Constitute one of the elementary particles of atoms, the quality is extremely small, negatively charged, the atom around the nucleus rotation.
Translated by Google
E-word explanation
English explanation English explanation: electron, electronic n. E electron e.lec.tron n.Abbr. e (noun) abbreviation e A stable subatomic particle in the lepton family having a rest mass of 9.1066 × 10-28 gram and a unit negative electric charge of approximately 1.602 × 10 -19 coulomb. See table at subatomic particle electr (ic) electr (ic) -On 1 -On1 electron e.lec.tron n.Abbr. e A stable subatomic particle in the lepton family having a rest mass of 9.1066 × 10-8 gram and a unit negative electric charge of approximately 1.602 × 10 -9 coulomb. See table at subatomic particle electr (ic) -On 1 electron Chinese explanation: Electronics is one of the elementary particles form atoms, the quality is extremely small, negatively charged, rotating around the nucleus in an atom. Different number of different electronic, for example, each carbon atom with 6 electrons, each oxygen atom with 8 electrons. Far away from the high energy nuclear energy from nuclear low close. Usually the electronic distance away from the different areas of nuclear movement known as the hierarchical arrangement of electrons. E: in a stable lepton family of subatomic particles, their rest mass is 0 grams, about 1.602 × 10 negatively charged subatomic particle Coulomb see
Translated by Google
Electronics Overview
Introduction: E is an elementary particle, we can not be broken down into smaller substances. Proton diameter is 0.001 times the weight of the proton 1 / 1836. Electronic speed around the atom's nucleus to do sports. Usually arranged in each of energy E layer. When atoms combine into molecules with each other, will be in the outermost electron from one atom to another atom or a mutual sharing of electrons. This is by the Irish physicist Qiaozhi Ding Stony power in 1891 under the electric +-on "child" the characters are made Electronics are subatomic particles in the lepton class. Lepton is considered one of the elementary particles of matter, that it can not be broken down into smaller particles. It comes with 1 / 2 spin, which is a fermion (according to Fermi - Dirac statistics). E the charge of the e = 1.6 × 10 -19 power of the Coulomb, the quality of 9.10 × 10-31 kg (0.51 MeV/c2). Usually expressed as e-. Electronic anti-particle is a positron, which carries the same quality with the electronic spin and the same amount of positive charge. The basic structure unit of material - atoms by electron, neutrons and protons together form the three. Neutrons are not charged, positively charged protons, atoms are not significantly outside electrical. Relative to the nucleus composed of neutrons and protons, the electron mass is minimal. Proton electron mass is about 1840 times. When the electron from the nucleus bound to the other atoms move freely, the phenomenon is known as the net flow of current. Ability of a variety of different atomic bound electron, so the loss of electrons to become cations, the electron and become anions. When an object with static electricity is the electronic charge more or less than the nucleus, resulting in positive and negative power imbalance. When the electron excess, known as the negatively charged objects; and electronic low, as positively charged objects. When the positive and negative energy balance, the called object is electrically neutral. Static electricity in our daily life, there are many application methods, including examples of inkjet printers. Electronics in 1897 by the Cambridge University Cavendish Laboratory, Joseph Thomson discovered in the cathode ray. Vicinity of the nucleus of a probability distribution of the Miyun different basic assumptions. Scope at this stage can only be considered outside the core (all assuming particles outside the core are now groping groping only) which is attributed to the low quality called lepton family of particles of matter, is _set_ to a negative unit charge. Electronic material can also be lost, with the electronic nature of the substance is called oxidation, the substance as an oxidant; material has lost electrons is called the reductive nature of the substance as reducing agent. Oxidizing or reducing substances in the strength of difficulty of the decision by the pros and cons electronics, and the number of gains and losses unrelated to electronic.
Translated by Google
Movement of electrons
We now know the final charge is composed of atoms carrying small electronics. The atoms in motion, each movement of electrons around the nucleus with one unit of negative charge, and protons inside the nucleus with one unit of positive charge. Under normal circumstances, the material in the number of electrons and protons are equal, they carry the charge equilibrium, the material was medium. After the friction material, after, or will lose electrons, leaving more positive charge (proton more than electronic). Or increase the electronic, more negative charge (electron than protons and more). This process is called friction power. Free electron (red escape from the atom's electrons) atoms can easily move the conductor, but they are not in the insulators. Thus, the object passed to the friction on the conductor in charge will be rapidly and, because of the excess electrons flow away from the material surface, or an extra electron will be attracted to replace the loss on the surface electronic. Therefore, no matter how intense friction, friction can not power metal. However, rubber or plastic insulator that, in the friction, the surface will leave a charge. Electron motion and the macroscopic difference between the movement of objects several major features: (1) Quality is very small (9.109 × 10-31kg); (2) E negatively charged; (3) the small range of motion space (diameter of about 10-10m); (4) movement speed (10-6m). Characteristics of electron motion with the macroscopic motion of an object has a great ---- it did not identify the different orbit. So scientists mainly in the method of modeling the movement of electronic research. Extranuclear electron arrangement of the law: 1. Electrons outside the nucleus from near and far away from the nuclear energy from low to high on the hierarchical arrangement of different shells; 2. Each accommodate a maximum number of electrons times the square of n, a (n behalf of electronic layers); 3. Outermost electron number no more than 8 (the first layer of no more than 2), not more than 18 times the outer, third from the bottom layer of not more than 32. 4. Always make the first electronic general ranked in the lowest energy shells, ie the first row of the first layer, when the first layer filled, and then ranked the second floor, filled the second layer, and then ranked the third layer. Electrons outside the nucleus within a certain range of space there, it is conceivable for a group with a negatively charged nucleus surrounded by shrouded in clouds, so aptly called it the "electron cloud"
Translated by Google
Electronic History
Electronics in 1897 by the Cavendish Laboratory at Cambridge University, Joseph Thomson discovered in the cathode ray.
Hubei Province, for example, the electronic e-Competition Competition (with Vocational & Technical College, and Wuhan University and other famous institutions to attend) National Electronic Design Competition is a collection of many famous universities in China. For the modernization of China provides a large number of personnel. Electron shell
Translated by Google
Electron shell
Shell electron shell, also known as electronic or e-shell atomic physics, a group with the same principal quantum number n of atomic orbitals. Composition of an atomic electron shell electronic order. This can be proved that the shells can hold up to the number of e-2n. Heng Limo Celeste and Barkla the X-ray absorption study is the first in the experiment, we found shells. Barkla refer to them as K, L and, M (PIP order in English) and other shells (K and L shells originally named B and A, K and L, to _set_ aside space for no reason is found in shells). These letters were later replaced by n values of 1,2,3, etc.. They are used in spectroscopic notation Sigma class. Shells of the name originated in the Bohr model, electrons are considered in groups of a group around a specific distance from the core to rotate, so the path to form a shell.
Translated by Google
Movement of electrons
We now know the final charge is composed of atoms carrying small electronics. The atoms in motion, each movement of electrons around the nucleus with one unit of negative charge, and protons inside the nucleus with one unit of positive charge. Under normal circumstances, the material in the number of electrons and protons are equal, they carry the charge equilibrium, the material was medium. After the friction material, after, or will lose electrons, leaving more positive charge (proton more than electronic). Or increase the electronic, more negative charge (electron than protons and more). This process is called friction power. Free electron (red escape from the atom's electrons) atoms can easily move the conductor, but they are not in the insulators. Thus, the object passed to the friction on the conductor in charge will be rapidly and, because of the excess electrons flow away from the material surface, or an extra electron will be attracted to replace the loss on the surface electronic. Therefore, no matter how intense friction, friction can not power metal. However, rubber or plastic insulator that, in the friction, the surface will leave a charge. Electron motion and the macroscopic difference between the movement of objects several major features: (1) Quality is very small (9.109 × 10-31kg); (2) E negatively charged; (3) the small range of motion space (diameter of about 10-10m); (4) movement speed (10-6m). Characteristics of electron motion with the macroscopic motion of an object has a great ---- it did not identify the different orbit. So scientists mainly in the method of modeling the movement of electronic research. Extranuclear electron arrangement of the law: 1. Electrons outside the nucleus from near and far away from the nuclear energy from low to high on the hierarchical arrangement of different shells; 2. Each accommodate a maximum number of electrons times the square of n, a (n behalf of electronic layers); 3. Outermost electron number no more than 8 (the first layer of no more than 2), not more than 18 times the outer, third from the bottom layer of not more than 32. 4. Always make the first electronic general ranked in the lowest energy shells, ie the first row of the first layer, when the first layer filled, and then ranked the second floor, filled the second layer, and then ranked the third layer. Electron cloud outside the nucleus is the electron probability density distribution of the image of the spatial description of electrons outside the nucleus of a region of space there, as if a cloud enveloped negative charge around the nucleus, aptly called "electron cloud." It is 1926, the Austrian scholar de Roy in relation Schrodinger, based on the movement of electrons to do the appropriate mathematical treatment of the proposed second-order partial differential equation of the famous Schrodinger. The solution of this equation, if the graphical representation of three dimensional coordinates, then, is the electron cloud.
Translated by Google
Electron shell
Shell electron shell, also known as electronic or e-shell atomic physics, a group with the same principal quantum number n of atomic orbitals. Composition of an atomic electron shell electronic order. This can be proved that the shells can hold up to the number of e-2n. Heng Limo Celeste and Barkla the X-ray absorption study is the first in the experiment, we found shells. Barkla refer to them as K, L and, M (PIP order in English) and other shells (K and L shells originally named B and A, K and L, to _set_ aside space for no reason is found in shells). These letters were later replaced by n values of 1,2,3, etc.. They are used in spectroscopic notation Sigma class. Shells of the name originated in the Bohr model, electrons are considered in groups of a group around a specific distance from the core to rotate, so the path to form a shell. Pros and cons of electronic When the outermost electrons of 8, the inner electrons is 2, the atoms form a relatively stable structure as a 【except helium, helium 2, but the number of electrons is relatively stable structure】 and difficult chemical reaction, rare Gas is generally a relative stable structure, so difficult chemical reaction, rather than the rare gases can be achieved by chemical changes in a relatively stable structure, the outermost layer of metal elements the number of electrons usually <4, volatile electronic, and most non-metallic elements outer electrons generally> 4, easy to get electronics. Note: The electronics division of nature can throw at random. Such as sodium chloride or table salt】 【chlorine number of the outermost electron is 7, easy to get e-1 e, the outermost electron of sodium is an easy to lose an electron, chemical reaction of chlorine and sodium, the sodium will outermost electron to the chlorine, sodium and chloride at this time the number of electronic charge is not equal to the nuclear charge number, and sodium as lost an electron with a positive charge on, while the chlorine as an electron had to take a a negative charge, times when the chlorine and sodium atoms can not be, and can only say that the chloride ions and sodium ions. According to physics, positive and negative attraction, chlorine and sodium would suck together to form sodium chloride, most of the compounds are so integrated. Pros and cons of various elements of electronic general price situation can be expressed by chemical, such as sodium lost an electron typically +1】 【is a price, then the valence of sodium is +1 price, which is the root of some of the common elements and the valence of the root: Elements and symbols common root valence Common elements and the root of the symbol elements and the valence of the common root of the symbol valence k +1 Mn +2 +4 +6 +7 Si +4 Na +1 Zn +2 N -3 +2 +3 +4 +5 Ag +1 H +1 P -3 +3 +5 Ca +2 F -1 OH -1 Mg +2 Cl -1 +1 +5 +7 NO3 -1 Ba +2 Br -1 So4 -2 Cu +1 +2 O -2 Co3 -2 Fe +2 +3 S -2 +4 +6 NH4 +1 Al +3 C +2 +4
Translated by Google
Encyclopedia
dianzi E electron With an elementary unit of negative charge. Are leptons, in the weak and electromagnetic interactions, is that people first discovered the elementary particles. All atoms are made of a positively charged nucleus and a number of negatively charged electrons formed. E-discovery "e" term, GJ 1881 Trinity out of Stowe. He based on electrolysis Faraday's law, that any charge by the elementary charge composition, and to charge the smallest unit of named electrons. British physicist JJ Thomson on the cathode-ray depth study, he observed a cathode-ray electrostatic field in the magnetic field and the deflection under the action of measured particles in the cathode-ray charge-mass ratio (the ratio of charge and mass.) In 1897 he concluded: cathode-ray is much smaller than the hydrogen atom with the negatively charged particles formed. As a series of successful experiments, he was recognized by the scientific community is the discoverer of the electron. The discovery reveals the atomic electron has internal structure, breaking the thousands of years that the composition of the material atom is the smallest unit of the doctrine. Later developed a more accurate measurement method of electronic charge. Crystal X-ray diffraction measurement of the distance between atoms in the obtained crystals in one cubic centimeter the exact number of atoms (atomic number density), using the Faraday constant, you can get the exact value of □. Now the internationally accepted value of electron charge □ = (1.6021892 ± 0.0000046) × 10 □ C. E-electron charge and mass based on the accurate measurement of charge-mass ratio, easy to reach electron mass values. The electron mass is much smaller than the nucleus of quality, compared with the proton, the proton electron mass is about the quality of 1 / 1836. Electron rest mass □ □ = (9.109534 ± 0.000 047) × 10 □ kg. □ □ said here as the electron rest mass, because the electron mass and its movement speed. According to special relativity, easy to find a certain speed movement of the electron mass □ □ □, where □ is the speed of light. Electronic spin motion of electrons also have spin angular momentum and magnetic moment. 1925 Old GE Uhlenbeck and SA hereby Hammett inspired by W. Pauli, atomic spectrometry in the analysis of some experimental results based on the hypothesis put forward spin. The electronic spin angular momentum with □ (where □ is the Planck constant, □ = □ / 2 □ often as a unit of spin and orbital angular momentum), but also the spin angular momentum associated with the magnetic moment, its value is one Bohr magneton (direction and electron spin angular momentum in the opposite direction.) The introduction of electron spin and electron magnetic moment assumptions, can explain many atomic spectral data, and anomalous Zeeman effect (see Zeeman effect). Di □ gram of PAM in 1928 out of the electronic relativistic wave equation, directly derived from the theory of spin electrons and magnetic moment of the conclusions of movement. And also predicted the existence of positron. Positron is the antiparticle of electrons, in addition to its magnetic moment direction and the opposite charge sign and electronic, the other properties are identical with the electron. CD Anderson in 1932 when the cosmic rays in the study, it was found that the positron. With half-integer spin values E (units □ / 2 □), it is subject to Fermi - Di □ g statistics (see the quantum statistical method). The volatility of the electronic movement of electrons with volatility. In accordance with the LV de Broglie's matter wave theory, the electron de Broglie wavelength of the Planck constant divided by the electron momentum. CJ in the United States in 1927, David Sun and LH leather end and GP Thomson in the UK carried out separately on the electrons in the crystal diffraction experiments. Shows the diffraction of electrons in the crystal as the X-ray diffraction on the crystal, as that the electron has a volatility. Calculated from the electron diffraction experiments the wavelength of the electron, and consistent with theoretical predictions of the results are accurate. Electron diffraction structure of matter has developed into a research tool. The size of the electron E "size" is very small, normal circumstances, can be regarded as a point charge. Classical electron radius □ □ = □ □ / □ □ □ □ = (2.8179380 □ 0.0000070) × 10 □ m. (Nie Yu-Xin)
Translated by Google
Encyclopedia
dianzi-dianzi shuanggongzhen Electronics - Electronic double resonance electron-electron double resonance Static magnetic field H in the vertical direction, to impose two microwave electromagnetic field: □ ① weak microwave fields, excited electrons from level 2 to level 3 transition and prevented from saturation; ② strong microwave electromagnetic fields, excited electrons from the level 1 transition to level 4, so saturated, leading to level 4 to level 3, the electron transfer to reflect the 2 → 3 transitions observed in electron spin resonance signal intensity changes, it is called electron - electron double resonance. It Electron - nuclear double resonance difference is that the transition does not involve nuclear and electron spin resonance and observed energy levels and not related to the transition between energy levels observed no shared public level. (Xu Guangzhi)
Translated by Google
Encyclopedia
dianzi-he shuanggongzhen Electron - nuclear double resonance electron-nuclear double resonance To have a non-coupled electron (electron angular momentum quantum number □ 1 / 2) and a nucleus (nuclear spin quantum number □ 1 / 2) of the system, for example, in the static magnetic field H have shown a non-coupled electron and a static magnetic field of nuclear energy in a very 1,2,3,4 as shown in the four energy levels, respectively □ □ = ± 1 / 2, and □ □ = ± 1 / 2 to identify, where □ □ and □ □ for the electron spin and nuclear spin magnetic quantum number. (Xu Guangzhi)
Translated by Google
Encyclopedia
Electron - phonon interaction electron-phonon interaction E-phonon interaction ezeetron · phonon Crystal electron interaction between lattice vibrations In the equilibrium position, the formation of periodic potential, Eigenstates in the campaign is a series of Pueblo THz, interaetion Band (see band theory of solids) . Ions in real crystals Valence electrons in the periodic potential Belong to different , To determine the energy of Bloch electron with E (k) And quasi-momentum nine k. Atoms in the crystal near the equilibrium position is always vibration, Crystal atomic vibrations normal mode is a series of lattice wave, and its value is the amount of energy Son of the energy field known as quantum nine phonons, phonons are determined by quasi-momentum hq. Lattice vibration system can be used to describe the phonon gas (see the lattice momentum Studies). Atomic displacement caused by lattice vibration caused by changes in ion real potential, So that the electronic energy band by the additional potential, and this is the electronic and lattice Vibration interaction, also known as e-phonon interactions. The lattice Potential vibration caused by changes in periodic potential as is the perturbation, and thus lead Electrons from the band in transition, scattering bodies such as the lattice scattering. Crystal Lattice phonon scattering is always accompanied by absorption or emission. An electronic state of the k Scattering into the k 'state, there Or E (k ') a E (k) + pills. (Phonon absorption) Stone (k ') a E (k) a pill. (Phonon emission) And meet the standards of momentum ', Ziheng relations _kh 'a pill k nineteenth q + G, (phonon absorption) IX k 'k In a pill q + G, (phonon emission) We know, k and q are simple wave number, the value in the range of the Brillouin zone Within. When h ', k value is relatively large and the scattering angle (ie k' and k Angle) is quite large, (k 'a k) falls outside the Brillouin zone, then No proper q corresponding. In this case, you can find some G-II (and only) so that k a k a G, back to the Brillouin zone And thus help determine the appropriate q value. Usually G, 10, said the scattering process For the formal process or said N process, and the scattering process Gn half 0, saying Inverted U for the reverse process or the process. The above is an electron phonon interaction perturbation process It is an important reason for resistance of metal, and there was e-phonon phase Interaction process of high-level perturbation, the electron effective mass can lead to the repair Is, in the formation of polarons in ionic crystals. According to BCS theory, superconducting The cause is electrical electronic phonon interaction. 〔Were Qi Han,
Translated by Google
Encyclopedia
Electron - positron pair production Electron-positron pair production From electron positron pair production (e lectron- Positron Pair Produetion) From electron positron pair production is a negative electron and a positive Elementary particles in the nucleus or near the electronic production process at the same time. In The so-called external electron pair production in electromagnetic waves (photons) are absorbed Produce electronic and high energy radiation is absorbed mainly lower because of this Effect (see photo). The so-called internal electron pair is not generated and the considerable Measured electromagnetic radiation associated with, when stimulated to release some of the internal nuclear Energy when possible. Electronic generation of great theoretical significance. It is not only An example of materialization of energy, but also relativistic Dirac Quantum theory of a compelling validation. This theory makes quantitative Predictions of probability, electronic differential distribution and kinetic energy distribution possible. Its conclusion in good agreement with the experimental results. Refer to the "sub-relativistic 1 On,, (relativisti. Quantum theory) as amended. Negative electron Atomic nucleus Positron External electronic (e-a positron) production Only the photon energy is greater than Zmc, ~ 1.02 MeV (for Electron mass, 'the speed of light), the external electron can be produced only Energy, which is required to produce a still electronic energy. This excess energy than the Volume h Bu ZmcZ (, is the frequency of light, h is the Planck constant), the table Now the kinetic energy of particles produced; in the positive and negative particles of energy between the sub- Distribution is random, such as positron probability can be roughly Was from o to add any energy between a Zm'2. Because of the positively charged nucleus Son of the electrostatic repulsion, so on average, actually get more than positron Negative electron more energy. Momentum conservation law requires the initial photon momentum transfer to it Generated particles. A simple calculation shows that only when the third species of particles or Particle system involved in this process, the momentum conservation can be met. Typically, This may be the third nuclear particles, but in principle any charged Momentum reconstruction of particles can make a balance. For a given electron-positron inter- Distribution of energy, nuclear recoil direction is arbitrary. Therefore e The direction of emission is not constant but a random distributed. Since nuclear Great quality, it is accepted from the initial photon energy is almost close to zero. Close In the discussion of conservation law can be found in "nuclear reaction" (nudear reac- tion) Ordinance. Often from the internal electron emission from radioactive substances. In Radioactive decay, the child can leave the excess nuclear energy. Although this Energy is usually released in the form of electromagnetic radiation, however, when the energy exceeds ZnzcZ, the electron pair production may also be competitive with them, the probability of its formation With the release of energy increases. The angular correlation and electronic products Health transition probability also depends on a multi-polar level. See "multi-polar radiation letters" (Multipole radiation), "positron" (positron) and the "child Sub-field theory "(quantum field theory) of each. [Baxter Dragon (G. Baekstrom) essays]
Translated by Google
English Expression
: pi electron, negative electron, negaton, negatron, delta electron, delta ray