The Gadfly is a novel by Ethel Lilian Voynich, published in 1897 (United States, June; Great Britain, September of the same year), set in 1840s Italy under the dominance of Austria, a time of tumultuous revolt and uprisings. The story centers on the life of the protagonist, Arthur Burton, as a member of the Youth movement, and his antagonist, Padre Montanelli. A thread of a tragic relationship between Arthur and his love Gemma simultaneously runs through the story. It is a story of faith, disillusionment, revolution, romance, and heroism.
Themes
The book is primarily concerned with the culture of revolution and revolutionaries. Arthur, the Gadfly, is an embodiment of the tragic Romantic hero, who comes of age and returns from abandonment to discover his true state in the world and fight against the injustices of the current one. Gemma, his lover, and Padre Montanelli, his Priest, show various forms of love via their tragic relations with the focal character of Arthur: religious, romantic, and family. These emotions are compared with those which Arthur finds and shows as a revolutionary. The relationship between religious and revolutionary feelings is particularly drawn on. This is made particularly explicit at the climax of the book where sacred descriptions intertwine with reflections on the Gadfly's fate. It is debatable to what extent an allegorical comparison can be drawn between the Gadfly and Jesus.
The landscape of Italy, in particular the Alps, is a pervading focus of the book, with its often lush descriptions of scenery conveying the thoughts and moods of characters.
Background
According to historian Robin Bruce Lockhart, Sidney Reilly — a Russian-born adventurer and secret agent employed by the British Secret Intelligence Service — met Ethel Voynich in London in 1895. Ethel Voynich was a significant figure not only on the late Victorian literary scene but also in Russian émigré circles. Lockhart claims that Reilly and Voynich had a sexual liaison and voyaged to Italy together. During this scenic tarriance, Reilly apparently "bared his soul to his mistress," and revealed to her the story of his strange youth in Russia. After their brief affair had concluded, Voynich published in 1897 her critically acclaimed novel, The Gadfly, the central character of which, Arthur Burton, was allegedly based on Sidney Reilly's own early life. However, Andrew Cook, a noted biographer of Reilly, disputes Lockhart's romanticized version of such events to be doubtful and counters instead that Reilly was perhaps informing on Voynich's radical, pro-émigré activities to William Melville of the Metropolitan Police Special Branch.
Popularity
With the central theme of the book being the nature of a true revolutionary, the reflections on religion and rebellion proved to be ideologically suitable and successful. The Gadfly was exceptionally popular in the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China exerting a large cultural influence. In the Soviet Union The Gadfly was compulsory reading and the top best seller, indeed by the time of Voynich's death The Gadfly is estimated to have sold 2,500,000 copies in the Soviet Union alone.
The Russian composer Mikhail Zhukov turned the book into an opera "The Gadfly" ("Овод" 1928). In 1955, the Soviet director Aleksandr Fajntsimmer adapted the novel into a film of the same title (Russian: Ovod). Composer Dmitri Shostakovich wrote the score (see The Gadfly Suite). The Romance, a segment from this composition, along with some other excerpts, has since become very popular. Shostakovich's Gadfly theme was also used in the eighties, in the BBC TV series Reilly, Ace of Spies.
Film adaptations
* 1928. Soviet Georgian film (Krazana) directed by Kote Mardjanishvili.
* 1955. The Soviet director Aleksandr Fajntsimmer adapted the book into a film of the same name (Russian: Овод, Ovod). Dmitri Shostakovich composed the score, known as The Gadfly Suite. The Romance section of this score has since become popular, and was used as the theme music for the series Reilly, Ace of Spies about master spy Sidney Reilly.
* 1980. Film of Nikolai Mashchenko with Andrei Kharitonov, Sergei Bondarchuk and Anastasiya Vertinskaya.
Novel. UK Voynich as in 1899. Italy young Arthur in the confessor's hoax, loss of mouth leak the secret revolutionary organization, then arrested along with his comrades. After his release, he found himself most admired priest was originally their own father. His exile in South America full of anger. Thirteen years later, became a revolutionary, Arthur returned to Italy, with a gadfly, "pseudonym for the author criticized the reactionary church, actively involved in the uprising, was arrested last sacrifice.
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niú méng
牛虻 niú méng
Animal bite or harass any one can win. Body oblong, with cinnamon and other gray-black color, chest and abdomen pattern
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No. 4
"The Gadfly" of: Yijie Er. Lilian. Voynich the gadfly, by ethel lilian voynich (1864 - 1960) "The Gadfly" Video Video: http://www.56.com/w22/play_album-aid-3035000_vid-mtg2otqymtgl "The Gadfly" Abstract: June, a hot evening, all the windows were open, students 亚瑟勃尔顿 is pizza seminary library search stack of sermon manuscripts. Father Dean Montaigne in love watching him. Arthur was born in Italy, home of a British businessman Boer Dun, nominally Boer Dun and after he was born wife, but is actually a second wife and Montaigne in the bastard. Arthur grew older siblings in the home by half-discrimination, but also to find his mother and tortured by their insults, mentally very pleasant, but still do not know the truth. Arthur respect Montaigne's vast knowledge in the Father, regard him as a fatherly mentor to a sincere heart Montaigne in return for their care. Austria, then Italy is being aggressive, young Italian party ideas for national independence to attract young blood. Arthur decided to dedicate themselves to the cause. Montaigne Arthur were found very up_set_ after the event, trying to be discouraged; but Arthur felt as a devout Christian and a struggle for Italian independence are not contradictory. In a secret meeting, and Arthur met the teenager's girlfriend Gemma, secretly in love with her. In South America, Arthur spent 13 years of human hell. Arthur honed street life back to Italy when he was already a strong, cold, sophisticated "gadfly" of. He ordered the party to expose the Church of Nigeria Ma Chi fraud. His pungent pen with sharply pointed out that, led by Cardinal Montaigne in the Vatican but in fact the liberals loyal lackeys. Gadfly has won everyone's favorite. At this time, he met Gemma, but Gemma did not recognize him. Gadfly and his comrades are actively preparing for the uprising. In an operation smuggling arms suddenly surrounded by the enemy, others break cover gadfly, as Montaigne himself suddenly appeared and dropped in the hands of the gun, unfortunately, were arrested. Gadfly trying to rescue his comrades, but the Gadfly was seriously wounded, collapsed in the escape way. He quickly decided to put to death the enemy. Montaigne came to visit the father and son in an attempt to love and give up the conditions for the bishop advised him to Guixiang; gadfly, he is excited and tells the tragic experience of Montaigne in an attempt to move to his God (religion) and son ( revolution) to make a choice between. But they no one can give up their beliefs. Montaigne in the death penalty in the Gadfly signed the verdict, and he is painfully insane death. The execution ground, the gadfly leisurely, Kangkaijiuyi. A letter to Gemma in prison, he wrote on one of their familiar childhood poem: Whether I live or I die, I have been a gadfly and happy flying! At this point, Gemma was suddenly realize: gadfly who is wrong she had ever loved Arthur. "The Gadfly" Appreciation of works "The Gadfly" published in England in 1897, has been unknown in the national literature. However, after half a century, translated into Chinese, the majority of young people loved by Chinese, has issued more than a million copies. Resulting in this rare case of comparative literature one of the reasons, was held by China Youth tendency of literary concepts and ideas, they are happy to read the story of legendary revolutionaries, learn and imitate those who faced danger fearlessly, rather die than surrender, the hero fighting for the people image. "The Gadfly," a book by the author Voynich was dedicated revolutionaries around incentives written. It is a vivid reflection of the 19th century Italian revolutionary 30 years against the rulers of Austria, a unified struggle for national independence, the revolutionaries succeeded in shaping the image of the gadfly. Arthur is the growth of the protagonist through a variety of conflicts to the performance. This includes conflict between father and son, two aspects of religious belief, embodied in the Arthur Montaigne with the priest in the relationship. Initially, Arthur does not know where Montaigne is his father, but only love him as amiable, worthy to be trusted priest. Arthur was fighting for national liberation by the independent thinking, in the discussion with the priest insisted that: to be a devout Christian and a struggle for the independence of Italy who are not contradictory. He did not know at the time of Italy between the two incompatible. The idea of this innocent priests worried that he could secretly give up hope in the future will lead to the risk of Arthur ruled against the church thought. However, due to his son Arthur on the affair which priests have made the mistake of tolerance but understanding, that is a unified religion and revolution, and the priest is not properly rule as a representative of the church. Because of this illusion, when the new priest arrived, he immediately punished: he and all the revolutionaries were arrested. Until his childhood girlfriend, Gemma gave him a slap in the face, people told him that the new priest was the informant, and Montaigne where his father, he was in pain that day is really an illusion dissipated. He began to realize national independence rule is irreconcilable with the Church. Arthur is the frustration of a devastating disaster, but it is also the new Phoenix fire. Therefore, the plot of suicide Arthur has a good artistic effect, is the essence of the novel. Since then, Arthur is no longer the old "Arthur", and he has become a "gadfly." Gadfly: to die for their faith, such as walking He, gadfly - a revolution for their own beliefs, willing to be the fate of those who tortured. He had two loves - his father montan Rini and virtuous woman Gemma, but later in his life did not give an opportunity for them to love him. Within his Heart to suffer the inhuman torture like purgatory. He left us thinking about is: Why do people that live in the end. Gadfly wrote the last section of the suicide note, then, has become a classic: I did not expect them so soon to re-use means of trials and executions. I know that if you guys who stayed together, it will give them a violent counter-attack, you will realize the great cause of the fight. As for me, will deal with death With a light heart, into the yard, like children in a holiday home. I have done my job, the death penalty is what I have done a thorough job of proof. They kill me, because they are afraid of me, my heart want anything else? Gadfly: only love one person for life Gadfly: there are another entanglement She, Jeddah - a beautiful gypsy girl. She's crazy in love on the gadfly find a reason to survive. But the gadfly is not looked down on her, she just him in some occasions, some of the necessary foil. How could she willing to do? She not only the physical possession of gadfly, but also for his soul. However, in addition to being the soul of gadfly revolution of their own beliefs, but also belong to crush Gemma - his comrades and his comrades. This determined that whatever you do, what to do, Jeddah and tragedy are all connected as one. But Jeddah is willing to burn themselves this way, until reduced to ashes. Gadfly: cruel "blockade" father He, montan Rini - who is his role model and idol, he was determined to grow up to become a person like him. But he did not think he had an affair his mother, while he is his illegitimate child. This devastating blow to the total collapse of Arthur's faith. This event also directly determines the end of the era Arthur. He left the "Beloved Father" the illusion of a Touhai suicide, so that the "father" has been immersed in the inner torment of the soul inside. 13 years later, they meet again, but the feelings of father and son have been extreme in their beliefs conflict cramps and depression. Father last saw his son's death, but how can his soul rest in peace, and he soon with his son away. -------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------ Chinese name: GADFLY English name: gadfly Families and genera: Insecta (isecta) Diptera (diptera) Tabanidae Gadfly, horsefly's commonly known, is shaped in the form to the type of big, strong and soft hair, often referred to as bovine rainbow.
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Gadfly shape features
Northeast Forest commonly known as "blind touch" or "blind gadfly", the first large, hemispherical, or slightly triangular. Large compound eyes, some male-type or from the eye then eye type; trees out of or frequent hair, often red, and other metallic green; monocular and sometimes disappear. Antennae long, with short, multi-move out, the base of two distinct segments were fused into the end of 3-8 angular. Chelation and absorption for barbed mouthparts. Broad-shaped lower jaw; jaw to be 2, sheet hairy; maxillary strong; the lower lip or beak straight and short or thin person. Great chest hair. Large transparent wings, or the colors. Margin of two sub-room, after room of five, large room-shaped base, generally closed hip room, front wing veins around the entire edge of a large axillary flap shape. Strong enough, and sometimes flat tibia width, in two from the tibial, posterior tibial and sometimes short distance, there is conflict between the paw pads and claws. Hairy belly wide, flat, 7, mating device hidden. Long needle-like eggs, producing quartet built block and covered with resin and easily by the black egg parasitic bees are often mistaken for borer egg masses.
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Gadfly habits
Rare terrestrial larvae, usually aquatic or semi-aquatic, fusiform. Except for a small head, the 11. Each section has a bulge loop in order to move the end of a breathing tube. Carnivorous, feeding small animals.
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Gadfly and distribution of species
Gadfly are distributed throughout the country, mainly produced in Guangxi, Sichuan, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Hubei, Shanxi, Henan and Liaoning provinces. Northwest is one of China's major pastoral areas, the initial report of the gadfly in the region to be 32 species (Deng Guofan, 1959). Beijing and its surrounding areas a total of 18 species of Tabanus. Undergraduate known as early as 2,500 have been reported (essig, 1942), are about 3,500 known species that belonged to more than 200 genera. China has recorded nearly 200 species (1976).
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Gadfly medicinal value
This product has Poxue Zhuyu, Sanjie pass through function. Amenorrhea for blood stagnation, Zheng Jia accumulation, bone pain and other symptoms stasis, the Department of Chinese herbal medicines commonly used one. Because of scarce supply, the market has been relatively tight. Gathering place in the livestock, domesticated animals when the blood-sucking gadfly insects fall when shot with a large fly to shoot down gently (be careful not to force too much, so as not to break the worm). To the horsefly insect trap, kill or cut its head being burnt to death by boiling water, soak clean, dry, or put up with a line through the dry. Wei Chao removed by gentle heat, remove the winged insects, which was cooked fried gadfly.
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Introduction
Chinese name: GADFLY (niú méng) English name: gadfly Families and genera: Insecta (Isecta) Diptera (Diptera) Tabanidae Gadfly, horsefly's commonly known, is shaped in the form to the type of big, strong and soft hair, often referred to as bovine rainbow.
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Habits
Rare terrestrial larvae, usually aquatic or semi-aquatic, fusiform. Except for a small head, the 11. Each section has a bulge loop in order to move the end of a breathing tube. Carnivorous, feeding small animals. How gadfly bites Gadfly bite the skin when the pain will be bleeding. Then produce red rash and wind groups, itching in pain. After injury by gadfly, you can apply cool on the local skin injury antipruritic agents, corticosteroids preparations, such as Pi Yan Ping, Promise cream, Fuqing Song and so on. Severe itching, could oral chlorpheniramine, cetirizine hydrochloride and other antihistamines 1 ~ 2 / time, 2 or 3 times a day; or prednisone 15 ~ 30mg, a Dayton clothing, for 2 ~ 3 days. Exudate by erosion occurs, do the local cold wet compress and apply some zinc oxide oil.
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S novel
"The Gadfly" of: Yijie Er. Lilian. Voynich The Gadfly, by Ethel Lilian Voynich (1864 - 1960) Abstract One hot evening in June, all the windows were open, students 亚瑟勃尔顿 is pizza seminary library search stack of sermon manuscripts. Father Dean Montaigne in love watching him. Arthur was born in Italy, home of a British businessman Boer Dun, nominally Boer Dun and after he was born wife, but is actually a second wife and Montaigne in the bastard. Arthur grew older siblings in the home by half-discrimination, but also to find his mother and tortured by their insults, mentally very pleasant, but still do not know the truth. Arthur respect Montaigne's vast knowledge in the Father, regard him as a fatherly mentor to a sincere heart Montaigne in return for their care. Austria, then Italy is being aggressive, young Italian party ideas for national independence to attract young blood. Arthur decided to dedicate themselves to the cause. Montaigne Arthur were found very up_set_ after the event, trying to be discouraged; but Arthur felt as a devout Christian and a struggle for Italian independence are not contradictory. In a secret meeting, and Arthur met the teenager's girlfriend Gemma, secretly in love with her. In South America, Arthur spent 13 years of human hell. Arthur honed street life back to Italy when he was already a strong, cold, sophisticated "gadfly" of. He ordered the party to expose the Church of Nigeria Ma Chi fraud. His pungent pen with sharply pointed out that, led by Cardinal Montaigne in the Vatican but in fact the liberals loyal lackeys. Gadfly has won everyone's favorite. At this time, he met Gemma, but Gemma did not recognize him. "The Gadfly" stills gadfly and his comrades were actively preparing for the uprising. In an operation smuggling arms suddenly surrounded by the enemy, others break cover gadfly, as Montaigne himself suddenly appeared and dropped in the hands of the gun, unfortunately, were arrested. Gadfly trying to rescue his comrades, but the Gadfly was seriously wounded, collapsed in the escape way. He quickly decided to put to death the enemy. Montaigne came to visit the father and son in an attempt to love and give up the conditions for the bishop advised him to Guixiang; gadfly, he is excited and tells the tragic experience of Montaigne in an attempt to move to his God (religion) and son ( revolution) to make a choice between. But they no one can give up their beliefs. Montaigne in the death penalty in the Gadfly signed the verdict, and he is painfully insane death. The execution ground, the gadfly leisurely, Kangkaijiuyi. A letter to Gemma in prison, he wrote on one of their familiar childhood poem: Whether I live, "The Gadfly" stills or I die. I are one, Gadfly fun! At this point, Gemma was suddenly realize: gadfly who is wrong she had ever loved Arthur. Appreciation Works "The Gadfly" published in England in 1897, has been unknown in the national literature. However, after half a century, translated into Chinese, the majority of young people loved by Chinese, has issued more than a million copies. Resulting in this rare case of comparative literature one of the reasons, was held by China Youth tendency of literary concepts and ideas, they are happy to read the story of legendary revolutionaries, learn and imitate those who faced danger fearlessly, rather die than surrender, the hero fighting for the people image. "The Gadfly," a book by the author Voynich was dedicated revolutionaries around incentives written. It is a vivid reflection of the 19th century Italian revolutionary 30 years against the rulers of Austria, a unified struggle for national independence, the revolutionaries succeeded in shaping the image of the gadfly. Arthur is the growth of the protagonist through a variety of conflicts to the performance. This includes conflict between father and son, two aspects of religious belief, embodied in the Arthur Montaigne with the priest in the relationship. Initially, Arthur does not know where Montaigne is his father, but only love him as amiable, worthy to be trusted priest. Arthur was fighting for national liberation by the independent thinking, in the discussion with the priest insisted that: to be a devout Christian and a struggle for the independence of Italy who are not contradictory. He did not know at the time of Italy between the two incompatible. The idea of this innocent priests worried that he could secretly give up hope in the future will lead to the risk of Arthur ruled against the church thought. However, on the priest because of his son Arthur generated affair but made a wrong understanding of tolerance, religion and revolution that is uniform and does not properly rule of the priest as a representative of the church. Because of this illusion, when the new priest arrived, he immediately punished: he and all the revolutionaries were arrested. Until his childhood girlfriend, Gemma gave him a slap in the face, people told him that the new priest was the informant, and Montaigne where his father, he was in pain that day is really an illusion dissipated. He began to realize national independence rule is irreconcilable with the Church. Arthur is the frustration of a devastating disaster, but it is also the new Phoenix fire. Therefore, the plot of suicide Arthur has a good artistic effect, is the essence of the novel. Since then, Arthur is no longer the old "Arthur", and he has become a "gadfly." Gadfly: to die for their faith, such as walking "The Gadfly" Still he, the gadfly - a revolution for their own beliefs, willing to be the fate of suffering people. He had two loves - his father montan Rini and virtuous woman Gemma, but later in his life did not give an opportunity for them to love him. Within his Heart to suffer the inhuman torture like purgatory. He left us thinking about is: Why do people that live in the end. Gadfly wrote the last section of the suicide note, then, has become a classic: I did not expect them so soon to re-use means of trials and executions. I know that if you guys who stayed together, it will give them a violent counter-attack, you will realize the great cause of the fight. As for me, will deal with death With a light heart, into the yard, like children in a holiday home. I have done my job, the death penalty is what I have done a thorough job of proof. They kill me, because they are afraid of me, my heart want anything else? Gadfly: only love one person for life Gadfly: there are another entanglement "The Gadfly" stills her, Jeddah - a beautiful gypsy girl. She's crazy in love on the gadfly find a reason to survive. But the gadfly is not looked down on her, she just him in some occasions, some of the necessary foil. How could she willing to do? She not only the physical possession of gadfly, but also for his soul. However, in addition to being the soul of gadfly revolution of their own beliefs, but also belong to crush Gemma - his comrades and his comrades. This determined that whatever you do, what to do, Jeddah and tragedy are all connected as one. But Jeddah is willing to burn themselves this way, until reduced to ashes. Gadfly: cruel "blockade" father He, montan Rini - who is his role model and idol, he was determined to grow up to become a person like him. But he did not think he had an affair his mother, while he is his illegitimate child. This devastating blow to the total collapse of Arthur's faith. This event also directly determines the end of the era Arthur. He left the "Beloved Father" the illusion of a Touhai suicide, so that the "father" has been immersed in the inner torment of the soul inside. 13 years later, they meet again, but the feelings of father and son have been extreme in their beliefs conflict cramps and depression. Father last saw his son's death, but how can his soul rest in peace, and he soon with his son away.
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The movie 1955 the Soviet Union
Foreign Name The Gadfly More Foreign Title: Ovod Овод .....( Soviet Union: Russian title) Director: Aleksandr Fajntsimmer Iosif Shapiro .... 2 (co-director) Screenplay: Viktor Shklovsky Aijieerli Lin Voynich Ethel Lilian Voynich .... novel Starring: Oleg Strizhenov .... Arthur Marina Strizhenova .... Gemma Nikolai Simonov .... Cardinal Montanelli Genre: Action / Drama / History Country / Region: Soviet Union Release 1955 Dialogue language: Russian Color: Color Mix: Mono Filming format: 35 mm Printing photos format: 35 mm Production Company: Lenfilm Studio Issuer: Artkino Pictures Inc. [U.S.] (1956) (USA) (subtitled) Drama Gadfly movie's heroes (the Arthur) to start because of his naive, ignorant, deceived by the church, even his lover Gemma out of misunderstanding and also because he pull off. Later, he gradually matured into a revolutionary. Thirteen years later when Gemma was re will gadfly, the vaguely identified him then Arthur. They fought side by side, unfortunately, was arrested gadfly sacrifice. Behind the Scenes Title "The Gadfly" drawing on ancient Greek mythology, there are considered to be drawn from the English poet William Blake poetry, means those who dare to moths to flame, point out problems, as a revolutionary concept and a pioneer of social change and self-sacrifice. The framework of melodrama story, there are sensational deal, too one-sided image of the gadfly of, and idealization tall, should have lost the art of depth. Starring 1980 version by Bondarchuk, but not as good as earlier versions of evaluation, the Soviet Union in 1928 has filmed a "gadfly" in the movie.
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The movie 1957 the Soviet Union
牛虻 同名电影 1957 苏联
Foreign Name Meksikanets Release Date: March 2, 1957 the United States More Foreign Title: Мексиканец .....( Soviet Union: Russian title) The Mexican .....( International: English title) (informal title) Directed by: Vladimir Kaplunovsky Starring: Daniil Sagal .... Areliano (as D. Sagal) 鲍里斯安德列耶 husband Andreyev Boris .... Paulino Vera Mikhail Astangov Vladimir Dorofeyev .... Diego Nadezhda Rumyantseva .... May Samo by Taji Yana Petrova Tatyana Samojlova .... Maria Oleg Strizhenov .... Felix Rivera Genre: Drama Country / Region: Soviet Union Dialogue language: Russian Color: Color Mix: Mono Filming format: 35 mm Printing photos format: 35 mm Production Company Film Studio in Moscow [Soviet Union] Issuer: Artkino Pictures Inc. [U.S.] (1957) (USA) (subtitled) Other companies: Kinostudiya "Mosfilm" production unit
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English Expression
: The Gadfly
n.: gadfly, oestrus
Thesaurus
horsefly, gadfly, botfly, any of various large insects that bite horses, cattle, etc
