy of history" and Habermas's "the legality of late capitalism", "Reconstruction of Historical Materialism", "Communication and social evolution "among other works. Differences in theory, undermine cooperation among members of the Frankfurt School. In 1969, Habermas as the director of Institute for Social Research, but soon, due to the deterioration of relations between the same Schmitt, Habermas had quit in 1971, Institute for Social Research. Schmidt began in 1972 as director of the Institute. 1983, Habermas returned to Frankfurt University to teach. Although the Institute for Social Research also still exist, but more of Habermas and others as individual thinkers and active in the international academic community, the Frankfurt School as a strong history of basically the end of school.
Translated by Google
School of Sociology and branch
Sociological history School of social statistics Branch of sociology History of Sociology Sociology of Education Social Thought Sociological Methods Social survey methods, social statistics Experimental sociology Mathematical Sociology Applied Sociology Occupational sociology, industrial sociology, medical sociology, urban sociology, rural sociology, family sociology, environmental sociology, sociology of youth, old age sociology, criminal sociology, deviance sociology, women's issues, racial issues, social problems, social stratification people and community, social protection, social work, micro-sociology, political sociology, sociology of religion, sociology, development sociology, sociology of population Comparative Sociology Social Geography Cultural Sociology Art sociology, sociology of knowledge, moral sociology Historical Sociology Economic Sociology Military Sociology Social Psychology History of social psychology, experimental social psychology Public Relations Social Anthropology Organizational sociology Sociology of Development Welfare Sociology Demographic Population, economics, sociology of population, population theory of history and historical demography, population geography, population ecology, regional demographics, population, system engineering, population predictions, study population planning, population policy studies, Family Planning See also: Psychology - Information Science - Politics - Socialism - A law of social development - social structure - Talent Study
Translated by Google
Literature
Weber (Germany), "the basic concept of sociology", Guangxi Normal University Press, 2005, ISBN 7563352058 Ye Zhicheng, "What is Sociology", Prentice Hall Utilities Company Limited, 2005, ISBN 9578187181 George. Rui Zeer (U.S.), "Contemporary Sociological Theory and its classical roots," Peking University Press, 2005, ISBN 7301087985 Jonathan Turner (U.S.), "Structure of Sociological Theory", Laureate Book Co., 2001, ISBN 957551498X John J. Macionis, Sociology (10th Edition), Prentice Hall, 2004, ISBN 0131849182 Piotr Sztompka, Socjologia, Znak, 2002, ISBN 8324002189 Stephen H. Aby, Sociology: A Guide to Reference and Information Sources. 3rd edn. Littleton, CO, Libraries Unlimited Inc., 2005, ISBN 1563089475 Anthony Giddens, Conversations with Anthony Giddens, Polity, Cambridge, 1998. Of classical sociology as a good introduction. Anthony Giddens, Sociology, Polity, Cambridge Anthony Giddens, Human Societies: Introduction Reading in Sociology Robert A. Nisbet, The Sociological Tradition, London, Heinemann Educational Books, 1967, ISBN 1560006676 Evan Willis, The Sociological Quest: An introduction to the study of social life, 3rd edn, New Brunswick, NJ, Rutgers University Press, 1996, ISBN 0813523672 Andrey Korotayev, Artemy Malkov, and Daria Khaltourina, Introduction to Social Macrodynamics, Moscow: URSS, 2006. ISBN 5-484-00414-4. Books Of: Anthony Giddens〕 〔English book, A Critical and other translation Publisher: Peking University Press Publication date: 2003-12-1 Revision: 1 Pages: 702 ISBN: 9787301066485 Packing: Paperback Categories: Books>> SOCIAL SCIENCES "> Social Science Textbooks>> Sociology Editor's Choice Sociology is the tone of the book in modern thought and culture as the central role playing, and in the social sciences occupy a central position of the subjects. Sociology for many years engaged in teaching at all levels, I feel it is necessary to the subject of today's cutting edge and do some sort, to write a basic textbook in this field. Introduction For the fourth edition of "Sociology" The revision of the contents of all previous versions of the book is more comprehensive. All the empirical data in the book have been thoroughly revised and updated. Like the first three editions, both of the efforts to make the book readable and entertaining, but also at the forefront of the discipline. This book makes extensive use of the results of academic research and professional journals as a source of research data, as far as possible to make materials with current events, which also featured a number of newspapers and magazines as the latest source of information. This book added a lot of parts. With those by the New reliable and proven part of the combination of the authority as much as possible to keep the book Introduction to Sociology class reputation. The first edition of the book published in 1989, from several angles to open up a new field. The innovation lies in its fourth edition include the Internet and information technology related to other changes in our lives is how to change the first thorough study of textbooks. In fact these concerns throughout the chapter. Changes also bring its new period of risk, the risk is also the teaching of an ongoing theme. About Anthony Giddens, London School of Economics, world-renowned sociologist. Former Fellow of King's College Cambridge, Professor of Sociology, University of Cambridge. There have been many books published, as well as on social theory generally had a very strong social impact of science, such as "nation-state and violence", "the consequences of modernity", "Modernity and Self Identity", "Beyond Left and right: extremist political future "and" sociology. " Author: (United States) Popenoe a, Li Qiang and other translation Publisher: China Renmin University Press Publication date: 2003-10-1 words: Revision: 1 Pages: 724 Publisher: Folio: India times: Paper: ISBN: 9787300031941 Packing: Paperback About 戴维波普诺 is located in New Brunswick, New Jersey State University, School of Social and Behavioral Sciences Professor of Sociology and Associate Dean, College of Humanities and Sciences Pratt School Agere professor of sociology, sociology Agere Rath Former Chair, Department, Student Steering Committee, he organized and social change in the social, family, community change and so deep attainments of high school, published a large number of treatises, the most recent one is "home nest disturbances: modern Changes in society and the decline of the family ", the other major works involving personal happiness, the public situation, suburban environment. Popenoe was born in Pasadena, California, graduated from Ohio University, Antioch College and received his Ph.D. at the University of Pennsylvania, his academic career in the field of urban planning from the beginning, then, Popenoe Professor in the Flat Agere University Center for Urban Studies as a research guide, in addition to the university opened in introductory sociology courses, also taught urban sociology, marriage and family sociology, urban planning, environmental sociology, Scandinavia society, comparative social systems, social change and social theory. Professor Popenoe couple and their two daughters currently live in Princeton, New Jersey, he is still chairman of American families. Directory Part I. Sociology, Introduction Chapter What is a sociological History and Development of Sociology II Three Sociological Theory Four Applied Sociology Chapter II of the process of sociological research A research process Research Methods II The three objective social research ethics Summary and key concepts Recommended Reading List The second part of the social organizations and individuals Chapter III Culture What is the culture of a Second, the composition of culture Analysis of the three culture Four American Values Society and Social Structure Chapter A social structure Second, the unit of social structure Three types of community Four kinds of wind on the Social Theory Summary and key concepts Recommended Reading List Chapter V of social interaction and social networks What is the social interaction of a Second, symbolic interactionism Three other theories on social interaction Four non-verbal communication Five forms of social interaction Six social network Summary and key concepts Recommended Reading List Chapter VI Social A human biology and social Second, the socialization of infants and young children Three theories of personality development Four way of raising children Five of the main social Six of the life course of social Seven resocialization Eight social and human freedom Summary and key concepts Recommended Reading List Chapter VII of the groups and organizations The nature of a social group Second, population structure What is the operation of the three groups Four organizational characteristics Five organizational processes and change Six organizational choice Seven organizations and modern society: a humanistic point of view Summary and key concepts Recommended Reading List Chapter VIII of the transgressions, crime and social control The nature of a deviant Second, the theoretical perspectives on deviant Three types of crime and criminal justice system Summary and key concepts Recommended Reading List The third part of the social inequality Chapter IX Social Component Chapter phase of American society and poverty Chapter XI of national, racial and ethnic minorities Chapter XII society ages and health problems Chapter XIII sex The fourth part of the social _set_ting Chapter XIV family Chapter XV Education Chapter XVI Religion Chapter XVII of power, politics and government Economic and Labor Chapter XVIII The fifth part of the social environment and social change Chapter XIX Population and Ecology Chapter urban, urbanization, and Community Change Chapter XXI collection of behavioral and social movements Chapter XXII of social and cultural changes Sociology is the whole of society, social development and social issues of a comprehensive discipline, it has the advantage to society as a whole.
Translated by Google
English Expression
n.: sociology, scientific study of the nature and development of society andsocial behaviour
Thesaurus
social science, community, human studies, user, collective, Community, brigade
social psychology