The Irish people (Irish: Muintir na hÉireann, na hÉireannaigh, na Gaeil) are a Western European ethnic group who originate in Ireland, in north western Europe. People of Irish ethnicity outside of Ireland are common in many western countries, particularly in English-speaking countries. The largest number of people of Irish descent live in the United States -- about ten times more than in Ireland itself.
Descent
Further information: Genetic history of the British Isles and Settlement of Great Britain and Ireland
During the past 9,000 years of inhabitation, Ireland has witnessed many different peoples arrive on its shores. Legendary early arrivals included the Nemedians, the Fomorians, the Firbolgs, and the Tuatha Dé Danann, though with the exception of the Firbolgs, they are now treated as mythical rather than actual human incursions.
The ancient peoples of Ireland—such as the creators of the Ceide Fields and Newgrange—are almost unknown. Neither their languages nor terms they used to describe themselves have survived. As late as the middle centuries of the 1st millennium AD the inhabitants of Ireland did not appear to have a collective name for themselves. Ireland itself was known by a number of different names, including Banba, Scotia, Fódla, Ériu by the islanders, Hibernia and Scotia to the Romans, and Ierne to the Greeks.
Likewise, the terms for people from Ireland—all from Roman sources—in the late Roman era were varied. They included Attacotti, Scoti, and Gael. This last word, derived from the Welsh gwyddel (meaning raiders), was eventually adopted by the Irish for themselves. However, as a term it is on a par with Viking, as it describes an activity (raiding, piracy) and its proponents, not their actual ethnic affiliations.
The term Irish and Ireland is derived from the Érainn, a people who once lived in what is now central and south Munster. Possibly their proximity to overseas trade with western Britain, Gaul and Hispania led to the name of this one people to be applied to the whole island and its inhabitants.
A variety of historical ethnic groups have inhabited the island, including the Airgialla, Fir Ol nEchmacht, Delbhna, Fir Bolg, Érainn, Eóganachta, Mairtine, Conmaicne, Soghain and Ulaid.
One legend states that the Irish were descended from Míl Espáine (coined Milesius, from Latin "Miles Hispaniae", meaning "Soldier of Hispania"). The character is almost certainly a mere personification of a supposed migration by a group or groups from Hispania to Ireland. This legend is the source of the term "Milesian" in reference to the Irish. If this invasion was as large as the mythology would suggest, it would account for the genetic similarity of the Northern Iberian populations and the Irish.
It is thought that the Basque Country and neighbouring regions served as a refuge for palaeolithic humans during the last major glaciation when environments further north were too cold and dry for continuous habitation. When the climate warmed into the present interglacial, populations would have rapidly spread north along the west European coast. Genetically, in terms of Y-chromosomes and Mt-DNA, inhabitants of Britain and Ireland are closely related to the Basques, reflecting their common origin in this refugial area. Basques, along with Irish, show the highest frequency of the Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup R1b in Western Europe; some 95% of native Basque men have this haplogroup. The rest is mainly I and a minimal presence of E3b. The Y-chromosome and MtDNA relationship between Basques and people of Ireland and Wales is of equal ratios than to neighbouring areas of Spain, where similar ethnically "Spanish" people now live in close proximity to the Basques, although this genetic relationship is also very strong among Basques and other Spaniards. In fact, as Stephen Oppenheimer has stated in The Origins of the British (2006), although Basques have been more isolated than other Iberians, they are a population representative of south western Europe. As to the genetic relationship among Basques, Iberians and Britons, he also states (pages 375 and 378):
By far the majority of male gene types in the British Isles derive from Iberia (modern Spain and Portugal), ranging from a low of 59% in Fakenham, Norfolk to highs of 96% in Llangefni, north Wales and 93% Castlerea, Ireland. On average only 30% of gene types in England derive from north-west Europe. Even without dating the earlier waves of north-west European immigration, this invalidates the Anglo-Saxon wipeout theory... ...75-95% of British and Irish (genetic) matches derive from Iberia...Ireland, coastal Wales, and central and west-coast Scotland are almost entirely made up from Iberian founders, while the rest of the non-English parts of the Britain and Ireland have similarly high rates. England has rather lower rates of Iberian types with marked heterogeneity, but no English sample has less than 58% of Iberian samples...
Brian Sykes, in the book based on his genetic research, Blood of the Isles (2006) comes to similar conclusions. Some quotations from the book follow (note that Sykes uses the terms "Celts" and "Picts" to designate the pre-Roman inhabitants of the Isles who spoke Celtic languages and is not referring to the people known as Celts in central Europe).
“ [T]he presence of large numbers of Jasmine’s Oceanic clan ... says to me that there was a very large-scale movement along the Atlantic seaboard north from Iberia, beginning as far back as the early Neolithic and perhaps even before that. ,,,The mere presence of Oceanic Jasmines indicates that this was most definitely a family based settlement rather thatn the sort of male-led invasions of later millennia.
”
“ The 'Celts' of Ireland and the Western Isles are not, as far as I can see from the genetic evidence, related to the Celts who spread south and east to Italy, Greece and Turkey from the heartlands of Hallstadt and La Tene...during the first millennium BC...The genetic evidence shows that a large proportion of Irish Celts, on both the male and female side, did arrive from Iberia at or about the same time as farming reached the Isles. (...)
The connection to Spain is also there in the myth of Brutus.... This too may be the faint echo of the same origin myth as the Milesian Irish and the connection to Iberia is almost as strong in the British regions as it is in Ireland. (...)
They [the Picts] are from the same mixture of Iberian and European Mesolithic ancestry that forms the Pictish/Celtic substructure of the Isles.
”
“ Here again, the strongest signal is a Celtic one, in the form of the clan of Oisin, which dominates the scene all over the Isles. The predominance in every part of the Isles of the Atlantischromosome (the most frequent in the Oisin clan), with its strong affinities to Iberia, along with other matches and the evidence from the maternal side convinces me that it is from this direction that we must look for the origin of Oisin and the great majority of our Y-chromosomes...I can find no evidence at all of a large-scale arrival from the heartland of the Celts of central Europe amongst the paternic genetic ancestry of the Isles... can
”
The Vikings founded many of the most important towns in Ireland, including Dublin and Cork (earlier native settlements on these sites did not approach the urban nature of the subsequent Norse trading ports), and a hybrid Irish-Norse trading jargon developed called 'Gic-goc.' The arrival of the Normans brought Welsh, Flemish, Normans, Anglo-Saxons and Bretons, most of whom became assimilated into Irish culture and polity by the 15th century, particularly the Welsh-Normans who settled into the Pale area due to the close proximity of Ireland to Wales. The late medieval era saw Scottish gallowglass families of mixed Gaelic-Norse-Pict descent settle, mainly in the north; due to similarities of language and culture they too were assimilated. The Plantations of Ireland and in particular the Plantation of Ulster in the 17th century introduced great numbers of Scottish, English as well as French Huguenots as colonists. Despite these divergent backgrounds most of their descendants consider themselves Irish—even where they are aware of such ancestry—mainly due to their lengthy presence in Ireland.
Historically, religion, politics and ethnicity became intertwined in Ireland. Four polls taken between 1989 and 1994 revealed that when asked to state their national identity, over 79% of Northern Ireland Protestants replied "British" or "Ulster" with 3% or less replying "Irish", while over 60% of Northern Ireland Catholics replied "Irish" with 13% or less replying "British" or "Ulster". A survey in 1999 showed that 72% of Northern Ireland Protestants considered themselves "British" and 2% "Irish", with 68% of Northern Ireland Catholics considering themselves "Irish" and 9% "British". The survey also revealed that 78% of Protestants and 48% of all respondents felt "Strongly British", while 77% of Catholics and 35% of all respondents felt "Strongly Irish". 51% of Protestants and 33% of all respondents felt "Not at all Irish", while 62% of Catholics and 28% of all respondents felt "Not at all British".
Northwest Europe island. In the Atlantic Ocean. Area 7 03 square kilometers. Population 3.57 million (1994). Dublin. The central plains, coastal mountains ring out. Typical temperate maritime climate. A more developed industry. Live cattle, beef and dairy products are exported. Important tourism industry.
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No. 3
Best Ireland Travel Time: apart from the 12 months to January, from July to August, the seasons are advised to visit. Two weeks before Christmas, the week before Easter, should avoid. July, August for the local degree of holidays. Irish Folk Festivals: New Year's Day: January 1 St. Patrick's Day (the Irish National Day): March 17 Crucifixion of Jesus: the Friday before Easter, is the crucifixion of Jesus Easter: March 21 full moon from the first Sunday after Easter Bank Holiday: in June, the first Monday in August and 10 last Monday of the month Christmas: Dec. 25 St. Stephen's Day: December 26th Diplomatic relations with China date: June 22, 1979 Ireland reminded: to require non-European to the overseas visitors, 1000 may bring tax-free cigarettes or 200 cigars, or 2.5 pounds of tobacco, 2 bottles of wine. European visitors half. Exit not more than 100 Irish pounds. Foreign entry Open, the first declaration can be taken out. Irish Food: Ireland and the United Kingdom similar to the traditional diet. The family diet with potatoes, vegetables, beef-based, one of bread is the staple food. Rich potato recipes, vegetable-based cooking methods with boiling water. Dublin close to the beach, a lot of fresh seafood, seafood dishes a lot. Due to the recent increase in foreign residents, the Irish in the diet has undergone great changes. In the traditional diet based on the introduction of France, Italy and other countries in the diet. Ireland Shopping: shopping, is also a cultural experience. If you want to enjoying Waterford waterford, we certainly want to visit the local crystal glass. Arts and crafts stores around the country can be found in factories or stores manufactured by the rough tweed clothes and Nepalese hand-net cardigan. No matter where in Ireland can go to see to appreciate the myriad of traditional handicrafts. Specialties: Crystal glass, Irish tartan, Irish linen, whiskey. Irish Transport: from China to Ireland, and convenient transportation, transit through the European countries, such as Amsterdam, Paris. European countries from the major cities there are several flights per day arrived in Dublin. From London to Dublin flight time of 45 minutes, from the major cities of Europe just 1.5 hours flying time to arrive at Ireland. Urban bus services from all international airports. In dublin, airlink bus link connecting the airport to the bus station and the airport railway station for services, cost about eur. 4.50. The connection dublin city center, hotel and airport in the southern city of private cars aircoach fee is about eur. 5. Ireland Accommodation: Ireland have different types of hotels to choose from. From the luxurious castle, the new hotel to family housing is divided into several rooms rented out to tourists. Boarding house type (guesthouses), and bed and breakfast style accommodation (bed and breakfast) to provide an intimate service. In the outskirts of the traditional farms and fields to make you enjoy the rural life in Ireland. Also has a wide range of cheap accommodation, choose youth hostels, camping trailer, tent shelter in parks and at their own expense.
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No. 4
Dublin Folk Festivals: New Year's Day: January 1; St. Patrick's Day (the Irish National Day): March 17; Jesus crucifixion: the Friday before Easter, is the crucifixion of Jesus; Easter: March 21 full moon after the date of the first Easter Sunday; bank holidays: in June, the first Monday in August and 10 last Monday of the month; Christmas: Dec. 25; St. Stephen's Day: December 26 Japan Dublin City Map: Ireland is known as the Atlantic Ocean, Emerald, Dublin (dublin) is a hint of dark green gem embellishment. Words in the indigenous Gelter Dublin means "black r." because Lifei Yi River flows through the urban area of peat gynecological Wicklow Mountains to the river was black. Dublin endangered east coast of the island of Ireland in Dublin Bay, an area of more than 250 square km, population 1.12 million (2002). Ireland is known as the Atlantic Ocean, Emerald, Dublin (dublin) is a hint of dark green gem embellishment. Words in the indigenous Gelter Dublin means "black r." because Lifei Yi River flows through the urban area of peat gynecological Wicklow Mountains to the river was black. Dublin endangered east coast of the island of Ireland in Dublin Bay, an area of more than 250 square km, population 1.12 million (2002). Dublin original 名贝尔亚萨克 Rice, meaning "fence crossing the town" in Irish for "black pool" means. AD 140, the "Dublin" in the Greek scholar Ptolemy's geographical works have been recorded. April 1949, Ireland fully independent, Dublin has been officially designated as the capital, as government agencies, parliament, the Supreme Court. Dublin is the national cultural and educational center, the famous Trinity College (the University of Dublin), Ireland Bishop of universities, national libraries, museums and the Royal Society of Dublin, located here. Trinity College was established in 1591, have passed 400 years of history. College Library is one of Ireland's largest library, collection of one million or more, store of ancient and medieval manuscripts and early books, which the 8th century beautifully illustrated Gospel "Kells book" the most valuable. College offers art, science, music, education, theology, more than 10 departments, 300 professional, a student more than 5,000 people. National Museum of Ireland are equipped with ancient Museum, Museum of Art, Industrial Museum and Natural History Museum, a collection of a large number of ancient artifacts, including the Bronze Age gold ornaments. National Fine Arts Museum holds a very rich, on behalf of European Painting of the paintings, including portraits, drawings, watercolors, and pocket-sized paintings. Dublin is a famous playwright George Bernard Shaw, playwright Richard Brinsley Sherry, playwright and poet Oscar Wilde and the birthplace of novelist James Joyce. Dublin is Ireland's largest port, its total foreign trade import and export trade, accounting for half the ships leaving Hong Kong each year up to 5000. Dublin is Ireland's largest manufacturing city, wine, garments, textiles, chemicals, heavy machinery manufacturing, automobile, metallurgical and other industries. Furthermore, Dublin is also an important financial center. Known about the company in 1991, Namibia was born in Dublin University. The main body to develop software for the rapid development of acquired companies over the past decade, Motorola, "Financial Times", Boeing and other world-renowned big companies are using the approximately satisfied the company's products. It is a typical representative of Ireland's economic success. Dublin City to the northwest of Phoenix Park is Europe's largest and one of the most beautiful city park, formerly the Royal deer park, an area of 808 hectares, the park built in 1830, the zoo, the lion is known to breed. State Botanical Garden is located in 格拉斯尼汶 50-hectare, there are a large number of rare plants and built a number of alpine houses. In addition, the Moenlien square is surrounded by many 18th-century Georgian architecture.
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No. 5
Belfast City Map: Belfast (belfast) is the largest city in the UK Northern Ireland is Northern Ireland's political culture and economic center, is the largest industrial city in Northern Ireland. Industrial base, its shipbuilding industry has a long history, the famous "Titanic" was built is here. Lagan River estuary is also an important port. Belfast (belfast) is the largest city in the UK Northern Ireland is Northern Ireland's political culture and economic center, is the largest industrial city in Northern Ireland. Industrial base, its shipbuilding industry has a long history, the famous "Titanic" was built is here. Lagan River estuary is also an important port. Many fear the domestic friends to Northern Ireland region - many people still remain in the shadow of the Irish Republican Army. In fact, the situation should be much better than before, in fact, that in our line up and feel like a foreigner, like the Cultural Revolution. We can abandon the unnecessary worries. Meanwhile in Belfast city construction has been very positive, cinemas, theaters, etc. ranging. Belfast hospitality is the traditional. Here the bar both traditional folk music, but also modern jazz, blues and rock. Local caffrey lager beer is called the essence of Belfast. Over the past 30 years, Belfast has undergone several sectarian struggle, but the security situation improved significantly in recent years. Belfast building that is more well-known Belfast Castle (belfast castle), castle overlooking Belfast City, reminiscent of the glorious Victorian. Waterfront terminal (waterfront hall) Northern Ireland arts hall is a cultural flagship, located in the river Lagan in Belfast city center, and his concert hall and conference center annually attracts artists from around the world in this show. And many of that era antiques, crafts shops, and bars. Each year in November there is a festival called: the queen''s international arts festival. Belfast's shipbuilding industry very well known, Halanwofu shipyard has built the world's fastest and most luxurious ship, the Titanic is that it's a masterpiece. Population: more than 290,000, 13 U.S. Presidents, including Roosevelt, Grant and Wilson, who are descendants of Ulster. Belfast today on the basis of the original industry, actively introduce foreign investment, the development of new high-tech industries, as this ancient city into a new life. Has now been transformed into a cultural and tourist city, a dedicated museum to record the cultural heritage of Ireland. While many Irish in the 18th century and 19th century moved to the U.S. and New Zealand (new zealand), but the farms of their ancestors is still preserved. Belfast City and surrounding areas have access to four U.S. president's hometown. Here, you can explore the ancient city walls here, tracking the origin of Belfast, Ireland stroll downtown can buy local souvenirs. In addition, a century-old Irish pub in Belfast is to enjoy guinness and listen to Irish music the best option, in the victory st train station there are two quite opposite to export a century bar irish pub.
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English Expression
: IE Ireland
n.: eire, erin, hibernia, ireland, irish, Blarney stone
Dublin