Diatoms Diatoms are a class of the most important plankton, distribution is extremely broad. Ocean in the world, as long as there is water where, in general, traces of diatoms, especially in temperate and tropical waters. Because diatom species and large quantities, which is called the sea "Prairie." Diatoms are a class of single-cell chloroplasts of plants, often by several or many individual cells to form a variety of groups. The form of a variety of diatoms. They rely on photosynthesis in seawater inorganic synthesis of organic compounds to their needs. Diatom pigments including chlorophyll a, c1, c2, and carotene. They can absorb the energy of sunlight, the water in the decomposition of the cell, so that the water molecules on the separation of a hydrogen atom, part of the beneficial compounds hydrogen and carbon dioxide through a complex chemical changes after the produced sugar and starch, which is photosynthetic effect. Re-absorption of these substances and cells of nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur and other substances to further the role of oxygen on the formation of the protein and fats. To free part of the hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom for every two combine to form water and oxygen molecules in the other oxygen atom to come out from the cells or go to the atmosphere dissolved into the water gone. 70% of the Earth's oxygen is released from the phytoplankton, plankton produced each year there are 36 billion tons of oxygen, the oxygen content of the Earth's atmosphere more than 70%. As the number of diatom plankton and the number of accounts more than 60%, which can be calculated, assuming no diatoms on the planet now, and do not have 3 years on the consumption of oxygen on the planet dry. Animals and we humans will hardly breathe. Diatoms are fish, shellfish, shrimp larvae in particular, its main food, along with other plants to form ocean primary productivity. Benthic diatom or form an important component of sediments. After long years, those in the bottom sediment down to diatoms as the main component of the sediment layer, and gradually formed a very high economic value of diatomite. Diatomaceous earth is not only rich in nutrients, but also well preserved remains of plants and animals in the field of paleontology is important. Diatoms died, their solid porous shell - it will not break down the cell wall, and will sink to the bottom, after millions of years of accumulation and geological changes as diatomaceous earth. Diatoms with disabilities can be mined, is widely used in industry. Filter can be used in the manufacturing industry agents, heat and sound insulation materials and so on. Shan Wang of Shandong region of China to produce a large number of diatomite. Swimming pool owners the aging of the diatom shell used the water filter pollutants. Alfred nobel founder of the Nobel Prize that will be unstable nitroglycerine into the silica produced by diatoms are stable after a portable explosives.
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Introduction
Diatoms are a class of the most important plankton, distribution is extremely broad. Ocean in the world, as long as there is water where, in general, traces of diatoms, especially in temperate and tropical waters. Because diatom species and large quantities, which is called the sea "Prairie." Diatoms are a class of single-cell chloroplasts of plants, often by several or many individual cells to form a variety of groups. The form of a variety of diatoms. 1. Classification Diatoms (Bacillariophyta) with more than 100,000, can be divided into 2 classes: Centre diatom Programme (Centricae) round, radial symmetry, the shell from the central plane of the pattern radiating from one point to arrange, seafood and more. Gang Yu Wen diatoms (Pennatae) or boat-shaped elongated, arranged in bilaterally symmetrical patterns, surface lined, ribbed, vertical cracks (shell seam), the central surface of the shell was thicker shape, said central section, said at both ends end section. 2. Main Features 3. Reproduction To reproduce the main diatom cell division. Cell division, the protoplast swelling, a slight separation of the upper and lower crust. The mitotic nucleus, containing color, protein and other nuclear organelles along with the split. Protoplasts is also split into two, one in the mother cell within the upper crust, and the other in the mother cell under the shell, and then separate the two shells into the shell, the regeneration of another new shell for the next half-shell, so the formation of Two new diatom, one with the same body size, while the other is smaller than the mother. This continuous and continue to split the majority of individuals will become increasingly smaller. This volume reduction is not unlimited, down to a certain size, to produce complex megaspore (auxospore) way to restore its size. 4. Representative plants Cyclotella genus (Cyllotella) Programme is a central circular screen diatom algae present. Single-cell plants, some species of the surface of the shell are interconnected into a ribbon group. Peng-shaped or disc-shaped cells. Circular surface of the shell, a few species of oval-shaped, the edge of a radial arrangement of the Ministry of lined and pitted, the central smooth or with granules. Students with a smooth surface with no room. Chromophores, multiple, small coils. Reproduce by cell division, each cell produces a complex megaspore. Yu Wen diatoms (Pinnularia) feather pattern is double-shell stitch outline diatoms. Plants and filamentous single cells or groups of connected, linear surface of the shell, elliptic to lanceolate, sides parallel, a few species of both sides of the central swelling, or into a symmetrical wave. Horizontal surface of the shell on both sides of a rib parallel, axial area wide. Two chloroplasts, in sheets, often with a protein in the nucleus. Common diatom algae is also circular sieve (Coscinodiscus), Navicula genus (Navicula) and so on. They rely on photosynthesis in seawater inorganic synthesis of organic compounds to their needs. Diatom pigments including chlorophyll a, c1, c2, and carotene. They can absorb the energy of sunlight, the water in the decomposition of the cell, so that the water molecules on the separation of a hydrogen atom, part of the beneficial compounds hydrogen and carbon dioxide through a complex chemical changes after the produced sugar and starch, which is photosynthetic effect. Re-absorption of these substances and cells of nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur and other substances to further the role of oxygen on the formation of the protein and fats. To free part of the hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom for every two combine to form water and oxygen molecules in the other oxygen atom to come out from the cells or go to the atmosphere dissolved into the water gone. 70% of the Earth's oxygen is released from the phytoplankton, plankton produced each year there are 36 billion tons of oxygen, the oxygen content of the Earth's atmosphere more than 70%. As the number of diatom plankton and the number of accounts more than 60%, which can be calculated, assuming no diatoms on the planet now, and do not have 3 years on the consumption of oxygen on the planet dry. Animals and we humans will hardly breathe. Diatoms are fish, shellfish, shrimp larvae in particular, its main food, along with other plants to form ocean primary productivity. Benthic diatom or form an important component of sediments. After long years, those in the bottom sediment down to diatoms as the main component of the sediment layer, and gradually formed a very high economic value of diatomite. Diatomaceous earth is not only rich in nutrients, but also well preserved remains of plants and animals in the field of paleontology is important. Diatoms died, their solid porous shell - it will not break down the cell wall, and will sink to the bottom, after millions of years of accumulation and geological changes as diatomaceous earth. Diatoms with disabilities can be mined, is widely used in industry. Filter can be used in the manufacturing industry agents, heat and sound insulation materials and so on. Shan Wang of Shandong region of China to produce a large number of diatomite. Swimming pool owners the aging of the diatom shell used the water filter pollutants. Alfred nobel founder of the Nobel Prize that will be unstable nitroglycerine into the silica produced by diatoms are stable after a portable explosives.
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Values of diatom
Georgia Institute of Technology researchers are developing a pseudo-short with a genetically engineered algae Thalassiosira technology, hoping to use it to create a new kind of silicon structures. By using the technology to study gene duplication diatoms build complex process of silicon cells, the researchers found the ultimate aim is to create a nano-materials in the lab's technology. Diatom is a single-cell aquatic organisms, it is a large number of pores on the cell wall, making it both the structure of small mass and solid. Like a snowflake, diatom cell walls have a variety of forms. "We want to know how is a diatom cell wall, because human technology can not produce such self-organization in the natural environment from the complex substances." Responsible person of the project said. The researchers assumed that this structural diversity derived from a special silaffin protein, it exists in the diatom silica production organization. Through gene technology to replicate diatom silaffin, researchers not only understand the biochemical structure of diatom cells, these organizations may also be applied to the production of commercial compounds and materials. -------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------- Diatoms, sponges and other organisms can use their own in certain proteins and polysaccharides in the water phase, neutral ph, and mild reaction conditions such as temperature-mediated generation with precise control morphology, biocompatibility good biological materials - biological silica gel. Many researchers from the inspiration of these organisms such as diatoms, the use of different natural or synthetic macromolecules in different environments and system response under different types of silicon-mediated biomimetic synthesis of precursors of many different forms, the size of the silica gel. The toxicity of diatoms PAHs studied two kinds of typical areas in Fujian edge Mangrove Toxic Effects. _Select_ed planktonic algae in the algal species Skeletonema costatum and Nitzschia attached algae, were isolated, purified and cultured; typically used for the Philippines, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons fluoranthene. The results showed that: the non-acetone on two algae NOEC values are 0.3% (v / v), the Philippines on Skeletonema costatum and Nitzschia 72 h acute toxicity test half of the growth inhibitory concentration (72-EC50) were 0.95 mg / L and 0.32 mg / L, and fluoranthene on Skeletonema costatum and Nitzschia in the 72-EC50 was 0.17 mg / L and 0.09 mg / L. Skeletonema costatum phenanthrene and fluoranthene on the tolerance of Nitzschia stronger than the Philippines on Skeletonema costatum and Nitzschia weak toxic than fluoranthene.
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Wikipedia Daquan
guizao Diatoms diatom Algae in a group, it was as diatoms (Bacil-lariophyta), was scheduled to outline for the diatoms (Bacillariophyceae). Diatoms are single cell type, and the minority groups. Highly siliceous cell wall of, a hard shell, the shell from the upper and lower shells together from two and a half. Photosynthetic pigments are chlorophyll a, chlorophyll c and carotenoids, fucoxanthin, a diatom flavin, etc. Therefore, it takes the shape of yellow-green or brown pigment. Most diatom species for aquatic to planktonic life mainly, but also some species of epiphytic various substrates in the water body or other aquatic plants. Born in a small number of diatoms in the soil, feather pattern in each cubic centimeter of soil diatoms up to one hundred million. Diatom wide range of adaptability to water quality varies in the 20th century already been used as pollution indicator organism. Genus Melosira (Melosira) and the bridge dome GENUS (C □ mbella) some species with more pollution indicator species; crown plate algae (Stephanodiscus hantzschii), narrow Nitzschia (Nitzschia an □ ustata), Nitzschia tip ( N.apiculata) and so is the alpha in the dirt with the indicator species; Monteggia Cyclotella (C □ clotella mene □ hiniana), a blunt rod brittle algae (Fra □ ilaria capucina), Jian Zhen rod algae (S □ nedra acus) , elbow-shaped needle bar algae (S.ulna) and so is the beta with the indicator species in pollution; Yu Wen crisp shot algae (F.pinnata), algae convex belly bar links crisp variants (F.construens var.venter), long and other films algae (Diatoma elon □ atum), winter and other films algae (D.hiemale), flat pane algae (Tabellaria fenestriata) and so is the dirt with a few indicator species. Diatom cell wall of the gel film can absorb radioactive material, causing rapid death of sensitive species, therefore, diatoms can be used as indicator plants of radioactive material. Some species, such as ordinary film algae (D.val □ are) very strong resistance to oil, but also as an indicator species of oil pollution. The distribution of diatoms by region, season, water temperature, salinity and other factors, therefore, a common indicator species of the region is not entirely consistent. Some species are widely distributed in nature, adaptable, will appear with all kinds of pollution, use of diatoms in the direction of water pollution should pay attention to recognize. Diatoms (Jiang Zhi Studies)
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English Expression
n.: diatom, any of various types of microscopic one-cell plants living in water and forming fossil deposits