Carving techniques. Also refers to carved ivory as raw material for handicrafts.
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yá diāo
Image carved in ivory, the pattern of art, and also refers to arts and crafts carved ivory
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Ivory ivory
象牙牙雕
象牙牙雕
Different general ivory teeth. Its surface is not covered with enamel. Very afraid of acid. It can be corrosive acids, weak acids can soften. If the ivory soaked in acetic acid, can make it soft, and then with a knife or other tool, rotary carving process, often redoubled. Ivory fine texture, moderate hardness, gloss and soft, fine grain cleaning teeth, it is naturally produced high-end crafts natural good material. Since the beginning of the ivory teeth head, there is a small black spot, has been extended to the heart the mouth hollow tube, called the heart. If we take the ivory tip transverse incision, you can find ivory heart, broadly divided into three categories: the sun heart, sesame heart, Zaoxin. The best sun heart, sesame heart followed Zaoxin worst, is relatively small. Ivory has its natural texture to the heart as the center of the teeth extend to the surrounding tooth pattern has become increasingly coarse, natural ivory pattern is "human" shape and the mesh shape. Ivory is an ancient traditional art, but also a folk arts and crafts. Elephant tooth is the most solid part of the body, its smooth jade, durable, precious gem stone exploration and comparable, so there reputation ivory organic gems. The ivory carving works of art, to fine solid color soft and smooth texture, exquisite carving art, collectors cherish much, becoming one of the unique antique varieties. Chinese ivory carving has a very long history, began in the Neolithic. Ivory comb discovered in the Warring States tomb unearthed in Beijing loess slope. Liao, Jin, Yuan, Ming and Qing emperors regarded as a royal ivory offerings, the Ming Dynasty and plant orchards Office was the palace of the Qing Dynasty had to do ivory workshop, which is the most representative of ivory masterpiece "Man Month Qing tour. " Generally, ivory carving art into people, animals, flowers and landscapes four species. The main theme of which ivory figures from ancient mythology and historical figures. Divided into ladies, Lohan, Buddhist people, swordsman and historical figures, such as from the category. Figure drawings general approach to line drawing, showing the characters facial expressions, body posture, clothing, shapes, etc., have also focused on the source of the characters portrayed identity in order to achieve the perfect artistic effect. Ivory flowers are usually flowers mainly to birds, butterflies, dragonflies, frogs, etc. as a foil, figurative sculpture peony, rose, chrysanthemum, magnolia, Tau, pine, bamboo, plum, etc., prop pieces have baskets, vases on the overall shape, bamboo, folding, rockeries, etc., played a very good match with foil body protagonist role. There are forest animals theme ivory Tigers valley Roar, rooster crowing, diving Hechi, etc., which occupies a certain position in the zodiac ivory art. Ivory in the general performance of the landscape scenery themes, islands and sun and moon situation. Craggy rocks, mottled Haiyan, rolling clouds are changing especially artists like ivory brandished a knife and figurative. Chinese ivory carving after several thousands of years of development, the mid-Qing Dynasty gradually formed a number of relatively centralized production centers, mainly in Guangzhou, Suzhou, Beijing representative. Production between the various centers both in subject matter and form maintains the unique style of the country, while mutual penetration, technically exchanges. After the 1970s, with convenient transportation, the development of information technology, frequent exchanges around the ivory artist, learn skills, learn from each other, where ivory color of each region, on the one hand increases the formation of Beijing, Guangzhou, Shanghai, Nanjing and four major regions, there are other Tianjin, Fuzhou, Yueqing, etc., on the other hand style between them are gradually fade, it is an inevitable trend. Fine neat, exquisitely carved ivory Guangzhou with Guangzhou as the representative, hence the term ivory Guangzhou, Beijing has an elegant ivory palace artistic character.
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Artificial tooth material
Only one pseudo-ivory products - artificial teeth, it is the use of synthetic chemical processes, it is easier to identify. Because, lightweight artificial teeth, shiny poor, toothless pattern. Some deliberately making artificial teeth tooth pattern, but rigid and dull, parallel lines were the rule, and natural ivory herringbone mesh pattern can not be compared. And artificial teeth prone to aging, yellowing, brittle.
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Other imitation material
And ivory with like materials: Fish teeth: the teeth of marine fish in the sea teeth, teeth and other sea pig known as fish teeth. Fish teeth are bent crescent, but much shorter compared with the ivory. Fish tooth surface with a layer of enamel, ivory slightly harder than with brittle, nor the luster and soft ivory, and extreme. Fish teeth are also the heart, are disorganized Zaoxin. Material and shape of the fish teeth, determines its carvings, mostly in small pieces or parts, can not be large. Bone: generally refers horn and camel bone. Bleached bone machining, polishing wax and other technology, color is also white, like ivory. But bone calcium content is high, crisp, light and loose, with tiny black spots and brown eyes. As the bone thin walls sake impossible carved bone carving products in solid and bulky items. Horn and ivory carvings are relatively easy to be confused with antlers, like antelope horn carvings, such horns and skin, the texture of natural ivory and no heart, properties such as small tree branches. Color yellowing, brittle. Carved mostly small pieces. As the shape of small, less features, differential pay particular attention to the times. As for the other corners, such as horn, rhino horn and ivory like a far cry not go into here.
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Ivory Development
In China and many other arts and crafts, the ivory carving is a unique elegance. Ivory belong to organic, smooth surface Ying Che jade, fine-grained rules vulnerable to knives, utensils used for carving delicate, combined with the natural beauty of artificial Serve chisels for. The original ivory is just a utility, after over time, the gradual emergence of decorations and ivory mainstream technology. As early as the Zhou Dynasty, China's ivory craft on the very well-developed after the Han, Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming Dynasty, more exquisite ivory craft. Qing Dynasty, is the process heyday ivory, ivory and bamboo, wood, horn, stone and other small pieces of sculpture, become the Jian furnishings curios. Former Qing dynasty ivory carving tradition inherited the Ming Dynasty, both in the production of technical or artistic creation, there has been developed. After the mid ivory carving art toward the tedious aspects of heap ornaments. At that time, the court ivory carving of two types of crafts and folk arts and crafts, fine palace maker Seiko, figures, birds and more fake paintings document intended ornamentation, color, fill color has certain tricks. Nevertheless, there is no absolute distinction between the two, many court teeth are directly recruited from Carpenter folk. Ivory carving of the Qing Dynasty and the southern Guangdong has been basically formed two art schools. As the literati preference, fresh and elegant conception works appeared, in order to obtain good works, not only a large number of literati painters design composition, but also directly involved in carving ivory style make new changes. Overall, ivory carvings development to the Qing Dynasty, the trend has been gradually "Pieces sculpture" development, large ivory has been less common. Text of the appliances naturally became the main part of the process of ivory. Mainly in the text play, decorations based, pen holder, penholder, ink stone, ink cartridges, ink, paperweight and some stationery, printing boxes, painted care so common, these mostly small pieces of ivory story writers, flower and bird designs, auspicious theme decorated, has a rich literary flavor. Ivory carvings became courtiers your desk literati and members play. Qing Dynasty, the main part of the process of real goods is not ivory carving of ivory, but it is not entirely the production, but also occasionally produce only a small number of noble service, variety is only chopsticks, fans like a small piece. There are other lights, crown holder, shoehorn, snuff bottles and the like.
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Ivory carving techniques
Ivory carving techniques and styles Qing dynasty ivory carving techniques and complete way diverse, carvings, bas-relief, high relief, Carved in ivory carving in to widespread use. Carvings, ivory is commonly used throughout the carving material, carving established body shape. This expression means there are skilled carvers required skills and rich imagination and creativity. Some general Zhuoan ornaments and statues using this character class expression. Sculpture in the round figure of the Qing Dynasty style somewhat cumbersome, gathers more attention has been scored, adds texture. Ivory "held by the Goddess of Mercy", holding scrolls, eyes closed while sitting, which describe the instrument range reflects the clean and dignified Goddess of Mercy, mercy morality. Seated is small, but the statue is carved with particular emphasis on clothing lines increased significantly, but the package is not very deep and smooth blade, with a very different style of the Ming Dynasty ivory figures. Relief, three-dimensional surface-level carving the way, in the shape of a clear hierarchy and a half before the three-dimensional effect on a flat plate. Relief is a wide range of applications in the form of modeling, bas-relief and high relief points. Bas-relief carving pattern is positive but below the high relief carving above the thin Yang Wen law, belong to the plane carving, but with a clear sense of hierarchy, most of the ivory carvings have shipped this method. High relief, is carved ranged between carvings and flat, is carved in the form of a semi-three-dimensional, with a strong sense of space. If fishing Qiao ivory figure pen, with high relief method for landscapes, fishing Qiao, shepherd, a three-dimensional shape on top of the picture plane, the relief effect is very prominent. Since the Ming and Qing Dynasties, bamboo arts extremely prosperous, bamboo carving techniques are used ivory to craft more, the fact that some names among the bamboo craft artists to join ivory, ivory richer process technology. Such as bamboo hair ivory carving method is applied to the process, Mr. Zhu Ming Dynasty ivory * think artifacts, such as stationery, wine, chips, etc., painted sculpture of text, pictures and more with the hair carving method. Now in the possession of the National Palace Museum "Three Friends of Winter" BRUSHPOT hair is carved bamboo carving method, plum, orchid, stone, carved as the slightest shade of fine lines, compact screen without crowding. Also engraved Xing Kai Seven poem: "I ask anything habitat Bishan, laughed busy heart of white peach water Yaoran go, otherwise the mortal world.", Full of literary taste. The "Shoin Cezhang map" imitation bamboo pen holder is the law of the shovel will scrape the pattern outside the main lines slightly higher than the plane and then on top for decoration, this method is called thin engraved Yang Wen, "minus the bottom law. " It belongs to combine incised carved techniques but complete. For example when carved figures, the first outline of this method, then the outline of the way the surface to carve carved face and so on. As early as the Yuan Dynasty, the widespread use of engraved ivory carving techniques. Engraved on the plate material is carried out according to the design drawings garland engraving, carving techniques combined with relief, carved exquisite beauty of form. Carved openwork reproduce mature as a foundation base. Carved generally use a combination of pull engrave, engraved techniques before implementation. Song Dynasty Carved techniques have been adapted to the ivory ball carvings, ivory ball called as "ghost workers ball", ivory ball Qianlong period has grown to thirteen the Loudiao. Carved process is extremely complex and requires the artist has superb technology and quality to complete. Making process ivory ball: first by Sawyer a material, number of layers times by the turner car into ball, then rotate freely inside and outside the car into by carving in the "board" the outermost layer of the tooth ball carving patterns, chisel Workers put in a fine layer of drill hewn various patterns, and finally turn bright mill, ball transposon coupled with teeth become finished products. Dental ball technology in the Qing Dynasty gained great development, this art originated in Guangzhou, Guangzhou ivory carving techniques commonly used. To the Qing Dynasty, openwork carved ivory ball only for the processing and production, is also widely used in other ivory ornaments decoration. Meanwhile, Carved reliefs combined with the use of small pieces of artifacts to become the Qing Dynasty carved features. If this Loudiao boxes, covers and boxes sides Carved through the air Jin, the middle part of the opening, embossed floral decoration figures. Bottom bordered by a thin dental film, decorated with animal faces on four feet, both Furama expensive temperament, but also reflects the Bonaparte fresh style, non-artisan power can not be completed for several months. Qing Dynasty, ivory has been very superb craftsmanship, technique has been very complete, but also created a Qing dynasty ivory gradually complicated trend. Production of fine and decorative somewhat trivial, it is the overall trend of the Qing Dynasty ivory craft, though ornate carving fine, but somewhat complicated, especially developed to modern times. For example, the characters engraved bottle tower, pagoda-shaped multi-layer composition, the top of the circle button in the form of a roof, exposing the cover of the cavity, each side attached to an animal first title ring ear, concave bottom, attached Jia Haimei wood inlay silver base . Bottle engraved six round body, in addition to three for the dark Sin pattern, the remaining number of layers for the character, which has Sin and Eighteen such figures as many as a hundred people, look dynamic, will not be the same in each main lines between to back pattern, diamond pattern or Lotus Petal intervals, so that the screen level gradually thick. Otherwise a unique skill - Ivory weave a larger development in the Qing Dynasty, it is split ivory silk, polished and then braided line works. Ivory silk hack skills, the Han dynasty there, from has continued without interruption. Hack silk is woven together in the most critical step, which uses the texture of fine lines and features ivory toughness will ivory soaked in a special liquid, and let it soften, split into uniform thickness and width of the sheet, dental films weak such as paper, translucent, then radiograph showing a white gloss polished smooth, re-weaving, there are varieties of ivory seats, Gong Shan and so on. Due to limitations of climatic conditions in northern rarely used this technology, Guangzhou became a major producer of ivory knit. This technology consume time and labor, the value of manufactured goods produced extremely difficult quite expensive. Yongzheng Dynasty, Emperor Yongzheng Responding making it costly, but its function is only to luxury Fu fighting, has been banned production of dental silk products, since then, the process of gradual decline until lost. Ivory has a good temperature performance, seats compared to bamboo, grass and other materials made of small, more cool and pleasant. Ivory woven mats, the existing World two are hidden in the Beijing Palace Museum.
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Ivory spread
Ivory carvings spread Chinese ivory carving in the development of several millennia spreading process, have formed a number of relatively centralized production centers. Qing Dynasty, mainly in Guangzhou, Suzhou, Beijing, represented both the technical exchange between the centers of production, in the form of theme and style characteristics maintained throughout, while running into each other. Guangzhou ivory Guangzhou ivory craft has a long history, rich decorative, renowned for fine neat, exquisitely carved and famous. After clearing 康熙海 ban, Guangzhou became the only foreign trade port, this unique position, making ivory Southeast Asia, the massive importation of Guangzhou, provides ample material for the ivory craft. Since then, far more than Guangzhou ivory craft elsewhere, becoming the nation's highest, while forming their own style characteristics, different from Suzhou, Beijing, Yangzhou and Hangzhou, artistic style, and ivory craft had an impact elsewhere . Guangdong Southern faction known as ivory ivory, making emphasis on carving and pay attention to teeth bleaching and color decoration materials, works mostly shiny jade, fine engraving and fine carved Kyo, exquisitely delicate, gorgeous and beautiful. According to craft techniques, Guangzhou ivory carved, inlaid, weaving three categories. Use more incised carving, hidden from, from sudden, Carved, had been masters Loudiao, mainly Guangzhou unique climatic conditions are inextricably linked. Guangzhou warm and humid climate, ivory is not easy to rattle, appropriate for the production of diamond engraving, engraved works, plus the original level of technology, Guangzhou Carved ivory craft has gradually become the most unique artistry. Variety ivory balls, boats, figures, pen, plaque, and other birds enjoy the goods, chopsticks, combs, stamps, snuff bottles, bottles, cigarette holder, lamps, compact and other daily necessities. Base to the most famous ivory ball. Ivory carvings and a variety of other materials such as sandalwood, rhinoceros horn, tortoiseshell, Cui Yu et cleverly embedded on top of a device, so that richer three-dimensional pattern, increasing the level of the pattern, is a significant feature of Guangzhou ivory carving process. To accommodate the need for export, Guangzhou ivory realist style trends, and absorbed a large leaf curl, realistic floral patterns and other foreign strengths, Youyi dyeing, featuring a spiral connecting parts. Tends late Qing Dynasty, Guangdong style slim ivory cumbersome, and gradually decline. Suzhou ivory Suzhou ivory (including Nanjing is located in the south of Jiaxing, Hangzhou, Yangzhou and other places) has a long history, Tang and Song dynasties have initial size, and a certain style. Suzhou area of arts and crafts historic high levels, techniques and diverse, peaked in Ming and Qing Dynasties. Ivory carving process and other continuous integration penetration and absorption of the shape of the pattern of other processes, techniques, plus many other categories of ivory sculptors were also directly involved in the process, for the development of the Suzhou New technology provides ivory can not be ignored factor. Suzhou has inherent tradition, and the relative culture, Suzhou ivory has maintained a geographical and cultural characteristics of the southeast. Suzhou region is the economic and cultural center of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, profound traditional culture, especially the Wu camp, Yushan camp, Lou Hill School painting on ivory also had a major impact, it has been filled Suzhou ivory rich cultural atmosphere. The overall style of Suzhou elegant ivory mellow. Artists from good practices implicit in its hidden surface adapted to display their skills from, vivid, mood Flirting, layout Lichtung properly, gives a proper sense of calm. The details of the deal are very skilled, knife commonly used flowing freely bas-relief, intaglio, carvings, high relief, with a knife forceful simple, sleek polished bright. Sources very broad themes, figures, flowers, birds, landscapes, myths and legends, the pursuit of artistic conception of performance, significantly affected the Ming and Qing literati painting. Suzhou ivory absorbed the characteristics of bamboo, and other traditional arts of painting, landscape painting style theme works with women and children to emulate the image of Painting, and flowers there early Qing Yun Nan Tian genre temperament, various patterns antique, there is light and bright, beautiful Ye Yi style. In the sculpture, ivory carving techniques to emulate bamboo Suzhou, Wu School and pursue landscape painting four kings layout and Cunfa, figures, flowers, animals will follow the meticulous effect, sought to attach importance to the early Qing Yun faction bird temperament (Yun Nan Tian, early Qing six one), there are quaint, Ye Yi, beautiful style. Beijing ivory The rise of Beijing ivory is the early and mid-Qing Dynasty. Beijing as the first portion of a country, the official dignitaries inhabited by rich capital, provided the conditions for the emergence of ivory, while the inflow of foreign ivory craftsmen, provided technical support for the development of ivory craft. Beijing's ivory with engraved figures, flowers, Insects known, especially in the most famous engraving figures, artists can take full advantage of the characteristics of ivory fine texture tough to accurately express the dynamic and emotional character, in proportion, beautiful composition, vivid characters, air of realism, carving delicate cautious. Common local add color, character and ivory in stark contrast to make the product more vivid and colorful. Beijing ivory artifacts, mostly in small pieces, usually stationery and other paper ornaments play, late Qing dynasty works have appeared large, mostly three-dimensional sculpture in the round, fine knife, blade rounded shape more vivid. Beijing ivory mainly for bureaucrats, the pursuit of exquisite in style, gorgeous, may be affected by the court. In the Beijing area, was known as a spread ivory Office was style. Office was ivory, specifically refers to the Qing Office was created as ivory teeth, it originated in the private sector, but is different from the private sector, is a product specifically for the royal palace used. In fact, it does not referred to as a ivory genre, but Guangzhou, Suzhou, Beijing and other ivory-style continuous integration product. Many Qing ivory works, and can not arbitrarily carve its own characteristics according to the builders and style, but to meet the royalty preferences. Carpenter from the teeth out proofs, after the emperor personally reviewed before being carved, are not allowed to modify. In the engraving process, the teeth were carefully Carpenter, one play to their strengths, for the best results. On the other hand, have to follow the emperor's will close factions long, to comply with the emperor's taste. The overall style ivory palace "Ya, show, fine, clever", in the shape requirements of simple, elegant, sophisticated requirements in the process, run clean, polished smooth. Ivory palace in the Qianlong period reached creative peak. Special to the late Qing Dynasty, the palace ivory gradually fading. In the production is very complicated thick, style also appears trivial, there can be no conception, only technically an improvement over the previous generation. To 1820 to 1860, because of the decline of national power, the court never recovered ivory, gradually disappear.
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Guangzhou ivory
I. Introduction Guangzhou ivory craft has a long history, rich decorative, renowned for fine neat, exquisitely carved and famous. Guangzhou is located in the south coast, mild and humid climate is very suitable for the delicate texture of carved ivory, carving layers, and the work it is not easy to rattle. Guangzhou ivory ivory ball fine places known for its heritage way of mentoring tradition, family heritage based, taking hand workshop production mode. The famous heritage have Zu Zhang, Zhao Weng Weng Rong standard, Pingshao Xia, Li Dingning so on. Second, the traceability Guangzhou ivory has a long history, Qin and Han Dynasty has been a certain development, technology and production scale of the Ming and Qing had reached historic highs, their level since the Republic of increasingly sophisticated, unique in the country ivory industry. Guangzhou ivory carving has begun in early Qin Dynasty, Jin Dynasty also appeared to ivory weaving craftsmanship, according to the "Book of Jin" reads: "The car never Guangzhou, the provincial governor, Yi Yong child more than make work ivory bamboo mat." After clearing 康熙海 ban, Guangzhou became the only foreign trade port, making ivory Southeast Asia, the massive importation of Guangzhou, this unique position to provide adequate ivory craft materials, Guangdong ivory also formed its own characteristic style, the process far more than the other places, and a national crown. Just as in the position of the Lingnan painters painting in the history of the Qing Dynasty in Guangdong faction ivory ivory art scene is also unique. According to "Guangzhou Annals" contains: "proverb saying: Suzhou kind, Guangzhou, Hong Carpenter rhinoceros, elephant, mirage, tortoise shell, bamboo, wood, rattan, tin various devices all under heaven" ivory from Guangdong handed down as much skill as fine workmanship of the complex, far more than its size can glimpse Su Ning, Jiaxing, Hangzhou and other places of ivory trade. Guangdong ivory carvings to exquisite delicacy characterized Palace Museum ivory light ivory seats are _set_ according to the Guangdong products. In addition to light ivory box components, columns, roof, candlestick, bottom bracket, the lighting section is to thin piece of ivory carved into small mesh, and Qian ivory color pattern decorative lights on. Ivory seats is to use special tools to make ivory silk and woven. From these two pieces of ivory is typical of Guangdong, the baskets can know Carved Ivory Palace Museum, Evergreen Sachet Carved ivory, ivory Carved Gourd flower smoked down, ivory silk weaving artifacts should belong to a class of Wan Shan, Guangdong work camp. Ivory carving of the Qing Dynasty and the development of other arts and crafts works, as in the Yongzheng and Qianlong period of development to the peak. From the "Hall of Mental Cultivation Office was clear each file for manual labor," the record run, no later than from the Yongzheng (1723-1735) until Xianfeng (1851-1861) so far, in this one hundred decades, Guangdong has always To provide dental Neiting Carpenter. In Office was as many as six, ranging from two, leaving the Zu Zhang, Li-American Don, Xiaohan Zhen, Huang efficiency, Yang Wei accounting, Chen Guanquan, Stuart wins, Huang Chao, Li Peerage, Yangyou Qing, Yang Xiu, Chen Chen, Mo Cheng Ji, Yang, Huang and other fifteen ivory craftsmen's name. Third, the process characteristics Guangzhou heavy carved ivory carving, with hollow, through deep carving techniques known, in the long process of practice and gradually form a complete _set_ of exquisite carving. Guangzhou ivory carving exquisite slim, exquisitely carved, pay attention to teeth bleaching and color decorative material, Yasu simultaneously. Works with dentin shiny, fine fine carved engrave known, the overall layout complicated lively, without leaving gaps. Ivory carvings and a variety of other materials such as sandalwood, rhinoceros horn, tortoiseshell, Cui Yu et cleverly embedded on top of a device, so that the pattern is more wealth levels, while knife see angles and corners, gorgeous and beautiful. Guangzhou carved elephant products are divided into three categories, first enjoy the goods, including ivory balls, flower boats, crab cage, flower tower, vases, birds, characters, Dan Shanjing etc.; Second, it supplies, including folding fans, lamps, Smoke cup, cigarette holder, pen holder, toner, seal, comb, chopsticks, toothpicks, bookmarks, paper knives, chess, etc.; Third decorations, including bracelets, necklaces, earrings, rings, pins, etc.. Its traditional famous are: dental ball, tooth fang, vases, etc., but the most famous ball in the teeth, as an ivory ball diameter 18 cm, 30 multi-carved escape, and the layers can be rotated freely, each also There are a variety of carved figures or flowers, amazing. Guangzhou ivory carving varieties of colorful, delicate and exquisite carving skills, with excellent traditional style and distinctive local characteristics. No matter what kind of products are deep and thorough, delicate and exquisite, good engraving, openwork and other manifestations of the craft, unique in ivory sculpture. Sculpture artists with an ivory material intact, into a variety of hollow, spherical layers ranging from ivory only two three-ball smallest, largest, 40 multi-layer, each layer engraved dragon, flowers, etc. a variety of patterns, and can rotate flexibly. Carved ivory artists Guangzhou 20 layers of ivory ball early access to technology in the 1915 Special Award for Panama International Exposition. To make an ivory ball through multiple steps, first tooth material to choose, after rounding, drilling, and then layered with a hook knife, carved from the final drill. Hollow in Guangzhou ivory works, pavilions big flower Fang Guangzhou is also famous ivory works. Flowers for the Dragon Fang hull shape. 2 to 7 layers on the pavilion, Fang on figures up to 3000 people, as well as flags, lighting, etc., vivid, varied and very spectacular. There is also the whole of ivory carved with full ivory, shot-gun, pass carved crab cage, costume ladies like. From the sculptures of Guangzhou ivory carvings and pass carved mainly divided into two categories: sculpture in the round for the production of solid, three-dimensional crafts, such as people, animals, rocks landscapes; Tong Fang carved for the production of flowers, vases, flower tower, crab cage, balls and other transparent teeth exquisite varieties. Daxin Road, Guangzhou ivory ivory carving process plant is one of the famous manufacturers, at home and abroad. Fourth, the heritage significance To the 1980s due to the surging global movement to protect wild animals, the elephant as a protected wild animal, hunting is prohibited, the provisions of any State shall sell ivory and ivory products internationally, our government strictly comply with this provision. In this case, the process of Guangzhou ivory ivory carving industry has suffered particularly badly hit, had chosen instead of other materials, barely able to continue to make this traditional craft. Beijing ivory carving I. Introduction Beijing ivory carving, referring to the formation in the Beijing area, the historic ivory carving material for the traditional skills. Beijing ivory to ladies, figures, flowers and other known, played an ivory delicate texture, shape so lifelike characters. Beijing ivory carving performance wide range of topics, skills highly difficult, and because of the use of dental materials and has a noble beauty, is part of China's special arts and crafts, but also an important part of Chinese sculpture art. Their skills are passed through the mouth and heart the way to teach their offspring and apprentice, with a clear historical trail, pass 承有绪 characteristics. Second, the traceability Its examination of the history can be traced back at least two thousand years ago, in the later course of historical development, Beijing has an elegant ivory palace artistic character, a unique process characteristics. Liao, Jin, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties in Beijing capital, emperors were also regarded as a royal tribute ivory, Ming Dynasty plants and orchards Office was doing Qing has specialized agency of the palace of ivory products made . Ming court artists mainly from southern ivory, Guangdong and Beijing local. From the field to the best craftsmen and Beijing local ivory craftsmen constantly learn, different styles and different cultures through fun run-precipitated hundreds of years, forming a Beijing ivory exquisite, magnificent, exquisite workmanship unique style. Ming Dynasty, Beijing has already started making ivory carvings figures, the Liaoning Provincial Museum collection is now one pair of ivory for the elderly as both as proof. Most of the time the artist not only proficient in ivory ivory production, but also for rhino horn, bamboo, wood, jade and other craft categories very proficient. Ivory and jade carving also sculpture, metal craft, craft painting combine to produce some of the refined and elegant, palatial products. For example, ivory masterpiece Qing Qianlong "Moon Man Ching Tour" is an example. This work is distinguished artists Qianlong ivory Zu Zhang et al According painter Chen's drawings, with a few years of work carved. A total of 12 drawings, reflecting the changes and Gongwei 12 months a year in the natural scenery concubines, the ladies life situations. Works mainly with ivory, jade and other precious stones complemented, ingenious, skillful, lifelike characters, in contrast, gorgeous scenery coordination, reached a high artistic level. There are boat works of this period, pavilion, Pan Buddha, "The West Chamber" album and so on. To the late Qing Dynasty, with the decline of national power, Beijing's ivory carving also limited financial and human resources and raw materials and other aspects of stagnation. Previously produced luxury palace ivory craftsmen have turned to folk, offering workshops, Liao self up. To the dynasty, Beijing ivory workshop was even in danger of extinction. Subsequently some ivory carving artists specifically for housing construction, and some carved decorative artist to repair dilapidated antiques shop ivory carvings. In the Qing Dynasty, Beijing has more than a dozen such ivory workshops, mainly in the south of Flower Market Street, next Tangzi alley, down the alley and Tang sword Zhushikou area. After the founding of new China, but also created a large "Chairman Mao's hometown", "Chengdu-Kunming Railway" and ivory works, reveals a gas into the scenery in exquisite. In some large-scale works, the craftsman who uses "Mosaic Law" to expand the volume, but the mosaic was seamless, no chisel marks. Third, the process characteristics Elephant carved from Beijing since the Ming Dynasty especially prevalent, to the Qing Dynasty, ivory carvings are mostly inner court of Queen workshop production, artists mostly from Yangzhou, Guangzhou. They inherit the traditional techniques, based on the carvings, relief and openwork carving and other techniques combined with the use, integration, and draw nourishment from the rich ancient paintings, stone, clay and other art forms, and gradually formed a Beijing ivory carving. Beijing ivory varieties: Beijing's ivory flowers, relief can be divided into two kinds of flowers and floral carvings; embossed floral works mainly in sub-wash, plates, arm rests, etc.; carvings of flowers works mainly vases, flowers, bonsai, Grasshopper cabbage . Beijing ivory features: ivory carvings to Xianzi obsequiousness to the costume ladies and beautiful floral carvings known for moving. It is elegant, simple, sophisticated, Emotion unique artistic style. Beijing ivory craft: ivory production to go through chisel, shovel, open face, grinding, color smoked five processes. Chisel is blooming forming; shovel, that fine processing; open face, is doing fine character facial expressions; mill for fine polishing; colored smoke, according to the different requirements of the work dyeing process or made from antique smoked products. Sculptures is varied, the main use of depth of relief, openwork carving and three-dimensional sculpture in the round. Fourth, the heritage significance Beijing has repeatedly ivory craft represent China in a variety of important exhibitions in the world, and is the national leader as a national ceremony gifts international friends. She not only for the people of the world to promote the understanding of the ancient culture of the Chinese nation, but also to promote the cultural exchange between our country and the countries. Since the 1980s, the elephant population for the protection considerations, including China, the international ban on the ivory trade once. This makes it totally dependent on imported raw ivory ivory carving of Beijing into a situation without rice. Beijing ivory carving faces a no raw materials, no two younger successors dilemma. In recent years, the problem of saving endangered species, the international community began to abandon the rigid way trade ban to allow stocks of ivory trade. Thus, the supply of raw ivory has emerged alive. However, whether it is from a financial point of view or from the human, Beijing ivory carving have entered the brink of extinction. After our June 1, 1990 to stop direct import ivory from Africa, in 1991 a total ban on the international trade of ivory and its products, any commercial import ivory Never approved. In the case of raw ivory ban led to the collection of high ivory, ivory carving is prohibited Masterpiece continue to rise. Ivory carvings and bamboo, wood carving tradition of adding the three categories. Ivory fine with a solid color soft and smooth texture, has always been regarded as a connoisseur of white gold and highly cherished. Ming and Qing dynasties, with a high degree of development of bamboo, wood carving art, ivory and ivory of materials are generally developed technology, integrated into the wood carving artists in the corner carving style, retains its own characteristics ivory, with its exquisite white , Wen Rundian elegant style to win. Was dedicated in the palace workshops, complicated and delicate carving, figures, flowers and birds painting pen ornamentation modeled Italy, there is a certain tricks coloring fill color, elegant style to rule the roost. Experts have pointed out, is divided into north and south factions ivory carvings, Northern School refers Beijing ivory, mainly palace products. At that time the Kangxi, Yongzheng and Qianlong emperors are very interested in art, there is tyranny ivory products in the palace workshops. Court work fine craftsman carving, figures, flowers and birds painting pen ornamentation modeled Italy, there is a certain color fill coloring tricks, and gradually formed a gorgeous, solemn, slim, rich, elegant style. Southern Pine refers Guangzhou ivory. Because Guangzhou is a coastal ports, the first foreign ivory ivory carving art gradually began to arrive in Guangzhou, Guangzhou. Guangzhou ivory carving production focus, attention to sculpture and decorative bleached colors, and many more quality Baiying Run, fine engrave fine carved, exquisitely carved Kyo. China handed down from ancient ivory art, fine art sculpture because of its intrinsic value and ivory, has scenery for many years, after the 1990s, European countries will be included in the ban ivory items on the international art market, for a time, ivory goods only occasionally appeared in the Southeast Asian art market, but prices are still high. Art auction in 1993 Sotheby's Hong Kong held a pair of the Qing Dynasty palace furnishings ivory inlay jade coral lanterns, luxurious eye-catching. After many buyers competing, and finally to the high price of HK $ 4.2 million in the shoot. 1995 Ming Dynasty ivory Guanyin party transaction price Beijing Hanhai spring auction of 55 million. Today, the ban on the ivory trade, coupled with raw ivory in an emergency, the number of ivory handicrafts also sold less and less, as the market consumption, survive in the world of fine ivory will become increasingly rare. Therefore, for some time, the price of ivory handicrafts have rocketed 100%, ivory art collectors have been in hot pursuit.
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Ivory ivory
Different general ivory teeth. Its surface is not covered with enamel. Very afraid of acid. It can be corrosive acids, weak acids can soften. If the ivory soaked in acetic acid, can make it soft, and then with a knife or other tool, rotary carving process, often redoubled. Ivory fine texture, moderate hardness, gloss and soft, fine grain cleaning teeth, it is naturally produced high-end crafts natural good material. Since the beginning of the ivory teeth head, there is a small black spot, has been extended to the heart the mouth hollow tube, called the heart. If we take the ivory tip transverse incision, you can find ivory heart, broadly divided into three categories: the sun heart, sesame heart, Zaoxin. The best sun heart, sesame heart followed Zaoxin worst, is relatively small. Ivory has its natural texture to the heart as the center of the teeth extend to the surrounding tooth pattern has become increasingly coarse, natural ivory pattern is "human" shape and the mesh shape. Ivory is an ancient traditional art, but also a folk arts and crafts. Elephant tooth is the most solid part of the body, its smooth jade, durable, precious gem stone exploration and comparable, so there reputation ivory organic gems. The ivory carving works of art, to fine solid color soft and smooth texture, exquisite carving art, collectors cherish much, becoming one of the unique antique varieties.
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Origin of ivory art
Chinese ivory carving has a very long history, began in the Neolithic. Ivory comb discovered in the Warring States tomb unearthed in Beijing loess slope. Liao, Jin, Yuan, Ming and Qing emperors regarded as a royal ivory offerings, the Ming Dynasty and plant orchards Office was the palace of the Qing Dynasty had to do ivory workshop, which is the most representative of ivory masterpiece "Man Month Qing tour. " Generally, ivory carving art into people, animals, flowers and landscapes four species. The main theme of which ivory figures from ancient mythology and historical figures. Divided into ladies, Lohan, Buddhist people, swordsman and historical figures, such as from the category. Figure drawings general approach to line drawing, showing the characters facial expressions, body posture, clothing, shapes, etc., have also focused on the source of the characters portrayed identity in order to achieve the perfect artistic effect. Ivory flowers are usually flowers mainly to birds, butterflies, dragonflies, frogs, etc. as a foil, figurative sculpture peony, rose, chrysanthemum, magnolia, Tau, pine, bamboo, plum, etc., prop pieces have baskets, vases on the overall shape, bamboo, folding, rockeries, etc., played a very good match with foil body protagonist role. There are forest animals theme ivory Tigers valley Roar, rooster crowing, diving Hechi, etc., which occupies a certain position in the zodiac ivory art. Ivory in the general performance of the landscape scenery themes, islands and sun and moon situation. Craggy rocks, mottled Haiyan, rolling clouds are changing especially artists like ivory brandished a knife and figurative. Chinese ivory carving after several thousands of years of development, the mid-Qing Dynasty gradually formed a number of relatively centralized production centers, mainly in Guangzhou, Suzhou, Beijing representative. Production between the various centers both in subject matter and form maintains the unique style of the country, while mutual penetration, technically exchanges. After the 1970s, with convenient transportation, the development of information technology, frequent exchanges around the ivory artist, learn skills, learn from each other, where ivory color of each region, on the one hand increases the formation of Beijing, Guangzhou, Shanghai, Nanjing and four major regions, there are other Tianjin, Fuzhou, Yueqing, etc., on the other hand style between them are gradually fade, it is an inevitable trend. Fine neat, exquisitely carved ivory Guangzhou with Guangzhou as the representative, hence the term ivory Guangzhou, Beijing has an elegant ivory palace artistic character. Our ivory carvings and ivory originated very early, about 7000 years ago in the Neolithic Age, the first ivory is just a utility, after over time, the gradual emergence of decorative items, and become a mainstream technology ivory . Zhejiang Yuyao Hemudu unearthed a small cup carved ivory, ivory bird-shaped dagger is the earliest known ivory products. Shandong dawenkou unearthed Neolithic cultural sites carved ivory cylinder engraving, ivory comb, ivory beads, ivory and other fine tube technology products. Carpenter Neolithic people already know how to use incised, Carved, even carvings and various techniques to express their ideas. They work because there is no tradition-bound, so are bold and creative attempts. These prehistoric ivory, fully demonstrated the primitive ancestors of social sculpture art on a variety of understanding, so that we can not but marvel at the original human creative talent and expression. Hemudu unearthed ivory carvings of 12 or more, which has sculptured ivory pieces, ivory Bird butterfly, a bird-shaped dagger carvings and ivory silk pattern cup-shaped, etc., are the first mistake on the interception of good ivory material grind prototype objects, and then further processed carved. Its main Yin carved carving techniques, both engraved with the line, and engraved with the curve, injustice performance geometry, more vivid image of the animal performance, the most exciting is the "Two Birds sunrise" pattern butterfly, a bird-shaped carvings dagger . "Two Birds sunrise" butterfly pattern in the middle part of the sun's pattern of concentric circles composed of five different sizes, hot flame symbolizes the light of the sun, the sun a pair of birdies left and right sides, head Yang Mei, toward the sun To fly wings. Symmetrical and harmonious composition, smooth lines, express an attitude of cheerful and lively atmosphere. This was back in the metal engraving tool has not yet appeared before the Stone Age carvings, ancestors, and rudimentary tools carved out such a vivid image, can not but make us wonder and admiration hominids art far beyond our ability to create imagination. Dagger-shaped carvings of birds is wrong carved ivory ground strip. Bird's head in the dagger's handle end, for the next dip slightly shaped, front and sides are straight and short dagger slash, symbolizing the bird's wings and feathers. The overall use of single line incised carvings and techniques, generally the performance of the stationary state Raptor image. In ancient dagger is an eating utensils, so clever idea and the perfect image of carvings, reflecting the Hemudu people exquisite carving skills and a high degree of artistic imagination. Bird ivory image reflected in a particular aesthetic sense Hemudu people bird has.
