Tropical seas in different types of cyclonic vortex strength. Is a tropical depression, tropical storm, typhoon or hurricane general. Local accumulation of heat from the air over the ocean rose to a height scale, taking advantage of the flow of air around the lower center of the earth's rotation formed under bias force. Generally a few hundred kilometers in diameter, up to 1,000 kilometers. A disastrous weather. Often international in its maximum wind near the center of seven or less as a tropical depression, 8 to 11 referred to as tropical storms, 12 and over is called a typhoon or hurricane.
Translated by Google
Cyclone Definition
Tropical cyclones (tropical cyclone) is a low pressure weather system in the tropics on average 3-5 latitude from the equator the sea outside (such as the North and the South Pacific, North Atlantic, Indian Ocean) formed the other moves mainly by the Coriolis force and other large the influence of mesoscale weather systems, and ultimately dissipated in the sea, into an extratropical cyclone after the dissipation of the land or in the landing. Tropical cyclone landfall land can cause serious injury to property or human life is a natural disaster caused by the weather. But tropical cyclones is also a component of atmospheric circulation, the ability to heat and angular momentum of rotation of the earth taken from the equatorial regions of higher latitudes. The biggest characteristic of tropical cyclones is its energy from the cooling water vapor latent heat released during solidification. Other weather systems such as the extratropical cyclone depends mainly on the level of the cold northern air temperature caused by the surface. Tropical cyclone landfall, or when tropical cyclones move to lower temperature of ocean will be warm and humid because of the loss of air supply to the energy dissipated or weakened into an extratropical cyclone. The flow of tropical cyclones by the effect of the Coriolis force around the center of rotation. In the northern hemisphere, tropical cyclones rotate counterclockwise in the Southern Hemisphere rotate clockwise Zeyi. Used on different areas have different names of tropical cyclones. Western Pacific coast of China, Taiwan, Japan, Vietnam, Philippines, said the local habits of tropical cyclones for typhoon. The Atlantic is used to refer to the local tropical cyclone hurricane. Other parts of tropical cyclones have different titles, in Australia, known as the "power - the power of" meteorology, only the wind speed reaches a certain level of tropical cyclones will be known as "Typhoon", "Hurricane" and other names. Tropical cyclones occur in tropical and subtropical Yang Mianshang low-pressure vortex, is a powerful and strong tropical weather system.
Translated by Google
Cyclone Structure
The structure of a mature tropical cyclone tropical cyclone has the following components: ▲ Low ground The center of tropical cyclones near the ground or sea part is a low pressure area. Earth's sea level the lowest recorded pressure (870hpa) is the strongest ever recorded in the tropical cyclone center of the typhoon recorded in Taipei ▲ Warm Heart Warm and moist air of tropical cyclones around the center of rotation increased, the process releases large amounts of latent heat of condensation of water vapor, vertical distribution of energy near the center. Within the height of tropical cyclones (near sea level exception) outside air temperature is higher than the cyclone. ▲ central dense cloud area Rotating around the center of the dense tropical cyclone cloud area, usually generated by thunderstorms cirrus. ▲ eye Intense tropical cyclone circulation center is subsiding air, will form an eye. The eyes are calm and the weather is usually no wind, no clouds, and even when the sun (but may still be choppy sea.) Eye are usually round in shape, with diameters ranging from 2-370 km range. Weak tropical cyclone's eye center of dense cloud area may be obscured, not even eye structure. ▲ eye wall (or the eye wall) ▲ spiral rainbands Spiral rainbands of tropical cyclone center is the movement around the rain clouds and thunderstorms. In the northern hemisphere, spiral rain bands around the center of the counterclockwise movement. Spiral rain bands brought heavy rain for the ground, and in between each rain belt will be more calm. Close to land near the tropical cyclone spiral rainband tornadoes will form. Has a number of spiral rainbands of tropical cyclones generally strong and well-developed; but there are some "round-shaped hurricane" is not the main features of spiral rainbands. ▲ circulation outside the San All low voltage systems are required to continually enhance the high-altitude divergence, the divergence of tropical cyclones out from all directions. Because the role of the Coriolis force, high-altitude tropical cyclones were scattered outside the anti-cyclonic circulation. Ground or sea surface wind strong inward rotation, increase with height reduced, and ultimately change direction. This feature and the tropical cyclone warm core structure of the center, so the tropical cyclone needs a weak vertical wind shear environment to maintain the warm core structure in order to continue divergence.
Translated by Google
Production situation
■ Power generation In the warm ocean, when water vapor condensation, the release of energy start regression positive feedback loop, tropical cyclones formed. National Center for Atmospheric Research (in English: national center for atmospheric research), scientists estimated that a tropical cyclone releases daily 5 × 1013 至 2 × 1014 joules of energy, combined generators than all of mankind High School times, or equal to twenty per minutes of a ten million tons of bombs detonated. Deep convection as a driving force is the tropical cyclone cyclone system with the other major difference, because deep convection in the tropical climates of the strongest, so mostly in the tropical regions of tropical cyclone formation. In contrast, mid-latitude cyclones are the main energy source in the atmosphere existing horizontal temperature gradient. If you want to maintain the intensity of tropical cyclones, it must stay in the warm sea, so that positive feedback mechanism can be sustained. Therefore, when the tropical cyclone moved inland, the intensity will decrease rapidly. When tropical cyclones through the ocean, where sea surface temperature will drop, thus affecting the subsequent development of tropical cyclones. Temperature drop was mainly due to strong winds brought by tropical cyclones caused the sea to roll, cold sea water swarmed. Decline in the cooler water, clouds obscured the ocean reduce the absorption of solar radiation, but also the surface water temperature decline. Complementary to the above factors will lead to a large sea surface temperature dropped dramatically within a few days. With fluctuations in the Atlantic trade winds - the prevailing wind path of the convergence of mobile air in the atmosphere to become unstable, and thus have a chance of tropical cyclone formation. ■ conditions generated Tropical cyclones derive their energy from water vapor latent heat released during solidification. Conditions for the formation of tropical cyclones, is still being studied so far have not been fully understood. Generally believed that the formation of tropical cyclones should have the six conditions, but the tropical cyclone may be incomplete in terms of these six cases have generated. Sea surface temperature of not less than 26.5 ° Celsius, and water depth of not less than fifty meters. The water temperature enough to cause instability in the upper atmosphere, thereby to maintain convection and thunderstorms. Atmospheric temperature decreases rapidly with height. This allows the latent heat is released, and these latent source of energy for tropical cyclones. Moist air, especially in the middle and lower troposphere. Humid atmosphere conducive to the formation of the weather disturbance. Need latitude from the equator region generated more than five, otherwise the strength of the Coriolis force not enough to deflect the wind blowing and the low pressure center around its rotation, circulation center can not be formed. Is not strong vertical wind shear, and if the vertical wind shear is too strong, the development of tropical cyclones will be hindered convection, so the positive feedback mechanism fails to start. A pre-existing low pressure center and has a circulation and weather disturbances. ■ the location of generation Most tropical cyclones form in the ITCZ, intertropical convergence zone is in tropical regions of thunderstorm activity area. Tropical cyclone formation in areas of high sea temperatures, usually above 27 degrees Celsius. The eastern part of their production in the ocean, moving westward, and increased in the process of moving. Most of these systems in the 10 to 30 degrees latitude north and south between the formation, and 87% at 20 degrees or less formed. Because the Coriolis force to give and maintain tropical cyclone rotation, tropical cyclones rarely the weakest in the Coriolis force within five degrees latitude north and south production. However, tropical cyclones may also be formed in the region, such as typhoons in 2001 and 2004 thrushes of tropical cyclones agni. ■ Sports Steering flow Tropical cyclones guided mainly by the flow of large-scale, tropical cyclone movement was the former head of the U.S. National Hurricane Center 尼尔法兰克 Dr. (dr. neil frank) described as "leaf is water driven." At about 20 degrees latitude north and south of tropical cyclones mainly subtropical (on the ocean for many years maintained a high-pressure zone) to guide and to the westward steering flow, which flow from east to west called the trade winds. In the North Atlantic and North Pacific, the tropical wave will be directed to the trade winds from the west coast of Africa and North America, the Caribbean, and finally to the central Pacific until the steering flow weakened, these fluctuations (known as easterly waves) is this region, the predecessor of many tropical cyclones. In the Indian Ocean and Western Pacific, mainly the formation of storm ITCZ and the monsoon trough in the quarters change, relative to the Atlantic and Northeast Pacific, easterly waves form a smaller proportion of tropical cyclones. ■ Coriolis force Tropical Cyclone Monica near peak intensity of the color enhanced infrared cloud images. Because of the Coriolis force, the storm rotates clockwise. Coriolis force (the Coriolis force), is the inertial system (air flow to linear motion) in the non-inertial system (Earth's rotation since the turn) resulting from a moving phenomenon. Coriolis force is not real, but for a bit in the non-inertial system, the observer would think that the path of inertia of the system shifted, and thus a hypothetical acceleration, the acceleration of an object multiplied by an imaginary force quality has become . Although the Coriolis force can only produce the Earth's rotation, but the shape of Earth's sphere, and latitude need to add a relevant factor. Therefore, the Coriolis acceleration on the earth: where v is the horizontal component of Earth's rotation rate. Thus we can see the public's higher latitude, the greater the Coriolis acceleration, is zero at the equator (and therefore the equator do not usually produce tropical cyclones). Coriolis force on earth to turn a special case called the bias force, the impact of cyclone movement has two main, on the one hand the system determines the cyclone rotation; the other hand, the way forward is to determine the cyclone. When the air into the low pressure center along the pressure gradient, the atmospheric flow and differences in the way the Earth's rotation, air flow will occur a certain degree of deviation. In the northern hemisphere, when the low pressure center north of the air southward, opposite to the direction of the Earth's rotation (west) off; the south when the air moving north is the direction of rotation of the Earth (East) off, while the southern hemisphere off the air in the opposite direction. Because the Coriolis force and the speed of the air phase to the low pressure center of the vertical, which would create a driving force for rotating cyclone system: the Northern Hemisphere cyclones rotate counter-clockwise, in the Southern Hemisphere cyclones rotate clockwise. Coriolis force also cyclone system in the absence of strong steering flow towards the poles under the influence. Tropical cyclones to rotate the part of the poles will be affected by a slight increase of the Coriolis force of the weight of the poles, and its rotation to the equatorial part of the equator will be a slight increase in weight. Closer to the equator on Earth the Coriolis force will be weaker, so the impact of the Coriolis force of tropical cyclones would be more weight to the poles to the equator, the weight is more. Therefore, the steering flow in the absence of other off_set_ting the case of the Coriolis force, the Northern Hemisphere tropical cyclones generally move northward, and the Southern Hemisphere tropical cyclone is moving south. ■ conservation of angular momentum Although the Coriolis force determine the direction of rotation of cyclones, but its high-speed rotation of the main driving force Quefei Coriolis force, but rather the result of conservation of angular momentum: the scope of air from the cyclone is much larger than the area drawn into the low pressure center, due to increased quality angular momentum change, thus leading to the angular velocity of rotation of cyclones greatly increased. Tropical cyclone cloud system is the most obvious movement toward the center, but also the principle of conservation of angular momentum into the air outside, near the time of the low pressure center will gradually accelerate. When the gas flow will start up after the arrival center, outward flow, thus high-level clouds will be trying to get out (divergence). This is due to moisture in the air has been released from tropical cyclones in the air, "chimney" was discharged. Divergence to the formation of thin cirrus clouds at high altitude, and external rotation in tropical cyclones, the advent of cirrus clouds may be the first tropical cyclone warning. In addition to its tropical cyclone rotation, conservation of angular momentum also affects the movement of cyclone path. Low-latitude regions of the earth's rotation radius of the larger, so the off_set_ lower gas flow; high latitudes of the Earth's rotation radius is small, so the larger the off_set_ the gas flow. This power is moving north in the Northern Hemisphere tropical cyclones, one of the reasons the southern hemisphere move south. ■ and the role of mid-latitude westerlies 1973 Hurricane ione (left) and Hurricane kirsten (right) between the Fujiwara effect when the tropical cyclone moved higher latitudes, and its path around the subtropical high is located in the high-latitude area of low pressure changed. When a tropical cyclone moved closer to the polar area of low pressure will gradually appear east vector, which is the process of turning the tropical cyclone. For example, a mobile is heading for the continent of Asia because of the typhoon may occur in China or Siberia area of low pressure over turning to the north, and then accelerate to the northeast, grazed the coast of Japan. Typhoon to the northeast, because when it is located in the northern margin of the subtropical high, and guide the air flow is from west to east. ■ Fujiwara effect ■ Login "Landing" is the official definition of the storm's center (the center of circulation, not the edge) across the coastline, but a few hours before landfall in the tropical air, coastal and inland areas have the status of the storm will be. Because the location of the strongest tropical cyclone wind is not center, even if there is no tropical cyclone landfall, the land may also feel the strongest wind.
Translated by Google
Cyclone dissipated
■ dissipated because 2005 Atlantic hurricane season Tropical Storm Franklin. Strong convection of the storm was strong vertical wind shear cut off. 2006 Pacific typhoon season Typhoon Shanshan, the storm moved into a high-latitude extratropical cyclone after. Tropical cyclones usually weaken dissipated in the following circumstances, or loss of tropical characteristics. Into land. Because the loss of warm water to maintain energy, and weakened rapidly dissipated. Most of the strong one or two days after landfall of tropical cyclones that become loosely organized area of low pressure. But if warmth of ocean can be re-moved, they may re-development. Tropical cyclone moving through the mountains weakened rapidly in the short term. Stay in the same sea too long, 30 meters below sea level reveal the cooler water, so that the surface water temperature will drop, thus weakening tropical cyclones. Into the ocean water temperature below 26 degrees Celsius, it will lose its characteristics of tropical cyclones (warm heart of thunderstorms near the center of the structure), weakened into a low pressure area. Northeast Pacific tropical cyclone which is the main cause of dissipation. Case of strong vertical wind shear, convection damaged tissue. The role of westerlies, such as integration with the neighboring front, which makes the tropical cyclone into an extratropical cyclone, this process will continue for one to three days. [33] But even if the complete conversion of tropical cyclones, more often than they are able to maintain tropical storm of wind and precipitation to some extent. In the Pacific and Atlantic, formed by the tropical cyclone into an extratropical cyclone winds sometimes reach hurricane levels, seriously affecting the West Coast or Europe. Typhoon Ioke 2006 is one such example. Tropical cyclones are another weak area of low pressure affected by the destruction of a non-cyclonic thunderstorms, tropical cyclones or other strong absorption. ■ artificial dissipation The other was made of artificial weakening tropical cyclones include: To reduce the huge ice after a tropical cyclone by the sea water temperature; Eye structure formation in the early stages of their leaving the ice to absorb a large number of tropical cyclones release of latent heat, to prevent latent heat into kinetic energy; To suppress evaporation of the material covered by ocean; Tropical cyclone to blow up with nuclear weapons; Tropical cyclone to drop dry ice. But these programs face a problem: the volume is too large tropical cyclone to make them difficult to implement.
Translated by Google
Introduction of
■ negative impact ▲ United States after Hurricane Katrina hit Mississippi. The release of mature tropical cyclones can reach 6x1014 watts of power at sea tidal wave caused by tropical cyclones, storm. Sometimes make the ship sank, the International Maritime affected. However, in order to visit the land of tropical cyclone damage caused when the maximum, the main direct damage, including the following three points: Wind: hurricane-level wind enough to damage or even destroy the land, buildings, bridges, vehicles and so on. Particularly in the areas of the building has not been strengthened, resulting in greater damage. Wind blown debris can also empty, so that the outdoor environment to become very dangerous. Storm surge: Because tropical cyclones caused by wind and water pressure rise, can be inundated coastal areas, if applicable Pang astronomical high tide, more insidious. Tropical cyclone storm surges all kinds of damage are often among the most of life away. Rain: Tropical cyclones can cause persistent heavy rains. More rain in the mountains, and may cause flooding, mudslides and landslides. ▲ tropical cyclone also caused some collateral damage to landing, including: Diseases: caused by tropical cyclones after the water, and sewage damage suffered can cause epidemics. Destruction of infrastructure systems: tropical cyclone could damage roads, transmission facilities, etc., hampering rescue work. Agriculture: wind, rain could damage the fish, agricultural products, causing food shortages. Salt wind: the sea salt with the waves caused by tropical cyclones were taken to the land, attached to the crops could lead to crops withered leaves, attached to the cables may cause leakage. ■ positive impact Tropical cyclones have caused loss of life is immeasurable, but tropical cyclones also bring significant rain in arid areas. Annual rainfall in many areas important part are from the tropical cyclone. Northeast Pacific tropical cyclones such as the arid Southwest of Mexico and the United States to bring rain; Japan and even rainfall throughout the year nearly half are from tropical cyclones. Tropical cyclone is the maintenance of global distribution of heat and momentum balance is an important mechanism. Projected onto the tropical cyclone tropical sun, the heat energy into the sea, close to the mid-latitudes and polar regions. Also as a strong tropical cyclone vortex disturbance, the equatorial easterly angular momentum accumulated by transport to the mid-latitude westerly wind belt. ▲ observation Intense tropical cyclones has been observed since the human is a great challenge. Because they are the main activities in the ocean, mostly in land-based weather stations are not able to provide measured data, general observations on the ground only when the tropical cyclone through the islands or coastal areas is possible. But even if the tropical cyclone near the weather station, weather stations, more storms are generally only available outside the real-time data, because if too close when a strong storm, weather station monitoring facilities will be destroyed by strong winds. Equipped with weather reconnaissance aircraft monitoring equipment will also be sent to the center of tropical cyclones measured data extraction, in the Atlantic, when tropical cyclones occur regularly after the U.S. government to send reconnaissance aircraft for surveillance. These direct and remote-sensing reconnaissance aircraft equipped with a reading device, as well as cast off the delivery of equipment, measurement of high-altitude and sea level wind speed, air pressure, temperature and humidity. In 2005, an unmanned reconnaissance aircraft were sent to monitor Tropical Storm Ophelia. Unmanned reconnaissance aircraft can fly at lower altitude to monitor the storm and not worry about the safety of pilots. U.S. National Hurricane Center's numerical model for prediction of Atlantic tropical storms and hurricanes, the average annual error: numerical prediction of tropical cyclone track error from the 1970s show a downward trend. Elsewhere in the world did not monitor the storm reconnaissance. Tropical cyclones ocean mainly taken from weather satellites, generally every half hour or quarter of an hour later the visible and infrared satellite images to track; Dvorak intensity analysis, through evaluation from the cloud. When the storm near the coast, on land, every minute of the radar echo image of tropical cyclone position will play an important role. ▲ Forecast The waters of monitoring bodies and the World Meteorological Organization Regional Meteorological Centre responsible for sea or Tropical Cyclone Warning Centre U.S. National Hurricane Center Atlantic U.S. National Hurricane Center in Northeast Pacific In the North Pacific Central Pacific Hurricane Center Pacific Northwest Japan Meteorological Agency North Indian Ocean, Indian Meteorological Department Southwest Indian Ocean, Météo-France (Reunion Island) South and Southwest Pacific, Fiji Meteorological Department New Zealand Meteorological Department † † Department of Papua New Guinea Weather † Australian Bureau of Meteorology Southeast Indian Ocean, Australian Bureau of Meteorology † †: Tropical Cyclone Warning Center on behalf of ▲ Prediction Center * China's coastal climate of tropical cyclones Overview Impact of tropical cyclones is a major severe weather systems. In the course of its activities, accompanied by strong winds, heavy rain, huge waves and storm surges. Thus, tropical cyclones through the region although the lifting of the role of summer drought, but also cause great loss of lives and property. Liaoning, north China, south to the coastal area of Guangdong and Guangxi, tropical cyclones each year may suffer attacks, among which landed in Guangdong, Fujian and Taiwan provinces as the most number of tropical cyclones. Usual address: Used on different areas have different names of tropical cyclones. Northwest Pacific coast of Taiwan, China, Korea, Japan, Vietnam and the Philippines, said the local habits of tropical cyclones for the typhoon. The Atlantic and Northeast Pacific Rim are used in accordance with the intensity of tropical cyclones, said a local to a tropical depression, tropical storm or hurricane. Southern hemisphere and northern Indian Ocean region have adopted the "Cyclone" (English: cyclone) the term "tropical cyclone" (tropical cyclone) for short. Meteorology, only the wind speed reaches a certain level of tropical cyclones will be known as "Typhoon" or "hurricane" and other names.
Translated by Google
Endemic area
* The main source From 1985 to 2005, all generated by the tropical cyclone track. International Date Line to the west of the North Pacific generated the largest number of tropical cyclones; and South Atlantic tropical cyclone is almost no activity. Almost all are in the equatorial tropical cyclone within the north and south latitude, within thirty generation. About 87% of which is within twenty degrees latitude north and south. To turn a small off_set_ weak because the relationship within ten degrees latitude north and south of tropical cyclone formation of fewer opportunities, but not rare. Earth's average annual total of 80 tropical cyclone, the main origin are: The western North Pacific Including the South China Sea, affected areas include mainland China and Hainan, Taiwan; the Philippines, South Korea, Japan, Vietnam, the Pacific islands, the room also can affect Thailand and Indonesia. Pacific Northwest each year generated a third tropical cyclone of the world. China is the world's most coastal areas of tropical cyclone landfall; and every year there are six or seven tropical cyclones made landfall in the Philippines. The eastern North Pacific The second area to produce more tropical cyclones affected areas include Mexico, Hawaii, the Pacific island nation, under rare circumstances can affect California, and northern Central America. North Atlantic Including the Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico. Generated a great gap between the number per year, from one to over twenty ranging generate an annual average of about ten. Mainly affect the U.S. East Coast and Gulf Coast states, Mexico and the Caribbean countries, affecting up between Venezuela and Canada. Hurricane Vince in 2005 (in English: hurricane vince) more to the intensity of tropical depression landfall in Spain, is the only one ever recorded Atlantic storm landing in Europe. Western Pacific Mainly affects Australia and Oceania countries. North Indian Ocean Including the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea, mainly generated in the Bay of Bengal. North Indian Ocean, the peak wind season two: one before the start of the monsoon in April and May, and the other after the end of the monsoon in October and November. Of India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Myanmar and Pakistan, and sometimes it will affect the Arabian Peninsula. The eastern South Indian Ocean Of Indonesia and Western Australia. South West Indian Ocean Mainly affects Madagascar, Mozambique, Mauritius, Reunion, Tanzania, Comoros and Kenya and other places. [54] * A rare source South Atlantic Due to lower water temperatures, strong vertical wind shear, so far only three have been found to have formed in the South Atlantic tropical cyclones, including tropical cyclones hit Catarina, Brazil. Southeast Pacific The area because of strong vertical wind shear has not been found in the tropical cyclone. Mediterranean Very few had a similar storm of tropical cyclones formed. High latitudes Low temperature and long-term strong vertical wind so difficult for tropical cyclone formation. Very close to the equatorial waters Equatorial regions tend to turn to the smaller, difficult to form the rotary power of tropical cyclones. For example, in Singapore in 2001, a typhoon of thrush, and 2004 in the North Indian Ocean tropical cyclone formation agni, typhoons are rare near the equator. Thrush generated at latitude 1.5 degrees latitude, agni is 0.7 degrees north latitude record. agni generation is a mystery, yet scientists to explore. * Generation time Tropical cyclone formation, mainly in late summer, because the highest water temperature at this time. However, the exact generation time, each area has its unique quarter change. Comprehensive Globally, September is the most active tropical cyclone in January, while May is the least active month. * Rating The intensity of tropical cyclones generally assessed based on the average wind speed, the World Meteorological Organization recommends the use of very minute mean wind speed. But U.S. National Hurricane Center and Joint Typhoon Warning Center, and China Meteorological Administration were used for one minute and two-minute mean wind speed calculated sustained winds of tropical cyclone center. According to the definition of the United States and China, measured average wind speed, slightly higher than the United Nations definition. One minute and ten minutes in which the average wind speed of the approximate conversion formula is: minute mean wind speed = 0.88 times the average wind speed for one minute. Different regions of the tropical cyclones have different classification methods, in the United States, according to the hurricane Saffir - Simpson Hurricane rating into five grades according to strength, [62] Australia has a similar approach. The following is a district official (ie regional meteorological center dedicated (rsmc) or tropical cyclone warning centers (tcwc), except the Joint Typhoon Warning Center), on the classification of different intensity of tropical cyclones: Classification of tropical cyclones (all converted to ten-minute mean wind speed) Beaufort minute mean wind speed (knots) North Indian Ocean Southwest Indian Ocean, the Indian Meteorological Department Australian Bureau of Meteorology, France Australian Bureau of Meteorology South West Pacific Fiji Weather Bureau Pacific Northwest Pacific Northwest Japan Meteorological Agency Joint Typhoon Warning Center and the Northeast Pacific North Atlantic National Hurricane Center Central Pacific Hurricane Center 0 ╟ 6 <28 low-pressure tropical disturbance tropical depression tropical depression tropical depression tropical depression tropical depression 728-29 tropical depression over the depth of depression Tropical Storm Tropical Storm 30-33 8 ╟ 9 34 ╟ 47 moderate cyclonic storm tropical storm tropical cyclone (a) tropical cyclone tropical storm 10 48 ╟ 55 strong cyclonic storm severe tropical storm tropical cyclone (II) Severe Tropical Storm 11 56 ╟ 63 Typhoon Hurricane (a) 12 64 ╟ 72 very strong tropical cyclone cyclonic storm severe tropical cyclones (three) Typhoon 73 ╟ 85 hurricanes (II) 86 ╟ 89 severe tropical cyclones (four) major hurricane (III) 90 ╟ 99 severe tropical cyclones 100 ╟ 106 intense hurricanes (four) 107-114 intense tropical cyclones (five) 115 ╟ 119 very strong super typhoon, tropical cyclone > 120 Super cyclonic storm intense hurricanes (five) According to the China Meteorological Administration, "Classification of tropical cyclones on the implementation of national standards," the notice, near the center of tropical cyclone maximum wind speed at the bottom is divided into six levels, "Typhoon" is only one of them. First, the tropical depression, the average wind speed near the center bottom of 10.8-17.1 m / s, that wind is 6-7; Second, tropical storms, the average wind speed near the center bottom of 17.2-24.4 m / s, that is, wind 8-9 level; Third, strong tropical storm, the average wind speed near the center bottom of 24.5-32.6 m / s, that is, wind 10-11 class; Fourth, the typhoon, the average wind speed near the center bottom of 32.7-41.4 m / s, that is, level 12-13; Fifth, strong typhoon, the average wind speed near the center bottom of 41.5-50.9 m / s, that is, level 14-15; VI, super typhoon, the average wind speed near the center bottom of ≥ 51.0 m / s, that is 16 or above. * Tropical cyclones form at all levels The following are examples of tropical cyclones at all levels, pay attention to the following description is only for the cloud in a storm cloud, with the same level of other tropical cyclones may not have these characteristics. Typhoon (Hurricane) level and above As a result of tropical cyclones Saffir - Simpson Hurricane rating, so all the Atlantic or the Northeast Pacific hurricane to make cases. 2006 tropical depression 01w, the cloud began to get organized, but no spiral-shaped cloud and wind and other eye stronger tropical cyclones occur in the structure. Tropical storm in 2006 the Qing Song, obviously the helix than the previous map tropical depression 01w better. In 2006, Severe Tropical Storm Bopha, the organization of the cloud spiral of the map than before the tropical storm Sonamu better. 2005, a hurricane Ophelia, reached hurricane (typhoon) the strength of vague eye begins to form. Hurricane Irene in 2005, the secondary structure of hurricanes than the previous figure Ophelia closely. Three hurricanes in 2005, according to Elena, spiral and strong, structure, the eye wall development has matured. 2004, four hurricanes Frances, the eye of the hurricane over the previous figure by Elena clear, rounded. Hurricane Rita in 2005, five, five is the highest level of classification sshs, infrared cloud on the near-perfect storm: a clear eye round, the structure is very close. * Limited grading system
Translated by Google
Name explain
■ name and number Because the ocean may also appear on several tropical cyclones, in order to reduce confusion, when the tropical cyclone reaches tropical storm intensity, the meteorological agency will make its name. According to each region of tropical cyclone naming list of different names, the table is named by the World Meteorological Organization members or district organization is responsible for development of tropical cyclone forecasting. When tropical cyclone is removed, the new name will be _select_ed for replacement. ■ naming The naming of tropical cyclones is different in various districts. When a typhoon season in the Atlantic tropical storm generated more than 21, or the Northeast Pacific tropical storm generated more than 24 named table name will be exhausted. After the formation of tropical storms will be named after the Greek alphabet. 2005 Atlantic hurricane season for the first time this situation. So far, the Greek alphabet has not named tropical cyclones caused severe damage to the face removed, so how to deal with this situation is still unknown. ▲ central North Pacific The central North Pacific, tropical cyclones are named in the table by the Pacific Hurricane Center in Hawaii, responsible for the development. Four names from the Hawaiian name composed of the table is in use. Unlike the Atlantic and North Pacific, the central North Pacific storm named tables will not change every year. ▲ Pacific Northwest Main article: Typhoon # Name and number of typhoons To reduce confusion, the Japanese in 1981 was commissioned for each of the Northwest Pacific and South China Sea region of tropical storm strength tropical cyclone with an international number, but to allow other regions to continue to be given their own number. Since then, the most international release, organizations will publish the international number in brackets (jtwc exception). However, the meteorological agency the number of tropical cyclones sometimes there will be differences, mainly because of its assessment of tropical cyclone intensity is different. For example, typhoon season in 2006, the China Meteorological Administration told the man not named storm of the Japan Meteorological Agency (CMA's 0614) to make numbers, so the rest of the typhoon season, the former number one more than the latter. When a tropical cyclone caused severe damage in a particular area, the area may require its removal. Named tropical cyclones for the country would mention a name as a replacement. For example, mainland China and Hong Kong will be made by the people nominated, then _select_ed a number of the winning name submitted to the World Meteorological Organization to confirm the _select_ion one of the name. ▲ South Pacific and southeast Indian Ocean Australian Bureau of Meteorology for the Australian western, northern and eastern parts of the development of a tropical cyclone naming list, in alphabetical order, alternating male and female names. Fiji and Papua New Guinea will provide the name of the area. ▲ Southwest Indian Ocean ■ removal If the current tropical cyclone named life or cause significant casualties and property losses. International Meteorological Organization will be discussed and decided whether to remove it from the circulation list, and then the name of the country from re-submit a new name, and provide the name of the region may also change the name of their own requirements. The new name must be approved by the International Meteorological Organization Typhoon Committee unanimously approved.
Translated by Google
Climate Impact
Meteorologists believe that the strength of a tropical cyclone or a typhoon season the level of activity, can not be attributed to single factors, such as global warming or other natural environment. [75] However, the intensity of tropical cyclones and frequency of long-term trend, but clues may be seen from the statistics. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (geophysical fluid dynamics laboratory) have made a simulation, concluded that: "the atmosphere of greenhouse gases continue to increase to global warming, which may make the next century, the intensity of tropical cyclone was more intense than the current strongest. " In the "Nature" magazine article, Kerry Emmanuel (kerry emanuel) that the destructive potential of tropical cyclones (including tropical cyclone intensity, duration and frequency), and the tropical regions and the global sea-level degrees has much to global warming. He is expected in the 21st century, the damage caused by tropical cyclones will increase substantially. [77] and p · j · Webster (pj webster), etc. in the "Science" magazine published an article, except that the North Atlantic over the past decade, other waters of tropical cyclones are the reduction of the number of occurrences However, to achieve four or five hurricane intensity is a significant increase in the number of tropical cyclones. Emanuel and Webster thought that sea surface temperature on the development of tropical cyclones is very important, but what factors lead to rising sea surface temperatures, still is unknown. In the Atlantic, sea surface temperature rise may be due to global warming, it may just be due to the volatility of natural sea water temperature (usually 50 to 70 year cycle).
Translated by Google
Related topics
Typhoon Saffir - Simpson Hurricane rating Tropical Cyclone Warning Record of tropical cyclones Name of tropical cyclone formation waters described in the year 1979 Northwest Pacific typhoon Taipei worldwide most intense tropical cyclone ever recorded, but also the largest coverage of tropical cyclones. 2005 Atlantic Hurricane Wilma on record the strongest Atlantic tropical cyclone. 2006 South Pacific Southern Hemisphere Cyclone Monica had most intense tropical cyclone ever recorded. 2006 Pacific hurricane Ioke the record in the Pacific, the strongest tropical cyclone. Hurricane Linda, 1997 Northeast Pacific Northeast Pacific are most intense tropical cyclone ever recorded. Hurricane John in 1994, the record of the Northeast Pacific to maintain the world's longest tropical cyclone. The North Indian Ocean cyclone agni 2004 records worldwide since the degree of the nearest red tropical cyclone formation. Cyclone Tracy in 1974, the South Pacific on record worldwide coverage of the smallest tropical cyclone The current typhoon season 2007 Pacific typhoon season 2007 Atlantic hurricane season 2007 Pacific hurricane season 2006-2007 Southern Hemisphere tropical cyclone season 2007 North Indian Ocean cyclone season Hurricanes of the Caribbean: Tropical cyclone; later can also refer to any tropical cyclone with winds Typhoon: refers to the waters of the Tornado Asia Pacific Philippines or China Sea tropical cyclones occur See reference Tropical Storm Tropical Cyclone Tropical cyclones occur in the tropical ocean with strong weather system, it is like to move forward in the vortex flow, like rivers, while rapidly rotating around the center of their own, while moving forward with the surrounding atmosphere. Extratropical cyclone the same as in the Northern Hemisphere tropical cyclones in the air around the center of rotation was counterclockwise in the southern hemisphere and vice versa. The more close to the tropical cyclone center, the lower the pressure, the greater the wind. But the development of intense tropical cyclones such as typhoons, its center is a calm clear sky regions, namely, eye of the typhoon.
Translated by Google
Definition
Tropical cyclone (Tropical Cyclone) occurs in tropical and subtropical Yang Mianshang vortex of low pressure is a powerful and strong tropical weather system. Tropical cyclones in the tropics usually 3-5 degrees of latitude from the equator outside the average sea (such as the Northwest Pacific, North Atlantic, Indian Ocean) to form, the Coriolis force mainly by mobile and other affected by large scale weather systems, and eventually dissipated over the sea or denatured as an extratropical cyclone, or after the dissipation of the land in the landing. Tropical cyclone landfall land will cause serious property and casualty, is a natural disaster. But tropical cyclones is also a component of atmospheric circulation, the ability to heat and angular momentum of rotation of the earth taken from the equatorial regions of higher latitudes; In addition, the arid coastal areas for a long time to bring abundant rain. In the Pacific Northwest, is the world's tropical cyclones occur most often, the biggest strength of the sea. In the western North Pacific tropical cyclone, the general has the following lines of action: (1) The most common route is to the northwest, landing China Taiwan, and the southeast coast; (2) west direction, through the Philippines, entered the Chinese South China Sea area; (3) by the subtropical high, front, easterly waves and tropical cyclones in the vicinity of the impact of the other, the emergence of various unusual path; (4) showed a parabolic trajectory, not in mainland China, but across the East China Sea to the Korean Peninsula Japan's direction to remove the final degeneration of the extratropical cyclone. The biggest characteristic of tropical cyclones is its energy from the cooling water vapor latent heat released during solidification. Other weather systems such as the extratropical cyclone depends mainly on the level of the cold northern air temperature caused by the surface. Tropical cyclone landfall, or when tropical cyclones move to lower temperature of ocean will be warm and humid because of the loss of air supply to the energy dissipated or weakened into an extratropical cyclone. The flow of tropical cyclones by the effect of the Coriolis force around the center of rotation. In the northern hemisphere, tropical cyclones rotate counterclockwise in the Southern Hemisphere rotate clockwise Zeyi. Used on different areas have different names of tropical cyclones. Western Pacific coast of China, Taiwan, Japan, Vietnam, Philippines, said the local habits of tropical cyclones for typhoon. The Atlantic is used to refer to the local tropical cyclone hurricane. Other parts of tropical cyclones have different titles, in Australia, known as the "power - the power of" meteorology, only the wind speed reaches a certain level of tropical cyclones will be known as "Typhoon", "Hurricane" and other names.
Translated by Google
The level of tropical cyclones
Central Weather Bureau (CMA) (with two minutes mean wind speed) First, the tropical depression, the average wind speed near the center bottom of 10.8 ~ 17.1m / s, but also that the wind of 6 to 7; Second, tropical storms, the average wind speed near the center bottom of 17.2 ~ 24.4m / s, ie, wind 8 to 9; Third, strong tropical storm, maximum wind speed near the center of the bottom of 24.5 ~ 32.6m / s, ie wind 10 to 11; Fourth, the typhoon, the average wind speed near the center bottom of 32.7 ~ 41.4m / s, ie 12 to 13; Fifth, strong typhoon, the average wind speed near the center bottom of 41.5 ~ 50.9m / s, ie 14 to 15; VI, super typhoon, the average wind speed near the center bottom of ≥ 51.0m / s, that is 16 or above. Note: In fact, the Central Weather Bureau in order to prevent confusion, the wind had never been reported that more than 65m / s typhoons (in fact, it encountered much stronger than typhoon weather will be more confusing), which also led to the eyes of their fans in the wind disrepute. United Air Police Centre (JTWC) (with one minute mean wind speed) Tropical depression (Tropical Depression) ≤ 33KT (KT is the speed unit "section (knot)" of the title, conversion ratio is 1KT = 0.5144m / s) Tropical storm (Tropical Storm) 34KT-63KT A typhoon (CATEGORY 1) 64 ~ 82 KT Typhoon II (CATEGORY 2) 83 ~ 95 KT Three typhoons (CATEGORY 3) 96 ~ 113 KT Four typhoons (CATEGORY 4) 114 ~ 135 KT Five typhoons (CATEGORY 5)> 135 KT Note: KT is the speed unit "section (knot)" of the title, conversion ratio is 1KT = 0.5144m / s Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) (with ten-minute mean wind speed, the World Meteorological Organization standards) Tropical depression (Denki-pressure low heat Bands) ≤ 33 KT Typhoon (Typhoon) 34KT ~ 63 KT Strong (strong い) 64 ~ 84 KT Exceptionally strong (very strong に い) 85 ~ 104 KT Violent (violent na) ≥ 105 KT Note: The Typhoon is based on minute mean wind speed (that is, JMA standards) for international numbers.
Translated by Google
Introduction of
■ negative impact ▲ United States after Hurricane Katrina hit Mississippi. The release of mature tropical cyclones can reach 6x1014 watts of power at sea tidal wave caused by tropical cyclones, storm. Sometimes make the ship sank, the International Maritime affected. However, in order to visit the land of tropical cyclone damage caused when the maximum, the main direct damage, including the following three points: Wind: hurricane-level wind enough to damage or even destroy the land, buildings, bridges, vehicles and so on. Particularly in the areas of the building has not been strengthened, resulting in greater damage. Wind blown debris can also empty, so that the outdoor environment to become very dangerous. Storm surge: Because tropical cyclones caused by wind and water pressure rise, can be inundated coastal areas, if applicable Pang astronomical high tide, more insidious. Tropical cyclone storm surges all kinds of damage are often among the most of life away. Rain: Tropical cyclones can cause persistent heavy rains. More rain in the mountains, and may cause flooding, mudslides and landslides. ▲ tropical cyclone also caused some collateral damage to landing, including: Diseases: caused by tropical cyclones after the water, and sewage damage suffered can cause epidemics. Destruction of infrastructure systems: tropical cyclone could damage roads, transmission facilities, etc., hampering rescue work. Agriculture: wind, rain could damage the fish, agricultural products, causing food shortages. Salt wind: the sea salt with the waves caused by tropical cyclones were taken to the land, attached to the crops could lead to crops withered leaves, attached to the cables may cause leakage. ■ positive impact Tropical cyclones have caused loss of life is immeasurable, but tropical cyclones also bring significant rain in arid areas. Annual rainfall in many areas important part are from the tropical cyclone. Northeast Pacific tropical cyclones such as the arid Southwest of Mexico and the United States to bring rain; Japan and even rainfall throughout the year nearly half are from tropical cyclones. Tropical cyclone is the maintenance of global distribution of heat and momentum balance is an important mechanism. Projected onto the tropical cyclone tropical sun, the heat energy into the sea, close to the mid-latitudes and polar regions. Also as a strong tropical cyclone vortex disturbance, the equatorial easterly angular momentum accumulated by transport to the mid-latitude westerly wind belt. ▲ observation Intense tropical cyclones has been observed since the human is a great challenge. Because they are the main activities in the ocean, mostly in land-based weather stations are not able to provide measured data, general observations on the ground only when the tropical cyclone through the islands or coastal areas is possible. But even if the tropical cyclone near the weather station, weather stations, more storms are generally only available outside the real-time data, because if too close when a strong storm, weather station monitoring facilities will be destroyed by strong winds. Equipped with weather reconnaissance aircraft monitoring equipment will also be sent to the center of tropical cyclones measured data extraction, in the Atlantic, when tropical cyclones occur regularly after the U.S. government to send reconnaissance aircraft for surveillance. These direct and remote-sensing reconnaissance aircraft equipped with a reading device, as well as cast off the delivery of equipment, measurement of high-altitude and sea level wind speed, air pressure, temperature and humidity. In 2005, an unmanned reconnaissance aircraft were sent to monitor Tropical Storm Ophelia. Unmanned reconnaissance aircraft can fly at lower altitude to monitor the storm and not worry about the safety of pilots. U.S. National Hurricane Center's numerical model for prediction of Atlantic tropical storms and hurricanes, the average annual error: numerical prediction of tropical cyclone track error from the 1970s show a downward trend. Elsewhere in the world did not monitor the storm reconnaissance. Tropical cyclones ocean mainly taken from weather satellites, generally every half hour or quarter of an hour later the visible and infrared satellite images to track; Dvorak intensity analysis, through evaluation from the cloud. When the storm near the coast, on land, every minute of the radar echo image of tropical cyclone position will play an important role. ▲ Forecast The waters of monitoring bodies and the World Meteorological Organization Regional Meteorological Centre responsible for sea or Tropical Cyclone Warning Centre U.S. National Hurricane Center Atlantic U.S. National Hurricane Center in Northeast Pacific In the North Pacific Central Pacific Hurricane Center Pacific Northwest Japan Meteorological Agency North Indian Ocean, Indian Meteorological Department Southwest Indian Ocean, Météo-France (Reunion Island) South and Southwest Pacific, Fiji Meteorological Department New Zealand Meteorological Department † † Department of Papua New Guinea Weather † Australian Bureau of Meteorology Southeast Indian Ocean, Australian Bureau of Meteorology † †: Tropical Cyclone Warning Center on behalf of ▲ Prediction Center * China's coastal climate of tropical cyclones Overview Impact of tropical cyclones is a major severe weather systems. In the course of its activities, accompanied by strong winds, heavy rain, huge waves and storm surges. Thus, tropical cyclones through the region although the lifting of the role of summer drought, but also cause great loss of lives and property. Liaoning, north China, south to the coastal area of Guangdong and Guangxi, tropical cyclones each year may suffer attacks, among which landed in Guangdong, Fujian and Taiwan provinces as the most number of tropical cyclones.
Translated by Google
Usual address:
Used on different areas have different names of tropical cyclones. Northwest Pacific coast of Taiwan, China, Korea, Japan, Vietnam and the Philippines, said the local habits of tropical cyclones for the typhoon. The Atlantic and Northeast Pacific Rim are used in accordance with the intensity of tropical cyclones, said a local to a tropical depression, tropical storm or hurricane. Southern hemisphere and northern Indian Ocean region have adopted the "Cyclone" (English: Cyclone) the term "tropical cyclone" (Tropical Cyclone) for short. Occurred in the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea, known as the cyclonic storm; near the Philippines, called "Baja Mindanao Andean" or the "Baguio wind"; appear in the Southern Indian Ocean and northern Australia coast Yang Mianshang, called the "power of power ", meaning crafty, cunning terrible, repeat the" power ", to tell people to be extra vigilant; occurred in the Indian Ocean east of Madagascar on the sea, known as the" Mauritius. " Meteorology, only the wind speed reaches a certain level of tropical cyclones will be known as "Typhoon" or "hurricane" and other names.
Translated by Google
Wikipedia Daquan
redai qixuan Tropical Cyclone tropical cyclone The tropical ocean atmosphere of a strong vortex. Take the center of the intensity maximum average surface wind speed. Occurred in the warm season, other seasons may also occur. Classification of tropical cyclone intensity due to different sources and address different. Occurred in the western North Pacific and the South China Sea known as the Typhoon. Before 1989, China has provided meteorological department, the maximum wind near the center of the 12 and above (central maximum wind speed is equal to or greater than 32.7 meters / second) is called a strong typhoon, wind 8 to 11 (wind speed at 17.2 32.6 meters / second) is called a typhoon, wind 7 and below (wind speed less than or equal to 17.1 m / s) known as the tropical depression. Occurred in the Northeast Pacific and North Atlantic, near the center of maximum wind at 12 and above are called hurricanes, wind 8 to 11 are called tropical storms, wind 7 and the following referred to as the tropical low pressure. Occurred in the Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea, the wind near the center and above the 8 level as cyclonic storms, wind less than 8-level low pressure system known as cyclones. Occurred in the southern hemisphere, the maximum wind near the center and above the eight referred to as tropical cyclones, wind less than 8 class called tropical disturbances. September 15, 1988, Chinese State Bureau of Technical Supervision and the National Weather Service decided to China from January 1, 1989 from tropical cyclones using the name of international regulations and grading standards (see table). Generally believed that the formation of tropical cyclones must meet the following conditions: ① There seawater temperature is greater than 26 ~ 27 ℃ vast ocean, so that the air is hot and humid Yangmian Shang state. ② Coriolis parameter (□ = 2 □ sin □, □ for the Earth's rotation angular velocity, □ for the latitude) to be greater than a certain value to ensure the birth of the cyclonic circulation will not be weakened. Tropical cyclone formation generally greater than 5 ° in latitude waters. ③ basic flow vertical shear is small, so that latent heat will not be high-level strong winds to the distance, but to focus on the same vertical column in favor of the formation of warm center. ④ a more stable low-level convergence field or high-altitude radiation has a strong and stable flow field divergence. Source and path of tropical cyclones formed the main source is the Northwest Pacific, Northeast Pacific, North Atlantic, South Pacific, the eastern and western South Indian Ocean, the Bay of Bengal, Arabian Sea. According to statistics from 1958 to 1977, global average, 79 tropical cyclones each year, of which up to the Pacific Northwest, accounting for more than a quarter. Tropical cyclones affect the source of China are: ① the east of the Philippines and the sea near the Ryukyu Islands; ② near the Marshall Islands Mariana Islands and the sea; ③ the South China Sea. With the winds of tropical cyclones, storms and waves, often to the maritime transport, fisheries and coastal harm people's lives. But the rain brought by tropical cyclones are sometimes good for the lifting of the drought. (Dong Keqin)