Downhill slide over the sky, I turned out the light of the meteor Are the cool earth by night rain, to catch a ride the way to go gambling Life to be thrown, such as rain, stir in the night's fog on the lake Enough, life is so short, so short a gorgeous actually! By chance, I win, and creation from the fan's design bureau in Fairview After all, is the day, such as needles, drag the lighter color first thick line after Between pick ups and downs that anti-embroidered proud of my light and dark side Well, life is so fast, actually speed up so peaceful!
The wheel of life, such as hand-spinning wheel Spinning wheel at the end of the day There is no longer spin the wheel in this direction People will measure your pieces of cloth woven
Protein by the nucleic acid polymer composed of body and other substances with the unique phenomenon of organisms. Different and non-biological, bio-energy use of outside material to form their own body and reproduction, in accordance with the genetic characteristics of growth and development movement, changes in the environment often shown the ability to adapt to the environment.
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shēng mìng
Organisms with the ability of the presence and activities
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No. 7
Risk their lives
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No. 8
Refers to things that have the nature that can survive
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No. 9
A life of literary works
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No. 10
Participate in an activity that the qualifications and competence
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No. 11
Political life
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No. 12
Biological survival; possess biological activity. "Qin Warring policy 3": "all things proper place, life, long life, and not keep emerging on the end of their injuries." "A History of Ho North Biography": "people of the Po-Chen Wen, Mo Po in life." Clear Jijun, "Notes of Summer recorded four Luan Yang": "Bao Yang soul, since all life." Ba Jin "Autumn" 4: "eyes are bright, the air is free, life is full of rich vegetation. "
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No. 13
Compared to the survival of the fundamental conditions of things. Jin Du Yu, "Chen farmers to Shu": "Today, when autumn summer Shushi, which people have no supports, the former to the winter, no grass field, it certainly Yang Kantani that life." Ba Jin "a life-saving battle ":" Do not forget, the party was my first life. "
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No. 14
Jewish destiny. Southern Liang Chung Rong "Poetry" volume: "Ling, famous son, a special talent, life is not harmonious, sound decadent body funeral." Han Yu "being two birds Fu": "I life submerged Ecuador, has two birds as . "" Twenty years have witnessed the strange status quo, "the 80th back:" Why should actively look for life destined. "
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No. 15
Survive. Tang Bai "Takeaki addition to stone prefectural governor" system: "Wang Shih-cutting Tsai, Er-line, the deadly Fen Shen, challenge when the bandits, the sense of loyalty and indignation, Death by Life."
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No. 16
Means that breathes. Tezhi animals. "Platform Sutra line by the goods": "Hunters often make keep net, make up of each see life." Liu Pak "Year red" poem: "the life of this world, who support it?" Lao She "Camel" 9 : "and all of life is the same, by the damage, the no how to clean up the mess just by themselves."
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No. 17
Referring to the living. Lao She, "two horses" paragraph 15: "totally positive, also called the country shook at least the spirit, called to life somewhat more fun."
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No. 18
Biology, that life is a form of protein there. It's the most basic features of the protein through the metabolism constantly material exchange with the surrounding environment. Metabolism of a stop, life stopped, the protein also decomposition.
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The definition of life philosophy
The definition of life philosophy: Life is the biological component of the biological nature and with the survival and development capabilities, biological growth, reproduction, metabolism, stress, evolution, exercise, behavior out of existence and development of consciousness of mankind through the understanding of practice found from the biological, definition, highlight, taking out the concrete things and abstract things. The essence of life Life is a product of conditions, from birth to growth to aging, death, completion of the process are always accompanied by a variety of conditions, some conditions have continued blessing of life was, some conditions are met then the harm of the end of life. Life in the natural, social in the state of self-_select_ion, natural _select_ion, social choice. Biology is a life, survival awareness, survivability of natural objects. Both life and biological unity and mutually contradictory, life, survival and development performance, survival and development of consciousness is a biological nature, properties, regulations and laws, is composed of biological components and elements. Biological changes in non-biological result of long-term movement. Natural things in general with the nature of the interaction and mutual influence capability, when a non-biological interactions through long and complex, interactive process, and gradually formed a self-survival and development of nature and the ability to form a sense of self-survival and development time, a living organism is produced. Life, independent living properties, self-survival of consciousness is a special form of natural law and natural consciousness. Consciousness is a natural thing with the existence of movement, change, performance, trends and patterns. Biology is a natural law, natural and material composition of the unity of consciousness, is included there, movement, change, performance, trends, laws, including survival of consciousness of natural things. Biological growth, development, reproduction, metabolism, stress, exercise, behavior, life, survival and development performance, survival of consciousness forms. We observed the existence of a natural object and forms, you can determine whether the object of life, whether self-survival and development of nature and ability, whether the survival and development of self-awareness, biological or non biological. Life is composed of concrete things and abstract things, the unity of opposites. Life is composed of biological components and elements of human understanding through practical activities from the general biological and individual organisms found, defined and extracted, consists of two opposing components of the abstract things. The first is a human life through practical activities from a variety of biological knowledge in the discovery, definition, highlight, taking out the common requirements. Second, understanding of life through practical activities of people from the discovery of individual organisms, definition, highlight, extracted individual requirements. Experience tells us that, although individuals have different biological common sense of self-survival and survival of nature, but different individuals possess their own biological viability are different, have different biological vitality of the different biological life of individuals possess both is unique. Neither the world there are two identical or completely different things, two identical or completely different snow, there was no two identical or completely different life. Life is common with the survival and development of biological nature and the survival and development capabilities were integrated with the composition of things, the provisions of universality and particularity requirement is composed of the unity of opposites. Both by the existence of biological life as a biological component or element of the existence of abstract things, but also has its own variety of the provisions of an independent entity, distinct from biological and other things, there is relatively independent of specific things. Time, space, value is everything and content with the general provisions, but also the life and content with the general provisions. Everything is at a certain time and space things, have the performance of mutual influence the interaction, human survival and development are valuable things. Any life is at a certain time and space of life, all for human survival and development has a certain value, a sense of life. Personal value and meaning of life there is a difference, as long as a person work hard and struggle will be able to play and show their full value and meaning of life. Life is a thing, a unity of opposites or contradiction. Life is composed of biological components and elements, is a world community where members are concrete things and abstract things, special provisions and general provisions, time and space, value and negative value is composed of unity of opposites or contradictions body. People's understanding of life through a long historical process, from different disciplines to life under a variety of definitions, but these definitions are flawed, wrong definition. Engels on the definition of life: life is the presence of protein in the form of the body, the existence of the fundamental factors in the form of external nature and its surroundings continue to metabolism, and this metabolism, once stopped, life ceases, the result is the decomposition of protein. Engels does not meet the definition of life, biological life is the survival of the performance or existence of objective reality of consciousness, the life of misstating the existence of protein in the body, expressed as a protein body (organism) of the metabolism movement, failed to recognize life with biological metabolism, growth, reproduction, stress, behavioral differences did not recognize the metabolism of biological growth, development, reproduction, stress, behavior not the survival of biological performance, survival of consciousness, but only to life, survival awareness, survivability the concrete existence and manifestations. Modern biology is defined to life: life is shown by the organism's own reproduction, growth, metabolism, genetic variation and the response to stimuli such as complex phenomena. The definition of the life of modern biology to biological life, expressed as a composite phenomenon, expressed as biological growth, metabolism, mutation, stress and other acts, denied the life and biological phenomena, biological differences in behavior, confusion of life and biological phenomena, The concept of biological behavior, with Engels's definition of life has the same defects and errors, do not meet the objective reality of life, contrary to the understanding of the laws of logic. Molecular biology to life under the definition: life is composed of substances such as nucleic acids and proteins of molecular systems, it has constantly reproduce and the ability to react to the outside world. Molecular Biology of the definition of life expressed as molecular systems of life, expressed as a breed, the ability of the molecular stress response system. This definition is not a definition of life, but on the biological definition of the molecular system on the definition of life and biological completely mixed into one, really good rare confused.
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Engels on the definition of life
Engels' Anti-Duhring, "under a definition to life: life is the presence of protein in the form of the body, the existence of the fundamental factors in the form of external nature and its surroundings continue to metabolism, and this metabolism, once stopped, life with The end result is the decomposition of protein. Engels's critique of this definition is the definition of Turin's life on the basis of the initiative. Turin once life is defined as the cell metabolic activity. Engels argued that high-level bio-type is indeed from the simple "cell" composed of, but lower than the biological cells, they are linked to biological and advanced, just because they are basic components of proteins, which they perform with the protein functions - life and death. Engels understood protein called protein body and now is different. He said: "Here, the protein body in accordance with modern science to understand the significance of modern science to construct the normal protein or similar protein is also known as all things are contained in protein bodies within this concept, the name is not appropriate, because the protein in all normal and similar substances it is the most lifeless, plays the most passive role, it is only eggs with embryonic development of nutrients, but the chemical structure of the protein body is also still unclear when the name is better than all the other names better, because it is more generally be seen, Engels referred to the protein body in a broad sense, it is not even a sense now of the polymer, but a physical system. Engels used this term in different occasions, he sometimes also called the cells' proteins into small pieces. "For instance, he said:" All organisms, in addition to the minimum level of outside are formed by the cells, by the very small, only after a high degree of magnification to see the internal composition of a nucleus of small proteins. In short, Engels and the protein body is equivalent to life. Life is "inherent in the protein, was born with, there is no such process, the protein can not exist the first half of the 20th century, with the biochemical research, people on the protein structure and function have become increasingly clear understanding of the , proteins form a complex, different functions in life activities is extremely important role in the process, all of which makes many people more convinced that life is the molecular basis of protein. Engels said, "proteomics" refers to nucleic acids and proteins. That is no life without protein. Thus a fundamental denial of the creation God made man of God said. Engels's definition of life reveals a certain extent, the material basis of life, that has a metabolic function of the protein body. 100 years, this definition has been guiding people to understand life's ideological weapon. Engels and boldly suggested that since life is an advanced form of physical movement, as long as the conditions are right, of course, the flower of life on other planets in the open. Modern astronomers have confirmed this view.
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The definition of life of modern biology
The biological definition of life: life is shown by the organism's own reproduction, growth, metabolism, genetic variation and the response to stimuli such as complex phenomena. Physicist Ilya Prigogine's dissipative structure theory from the physical point of view to explore the essence of life to give new revelation: Life is a dissipative structure, any life should be constantly exchanged with the external environment of matter and energy, will result in death or life . Some biological micro-level changes, such as genetic synthesis, sugar metabolism, are combined with the theory of dissipative structures dovetail available to explain this theory. Life is a nucleic acid polymer composed of proteins and other substances the body of organisms with a unique phenomenon. With different non-biological, bio-energy use of outside material to form their own body and reproduction, according to the genetic characteristics of growth, development movement, changes in the environment often show the ability to adapt to the environment.
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Definition of the molecular biology of life
Molecular definition of life: Life is composed of substances such as nucleic acids and proteins of molecular systems, it has constantly reproduce and the ability to react to the outside world. Here we list some of the changes and biological characteristics of understanding life. First, the chemical composition of the identity From the elemental composition of view, has been found in one hundred and ten kinds of chemical elements in various organisms, almost all the elements necessary for a particular twelve ten, of which C, H, O, N, P, S , Ca, Mg, K accounts for an absolute majority. From the molecular composition of view, an important feature of organisms is that they all contain the basic biological molecules known as proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, sugar, vitamins and other organic compounds, these organic molecules in a variety of organisms have the same structure model and function. Such as the genetic material of all organisms are DNA and RNA, the life of the body of its catalytic enzymes are proteins, a variety of organisms using high-energy compounds (ATP, NADH ...), have described the existence of the biosphere in the chemical composition a high degree of identity. Second, thorough, orderly structure The chemical composition of organisms in the body is not a random pile together, but thorough, and orderly. Basic unit of life is the cell (viruses, viroids, prions and other areas of life whether they are still in dispute, but they are required to properly complete the cellular structure of life activities). Cell's structural elements has a specific structure and function. Biological macromolecules, no matter how complicated, is not life, only when the molecules form a certain structure, or to form such an orderly system cells, in order to show life. Loss of orderly, such as cells labeled homogenate, and life will come to an end. Biosphere is a multi-layered ordered structure. Well above the cell tissues, organs, systems, individuals, populations, communities, ecosystems, and other levels. Every level of the various structural elements, such as human Jiutai system organs, have their own specific structure and function of their coordination activities constitute a complex living systems. Third, the metabolism Organisms are open systems, living organisms and the surrounding environment and ongoing exchange of material and energy flow. Some substances are absorbed by organisms, in which a series of changes into the final product and is excreted, which is called metabolism. Metabolism is thorough, orderly process, is composed of a series of enzymatic reactions of chemical reaction networks. If the metabolic processes of the order is destroyed, as some areas are blocked, all the metabolic processes can be disrupted, life would be threatened, can even lead to the end of life. Fourth, the stress Biomass react to outside stimuli. Feel the stimulus and response, including the two processes. The result is a biological reaction, "while avoiding disadvantages." Paramecium suspension in a drop in a small drop of acetic acid, paramecium would have to swim away; a carrion to attract flies; plant meristem growth to the light, this is stress. Stress is a common biological characteristics. However, performance and stress the animals more visible, more full of diversity. Animal sense organs and motor organs are highly developed stress product. Fifth, the steady-state 100 years ago, Bernard (C. Bernard) found that, despite volatile external environment, there is always some mechanism to mammals, the environment remains unchanged, then Cannon (WB Cannon) to be developed this concept called steady state. It was discovered that not only mammals, all of the organisms, cells, ecosystems, communities and even in the absence of intense under the influence of external factors, are also stable, they have their own specific mechanisms to ensure its dynamic stability. Sixth, growth and development Can pass metabolism of biological growth and development. A seed can become a tree, a frog tadpoles can become. Although environmental conditions can affect the biological growth and development, but each biological growth and development are in accordance with a certain size range, a certain pattern and stable procedures. Seven, genetic variation and evolution Individual organisms can not be any long-standing, they produce offspring through the reproductive life can survive. Between offspring and parental forms of structure, physiological function is similar on the genetic results. The difference between the phenomenon of parents led by the mutation. The Creature from about 38 million years ago now, from simple to complex, from lower to higher evolution is the result of evolution. Eight, to adapt Each creature has its own unique living environment, a specific structure and function always appropriate in this environment under the conditions of survival and continuity. For example, the structure of fish gills for breathing in water, fish, land vertebrates of lung structure is adapted terrestrial respiration. Adapt to the unique phenomenon of life. Any kind of biological adaptation to their environment is always relative. The same individual due to genetic and phenotypic differences, the adaptation to the environment there is always a degree of difference. As long as the existence of such differences, even very minor, the role of natural _select_ion occurs, promoting the group to better adapt the direction of evolution.
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The basic functions of life
① self-regulation It is an essential attribute of life. Any life in every moment of its existence, are constantly adjust their status within the various functions, adjusting its relations with the external environment. Higher organisms is a multi-level self-regulation, including molecules, cells, and overall adjustment. Even prokaryotes have self-regulation, but it is also achieved through a variety of ways. For example, bacteria have the ability to own the required number of synthetic molecules, but whether a particular molecule synthesis, synthesis of the speed, then with their own internal state and the environment varies. Bacteria within the required elements, not too much to produce, do not feel the lack, but by self-regulatory mechanisms completed. A molecular pathway in the first structure of the enzyme gene regulation function of both, the first enzyme that is both enzyme function, but also plays the role of repressor proteins. In genetics and biochemistry, this feature is called self-regulating system. This control system started in Salmonella histidine biosynthesis found, then the phage, fungi, mammals are also found there. In fact, feedback inhibition and induction of the regulatory system and the repressor system can be regarded as biological self-regulation approach. Because feedback inhibition in biosynthesis of the first enzyme and metabolism end products through a combination of reversible inactivation, the synthesis of many compounds, the rate has been adjusted. In the induction system and deter system, and even the production of the enzyme itself, are subject to adjustment. This disparity is that: in the induction system, only when the substrate is present, it produces the required substrate for the enzyme, the substrate approach is combined with the repressor and to inactivate the repressor, thereby opening the structural gene to induce gene activity; in the repression system, end product inhibition of enzymes, is a repressor of its way to the final product with a combination of being activated, and then combined with the manipulation of genes, thus closing the structural gene for the enzyme repression generated. Many bio-conditioning systems are more complex, they tend to have both forward and reverse regulation. Body's regulatory mechanisms are self-fulfilling process, and adjust procedures or directives are inherited, inherent, and therefore self-regulating system for the life of these unique. ② self-replicating It is the life of the system is different from the characteristics of chemical systems. Narrowly speaking, self-replication is the unwinding of DNA molecules, the two chains separate, each complementary strand synthesis to form two new molecules, however, and the same. Broadly speaking, including cell division, including reproduction. Under, the division of molecular breeding is based on the copy; on the results, the formation of two identical individuals. As the biological reproduction is cyclical, but also because of the disease, hybridization, and other factors will cause some loss of biological fecundity, so the breeding is difficult as the basic properties of life. However, self-replication is different, as long as the disintegration of the state is not in the life, there is always self-replication. Therefore, it is always the life course runs through the property. In vitro experiments, cell lysate under certain conditions, DNA synthesis remained, some single-stranded DNA in the human condition can be transformed into double-stranded form. However, non-living systems can not achieve their own DNA replication, although in artificial conditions to give the necessary nucleotide reconciliation helicase, polymerase, ligase, DNA can replicate, but the resulting process is short-lived. This function is self-replicating system of life inherent characteristics. ③ _select_ive reaction In vivo environmental _select_ive reaction is another important feature of living systems. Response to non-living matter and living matter has the properties. The difference is, the occurrence of non-living matter in the physical, chemical reactions, are not self-fulfilling process. Only living organisms react independently before, and this response is independent of the _select_ive, it is being affected by the organism's own control, and with the in vivo environmental conditions vary. Cells material exchange with the outside world, of course, there are diffusion and osmosis, but membranes absorb what, what is excluded, there is a high degree of _select_ivity. An obvious example is that in the cell membrane active transport, the material against the concentration gradient and running. In another example, E. coli can utilize glucose, lactose can also be used as a carbon source. When the environment in both glucose when there are lactose, E. coli's metabolic response is the first use of glucose instead of lactose, then only the composition of enzymes at work, the induction of enzymes are unrelated. _Select_ive biological response is the result of coordinated activities of several systems. The reaction is so simple prokaryotes, especially in higher organisms the _select_ive reaction. Because the higher organisms there are a variety of enzymes in vivo, these enzymes not only for its high catalytic efficiency unmatched by inorganic catalysts, but also has a strict _select_ivity. Meanwhile, the enzyme activity in vivo regulation by various factors, and control, between the enzyme and the enzyme, enzymes and other protein interactions between, will affect the enzyme activity, and a product of the enzyme to another enzyme activity has a positive or negative impact. The external behavior, biological _select_ive reaction is far more dramatic. For example, the state of the animals fed on food does not react; novel motivation can cause animal's attention initially, but over time, the reaction becomes very weak, and so on. In fact, no response of organisms to respond to the environment, some do not respond, or sometimes the same motive in this response form, sometimes another Youyi response form. Self-regulating, self-replication and independent life is different from the non-_select_ive reaction is characteristic of life. These characteristics of living systems, its basic, no doubt, is the physical and chemical processes, subject to the laws of physical chemistry. However, the results of these physical and chemical changes, but into a living thing, a unique attribute of life. Although the three basic properties of one or some of the side of a property, there may also be in the inorganic world, but only in the lives of these three properties, and possible contact with each other in a single system.
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The concept of the origin of life
Creationists believe that life is a force such as God or God Chao Wuzhi such as the creation, or is beyond the material a priori determined. This is the low capacity of human understanding of nature in the case arising out of ideas, and later was a social ideology are sometimes inadvertently use, resulting in the spirit of absolute respect for the supremacy of the people believe creationism. No students on the nature of ancient times, people's cognitive ability is low, but has been able to carry out abstract thinking activities, based on the phenomenon of life is made naturally occur conclusion, on behalf of ideology in ancient China "saprophytic maggot meat, fish, dry raw Du "and Aristotle's" Some fish from the mud and grit from development "and so on. With the awareness of students on the depth, recognizing that maggots came from fly eggs, Pasteur, people believed that life and the spores produced by the parental generation, that life can not naturally produce. But the students did not answer on how the first life form. Century with the germ theory of the universe of astronomy have been proposed large-scale development of life on Earth or other planets of the universe from the "germ", popular in the 19th century, this understanding, there are still very few people adhere to this view, based on the Earth all living on a unified genetic code and rare element molybdenum in the enzymes in the fact that there are special and important role. Chemical evolution advocates from the movement of material to study the variation of the origin of life. That under the conditions of the original Earth, organic matter can be transformed into inorganic, organic and biological macromolecules can be developed into multi-molecular systems appear primitive life until the last body. In 1924 Soviet scholars AN Ao Palin first proposed this view; JBS Haldane in 1929 the British scholar also published a similar view. They believe that life on Earth from non-living matter evolved over a long period; a process called chemical evolution, as distinct from the emergence of the biological evolution of organisms. Ao Palin's 1936 publication, "The origin of life on Earth," a book, is the world's first comprehensive discussion of the origin of life monograph. He believes that the original is no free oxygen on Earth's atmosphere in reducing under shortwave ultraviolet energy can generate simple organic compounds (small biomolecules), simple organic compounds can generate complex organic compounds (biomolecules) and the formation of the ocean in the original multi-molecular system aggregates, which over a long period of evolution and "natural _select_ion", and finally appeared in the original life of the native body. Experimental evidence of chemical evolution has been more and more acceptable for the vast majority of scientists.
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Life Scientists
1 U.S. scientists Benacerraf, Snell for the creation and immunogenetics transplantation immunology, the French research scientists and more plug for the antigen-antibody in blood transfusion and organ transplantation in the role of the organization shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. 2 U.S. scientists study the brain hemisphere by Sperry function, Swedish scientists Weieseer, Hugh Burr for U.S. scientists to study brain structure and function of the optic cortex, shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. 3 Swedish scientists Bergstrom, Sami Gilson, British scientists Vann because of the chemistry and biology of prostate shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. 4 U.S. scientists McClintock seat because of the transmission factor of corn won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Lamarck (who first proposed the evolution of London) Darwin (this should not have said) Zou Chenglu (China 1965 successfully synthesized bovine insulin hero, had the opportunity to won a Nobel Prize) Schleiden, Schwann (of cell theory creator) McKinnon (2003 because of the membrane channel protein research won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry) Mendel (the father of genetics) Morgan (chromosome founder of physics and chemistry) Watson, Crick, Wilkins (discovered the double helix structure of DNA) Yuan Longping The first week of child
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Encyclopedia
shengming Life life Protein in the body's existence. The phenomenon of life by protein and nucleic acid polymer and other materials composed of organisms exist as a state. Include at least the metabolism, excitability, and reproduction of three basic characteristics of these three characteristics is unique to the phenomenon of life instinct.
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English Expression
n.: sustentation, life (force), ability to function and grow that distinguishes living animals and plants from dead ones and from rocks, metals, etc, condition, vitality, be in jeopardy of one's life, the silver cord, carry off, vita, head, spirit, life, daylights, daylight, breath, anima, blood
v.: being
vt.: vitalize
French Expression
n. vie
Thesaurus
Biological field, cyton, organism, viability, organism, Individual, Head body, (of small animals) a poor creature, economy, economy marrow, animation, corrigible, activity, joy of life, event