Commonly known as sandflies child. "Insecta, Diptera, sandflies Division. Body shape of mosquitoes, but smaller. Yellowish white or light gray. Showed many long hair. Male abuse of plant juice; female inhalation, animal blood dissemination of leishmaniasis, sandfly fever.
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No. 2
Sandfly is a gross sinica Section sandflies Diptera subfamily (phlebotominae), is a class of small hairy body of blood-sucking insects, 500 kinds are known around the world, China has reported 40 species. Form: Adult body length of 1.5 ~ 4mm, grayish yellow, the body is dense fine hairs (Fig. 20-18). Sandfly life history Life history Sandfly insect metamorphosis as a whole. Life cycle in egg, larva, pupa and adult 4. 1. Nearly oval-shaped eggs, the size of 0.38 × 0.12mm, white. Can be found in the ground soil and Qiang Feng, cave. Under optimum conditions, 6 to 12 days incubation. 2. Small caterpillar-like larvae, white. Divided into four age. A long larvae 1.0 ~ 1.5mm, fourth instar larvae of about 3mm. Larval tail end of a bristle, a larvae only one pair, two to four larvae have 2 pairs. Larvae feed on organic matter in soil, generally 25 to 30 days to pupate. 3. Pupal cocoon is no in vitro, with end of fourth instar larvae shed even under the skin, pale yellow, about 4mm. Pupae do not eat does not move, 6 to 10 days after emergence as adults. 4. Adult emergence can be 1 to 2 days after mating. Female sandfly lifetime mate only once more in the vampire before, can spawn multiple times. The entire life cycle time and temperature, humidity and food-related. 21 ~ 28 ℃ is the optimum temperature for development of sand flies from egg to adult takes about 6 to 8 weeks. Sinica male died shortly after mating, the female sandfly can survive 2 to 3 weeks. Ecology 1. Sandfly breeding sites of the larvae are living in the soil to the ground, about 10 ~ 12cm at is more common. Where concealed, suitable temperature and humidity, loose soil and organic-rich sites, such as human housing, housing, toilets, cave, Qiang Feng, etc., are suitable for breeding larvae of sandflies. 2. Feeding male Chrysopa not suck blood to feed on plant sap. Since the female sandfly blood meal 24 hours after eclosion, at dusk and dawn for more. The blood-sucking sandfly species may have different objects. Usually erect hairs sandfly and mammalian species prefer to feed on human blood; lying hairs sandfly species prefer to feed on birds, reptiles and amphibians blood. 3. Habitat and activities of adults usually inhabit dark indoor, windless places such as corner, Qiang Feng, barn, to the kiln, cave, bridge opening, etc.. The same sandfly species may be due to different environments and the performance of different habitats, such as the Chinese sandflies subspecies named for the family in the plains habitat type, habitat in the human house, barn inside; for the wild habitat in the northwest plateau type, more common in a variety of cave. Sandfly activity is weak, a smaller range of its activities, generally within 30m. 4. Seasonal dynamics of sandflies with winter seasonal distribution of local temperature change. Year of sandflies usually appear about 3 to 5 months. Such as in the north, the Chinese sandflies named subspecies only found in mid-May, late May, peaked in mid-June, mid-September and late disappearance. Most species of sandfly breeding a generation a year. Sandfly larvae hidden in the superficial soil to within 10cm in the winter. China's major sandfly species 1. Chinese sandflies named subspecies (phlebotomus chinensis chinensis) adult body length of 3.0 ~ 3.5mm, yellow, erect hairs. A population developed, colorless plates. A former pharynx, there are many sharp teeth middle, the base has a number of horizontal ridges. Spermatheca spindle-shaped, sub-section, but not completely; balloon catheter length is 2.5 times the length of the body bag. Hold on the male sandfly control section 2 has a long five cents, two in the top three in nearly the middle of the reproductive sperm injection device wire length of about 5 times. Chinese sandflies named subspecies widely distributed in China at latitude 18 ~ 42 º, longitude 102 ~ 124 º region, is an important media kala-azar. 2. Chinese sandflies long tube subspecies (p.c.longiductus) shaped to be named subspecies, the main difference is between the two subspecies of the spermatheca of the tube length is 5.8 times the length of thylakoid; reproductive sperm injection wire length of about device 10.6 times. Widely distributed abroad, the domestic limited to Xinjiang. In addition to Alexander and the Woo sandflies sandflies. Relationship with disease In addition to blood-sucking sand flies bite, but can spread many diseases. Spread of kala-azar in China only. 1. Leishmaniasis ⑴ leishmaniasis: also known as visceral leishmaniasis, is a pathogen Leishmania donovani. Disease is widely distributed. In China's vast endemic areas of the major media subspecies named for the Chinese sandflies, sandflies only for the Chinese in Xinjiang long tube subspecies, huge sand flies Wu subspecies (p.major wui) and Alexander sandflies (p.alexandri). Parts of Inner Mongolia and Gansu huge sandflies Wu subspecies. In recent years, found in the mountains of China's presence in northern Sichuan and South Gansu Chinese sandflies as the main medium of natural foci of kala-azar. ⑵ Oriental boil: also known as cutaneous leishmaniasis, a tropical pathogen Leishmania. The disease is mainly distributed in the Mediterranean, the Middle East and India. ⑶ mucocutaneous leishmaniasis: Leishmania pathogen in Brazil. The disease distribution in South America. 2. Sandfly Fever: pathogen as a virus, which can be transmitted by the sandfly eggs offspring. Disease is prevalent in the Mediterranean area to India. 3. Barr common problem (bartonellosis) pathogen bacteria like Barton's body found in Latin America. Prevention According to China's control of the experience of Chinese sandflies, sandflies range of activities for small, weak flight, into the use of drugs to kill the main sinica; with proper personal protective environmental management and integrated control measures had a noticeable effect. 1. Agents to kill adult Chrysopa before the peak season in the sandfly, using two, three, malathion, fenitrothion indoor residual spraying, or smoked with dichlorvos to kill. 2. Environmental rectification person room, barn and poultry health circles, to keep it clean and dry, and clear the surrounding environment of the rubbish, removing larvae breeding sites. 3. Personal protective mosquito nets, installing screen door screens, repellents rubbed with wormwood or smoked.
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Life history
Sandfly insect metamorphosis as a whole. Life cycle in egg, larva, pupa and adult 4. 1. Nearly oval-shaped eggs, the size of 0.38 × 0.12mm, white. Can be found in the ground soil and Qiang Feng, cave. Under optimum conditions, 6 to 12 days incubation. 2. Small caterpillar-like larvae, white. Divided into four age. A long larvae 1.0 ~ 1.5mm, fourth instar larvae of about 3mm. Larval tail end of a bristle, a larvae only one pair, two to four larvae have 2 pairs. Larvae feed on organic matter in soil, generally 25 to 30 days to pupate. 3. Pupal cocoon is no in vitro, with end of fourth instar larvae shed even under the skin, pale yellow, about 4mm. Pupae do not eat does not move, 6 to 10 days after emergence as adults. 4. Adult emergence can be 1 to 2 days after mating. Female sandfly lifetime mate only once more in the vampire before, can spawn multiple times. The entire life cycle time and temperature, humidity and food-related. 21 ~ 28 ℃ is the optimum temperature for development of sand flies from egg to adult takes about 6 to 8 weeks. Sinica male died shortly after mating, the female sandfly can survive 2 to 3 weeks.
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Ecology
1. Sandfly breeding sites of the larvae are living in the soil to the ground, about 10 ~ 12cm at is more common. Where concealed, suitable temperature and humidity, loose soil and organic-rich sites, such as human housing, housing, toilets, cave, Qiang Feng, etc., are suitable for breeding larvae of sandflies. 2. Feeding male Chrysopa not suck blood to feed on plant sap. Since the female sandfly blood meal 24 hours after eclosion, at dusk and dawn for more. The blood-sucking sandfly species may have different objects. Usually erect hairs sandfly and mammalian species prefer to feed on human blood; lying hairs sandfly species prefer to feed on birds, reptiles and amphibians blood. 3. Habitat and activities of adults usually inhabit dark indoor, windless places such as corner, Qiang Feng, barn, to the kiln, cave, bridge opening, etc.. The same sandfly species may be due to different environments and the performance of different habitats, such as the Chinese sandflies subspecies named for the family in the plains habitat type, habitat in the human house, barn inside; for the wild habitat in the northwest plateau type, more common in a variety of cave. Sandfly activity is weak, a smaller range of its activities, generally within 30m. 4. Seasonal dynamics of sandflies with winter seasonal distribution of local temperature change. Year of sandflies usually appear about 3 to 5 months. Such as in the north, the Chinese sandflies named subspecies only found in mid-May, late May, peaked in mid-June, mid-September and late disappearance. Most species of sandfly breeding a generation a year. Sandfly larvae hidden in the superficial soil to within 10cm in the winter.
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China's major sandfly species
1. Named subspecies of Chinese sandflies (Phlebotomus chinensis chinensis) adult body length of 3.0 ~ 3.5mm, yellow, erect hairs. A population developed, colorless plates. A former pharynx, there are many sharp teeth middle, the base has a number of horizontal ridges. Spermatheca spindle-shaped, sub-section, but not completely; balloon catheter length is 2.5 times the length of the body bag. Hold on the male sandfly control section 2 has a long five cents, two in the top three in nearly the middle of the reproductive sperm injection device wire length of about 5 times. Chinese sandflies named subspecies widely distributed in China at latitude 18 ~ 42 º, longitude 102 ~ 124 º region, is an important media kala-azar. 2. Chinese sandflies long tube subspecies (P.c.longiductus) shaped to be named subspecies, the main difference is between the two subspecies of the spermatheca of the tube length is 5.8 times the length of thylakoid; reproductive sperm injection wire length of about device 10.6 times. Widely distributed abroad, the domestic limited to Xinjiang. In addition to Alexander and the Woo sandflies sandflies.
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Relationship with disease
In addition to blood-sucking sand flies bite, but can spread many diseases. Spread of kala-azar in China only. 1. Leishmaniasis ⑴ leishmaniasis: also known as visceral leishmaniasis, is a pathogen Leishmania donovani. Disease is widely distributed. In China's vast endemic areas of the major media subspecies named for the Chinese sandflies, sandflies only for the Chinese in Xinjiang long tube subspecies, huge sand flies Wu subspecies (P.major wui) and Alexander sandflies (P.alexandri). Parts of Inner Mongolia and Gansu huge sandflies Wu subspecies. In recent years, found in the mountains of China's presence in northern Sichuan and South Gansu Chinese sandflies as the main medium of natural foci of kala-azar. ⑵ Oriental boil: also known as cutaneous leishmaniasis, a tropical pathogen Leishmania. The disease is mainly distributed in the Mediterranean, the Middle East and India. ⑶ mucocutaneous leishmaniasis: Leishmania pathogen in Brazil. The disease distribution in South America. 2. Sandfly Fever: pathogen as a virus, which can be transmitted by the sandfly eggs offspring. Disease is prevalent in the Mediterranean area to India. 3. Barr common problem (Bartonellosis) pathogen bacteria like Barton's body found in Latin America.
Translated by Google
Prevention
According to China's control of the experience of Chinese sandflies, sandflies range of activities for small, weak flight, into the use of drugs to kill the main sinica; with proper personal protective environmental management and integrated control measures had a noticeable effect. 1. Agents to kill adult Chrysopa before the peak season in the sandfly, using two, three, malathion, fenitrothion indoor residual spraying, or smoked with dichlorvos to kill. 2. Environmental rectification person room, barn and poultry health circles, to keep it clean and dry, and clear the surrounding environment of the rubbish, removing larvae breeding sites. 3. Personal protective mosquito nets, installing screen door screens, repellents rubbed with wormwood or smoked.
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百科 Daquan
bailing Sandfly sandfly Diptera sandflies Division (Phlebotomidae) of a blood-sucking insects, worldwide distribution, especially in tropical and subtropical as much. Sandfly is divided into five branches: sandfly genus, Secretary Chrysopa genus, different sandfly genera, are Lo Chrysopa sinica and spot are about 600 species. The first three are in China have found that about 35 species; the latter two are only found in Latin America. Sandflies spread of a variety of human and animal diseases, kala-azar in China with the most important. Form of the adult body is small, sallow or grayish brown, length 1.5 ~ 4.6mm, dense body hairs. Compound eyes large and black. Peach leaf-like wings were narrow, when Liang Chi stopped stretching upward, and body composition of 45 °; abdominal section showed on the back of the staple erect, 2 to 6 on the back section is a levy by sandfly erect hair or flat lying supine cross hair or long hair erect; abdominal 8 to 10 into the external genitalia. 1-to-tail in the female suddenly, for the complex structures in the male genitalia, which the classification is very important. Life cycle is complete metamorphosis of insects, life history sub-egg, larva, pupa and adult phases. The first three were spent in the soil. Eggs small, the shape of mine, produced in the soil surface. Room, stables homes, caves (especially the big wild sand rat cave) for its breeding ground, the larvae hatch choose hi moist loose soil containing organic material to live. Small larvae, in four age to take corruption soil organic matter (dead insects, animal feces, rotten leaves, etc.) for food. Pupa pupa is naked, shed attached to the end of the fourth instar larvae under the skin, is a sandfly Section pupae characteristics. Chinese sandflies in the 25 ± 1 ℃, the complete life cycle to be 44 to 50 days, an average of 47 days. Usually four larvae overwinter. Most of China's one-year sandflies breed 1 to 2 generations. Only male sandfly sucking plant juices. Female sandfly blood draw and other animals. After the first mating after eclosion more vampire, vampire after normal ovaries to develop. Can survive only sugar absorption, but can not lay eggs. A few species, including wild habitat of the Loess Plateau, China Chinese do not have blood-sucking sand flies can lay eggs after mating, this type of reproduction called autologous blood, reproductive or non-reproductive, referred to as self-colonization. Into a self-colonization of Chrysopa the abdominal cavity, accumulation of a large number of fat body, and can replace fresh blood for ovarian development, spawning until the beginning of the line after the blood-sucking female sandfly. Relationship with the disease is usually sandflies suck the blood of warm-blooded animals, cold-blooded animal Secretary sinica is suck the blood of different sandfly is suck the blood of bats, the class is almost all smoke sinica armadillo blood, Lu sinica is a wide range of feeding habits. In addition, different parts of the same kind of sand flies feeding habits also vary. China plains of major home-dwelling Chinese sandflies inhalation and cattle, donkeys and other blood, do not smoke or even smoke dog blood; Northwest region of the wild hill-dwelling Chinese sandflies are addicted to smoking cattle, donkeys, dogs and other animals blood, suck human blood were small. Two different feeding habits, the meaning of disease is different. Sandflies were nocturnal, dusk activities, to peak at midnight, dawn activities, that trend stopped. Weak to fly home sandfly habitat, activities in scope. The seasonal dynamics of adult sandflies vary, generally in temperate active season from May to September, is the spread of disease and harassment were the most critical season. Sandfly bites were local itching, caused severe systemic allergic, urticaria-like rash, often presented as scratching secondary infection. Prevent sandfly bites in the season to protect human health, to prevent the spread of disease is important. Sandfly-borne diseases are: ② sandfly fever. Caused by a virus, Sandfly suck the blood of patients with inhalation of the virus, the virus in the sandfly body growth after 6 to 9 days after breeding contagious. Static food sandflies for the media. ③ Carrion's disease. By the bacteria-like Barton's body caused by pathogens affects the skin, can cause warts in Peru; violation of internal organs, a vicious cold and heat, severe hemolysis, known as Ao Luoya heat. Transmitted by the sandfly Lu swollen warts, common in the Americas. In addition, the sandflies are still rodents, lizards spread among some of the trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, mice and other protozoal's. Control sandflies long life history, activities, short season, flying ability, a small range of activities, which are conducive to control. Species of sandfly control measures to follow habits of local conditions. Habitat types on the family, the beginning of the season in their activities once sprayed with deltamethrin inside walls can be effective. In the hill areas, sandflies activities in 1 week before the season or the beginning of the season spraying with deltamethrin and the village barn wild caves, natural wild habitat can China significantly decreased the density of sandflies, the control of kala-azar epidemic. Combination in the desert reclamation, transform the environment, can control the wild habitat sandfly species. Personal protective agents for the use of repellent coated with fine mesh nets. (Xiong Guanghua)