Affair. "He Guan Zi Wang Fu": "Pang Master said: 'Our family of their customary.'" "Song Chang-Chuan Liu Wang Jin-Hee": "Xie Jin Hee Toffee, Shen moment no pro, physical rare." Sima Guang Song, "beg for ill people to the new law hurt the country by Shu": "Unfortunately, the person appointed, in human physical, more does not know enough to Yang San-chi, deputy." Qing Shi Dai "Tu'erdi Mountain in mind": "Alas! this mountain in the ban, the differences between the time while monensin or poor, and now, visitors are able to restrain passengers wandering around but nothing to avoid, cover a course of physical persons of the cycle." Guangtian "Literary Education": "Poetry human physical performance-based. "
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The truth of things ﹑ law
The truth of things, the law. "Emperor Zhou Shuming Ji": "Heaven and earth have been poor, 5 often goes to people who have too often, is born with the dead, the inevitable physical." Zhang Lei Song, "Ming Magazine": "l not fight, do not cover that is destroyed, the physical transfer of those who can not. "Hsiu-Ching Ho," Shoko cow horse in mind its small wind ":," or take the wind cattle, horses to go upwind, various nuclear physics, no matter. "
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Scenery and the sense
Scenery and reasonable. Tanggao Zhong Wu, "Zhang Appreciative ZTE set between the air": "Zhang Junyi Acer who, in gratitude ... ... slightly into the age of poetry. Such as: 'has been recalled grouper autumn to teach, persuade more news Hanyu Origin fly.' Can be described as physical all the United States, the delight and deep. "
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Introduction
Physics (physics) the full name of physics. Europe "physical" from the Greek word for the first φυσικός, intent is natural. Physics for the ancient Europeans called "natural philosophy." The broadest sense, that is the study of natural phenomena and laws of learning. Chinese, Japanese in the "physical" since the term scientists from the Ming and Qing zhi's encyclopedic book, "Physics little knowledge." In the field of physics, the study of the basic elements of the universe: matter, energy, space, time and their interactions; be analyzed by the Basic Laws and rules to fully understand the system. In the classical era of physics is very similar to its natural composition of the Institute of philosophy until the nineteenth century physics was separated from philosophy to become an empirical science. In modern physics has become a natural science one of the most basic subjects. Theoretical physics is usually expressed in mathematical form. After a lot of strict laws of physics experiment known as the laws of physics. However, as many other theories of natural science, these laws can not be proven, the correctness of the experiment only after repeated testing. Physics is closely related with many other natural science such as mathematics, chemistry, biology, astronomy and geology. Particularly in mathematics and chemistry. Chemistry and physics of the relationship in some far-reaching, such as quantum mechanics, thermodynamics and electromagnetism, and basic mathematics is the physical tools, is physically dependent on mathematics.
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A brief history
Chinese Physics History History is the study of Chinese Physics Chinese Physics Education, Development and Law Studies Science. Its contents can be summarized into two aspects: First, from the perspective of physical education, reflection and study my State historical period of each era or the guiding ideology of physical education, curriculum, syllabus, course Process materials, teaching theory and the evolution of teaching methods; the second is the evolution of social history, Cause analysis and explore the development of physical education in this or that place change. To Showing the development of physical education, the characteristics and laws. Study and the study of Chinese physical education history, is of great practical significance and far-reaching historical History. Distinguish between physical education and awareness of the essence and dross heritage, continue to critically Cheng and learn from previous experience of physical education, which is the reform of physical education and improve the quality of physics teaching Basis; understanding and knowledge of the history of previous changes in the physical education background, content and the resulting Of a correct understanding of the success or failure of which, the source of gains and losses, can choose the direction of physical education reform, Determine the main objective to provide a scientific basis, which is to deepen the reform of physical education, to adapt to my State the premise of historical change.
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Nature
Physics is the nature of life in people without the knowledge of material to make regular changes in the summary. This movement and change there should be two. First, the early extension of people through the visual senses, the second is for modern people observed and measured through the invention of scientific instruments used in the experimental results, an indirect understanding of the internal composition of matter on the basis of build. From a research perspective and the perspective of physics can be divided into two parts, micro and macro, the macro is not of a single particle group to consider the overall effect of the direct effect, is the earliest to have emerged, and micro-physics as the science and technology development theory gradually improved. Second, the physical but also a smart. As Nobel Prize winner, the German scientist Max Born said: "as they say this because I work published contains the discovery of a natural phenomenon, it is more because it contains a natural phenomenon on the scientific way of thinking base. "physics has been something people recognized as an important scientific, not only is it the law of the objective world has made a profound revelation, but also because it is in the development and growth process, the formation of a _set_ of unique and highly effective way of thinking system. Because of this, making the physics deservedly become the crystallization of human intelligence, culture treasures. General laws of physics is a short summary, is the general experience of scientific understanding of the theory. Physical changes 1. Physical changes: the material changes over time change; chemical changes: the old bond rupture, new bond formation. 2. Physical change phenomenon: the very broad, as long as the material changes in time are; chemical changes: light, heat, generate precipitation, generated gas is conventional secondary phenomenon, but some of which are invisible to the naked eye, such as carbon dioxide and water reaction. 3. Physical change chemical change, including: chemical change to see if a chemical bond rupture and formation of new and old. Physical properties of material destruction and the formation of chemical bonds are not the manifestations of nature: physical chemical properties of chemical bonds through the destruction of the manifestations of nature (that is material to it via a chemical reaction that he had the chemical properties.)
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Research Methods
The theoretical and experimental physics, the physical definition and measurement of hypothetical choices, the mathematical theory to start a comparison between theory and experiment agreed with the experimental laws, theoretical physics is the only target. People solve problems through a combination of such, is predicted to guide scientific practice, this is not a big materialistic thinking, in fact the purpose and structure of physical theories.
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Ideological and theoretical
Physics and Metaphysics Metaphysics in the continual process of reflection arising from the principle of non-empirical basis of objective, physical theory can use it to determine its own scientific terms. They may not subordinate package depends on the idea of school of philosophy. Description of the physical properties of the _set_, choose the simple nature of the other properties is the combination of imagination and clusters. Through the appropriate measurement methods and mathematical techniques to further understanding the nature of things have been. _Select_ the number of experiments, after the existence of a correspondence. Most experiments can have a relationship with their counterparts, but the experiment does not correspond to a variety of relationships. That is, a rule can be manifested in many experiments, but several experiments do not necessarily reflect only a rule. Theoretical predictions for the physics is consistent with the reality of whether or not the sole criterion of truth.
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Famous scholars
Past winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics: Wc 1901 Roentgen (German) Found that x-ray 1902 ha Lorenz, p. Zeeman (Dutch) Of magnetic field on the radiation 1903 ah Becquerel (French) Found that the radioactive material p. Curie, m. Curie (France) In radioactivity Jw Rayleigh in 1904 (English) Gas density in the study and found that argon element Pea Raynald 1905 (German) Research in the cathode ray Jj Thomson, 1906 (English) Of theoretical and experimental study of gas discharge make an important contribution 1907 aa Michelson (American) The invention of the optical interferometer and use of these instruments for spectroscopy and metrology research 1908 g. Lippmann (French) The invention of color photography interferometry (ie, Lippmann interference in law) 1909 g. Makeni (Italian), k. F. Braun (Germany) The development of radio communication ow Richardson (British) Thermionic phenomenon in the research, in particular, that Richardson's law 1910 jo van der Waals (Dutch) Gaseous and liquid in the proposed program of research W. 1911 Wien (German) Found that thermal radiation law Ng 1912, Darren (Swedish) The invention can be lighted aids to navigation, buoy automatic gas section of the battery device used in combination Cameron Linang 1913 h. Nice (Dutch) Superconductivity in the liquid helium 1914 mv Laue (Germany) Found that the x-ray crystal diffraction 1915, wh. Prague, wl Prague (English) With x-ray, crystal structure analysis of 1916 Not awarded 1917 cg Barkla (British) Elements found in the characteristics of the secondary x radiation 1918 m. Planck (Germany) On the establishment made great contributions to quantum theory 1919 j. Stark (Germany) Found that very tunnel-ray Doppler effect and electric field splitting of spectral lines 1920 ce Guillaume (Swiss) Found that the anomaly of nickel steel alloys and the importance of physics in the precision A. Albert Einstein in 1921 (German) Discovered the law of the photoelectric effect, etc. N. 1922, Bohr (Denmark) Radiation in the atomic structure and atomic research Milliken 1923 ra Basic charge and the photoelectric effect in the study 1924 kmg West Barn (Sweden) Found the x-ray spectral lines in the 1925 j. Frank, g. Hertz (German) Found that the collision rule atoms and electrons 1926 jb Perrin (French) Discontinuous structure of matter and find balance between deposition Compton in 1927 ah (American) Found that Compton effect (also known as Compton scattering) ctr Wilson (British) The invention to the fog room, can show through the air, track electronic 1928 ow Richardson (British) Thermionic phenomenon in the research, in particular, that Richardson's law Lv de Broglie in 1929 (French) That matter wave 1930 cv Raman (Indian) Light scattered in the research, found that the Raman effect 1931 Not awarded 1932 wk Heisenberg (German) Created quantum mechanics E. 1933, Schrödinger (Austrian), pam Dirac (British) Find new and effective forms of atomic theory 1934 Not awarded 1935 j. Chadwick (British) Found in neutron 1936 vf Hess (Austrian) Found in cosmic rays; cd Anderson (American) Found that positron 1937 cj Davidson (American), gp Thomson (British) Found that the crystal diffraction of electrons E. 1938, Fermi (Italian) Found that the new radioactive elements produced by neutron bombardment and found that nuclear reactions with slow neutrons Eo 1939, Lawrence (American) Invented and developed the cyclotron, and this made the results of artificial radioactivity 1942 Not awarded 1940 O. 1943 Stern (American) Developed a molecular beam method and the measurement of the proton magnetic moment 1944 ii Rabbi (American) Invented the famous gas NMR W. 1945, Pauli (Austrian) Exclusion principle that Pw 1946 Bridgman (American) The invention of high pressure devices, and achievements in high-pressure physics Appleton, 1947 ev (English) Research in atmospheric physics, in particular the discovery of high-altitude ionospheric short-wave radio (Appleton layer) 1948 pms Blackett (British) Improved Wilson cloud chamber method, and resulting in nuclear physics and cosmic rays of a range of discovery 1949 Hideki Yukawa (Japanese) Proposed the meson theory of nuclear, and predicted the existence of mesons Cf 1950, Powell (British) To study the development of photographic emulsion nuclear destruction process recording method and found a variety of meson Jd Cockcroft 1951 (English), ets Walton (Irish) Bombardment by artificially accelerated atomic particles, prompting the production of nuclear reactions (transmutation) F. 1952, Bloch, em Purcell (American) The phenomenon of nuclear magnetic resonance in the material and the creation of nuclear magnetic measurements F. 1953, Zernike (Dutch) Phase contrast microscope invented Born in 1954 m. Wave function in quantum mechanics and statistical interpretation and research to contribute to w. Bot (German) Invention of coincidence counting method, to study the nuclear reaction and γ-ray Ram 1955, we (Americans) The invention of microwave technology, and then study the fine structure of the hydrogen atom p. Kush (American) With the RF beam accurately determine the electron magnetic moment, the nuclear theory of innovation 1956 wh Bratton, j. Bardeen, wb Shockley (American) Engaged in semiconductor research and discovered the transistor effect 1957, Lee, Chen Ning Yang (Chinese Americans) Parity laws on the study in depth Cherenkov 1958 pa, ie Tam, im Frank (Russian) Discovered and explained Cerenkov effect 1959 e. G. Saige Lei, o. Chamberlain (American) Found that anti-protons 1960 da Glaser (American) Found that the bubble chamber, replacing the Wilson cloud chamber Hofstadter 1961 r. (American) High-energy electron linear accelerator used in nuclear scattering and found rl Moose Paul (German) In the phenomenon of resonance absorption of γ-ray study and found a moose Paul Effect Ld 1962 Landau (Russian) Aggregation state of matter created in particular the theory of liquid helium Wigner 1963 ep (American) Found that the symmetry of elementary particles and nuclei in the dominant principle of interaction between protons and neutrons mg Meyer (American), jhd Jensen (German) In the nuclear shell model theory of 1964, ch Townes (American), ng Basov, am Prokhorov (Russian) The invention of microwave radiation, and lasers and quantum electronics terms in basic research 1965 Chao-Yong Zhen Ichiro (Japanese), j. s. Schwinger, rp Feynman (American) Aspects of quantum electrodynamics in elementary particle physics has a profound impact on basic research 1966 a. Kastler (French) Discovery and development of the optical resonance and magnetic resonance together, so had the double beam and radio frequency electromagnetic resonance double resonance method Ha in 1967, Betty (American) Contribute to nuclear reaction theory, in particular, found the planet of energy 1968 lw Alvarez (American) Through the development of liquid hydrogen bubble and data analysis technology to find many resonances Gherman 1969 m. (American) Classification of elementary particles and interactions that L. 1970 Neil (French) Ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic in the research h. Alvin (Swedish) Engaged in basic research on magnetic fluid mechanics D. 1971, Gabor (British) Invented and developed a holographic method J. Bardeen 1972, ln Cooper, jr Schrieffer (American) Theoretically explain the phenomenon of superconductivity Ling in 1973, Ezaki Chennai (Japanese), i. Guai Fu (American) It was found that the semiconductor by the "tunnel effect" and the superconducting material bd Josephson (British) Found that supercurrent through a tunnel barrier layer of the Josephson effect Ryle, 1974 m., a. He Weisi (British) Radio astronomy in the pioneering research In 1975 an Bohr, br Mott Wilson (Denmark), j. Rainwater (American) In the internal structure of nuclei B. 1976, Richter (American), Samuel Chao Chung Ting (Chinese Americans) Found heavy neutral meson ╟ j / φ particles Pw Endrin in 1977, jh Fanfu Lake (American), nf Mott (British) In the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems the basic research 1978, p. Kaer Cha (Russian) Of research in cryogenics aa Penzias, rw Wilson (American) Discovered the cosmic microwave background radiation 1979 sl Glashow, s. Weinberg (American), a. Salam (Pakistan) Predicted the existence of weak neutral current weak interaction between elementary particles and electromagnetic effects and contribute to the unified theory Jw Cronin 1980, vl Fitch (American) Found that the neutral meson decay in the k parity (cp) is not conserved 1981 km West Barn (Sweden) has developed a high-resolution measuring instruments n. Broad Mutombo root, a. Show Low (Americans) on the development of laser spectroscopy and high-resolution electronic spectra do not contribute to the 1982 kg Wilson (American) Made with the phase transition theory of critical phenomena related 1983 s. Chandrasekhar, wa Fowler (American) Physical processes in stellar evolution studies 1984, c. Rubbia (Italy), s. van der Mel (Dutch) Found that weak interactions led to the transfer by field particles w ± and z 0 of the large-scale projects to make a decisive contribution to the Jin Feng Kerry in 1985, k. (German) Measured the Hall effect discovered and developed the technology for determination of physical constants 1986 e. Ruska (German) Done a lot of basis in the electric field of optical research and development of the first electron microscope g. Bi Nige (Germany), h. Rhorer (Swiss) Designed and developed a new type of electron microscope - scanning tunneling microscope 1987 jg Bedford Knowles (Germany), ka Miller (Swiss) Oxide high-temperature superconductors discovered L. 1988, Lederman, m. Schwartz, j. Steinberg (American) Μ subtype found neutrino, which reveals the internal structure of leptons 1989 w. Paul (Germany), hg Dermer Stewart, nf Ramsey (American) Created the world's most accurate time measurement methods - atomic clock, made outstanding contributions to physics measurements 1990 ji Friedman, hw Kendall (American), re Taylor (Canadian) First to demonstrate experimentally the existence of quarks 1991, pg Gennes (France) Engaged in liquid crystal, polymer theory 1992 g. Charpak (French) Developed a multi-wire proportional counter Ra Hulse 1993, jh Taylor (American) Found a binary pulsar, as the gravity of the study on new opportunities 1994 bn. Brockhouse (Canadian), cg Shull (American) In the study of condensed matter neutron scattering techniques developed 1995 ml Pell, f. Laiyin Si (Americans) Found the nature of subatomic particles: Υ leptons, neutrinos 1996, d. m. Lee (American), dd Osheroff (American), rc Richardson (American) Can be found at low temperature helium flows without friction - 3 1997 Steven Chu (Chinese-American), wd Phillips (American), c. Cohen ╟ Tanu Ji (French) The invention of laser cooling and trapping atoms using the method 1998 Laughlin (USA), Sturmer (U.S.), Tsui (Chinese-American) Found the fractional quantum Hall effect 1999 h. Hooft (Netherlands), m. Veltman (Netherlands) Illustrates the weak interaction physics in the quantitative structure plating. 2000 Alferov (Russia), Kilby (American), Kramer (American) Because of their pioneering research laid the foundation of information technology, shared this year's Nobel Prize in Physics. 2001 Ke Tele (Germany), Cornell (USA) and Weiman (USA) In the "dilute alkaline atomic gas Bose - Einstein condensate" and "Condensed Matter early basic research" to achieve success. Raymond Davis in 2002 (U.S.), Koshiba (Japan), 里卡尔多贾科尼 (U.S.) Made in the field of astrophysics pioneering contributions to the human observation of the universe opened two new "window." 2003 阿列克谢阿布里科 Denisov (Russian dual citizenship), 维塔利金茨 Petersburg (Russia), Anthony J. Leggett (Anglo-American dual nationality) In theory of superconductors and superfluids made pioneering contributions. 2004 David Gross, 戴维波利泽, Frank Wilczek (all Americans) The three scientists study quarks making science closer to realizing it as a "theory of everything built," the dream. University of Colorado in 2005, John l · Hall, Harvard University, j · Roy Glauber and German Lee Ludwig Maximilian University (the University of Munich) of 特奥多尔亨 Shi Gps technology research results can be improved John Mather, George Smoot in 2006 (all Americans) Found the blackbody form and the cosmic microwave background radiation fluctuations of In 2007 Albert Fert (France) Peter Green Berger (Germany) Have independently discovered a "giant magnetoresistance" effect. This technology is considered to be "the future of the vast field of nanotechnology is one of the first practical application."
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Physical quote
Truth is, with such power, the more you want to attack it, you attack to become more enriched and proved it. The earth beneath our feet is still in rotation! - Galileo galileo galilei (1564-1642) If I have seen further, it is because standing on the shoulders of giants. I do not know how people think about me, I just feel like a boy in the beach game, sometimes in order to find a smooth rock or relatively pleased with the beautiful shells, and the truth of the ocean is still undiscovered in front of me and . - Newton newton sir isaac (1643-1727) All the science is not physics, is the stamp [Font size = 2] - Rutherford [/ font] rutherford ernest (1871-1937) The most incomprehensible universe, the place is that it is understandable God does not play dice game and the universe All science and technology efforts, the total benefit of mankind, concern about the fate of mankind as the main swan's. In truth and awareness, any authority of the people consider themselves bound to laugh at in the fall of God! - Albert Einstein albert einstein (1879 - 1955) The equation of the United States, is more important than agreement with the experimental results science is concerned only with observable things and that we can observe an object by letting it interact with some outside influence. only questions about the result of experiments have a real significance and it is only such questions that theoretical physics has to consider. - Dirac paul adrien maurice dirac (1902 - 1984) I can sure tell you: no one really understand quantum mechanics. i can safely said (that) no body understands quantum theory. i believe that a scientist looking at nonscientific problems is just as dumb as the next guy. Physicists always think you just need to be addressed: given such and such conditions, what the outcome will emerge? it doesn't matter how beautiful your theory is, it doesn't matter how smart you are. if it doesn't agree with experiment, it's wrong. No matter how smart you are, no matter how perfect your theory, if not practical, then it is wrong. - Feynman feynman (1918 ~ 1988)
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About Physics
Physics (Physics) Pinyin: wù lǐ, English: physics full physics. "Physical" the first word from the Greek φυσικ, intent is natural. Physics for the ancient Europeans called "natural philosophy." The broadest sense, that is the study of natural phenomena and laws of learning. Chinese, Japanese in the "physical" since the term scientists from the Ming and Qing zhi's encyclopedic book, "Physics little knowledge." In the field of physics, the study of the basic elements of the universe: matter, energy, space, time and their interactions; be analyzed by the Basic Laws and rules to fully understand the system. In the classical era of physics is very similar to its natural composition of the Institute of philosophy until the nineteenth century physics was separated from philosophy to become an empirical science. Physics is closely related with many other natural science such as mathematics, chemistry, biology and geography. Particularly in mathematics, chemistry, geography. Chemistry and physics of the relationship in some far-reaching, such as quantum mechanics, thermodynamics and electromagnetism, and mathematics is the basic tool for physics, geography, geology, physics, mechanics use to, meteorology and thermal related. "Physical," the word used in Chinese, is to take the "investigation of things Chihlee" words of the acronym, that study and changes the shape of things to sum up the meaning of their laws. Our knowledge of physics, written in the early literature in the "Heavenly Creations" and other books. Japanese scholars pointed out: "In particular, a large book is the Translation of Modern Chinese translation of Western scientific works translated into Japanese according to the word." Japan's early history of physics or male mulberry researchers said: "In our country the first place, said Physics Science for the poor. Chong years, a book called "Physics little knowledge", the book describes the content, including astronomy, meteorology, medicine and so on. As early as the Song Dynasty, the same content included in the 'Fauna Notes' and 'object type sensors', etc. writings, these are the physical works of Chinese origin. " Kun Ming Dynasty (1536-1618) with a "groan language", the second part of which Juan Liu called "physical", generally is about the Matter, and extended to a number of perspectives on the humanities and the world. Song Zhu Xi (1130 - 1200), who used "physical matter to reason" or "physical" is used. Contemporary famous physicist Lee quoted Du Fu of Tang Dynasty "Qujiang two" in the verse "be fine to push the physical pleasures, why Fuming trip This body "to describe the term physics had emerged in the Tang Dynasty. In fact, Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Philosophy and Philosophy Department of Beijing University compiled the" Compendium of Historical Materials of Chinese Philosophy "(Zhonghua Book Company)" Han Dynasty - Tang "section on the records of the three Yang Quan Wu people who write books when the "thing theory" is to study and comment at that time about astronomy, geography, technology, agriculture and medical knowledge in the books. more distant, in the second century BC, a book about the "browse offerings Huainanzi • training "in:" The husband Sui make fire in the day, kindly lead iron stone, Kwai of the Japanese, although sensible, Funeng also-ran, so the eyes and ears of the police, not sub-physical; heart of the theory, not enough to be non- "the discussion. Ancient China" physical "refers to all things should be the truth.
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Branch of physics
Lightning ● classical mechanics and theoretical mechanics (Mechanics) of the basic laws of mechanical movement of objects, the law ● Electromagnetism and Electrodynamics (Electromagnetism and Electrodynamics) of electromagnetic phenomena in magnetic materials and electromagnetic radiation, such as movement of law ● Thermodynamics and Statistical Physics (Thermodynamics and Statistical Physics) thermal motion of matter and the macroscopic performance of the statistical laws ● relativity (Relativity) Effect of high-speed movement of objects and the related kinetics and on the law of the relativity of space and time ● Quantum Mechanics (Quantum mechanics) of the phenomenon of micro-motion of matter and the basic law of motion In addition, there are: Particle physics, nuclear physics, atomic and molecular physics, solid state physics, condensed matter physics, laser physics, plasma physics, geophysics, biophysics, astrophysics, acoustics, electromagnetism, optics, radio physics, thermal, quantum field theory, low temperature physics, semiconductor physics, magnetism, liquid, medical physics, nonlinear physics, computational physics and so on. Usually also theoretical mechanics, electrodynamics, thermodynamics and statistical physics, quantum mechanics, referred to as the four mechanics.
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History of Physics
History of physics from lower to higher, it is now essential to establish the structure of physical theories l The structure of physical theories by the constant G, c and h control Level: Newtonian mechanics (G, h, 1 / c = 0) Level: Newton's gravitational theory (h, 1 / c = 0, G is not 0) Einstein's special theory of relativity, does not include gravity (h, G = 0,1 / c is not 0) Quantum mechanics (G, 1 / c = 0, h is not 0) Third level: Einstein's general theory of relativity (h = 0, G, 1 / c is not 0) Relativistic quantum mechanics (G = 0, h, 1 / c is not 0) Newtonian quantum gravity (1 / c = 0, h, G is not 0) Ultimate: relativistic quantum theory of gravity (1 / c, h, G is not all 0)
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Nature Physics
Physics is the nature of life in people without the knowledge of material to make regular changes in the summary. This movement and change there should be two. First, the early extension of people through the visual senses, the second is for modern people observed and measured through the invention of scientific instruments used in the experimental results. From a research perspective and the perspective of physics can be divided into two parts, micro and macro, the macro is not of a single particle group to consider the overall effect of the direct effect, is the earliest to have emerged, and micro-physics as the science and technology development theory gradually improved. Second, the physical but also a smart. As Nobel Prize winner, the German scientist Max Born said: "not so much because I work published contains the discovery of a natural phenomenon, it is more because it contains a natural phenomenon on the scientific way of thinking base. "physics has been something people recognized as an important scientific, not only is it the law of the objective world has made a profound revelation, but also because it is in the development and growth process, the formation of a _set_ of unique and highly effective way of thinking system. Because of this, making the physics deservedly become the crystallization of human intelligence, culture treasures. General laws of physics is a short summary, is the general experience of scientific understanding of the theory. The concept of mechanics 】 【Mechanics 】 【Classical mechanics 】 【Newtonian mechanics It is based on Newton's laws of motion, in the 17th century to develop. Directly as the starting point of Newton's laws of motion to study the particle motion of the system, which is Newtonian mechanics. It targeted particles, focusing on the concept of force in dealing with mass system problems, were considered to be the force of each particle, and then to infer the particle motion of the system. Newtonian mechanics that exist independently of mass and energy, and their conservation, it only applies to the movement of objects much faster than the speed of light in the range. Newtonian mechanics more intuitive use of the geometric method to solve simple mechanical problems, convenient and simple than the analysis of mechanics. 】 【Analytical mechanics Classical mechanics has the historical stage of development and research into different methods of Newtonian mechanics and mechanics. 1788 Lagrange, who developed the 欧勒达朗伯 work, published in the "Analytical Mechanics." Dealing with problems of mechanics to the mechanical system as an object, the generalized coordinates to describe the configuration of the mechanical system, focusing on the energy concept. In the mechanical systems are ideal constraints, it can not be considered binding in the case of motion of the system down to solve the problem. More abstract analytical mechanics analytical methods used in solving complex mechanical problems show its advantages. 】 【Theoretical Mechanics Is a combination of mechanics and mathematics. Theoretical mechanics is an integral part of mathematical physics, but also the basis for a variety of applied mechanics. It is usually applied calculus, differential equations, vector analysis and other mathematical tools for in-depth exposition of Newtonian mechanics and analytical mechanics for the system introduction. As used in mechanical mathematics in more depth in this area, so that more theoretical mechanics. 】 【Kinematics With purely geometric methods of analysis and describe the motion of objects of objects, the physical reason for this movement may be considered. That is, from the geometric aspects of the relative position between objects change over time, rather than the causes involved in sports. Kinetic】 【 Discussion of the force and the particle system under the action of the force of the relationship between the movement. Based on Newton's law, depending on the need to introduce various forms of the basic principles of dynamics, such as d'alembert's principle, Lagrange equations, Hamilton's principle, is the equation. The current state of the system and the internal interaction between the various parts and systems with its surrounding environment interactions can be predicted to occur in the movement. 】 【Elasticity 】 【Continuum mechanics It is a continuum of quality of research the movement of deformable objects, continuous media generally focuses on compliance with all laws of mechanics. For example, conservation of mass, momentum and angular momentum, energy conservation and so on. Elastomers and comprehensive discussion of fluid is sometimes referred to as continuum mechanics. 】 【Force The interaction between objects is called "force." When the role of the object by other objects, the objects can get the acceleration (change in speed or momentum), or deformation occurs are called "force." It is important basic concepts in physics. In the context of mechanics, the so-called deformation is the object shape and volume changes. Changes in the so-called state of motion refers to the speed of the object changes, including changes in velocity or direction that causes the acceleration. Force is the object (or material) interaction. The role of an object by force, it must have another object exerting this effect, the former is of a body, which is the force object. As long as a strong role, there must be the object of a body and force. Usually referred to, the object by the force, but did not specify the force object, but the force on the object must exist. Whether the force between objects in direct contact, or indirect contact force between objects; also whether it is the force between macroscopic objects, or microscopic force between objects, can not leave the object alone exist. The role of force and matter, like the movement through time and space to achieve. Moreover, changes in the motion state of the object or objects form the amount of variation, depending on the strength of the cumulative effect of time and space. According to the definition of force on any object, force and acceleration it produces the same direction, and its size is proportional to the acceleration generated by the object. And the two force on the acceleration produced by the same object, each of the two forces acting on the object by the acceleration vector and. Force is a vector, force size, direction and role of the point is that an important feature of effective force, called the three elements of power. Synthesis and decomposition of forces parallelogram law compliance. In the International System of Units (SI), the requirement to make one kilogram of body mass, resulting in acceleration of 1 m / sec 2, the force of 1 Newton, symbol N. (1 kgf = 9.80665 N. 1 N = 105 dyne) Many different types of force. According to the effect of force to pressure points, tension, supportive, buoyancy, surface tension, repulsion, gravity, resistance, power, loyalty and so on. According to the nature of force of gravity points, elastic, friction, molecular force, electromagnetic force, nuclear force and so on. In secondary schools, generally divided into market forces (including gravity, electric force, magnetic force, etc.), elastic (pressure, tension, tension, etc.), friction (static friction, sliding friction, etc.). Three elements】 【force Size of the force, direction and point of co-called "force of the three elements." There used to represent the force to the line. The length of line is proportional with the size of the force, arrows indicate the direction of the force, said the power line's starting point of. By the way that power is called "force schema law." When considering issues related to power, three elements must be considered. 【Properties】 Is one of the elements of physics, is studying the matter of gas, liquid, solid three-state mechanical and thermal properties of science. Matter of the original three states of matter refers to the mechanical properties and thermal properties of the subjects. As the nature of the material, the mechanical and thermal gradually extended to the electromagnetic, optical, etc., the scope of Matter too wide, is now no longer as a separate discipline, but its contents were incorporated into the department. 】 【Physical changes Although the state of a substance changes, but in general the composition of the substance itself has not changed. For example: location, size, shape, temperature, pressure changes, and gaseous, liquid, solid-state conversion of each other. There is interaction between matter and electromagnetic fields, the interaction between light and matter, and micro-particle (electron, nucleus, elementary particles, etc.) interactions and transformation are the physical changes. 【Material】 All material objects that constitute the physical universe and the field. Such as air and water, food and cotton, coal and oil, steel and copper, aluminum, and various synthetic fibers, plastics, etc., are substances. World, we are all around the objective existence of matter. The human body is material. In addition to these objects, the light, electromagnetic fields, etc. are also substances, they are in the form of field material. Form of thousands of types of material, nature of the material varied. Gas state of a substance, liquid or solid state material substance; simple substance, compound or mixture; metal and nonmetal; minerals and alloys; inorganic and organic compounds; naturally occurring substances and synthetic substances; non-living material and matter of life and physical material and field material and so on. Although many types of material, but they have their characteristics, that is objective, and can be observed, and has a mass and energy. 】 【Objects Posed by the substance, occupies a certain space of the individual are called objects. Through the human senses can feel the existence of objective reality. 】 【Tension The stretched string, rope and other flexible objects, other objects on the tensile force of its flexible body or the internal tensile force between the various parts. For example, a rope AB AC and CB can be seen as two, of which C is any justice in the AB cross-section, AC segment and CB is the tension of the interaction section. The cross section in the rope tension per unit area is called tensile stress suffered. 】 【Unit of force 【N】 It is the International System of Units unit of force. The quality of the objects to obtain 1 kg 1 m s -2 the acceleration force is called a "Newton." Symbol with N said. (1 Newton = 105 dyne). 】 【Gravity Earth's gravity on an object called "gravity." There are different on the interpretation of gravity, for example, is an object by other objects in the universe combined effects of gravity; gravitational attraction of the Earth on objects; gravitational attraction due to Earth by the force of leaving objects; universe each particle with other particles between, there is a kind of gravitational interaction with the two particles proportional to the product quality, and during inversely proportional to the square of the distance, this interaction is called "gravity." Although some slight differences between the above argument, but stressed that the nature of their gravity. Because the objects in the gravitational field are subject to gravity, gravity is the essence of gravitational interactions. Objects near the ground, because it is very far away from other objects, other objects on the earth's gravity it is very small, so the gravity of the object it refers to the Earth's gravity, the direction pointing to center of the earth. Farther from the ground, gravity smaller. The same object at different locations on Earth has a slightly different gravity, gravity from the equator to the poles is increasing, because the Earth is a flat sphere, and its polar radius is greater than the radius of the equator. Earth objects with the Earth's rotation and for uniform circular motion, as required for uniform circular motion the centripetal force of objects, from Earth's gravity on objects. Centripetal force and gravity the same as the component of gravity. Because the terrain on the planet and the geological structure around the different objects in different locations on Earth gravity will change, and objects also will change the gravity. Can take advantage of this change in gravity prospecting (which can detect coal, iron, copper, and oil reserves, etc.). 【Weight】 Near the surface of the Earth, gravity suffered by the size of objects, known as "weight." Objects on the Earth's surface, in addition to its gravity by the Earth, but due to the Earth's rotation, centrifugal force will be the role of inertia, the two forces together is called the size of the weight of the object. Customary to consider: the object is received by the gravity of its own weight. There are many explanations for the weight of argument, for example, weight is the gravity; the weight of the object is an object of the gravitation of the earth; the weight of gravity that is suffered by the size of the object; the weight of an object at rest, vertical hanging rope tension force or pressure in the horizontal force on the supporting material. Several argument above, some stressed that the weight of gravity, is a vector, which is the essence of gravity. Some stressed the gravity is not a vector, the size of the weight of gravity is scalar. Some weight is defined as a measurement of law. These different definitions of just a different interpretation, not talk about right and wrong. 1 kg of body mass, latitude 45 ° at sea level on the weight of gravity suffered as 1 kg force. Different objects of different weights, the same objects in different positions on the Earth, its weight was also different. 1 kg of the body, said at the equator have the weight of 0.0973 kg force, and call it in the Arctic is 1.26 kg force. The same object location is different, the quality of the same, while the weight is more and more the last two near the ground is extremely larger. Research Methods in Physics The theoretical and experimental physics, the physical definition and measurement of hypothetical choices, the mathematical theory to start a comparison between theory and experiment agreed with the experimental laws, theoretical physics is the only target. People solve problems through a combination of such, is predicted to guide scientific practice, this is not a big materialistic thinking, in fact the purpose and structure of physical theories.
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Past winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics:
Conrad Durham Qin Wilms 1901 (German) Found that X-ray Rui Kean 图恩洛伦兹 1902 Henderson, P. Zeeman (Dutch) Of magnetic field on the radiation Antoine Henri Becquerel in 1903 (French) Found that the radioactive material Pierre Curie, Marie Curie (France) In radioactivity JW Rayleigh in 1904 (English) Gas density in the study and found that argon element PEA Raynald 1905 (German) Research in the cathode ray 1906 约瑟夫约翰 Thomson (British) Of theoretical and experimental study of gas discharge make an important contribution 1907 AA Michelson (American) The invention of the optical interferometer and use of these instruments for spectroscopy and metrology research 1908 Gabriel Lippmann (French) The invention of color photography interferometry (ie, Lippmann interference in law) 1909 伽利尔摩马 Marconi (Italy), K. F. Braun (Germany) The development of radio communication OW Richardson (British) Thermionic phenomenon in the research, in particular, that Richardson's law Nice Deed 1910 John Patrick van der Waals (Dutch) Gaseous and liquid in the proposed program of research 1911 W. Wien (German) Found that thermal radiation law Darren NG 1912 (Swedish) The invention can be lighted aids to navigation, buoy automatic gas section of the battery device used in combination The end of 1913, Lin H · card - Angnei Si (Dutch) Superconductivity in the liquid helium Max Van Laue 1914 (German) Found that X-ray crystal diffraction 1915 William Henry Bragg, William Lawrence Bragg (British) With X-ray, crystal structure analysis of 1916 Not awarded 1917 CG Barkla (British) Elements found in the characteristics of the secondary X radiation 1918 Max Planck Carl 欧内斯特路德维 Ship (German) On the establishment made great contributions to quantum theory 1919 J. Stark (Germany) Found that very tunnel-ray Doppler effect and electric field splitting of spectral lines 1920 CE Guillaume (Swiss) Found that the anomaly of nickel steel alloys and the importance of physics in the precision Albert Einstein in 1921 (American Jews) Discovered the law of the photoelectric effect, etc. 1922 Niels Bohr David Henry grams (Denmark) Radiation in the atomic structure and atomic research 1923 RA Milliken Basic charge and the photoelectric effect in the study 1924 KMG West Barn (Sweden) Discovered X-ray spectral lines in the 1925 James Franck, G. Hertz (German) Found that the collision rule atoms and electrons 1926 JB Perrin (French) Discontinuous structure of matter and find balance between deposition 1927 Arthur Compton Huoli Kang (American) Found that Compton effect (also known as Compton scattering) CTR Wilson (British) Invented the cloud chamber, to show that electronic track through the water vapor OW Richardson, 1928 (English) Thermionic phenomenon in the research, in particular, that Richardson's law 1929 路易斯维克多德 Broken Italy (French) That matter wave 1930, CV Raman (India) Light scattered in the research, found that the Raman effect 1931 Not awarded Werner K. Heisenberg in 1932 (German) Created quantum mechanics In 1933 Erwin Schrödinger (Austrian), PAM Dirac (British) Find new and effective forms of atomic theory 1934 Not awarded 1935, J. Chadwick (British) Found in neutron 1936 VF Hess (Austrian) Found in cosmic rays; CD Anderson (American) Found that positron 1937 CJ Davidson (American), GP Thomson (British) Found that the crystal diffraction of electrons 1938 E. Fermi (Italian) Found that the new radioactive elements produced by neutron bombardment and found that nuclear reactions with slow neutrons 1939 EO Lawrence (American) Invented and developed the cyclotron, and this made the results of artificial radioactivity 1942 Not awarded 1940 1943 O. Stern (American) Developed a molecular beam method and the measurement of the proton magnetic moment Rabi II 1944 (American) Invented the famous gas NMR 1945 E. Wolfgang Pauli (Austrian) Exclusion principle that 1946 PW Bridgman (American) The invention of high pressure devices, and achievements in high-pressure physics 1947 EV Appleton (British) Research in atmospheric physics, in particular the discovery of high-altitude ionospheric short-wave radio (Appleton layer) PMS Blackett, 1948 (English) Improved Wilson cloud chamber method, and resulting in nuclear physics and cosmic rays of a range of discovery 1949 Hideki Yukawa (Japanese) Proposed the meson theory of nuclear, and predicted the existence of mesons CF Powell in 1950 (English) To study the development of photographic emulsion nuclear destruction process recording method and found a variety of meson JD Cockcroft 1951 (English), ETS Walton (Irish) Bombardment by artificially accelerated atomic particles, prompting the production of nuclear reactions (transmutation) 1952 F. Bloch, EM Purcell (American) The phenomenon of nuclear magnetic resonance in the material and the creation of nuclear magnetic measurements F. Zernike in 1953 (Dutch) Phase contrast microscope invented Max Born in 1954 Wave function in quantum mechanics and statistical interpretation and research to contribute to W. Bot (German) Invention of coincidence counting method, to study the nuclear reaction and γ-ray Ram 1955 WE (Americans) The invention of microwave technology, and then study the fine structure of the hydrogen atom P. Kush (American) RF beam technology with precise determination of the electronic magnetic moment, the nuclear theory of innovation WH 1956, Bratton, J. Bardeen, WB Shockley (American) Engaged in semiconductor research and discovered the transistor effect 1957, Lee, Chen Ning Yang (Chinese Americans) Parity laws on the study in depth 1958 PA Cherenkov, IE Tamm, IM Frank (Russian) Discovered and explained Cerenkov effect 1959 E. G. Sege Lei, O. Chamberlain (American) Found that anti-protons 1960 DA Glaser (American) Found that the bubble chamber, replacing the Wilson cloud chamber 1961 R. Hofstadter (American) High-energy electron linear accelerator used in nuclear scattering and found RL Moose Paul (German) In the phenomenon of resonance absorption of γ-ray study and found a moose Paul Effect 1962 列夫达维多维奇 Landau (Russian) Aggregation state of matter created in particular the theory of liquid helium 1963 EP Wigner (American) Found that the symmetry of elementary particles and nuclei in the dominant principle of interaction between protons and neutrons MG Mayer (American), JHD Jensen (German) In the nuclear shell model theory of 1964, CH Townes (American), NG Basov, AM Prokhorov (Russian) The invention of microwave radiation, and lasers and quantum electronics terms in basic research 1965 Chao-Yong Zhen Ichiro (Japanese), J. S. Schwinger, RP Feynman (American) Aspects of quantum electrodynamics in elementary particle physics has a profound impact on basic research 1966 A. Kastler (French) Discovery and development of the optical resonance and magnetic resonance together, so had the double beam and radio frequency electromagnetic resonance double resonance method HA 1967, Betty (American) Contribute to nuclear reaction theory, in particular, found the planet of energy 1968 LW Alvarez (American) Through the development of liquid hydrogen bubble and data analysis technology to find many resonances 1969 M. Gherman (American) Classification of elementary particles and interactions that Neil L., 1970 (French) Ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic in the research Alvin H. (Swedish) Engaged in basic research on magnetic fluid mechanics D. Gabor in 1971 (English) Invented and developed a holographic method 1972, J. Bardeen, LN Cooper, JR Schrieffer (American) Theoretically explain the phenomenon of superconductivity Ling in 1973, Ezaki Chennai (Japan), I. Guai Fu (American) It was found that the semiconductor by the "tunnel effect" and the superconducting material BD Josephson (British) Found that supercurrent through a tunnel barrier layer of the Josephson effect 1974 M. Ryle, A. He Weisi (British) Radio astronomy in the pioneering research AN 1975, Bohr, BR Mott Wilson (Denmark), J. Rainwater (American) In the internal structure of nuclei 1976 B. Richter (American), Samuel Chao Chung Ting (Chinese Americans) Found heavy neutral meson - J / φ particles PW 1977, Endrin, JH Fanfu Lake (American), NF Mott (British) In the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems the basic research P. Kaer Cha 1978 (Russian) Of research in cryogenics AA Penzias, RW Wilson (American) Discovered the cosmic microwave background radiation 1979 谢尔登李格拉肖, Steven Weinberg (American), A. Salam (Pakistan) Predicted the existence of weak neutral current weak interaction between elementary particles and electromagnetic effects and contribute to the unified theory 1980 JW Cronin, VL Fitch (American) Found in the neutral K meson decay parity (CP) is not conserved 1981 KM West Barn (Sweden) has developed a high-resolution measuring instruments Root of N. Broad Mutombo, A. Show Low (Americans) on the development of laser spectroscopy and high-resolution electronic spectra contribute 1982 KG Wilson (American) Made with the phase transition theory of critical phenomena related 1983 S. Chandrasekhar, WA Fowler (American) Physical processes in stellar evolution studies 1984, C. Rubbia (Italy), S. van der Mel (Dutch) Found that weak interactions led to the transfer by field particles W ± and Z 0 of the major projects made a decisive contribution Tianjin 1985 Kerry K. von (German) Measured the Hall effect discovered and developed the technology for determination of physical constants 1986 E. Ruska (German) Done a lot of basis in the electric field of optical research and development of the first electron microscope G. Bini Ge (Germany), H. Rhorer (Swiss) Designed and developed a new type of electron microscope - scanning tunneling microscope Knowles, JG 1987, Bader (Germany), KA Miller (Swiss) Oxide high-temperature superconductors discovered 1988, L. Lederman, M. Schwartz, J. Steinberg (American) Μ subtype that neutrinos, which reveals the internal structure of leptons 1989 W. Paul (Germany), HG Dermer Stewart, NF Ramsey (American) Created the world's most accurate time measurement methods - atomic clock, made outstanding contributions to physics measurements 1990 JI Friedman, HW Kendall (U.S.), Richard E. Taylor (Canadian) First to demonstrate experimentally the existence of quarks 1991, Pierre - Jile De Gennes (France) Engaged in liquid crystal, polymer theory 1992 G. Charpak (French) Developed a multi-wire proportional counter 1993 RA Hulse, JH Taylor (American) Found a binary pulsar, as the gravity of the study on new opportunities 1994 BN. Brockhouse (Canadian), CG Shull (American) In the study of condensed matter neutron scattering techniques developed ML 1995, Pell, F. Lai Yinsi (American) Found the nature of subatomic particles: Υ leptons, neutrinos 1996 D. M. Lee (American), DD Osheroff (American), Richard C. Richardson (U.S.) Can be found at low temperature helium flows without friction - 3 1997 Steven Chu (Chinese-American), WD Phillips (U.S.), C. Cohen - Tanu Ji (French) The invention of laser cooling and trapping atoms using the method 1998 Laughlin (USA), Sturmer (U.S.), Tsui (Chinese-American) Found the fractional quantum Hall effect 1999 H. Hooft (Netherlands), M. Veltman (Netherlands) Illustrates the weak interaction physics in the quantitative structure plating. 2000 Alferov (Russia), Kilby (American), Kramer (American) Because of their pioneering research laid the foundation of information technology, shared this year's Nobel Prize in Physics. 2001 Ke Tele (Germany), Cornell (USA) and Weiman (USA) In the "dilute alkaline atomic gas Bose - Einstein condensate" and "Condensed Matter early basic research" to achieve success. Raymond Davis in 2002 (U.S.), Koshiba (Japan), 里卡尔多贾科尼 (U.S.) Made in the field of astrophysics pioneering contributions to the human observation of the universe opened two new "window." 2003 阿列克谢阿布里科 Denisov (Russian dual citizenship), 维塔利金茨 Petersburg (Russia), Anthony J. Leggett (Anglo-American dual nationality) In theory of superconductors and superfluids made pioneering contributions. In 2004 David Gross, 戴维波利泽, Frank Wilczek (all Americans) The three scientists study quarks making science closer to realizing it as a "theory of everything built," the dream. University of Colorado in 2005, John L · Hall, Harvard University, Roy J · Glauber and German Ludwig Maximilian University of 特奥多尔亨 Shi Lee GPS technology can improve results 2006 John C. Mather, George Smoot (all Americans) Found the blackbody form and the cosmic microwave background radiation fluctuations of In 2007 Albert Fert (France), Peter Green Berger (Germany) Have independently discovered a "giant magnetoresistance" effect. This technology is considered to be "the future of the vast field of nanotechnology is one of the first practical application." Makoto Kobayashi in 2008, Chuan Min Yi, Southern Yoichiro (Japan) Found a sub-atomic physics mechanism of spontaneous symmetry breaking 2009: British-Chinese physicist Kao; American physicist Willard Boyle (Willard S. Boyle) and George Smith (George E. Smith) British physicist Kao Chinese because "in the field of optical communications, optical transmission of the pioneering achievements" and awards; American physicist Willard Boyle (Willard S. Boyle) and George Smith (George E . Smith) because of "the invention of imaging semiconductor circuit - charge coupled device image sensor CCD" award.
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Physics quotes
Truth is, with such power, the more you want to attack it, you attack to become more enriched and proved it. The earth beneath our feet is still in rotation! - Galileo Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) If I have seen further it is by standing on the shoulders of giants. I do not know how people think about me, I just feel like a boy in the beach game, sometimes in order to find a smooth rock or relatively pleased with the beautiful shells, and the truth of the ocean is still undiscovered in front of me and . - Newton Newton Sir Isaac (1643-1727) All the science is not physics, is stamp collecting. - Rutherford Rutherford Ernest (1871-1937) The most incomprehensible universe, the place is that it is understandable. God does not play dice. All science and technology efforts, the total benefit of mankind, concern about the fate of mankind as the main swan's. In truth, knowledge, any people who consider themselves to authority, will play in God's collapse of laughter! - Albert Einstein Albert Einstein (1879 - 1955) The equation of the United States, is more important than agreement with the experimental results Science is concerned only with observable things and that we can observe an object by letting it interact with some outside influence. Only Questions about the result of experiments have a real significance and it is only such questions that theoretical physics has to consider .-- Dirac Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac (1902 - 1984) I can sure tell you: no one really understand quantum mechanics. I can safely said (that) no body understands quantum theory. I believe that a scientist looking at nonscientific problems is just as dumb as the next guy. Physicists always think you just need to be addressed: given such and such conditions, what results will emerge? It doesn't matter how beautiful your theory is, it doesn't matter how smart you are. If it doesn't agree with experiment, it's wrong. No matter how smart you are, no matter how perfect your theory, if not practical, then it is wrong. - Richard Feynman Richard Phillips Feynman (1918 年 5 月 11 日 -1988 on 15 February) Students often ask me to do physical work What are the elements of success? I would like to factor can be summed up in three P: Perception, Persistence, and Power. Perception - vision, saw something, we should seize and hold; Persistence - insisted that we should adhere to the view of the; Power - power, with the power to break through customs, you have to break down the difficulties encountered. - Chen Ning Yang I hope you younger generation, but also as the man lighting a candle as there is a hot, send a photo, loyal and steadfast to the great cause of humanity and contribute their strength. - Faraday A = X + Y + ZA representative of the success, X on behalf of hard work, Y on behalf of the right way, Z on behalf of empty talk. - Albert Einstein Nothing in nature can maintain permanent. - Galileo People in the two-year-old, will govern all; three-year-old, wit overarching; four-year-old judge dominate everything. - Benjamin Franklin Just give me a place to stand, I can move the earth - Archimedes
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Physics Teaching in China
Domestic institutions Physics [Beijing] Tsinghua University, Peking University, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Beijing University of Technology, China Agricultural University, Petroleum University, Central University for Nationalities, Beijing Normal University, Capital Normal [Tianjin] Nankai University, Tianjin University, Tianjin Institute of Technology [Hebei] Hebei University, Hebei University, Hebei University of Technology, Yanshan University [Shanxi] Taiyuan University of Technology, Shanxi University [Inner Mongolia] Inner Mongolia University [Liaoning] Northeastern University, Dalian University of Technology, Shenyang University of Technology [Jilin] Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics [Heilongjiang] Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Heilongjiang University [Shanghai] Fudan University, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Tongji University, East China University of Technology, Donghua University, Shanghai University [Jiangsu] Nanjing University, Southeast University, China University of Mining, Nanjing University of Science, Hohai University [Zhejiang] Zhejiang University, Ningbo University, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Normal University, Hangzhou Institute of Electronic Engineering [Anhui] University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui University, Hefei University, Anhui University of Technology. [Fujian] Fuzhou University, Huaqiao University, Xiamen University [Jiangxi] Nanchang University, Nanchang Institute of Aeronautical Technology, Jiangxi Normal University [Shandong] Shandong University, Qufu Normal University, Qingdao University, Yantai University, Shandong Normal University, Liaocheng University, [Henan] Henan University, Zhengzhou University, Luoyang Institute of Technology, Henan Normal University [Hubei] Wuhan University, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Central China Normal University, Yangtze University [Hunan] Hunan, Central South University [Guangdong] Zhongshan University, Jinan University, South China University of Technology, Shantou University, Shenzhen University [Chongqing] Chongqing University [Sichuan], Sichuan University, University of Electronic Science and Technology, Southwest University for Nationalities [Guizhou] Guizhou University for Nationalities [Yunnan] Yunnan University, Yunnan Normal University [Xi'an] Northwest University, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an University of Electronic Science and Technology, Xi'an University of Technology [Gansu] Northwest Normal University Lanzhou University [Xinjiang] Xinjiang University, Central University for Nationalities School physical education in China Our physical education from the beginning the second year of junior high and high school to become one of science, in addition to two required textbooks, but there are sound, light, heat, electricity, force five elective section. Elective 3-1 Electromagnetism Elective induction 3-2 Thermodynamics Elective 3-3 Elective 3-4 vibration, light, wave Elective 3-5 momentum, collisions, and atomic physics
electromagnetism