A kind of black or brown explosives, the potassium nitrate, charcoal and sulfur mechanical mixture, were initially made of powder, usually made after the different particle size, the need for different purposes, before the introduction of smokeless powder, The military has been used as the only propellant
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No. 2
Reply with gunpowder. - "Guangdong Military Affairs in mind"
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No. 3
Bullet gunpowder. - Qing Liang "Tan Chuan"
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No. 4
Powder firearms. - Qing Shao-heng, "Green left the door draft"
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No. 5
Gunpowder 300 vase.
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No. 6
Heat or shock immediately after the explosion of the compound or mixture. Ming Song should sing "Heavenly Creations gunpowder": "Where the gunpowder with nitre sulfur-based, supplemented by plant ash. Glass of Yam, sulfur tolerance to the yang, yin and yang, the two met at the fetish that can accommodate no gap among its out also, the characters themselves for the soul, but soul Jifen San surprise. "clarify and state the amount of" Night with the recorded Feng Tan Son ":" ﹝ ﹞ is to take guns gunpowder in lead son of the woman made. "Mao," China and the Chinese Revolution Communist Party "Chapter I:" In the very early time, China has had a compass of invention. still 1800 years ago, has already invented the paper-making method. In the 1300 years ago, has already invented the engraved version printing. In 800 years ago, more invented movable type. the application of gunpowder, also before Europeans. "
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No. 7
Pharmacy name. Bao Zhao Southern Song "Evergreen Chapter" Preface: "breathe lack breath, look sad men, and powder room and be the lack of."
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No. 8
A class of explosives. Explosion, smoke some, such as black powder, some did not smoke, such as cellulose nitrate.
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Brief introduction
One of the four great inventions of ancient China. An outstanding achievement in the history of human civilization. Gunpowder is also known as black powder. Under appropriate external action of energy, can be performed rapidly and its regular combustion, and a large high-temperature gas generating material. In the military primarily as bullets, shells and energy propellant, propellant and other drive is an important part of the ammunition. Powder is saltpeter, sulfur, charcoal or other combustible material as a main component, or a burning speed after ignition energy explosive mixture. Generally considered by a sulfur (sulfur) dinitramide (saltpeter) mixing ratio of three charcoal, which is the most explosive strength, and after this mixing ratio of black or gray-black, hence the name of black gunpowder. Gunpowder was the first explosive human master, one of the four great inventions of ancient China. Because saltpeter, sulfur, etc. are easily ignited and burn violently drugs mixed in ancient China, it is known as gunpowder. Modern black powder is evolved from ancient Chinese gunpowder. For the development of world culture has played a major role. Gunpowder originated in ancient Chinese alchemy, ancient chemist (alchemists) were in use as early as the Han Dynasty have mastered the stone nitrate drugs, sulfur, after a long practice of alchemy, and no later than three years of Emperor Xian Zong Yuan (AD 808 years ) has previously been invented gunpowder, and at the end of the Five early Northern Song Dynasty (10th century) to produce gunpowder weapons used by arson. In practice, the Song and Yuan dynasties continue to create new firearms, and continuously improve the performance of gunpowder, bombs with gunpowder and metal tubular shooting firearms have been used in propellants, such as manufactured and Ming reached the degree of maturity. Qi Jiguang book "Ji Xiao Xin Shu", the formula for gunpowder and manufacturing processes are described in detail. Because it is the sulfur, saltpeter, charcoal mixture, and the first two books in the Han Chinese into the first pharmacologic classics ("Shen Nong's Herbal Classic") have been listed as important in medicine. That gunpowder itself is classified as drug class, television drama and fiction often heal someone gunpowder plot, the true, instantaneous combustion of gunpowder can stop the bleeding, in addition, Ming Li's "Compendium of Materia Medica," said the powder can cure ringworm sores, insect, monarch moisture and plague. Tang Dynasty, gunpowder had been used for military. Tang Zhaozong God Bless Dynasty (AD 904) Yu Zhang Yang Xingmi army siege, the Ministry will order his troops hair dryer Fan Cheng Fei fire, burning dragon Salmonella, led by warrior sudden fire be logged city, anxious to be body <nine Chi - Chuan Cheng Fan> . Fly fire talking about here is the artillery, rockets and the like. The ring is made of artillery gunpowder, ignited after the hanging wire thrown out by Trebuchet; rocket is tied beneath the ball arrowheads gunpowder, ignited after the hanging wire shot with a bow. In the Song Dynasty, war after another, to promote the accelerated development of gunpowder weapons. Northern Song Dynasty government established a gunpowder mill, has made gunpowder arrows, guns and other weapons to the main combustion performance and Charlie Cannon, strong Zhentian Lei and other explosive weapons. Song to create a giant bamboo tube, gunpowder spears built in AD 1259. Yuan appeared to handguns bronze copper generals. These are the driving force of an explosive gunpowder weapons, showing an unprecedented power in the war. Gunpowder is also used to make explosive battle, meteors, like fireworks entertainment tool, also used in the production business. 12,13 century AD, gunpowder incoming first Arab country, and then spread to Europe via Greece and around the world. Progress of a civilized human society, the economy and the development of science and culture, played a role. American and French States until the mid-fourteenth century, have documented the application of gunpowder and firearms. Gunpowder was invented in China, dating back more than a thousand years. Research began in ancient alchemy gunpowder. China was the first country the invention of gunpowder, gunpowder officially appeared in the late Tang Dynasty (9th century) time. Gunpowder is composed of ancient alchemists invention, from the Warring States Period to the early Han Dynasty, emperors nobles immortal gods indulge in fantasy, driven by some of the Taoist alchemist refining "elixir" in the process of gradually refining the invention of gunpowder formula. Tang Emperor Yong Chun Tang Dynasty alchemists in the first year (AD 682 years) pioneered the sulfur-volt Fire, with Iwo, saltpeter, and research into powder, plus saponins child (including carbon). Emperor Xian Zong Yuan and three years (AD 808 years) and hit like fire Cephas, with saltpeter, sulfur and aristolochic (including carbon) Shaolian together. Both formulations are expected to combine three drugs, has begun to have ingredients contained gunpowder. Gunpowder was not originally used in the military, but in the Song Dynasty armies acrobatic circus performances, puppet shows and fireworks in acrobatics - drug hair puppet performances in Song "hold gong" and "hard ghost", "dumb arts drama" etc. acrobatic show, are just the rise of the use of gunpowder products "explosive battle" and "spit fire", etc., in order to create a mysterious atmosphere. Song also performing magic with gunpowder, fireworks spray mist to escape as people change, etc., in order to close the magical blur effect!
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Gunpowder classification
1, gunpowder weapons projectile energy emitted by applications can be divided into: Point gunpowder, propellant, solid propellant. Propellant which is divided into: gun with propellant gun propellant with propellant, ejection seats. Solid propellant rocket is divided into a solid propellant missile with a solid propellant. 2, according to the external characteristics when burning gunpowder can be divided into: Smoke smoke drugs and drugs: a different variation of the surface area by gunpowder combustion, can be divided into less surface burning gunpowder, burning gunpowder constant surface, increasing surface burning gunpowder. 3, according to the powder molding process can be divided into: suppression of gunpowder, casting powder, mixed powder and so on. According to certain characteristics can be divided into volatile gunpowder gunpowder, hardly volatile gunpowder. 4, according to the structure divided by gunpowder: homogeneous and heterogeneous gunpowder gunpowder, because of the different structures, bringing technological properties, combustion properties and physical and mechanical properties, etc. are significant differences. Homogeneous powder is divided into: single base propellant, double base propellant, Torquay drugs, modified double base propellant. Kodak double base propellant subdivided into double base propellant, too Valles double base propellant. Heterogeneity is divided into black powder gunpowder, gunpowder and other composites.
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Composed of gunpowder
Gunpowder mixture of sulfur, saltpeter, charcoal is made. Long ago, our ancestors on the three substances have a certain understanding. As early as the Neolithic people knew at the time of firing pottery charcoal, put it as fuel. Shang and Zhou dynasties, the widespread use of charcoal in metallurgy. Ash less than wood charcoal, high intensity, is better than wood fuel. Sulfur naturally occurring, people will exploit it early. In the life and production often come into contact with sulfur, such as hot springs will release the smell of sulfur, metal smelting, pungent smell of sulfur dioxide to escape, these will impress. The earliest ancient master nitrate, soil nitrate may be the root of the corner and the house, the chemical nature of the nitrate is very lively and can react with many substances to its color and some other salts little difference in the use of easy to mistake in practice People got some recognition in saltpeter approach. Hongjing the Northern and Southern Dynasties "Annotations of vegetation" on the said:. "To fire, the smoke from the purple cloud is also saltpeter" This flame reaction and identification of potassium Modern methods similar to (the main ingredient is potassium nitrate saltpeter ). Saltpeter and sulfur as an important medicine once in the Han Dynasty, "Shen Nong's Herbal Classic", saltpeter was listed as the top grade in sixth place, believe it cure 20 kinds of diseases. Sulfur is listed as the third drug in goods, but also can cure 10 kinds of diseases. Such studies people saltpeter and sulfur even more attention. Although people of saltpeter, sulfur, charcoal nature have a certain understanding, but saltpeter, sulfur, charcoal together by a certain percentage on credit made gunpowder or alchemy home. Gunpowder formula Tang Dynasty gunpowder sulfur, saltpeter same content is 1 to 1. The Song of 1 to 2, or even close to one to three. After the Song Dynasty in nitrate accounted for three-quarters of black gunpowder. 1044 was the public light editor of the "General Military," a book introduces three powder formulations with different materials to achieve the flammable, explosive, poison and create a smokescreen for a different purpose.
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Requirements
Gunpowder should meet the following requirements: ① enough energy to ensure projectiles and rockets, missiles. ② good combustion stability and regularity to ensure that the launch projectiles and rockets, ballistic missiles with good performance and shooting accuracy. ③ sufficient mechanical strength to ensure the emission of combustion will not affect the regularity of the drug to produce rupture. ④ good toughness, chemical stability, in order to ensure long-term storage of gunpowder without deterioration. ⑤ impact, friction, and mechanical sensitivity to small to ensure that the use, production, storage, transportation safety. Development of gunpowder technology Development of gunpowder technology: AD 10 to the 14th century, due to the frequent wars, gunpowder weapons have been developed, and constantly improve the performance of gunpowder, gunpowder technology continues to improve. There was a lot of variety to the power of gunpowder weapons described in the literature. Jingkang Northern Song Dynasty (AD 1126), Jin Gong Song are Bianjing, "nocturnal thunderbolt cannon to hit the thief, both military exclaimed" (Li Gang "Jing Kang Chuanxin record" Volume II). Southern Song Dynasty Shaoxing thirty years (AD 1161), the Golden Army crossing attack Song, "the boat suddenly put a thunderbolt shot, covered with paper whom, ...... down from the air, ...... the sound of thunder, paper crack The lime was scattered smoke, squint their troops are present, the characters do not meet. ...... defeated by the "(Yang Wanli 'Chengzhai _set_" Volume XIV). Jin Tianxing reign (AD 1232), Ken punctuality red light Bianjing "of its defenders with artillery name 'Zhentian Lei' who, iron 礶 Sheng medicine to the point of the fire, artillery fire hair, which sound like Ray, smell miles away, surrounded by over half an acre burn, the fire lit all through the iron armor "(" The History "volume one hundred and thirteen). Yuan Yuan fourteen years (AD 1277), Yuan Bing Gong Jing Jiang (now Guangxi Guilin), Jing Jiang break, defender "Lou Qian jurisdiction Utah to two hundred and fifty people waiting on the city no less." Yuan army Wai Shi Yuri, "Lou Nailing his troops fired artillery into the ownership of a sound like thunder, earthquake city earth are collapsing, smoke rose sky, soldiers and more scared of the deceased, as the fire was put out into the ashes exhaustive carry" ( "Song" Volume four hundred fifty-one). Yuan Yuan seventeen years (AD 1280), "Weiyang gun into basement, especially cool. ...... Grind sulfur on the occasion, the flame from the prosperous, that while the extension of burn, fire grab rise up as fast as scared of snakes. ...... Not penetration of several gun room, all guns concurrency, such as landslides, tsunamis loud, Allure startle fear, ...... as far as hundreds of miles away, tiles are shock ....... things given by television, then everyone Mi Shoubing one hundred pieces demonstrated, Dong Ying noted inch crack, or gun fan to ten miles away. plains are into pits Valley, more than a foot deep. four to two hundred residents, noted suffer Qihuo, which is also very variable, too "(careful essays," Kuei Xin miscellaneous knowledge · guns bad ").
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History of gunpowder
1, from alchemy Alchemy early origins, recorded "Warring States" is already immortal alchemist to Jing Wang Xian drugs. Emperor Wu also delusional "A long life", to seek immortality folk wide, recruitment alchemist, alchemy and personally. Since then, the alchemy become the norm, has become popular. Ages appear alchemy alchemist, also known as alchemists. The purpose is to find immortality alchemists of the drug, so it is impossible to achieve the aim. Alchemy popular for a thousand years, but finally nothing. However, some of the specific methods used in alchemy still has merit, and it shows the original form of chemistry. Alchemy is a very important way is to "Fire alchemy." It is directly associated with the invention of gunpowder. The so-called "Fire alchemy" is about a method of heating anhydrous, Jin Ge Hong in "Bao Pu" in the Fire has been recorded, fire method generally includes: calcined (heated to high temperatures for a long time), refining (dry heating substances), moxibustion (partial baking), melting (melting), pumping (distillation), fly (also known as L, is the sublimation), gifted (heating substances degeneration). These methods are the most basic chemical methods, which is alchemy of this ignorance can produce professional basis invention. Find elixir piety and frustration alchemists, making alchemists have repeated the experiment and find new ways. This will create the conditions for the invention of gunpowder. Before the invention of gunpowder, alchemy has got some man-made chemicals, such as mercury sulfide. This is probably one of the earliest human use chemical synthesis into products. Alchemy fire awareness and enlightenment invented gunpowder. 2, the invention of gunpowder Although alchemists mastered certain chemical methods, but their direction is seeking elixir, so the invention of gunpowder has some chance. Alchemists for sulfur, arsenic and other toxic stone with a fierce drug before using commonly used approach of burning "V" look, "V" is the yield meaning. So that the loss or reduction of toxicity, this procedure is called "Volt fire." Early Tang Sun Ssu doctors and alchemists in the "Dan was the underlying sulfur Law" in mind are: sulfur, saltpeter twenty-two, and research into powder, put off the silver pot or Shaguan yard. Dig a pit, put the pot in the pit and the horizon, all four sides with soil infill. The moth had not been competing for one o'clock the three soap, then clip into the pot, the sulfur and saltpeter from burning fireworks. Can not afford to wait until the burning fireworks, and then let the charcoal to fry, Scoop charcoal eliminate third, on annealing, while not cooling, taking into mixture, which Volt fire. There is a mid-Tang Dynasty Qingxudong son named in the "V fire alum Act" proposed a Volt fire recipe:. "Sulfur twenty-two, twenty-two nitrate, aristolochic the right half of the money for the end of three, mix . dig pits, medicine in the tank and the horizon would fire a piece of cooked, large marbles, the decentralization, the smoke gradually since. "He replaced the Sun Ssu aristolochic prescription in saponins, instead of the two substances from the combustion of carbon role The. Volt fire recipe contains carbon and sulfur to add saltpeter volt, volts saltpeter to add sulfur. This shows that the alchemists intends to make drug-induced combustion, to remove their venom. Although the alchemists knew occur sulfur, nitrate, carbon ignition occurs intense mixed reactions, and to take measures to control the reaction rate, but the fire caused by the drug-volt Dan room fire accident. "Taiping" There is a story that is the Sui Dynasty, there was a man named Du Chunzi alchemy to visit an old man. That night there. Du Chunzai awakened at midnight, saw alchemy furnace has a "wear purple smoke on the house", suddenly the house burn. This may be caused by the negligence of fire alchemists configuration flammable drugs. There is also a book called "real dollars Miaodao Chamber" alchemy book also comes with sulfur, saltpeter, realgar and honey together alchemy of fire thing, people torches burned face and hands, but also straight into the roof, the house is burning a. The book warned alchemy to prevent such accidents. This shows that the Tang Dynasty who has mastered the alchemy is a very important experience is sulfur, NOx, carbon three substances may constitute a highly flammable drugs, the drug is called "fire medicine" that gunpowder. Since the invention of gunpowder made from Dan dispensing process, after the invention of gunpowder, had been used as drug class. "Compendium of Materia Medica" on the mentioned powder can cure ringworm sores, insect, monarch moisture, plague. Gunpowder can not solve the problem of immortality, and easy to fire, for he is not interested in alchemists. Gunpowder formula by the alchemists go hand strategist, has become one of the four ancient Chinese gunpowder invention. 3, the application of gunpowder Gunpowder during the Tang Dynasty Before the invention of gunpowder, fire attack is commonly used as a means of attack strategist, when the fire attack, use a weapon called the rocket, which is tied to things like oil, rosin, sulfur and the like on the arrow flammable substances, lit with a bow shot went to burn the enemy's positions. If you use powder instead of general combustibles, works much better. Before the invention of gunpowder, used a trebuchet siege defenders throwing stones and oils fireball to destroy the enemy. After the invention of gunpowder, the use of gunpowder package trebuchets throwing stones and grease instead of fireballs. According to the Song Lu Zhen "Nine States" records, Tang Ai time (tenth century), Zheng Wang Yu Zhang Fan army attack (now Nanchang), "hair dryer flying fire" burned the city dragon Salmonella. This may be the earliest reference to gunpowder siege. When gunpowder Song Song Dynasty to the rapid development of gunpowder weapons. According to the "History of the Song soldiers" records: 970 AD Hyobu Lingshi von Following up into the rocket method, this method is tied gunpowder barrel in front of the shaft, the use of gunpowder combustion gas emitted backward reaction ignited after the arrow bunch injection, which is the world's first jet firearms. AD 1000, a former soldier of God Tang Fu captain of the guard gave him the Song court made rockets, fireballs, fire, thistles and other firearms. AD 1002, Jizhou militia Stone & Poor's also made a rocket, a fireball and other firearms, and made a show. Gunpowder weapons appeared on the battlefield, military history will herald a series of changes. The transition from stage to use cold weapons use firearms stage. Gunpowder weapons used in the original form, mainly using gunpowder combustion performance. "General Military" recorded in the early gunpowder weapons, yet away from the traditional areas of arson in fire attack weapons. With the development of gunpowder and gunpowder weapons, explosive performance gradual transition to the use of gunpowder. Potassium nitrate, sulfur, charcoal powder mixture of black powder gunpowder is called or called brown powder. This mixture is highly flammable and burn up quite intense. If the gunpowder burning in a closed container will explode. Can produce large amounts of gas (nitrogen, carbon dioxide) and the heat of combustion of gunpowder. The original small volume of solid powder, a sudden expansion of the volume, soared to thousands of times, then the container will explode. This is the explosive performance of gunpowder. The performance of the combustion and explosion of gunpowder can create a wide variety of firearms. Different to those used in the Northern Song Dynasty uses gunpowder weapons are using the principle of burning black powder explosion manufacture. Tribulus fireball, poison smoke ball is explosive power of a relatively small firearms. Northern Song Dynasty to the explosive power of large firearms to "Charlie Cannon," "Zhentian Lei" also appeared. Such firearms are mainly used in tackling or defenders. AD 1126, when Li Gang keep opening, is back with a bang Kinbyo shelling siege. Kim Song Dynasty makes artillery and war further improved, Zhentian Lei is an iron firearm, explosive weapons like steel. Nanjing Jin Yuan army attack when (now Kaifeng) when Kinbyo defenders on the use of such weapons. "Golden History" on Zhentian Lei has this description: "Gunpowder attack, sound like Lei Chen, heat up over half an acre, people are broken and there is no trace of leather, iron armor were thoroughly." Such a description may be a bit exaggerated, but it is a true portrayal of the power of gunpowder. Depends on the development of gunpowder firearms research and production. "General Military" in the records of the three powder formulations. Tang Dynasty gunpowder sulfur, nitrate content is the same, is 1 to 1, the Song of 1 to 2, or even close to one to three. And later had three-quarters of black powder in the recipe similar to nitrate. Add a small amount of gunpowder auxiliary ingredients, in order to achieve flammable, explosive, poison and create a smokescreen and other effects. Gunpowder is continuous improvement in the manufacturing and use and development. Year 1044 was the public light editor of the "General Military," a book introduces three powder formulations with different materials to achieve the flammable, explosive, poison and create a smokescreen for a different purpose. As the war continued in the Song Dynasty, the increasing demand for firearms, Ancestor Arsenal when _set_ting up monitoring, unified management of the country's manufacturing Arsenal. Arsenal prison workers hired 40,000 people, under the supervision of ten workshops, production of gunpowder and gunpowder weapons each a workshop, and occupies a very important position. Historical records on the time scale of production: "Sunrise crossbow with arrows seven thousand branches gunpowder, gunpowder bow arrows ten thousand, three thousand thistles artillery support, leather artillery twenty thousand." These have contributed to the development of gunpowder and gunpowder weapons. Southern Song Dynasty appeared tubular firearm, AD 1132 stereotypes invented guns. Guns are made from long bamboo poles, bamboo poles installed in the first gunpowder ignited gunpowder sprayed enemy combat. When Andrea on the use of stereotypes to keep the "long bamboo pole guns than twenty." AD 1259, someone made a sudden Shouchun region guns, spears are made with a thick bamboo, this tube is different firearms and guns, guns only jet flame burning man, and spears built with "child nest" , have a strong gas pressure after the gunpowder ignited, the "sub-nest" shoot it out. "Child nest" is the original bullet. Spears to create a tubular firearm projectile launch harbinger. Modern guns is a tubular firearm gradually developed. Therefore, the invention of the tubular firearm weapons is another big leap in history. Spears, also known as sudden fire extinguishers, maybe it was derived from the name of bamboo manufacture. "Yongle Dadian" cited "march Notice," a book that the defenders had used fire extinguisher at the Song for killing an enemy city boarded the head. To the Yuan and Ming, which made the original bamboo tube with firearms instead of copper or iron, cast cannon, called "handguns." AD 1332 copper handguns, is the world's earliest extant inscription tubular firearm kind. Ming Dynasty Ming Dynasty in combat firearms, invented a variety of "multiple rocket", such as simultaneous launch 10 arrows "fire crossbow arrows meteor"; launch 32 arrows in the "rush"; maximum emission of 100 arrows "Hundred Tiger Qi Ben Arrow "and so on. Yan Ming Zhu Di (later Emperor Ming) and Wen Jian war on the White River, had used the "rush." This is the world's first multiple-launch rocket, called the originator of the modern multi-barrel rocket launchers. Especially worth mentioning is that, when used in a water war called "water dragon" of firearms. According to the "armament" records, such firearms from the surface of the water can be three or four feet high flying, as far as two or three miles. This rocket is made with wood in the shape of a dragon enclosure tied four big "fire", abdominal possession of a small number of branches rockets, big "fire" lit push the rocket body flying, "such as the dragon out of the water." After igniting gunpowder burn abdominal small rocket shot from Longkou. Allow the enemy to hit the target, "the boat all burn." This is the world's first two rockets. In addition, the book also describes a "surefire crow flies" and has a prototype missile explosion and combustion properties. "Surefire crow flies' tissue paper tied with a thin bamboo strips paste into a crow-shaped, built gunpowder by four rocket-propelled, it is the world's first multi-cylinder parallel gunpowder rockets, it bundled with today's large-scale rocket works is similar. Development of rockets, gives rise to the desire of the use of the rocket's thrust into the sky. According to historical records of the 14th century, a brave Ming sitting is equipped with 47 million was the largest rocket chair, his hands each holding a big kite, trying to help the rocket thrust and lift the kite to realize the dream of flying . Although this is a failed attempt, but the use of the first person households known as the rocket flight. To commemorate million, a ring on the moon named after the mountain to households. 4, the external history of the spread of As early as eight or nine centuries, and knowledge of medicine, alchemy together, nitrate also spread from China to Arabia. At that time the Arabs call it "Chinese snow", while the Persians call it "China salt." They only know to treat nitrate, Metallurgy and make glass. 13th century gunpowder is made by Indian businessman incoming Arab countries. Greek books translated by the Arabs know gunpowder. Gunpowder weapons of war spread through the Arab countries, the footsteps of Genghis Khan, the Mongol army used gunpowder weapons. AD 1260 Kublai Khan's army was defeated in war with Syria, the Arabs seized rockets, poison cupping, artillery, etc. Zhentian Lei gunpowder weapons, thus capturing the manufacture and use of gunpowder weapons. Arab and some European countries for a long war, the war the Arabs used gunpowder weapons, such as when the Arabs attack on Spain's eight shacheng used gunpowder weapons. In the war with the Arab countries, Europeans gradually mastered the manufacture of gunpowder and gunpowder weapons technology. Gunpowder and gunpowder weapons spread to Europe, "is not only a method of warfare itself, but also for the political relations of domination and slavery played a role change." "Previously cannon bullets people have been unassailable castle stone walls give way and aristocratic citizens penetrate the armor of the knight. Aristocratic rule with wearing armor die a noble cavalry With the development of capitalism, the new elite artillery manufactured in factories in Europe, equipped with powerful fleet, sailing voyage to conquer new colonies ....... "
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Meaning
Chinese gunpowder to promote the course of world history. Engels spoke highly of China's role in the first invention of gunpowder: "It has been proved beyond doubt, gunpowder from China, India passed through the Arabs, and the Arabs together and gunpowder weapons spread to Europe through Spain." The invention of gunpowder greatly advance the process of historical development, is one of the important pillars of the European Renaissance.
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The origin of modern gunpowder
Modern powder originated in the year 1771, the British p. Wolf picric acid synthesis, which is a yellow crystalline substance was originally used as a yellow dye (note that this has not been described which generates a so-called "black powder The impact of "accidental discovery, which is the origin of the name of a yellow powder), and later found its explosive capabilities of the nineteenth century are widely used in military, for filling shells. It is an explosive. AD 1779, British chemist e. Howard invented the mercury fulminate, also known as mercury fulminate. It is a primary explosive, fire hats for the preparation of drugs and acupuncture medicine firing, but also for filling blasting detonators. AD 1807, the Scots invented the first drug in the firing of potassium chlorate, sulfur, carbon steel. 1838, tj Pei Luzi first discovered after the explosion of cotton can be immersed in nitric acid. 1845 German chemist cf Schon bein the cotton soaked in a mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid, the excess acid wash, the invention of nitrocellulose. AD 1860, the Prussian army Maj. e. Kuai Scholz made of nitrocellulose gun propellant shells. Commonly known as cotton gunpowder. So far nitrocellulose gunpowder replaced black powder as a propellant. AD 1846, the Italian chemist a. 索布雷 the instillation of a half parts of glycerin mixture of nitric acid and concentrated sulfuric acid and two first obtained nitroglycerin, nitroglycerine is a potent liquid explosives, slight vibrations that are violent explosions , dangerous, not production. AD 1862, the Swedish Nobel developed the use of ab safe production methods "warm Law" manufacturing nitroglycerin, to enable mass production of safer ground. AD 1863, j. 威尔勃兰德 invented the TNT (tnt). Chemical composition of TNT TNT, which is a very powerful and quite safe explosive bullets even breakdown initiation and generally do not burn. It began in the early 20th century and is widely used in a variety of ammunition carried explosive loading, gradually replaced the picric acid. AD 1866, ab absorb nitroglycerin using diatomaceous earth Nobel invented dynamite out of Dana. Commonly known as yellow powder. AD 1872, the Nobel joined in the nitrocellulose nitroglycerine, invented a kind of gum gum gum Dana ─ ─ dynamite explosives, which is the world's first dual-based explosives. AD 1884, the French chemist, engineer p. Wei Aili invention of smokeless powder. This invention has a very important meaning, to create the conditions ammunition for heavy machine gun Maxim invented, because there are fireworks before relying on drugs, produce too many impurities will cause obstruction, is not used to machine gun bullets fired. So far there pyrotechnic been replaced, smokeless powder propellant become widely used. AD 1887, the Nobel replaced with nitroglycerine ether and ethanol, also made a similar smokeless powder. He will also join Dana ammonium nitrate explosives, instead of part of nitroglycerine, made safer and cheaper "special Dynamite." Also known as "exceptionally strong yellow powder." AD 1899, German Henning invented the RDX, it is a greater power than TNT explosives. It is second only to nuclear weapons, the most powerful explosives. Can be clearly seen from the above clues, yellow powder system is a step by step how to independently develop and lead to a significant change in the modern military. In this process, the black powder has been gradually phased out. Black powder in Europe have long been used for fireworks and arson purposes, has also been used as a propellant guns, but only applies to a limited kind of power in the Middle Ages primitive firearms, such as handguns rifle musket gun, unsuitable As a breech rifles, machine guns and other use of modern guns, firearms and medieval with the modern concept of the two guns are completely in nature, in principle, technically, the manufacturing process are completely different, they should not be a Some similar points on the shape of the confused. Its power is limited, in many cases, modern Western war still rely mainly on cavalry charge as a means of winning until the machine gun was invented before the end of this case, not before early muskets loaded crossbow power much larger than, and long-term coexist with bows and use. We should not be misled describe those exaggerated. - Black powder as a propellant used in the nineteenth century, it has basically been eliminated, with the advent of smokeless powder, double-base gunpowder, detonators, tnt, etc., only to produce a military revolution in the true sense, only We guns in the modern sense, rocket bombs missiles.
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Smokeless powder
Smokeless gunpowder means generating less solid residues, such as nitroglycerine, nitrocellulose higher nitrogen content, such as when the explosion. Day of the year in 1845, when Swiss chemist Schon worship do not care to test nitric acid and sulfuric acid mixture filled bottles knocked over. Solution flow on the table, and sometimes not rag found, he quickly brought his wife out of a cotton aprons to wipe the table. Aprons soaked in the solution, wet, after his wife saw a bear next to blame fear, went to the kitchen to put the apron drying. I did not realize when close to the stove, only to hear "bashing" is heard, the apron was burned clean, with no smoke, no ash point, he was surprised. Later, he carefully recalled after, suddenly extremely happy. He realized that he could have used to make explosives synthesized new compounds. To this end, he repeated the experiment confirmed the result is correct, then has named it "collodion", later known as nitrocellulose. The first invention. But thanks to the invention with Schon nitrocellulose, gunpowder generated very unstable powder keg explosion occurred many times. AD 1884, the French chemist, engineer p · Wei Aili nitrocellulose dissolved in ether and alcohol, in the appropriate amount of stabilizer added, become jelly by pressed into sheets, cut into strips, dried and hardened, the system became the world's first smokeless powder. No residue after burning cordite smoke does not occur or occurs only a small amount of smoke. Increased use of smokeless powder recognizable range projectile trajectory straight and improve shooting accuracy. The birth of smokeless powder for paving the way for the development of ammunition. Early 1890s, European countries military rifle basically evolved from large-caliber bullets into smaller caliber black powder smokeless powder cartridge. Maxim machine guns but also because of the use of smokeless powder that has the practical value.
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Gunpowder tendons
Northern Song Dynasty created gunpowder tendon is another primary combustion firearms, gunpowder crossbow arrows main products are two arrows and gunpowder whip. Gunpowder crossbow arrow is attached to a rear surround an ordinary arrow shaft spherical gunpowder strapped bag, made of combustible cladding, interior gunpowder, crossbows by the size of the dose may be. When operational, the first point of ignition kits, and then shot to the enemy forage accumulation alone after cladding fire ignited gunpowder shell, it caused severe burning.
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Gunpowder Introduction
China's four great inventions. An outstanding achievement in the history of human civilization. Low detonation velocity explosives category. By sparks, flames caused by the burning of Pharmacy. Combustion occurs when the amount of gas having a blast effect or pushing effect (projectile, such that the object is emitted at a constant speed). The earliest applications of the invention is black gunpowder. According to the nature of combustion, can be divided into pyrotechnic (smoke when burned, such as black powder) and two types of smokeless powder. Mainly used for drug or ignite propellant. Gunpowder is also known as black powder. Under appropriate external action of energy, can be performed rapidly and its regular combustion, and a large high-temperature gas generating material. In the military primarily as bullets, shells and energy propellant rocket propellant missiles and other drives, is an important component of ammunition. Gunpowder was invented in China, dating back more than a thousand years. Research began in ancient alchemy gunpowder. China was the first country invented gunpowder, the gunpowder in the late Tang Dynasty (9th century), when officially appear. Gunpowder is composed of ancient alchemists invention, from the Warring States Period to the early Han Dynasty, emperors nobles immortal gods indulge in fantasy, driven by some of the Taoist alchemist refining "elixir" in the process of gradually refining the invention of gunpowder formula. Tang Emperor Yong Chun Tang Dynasty alchemists in the first year (682 years) pioneered the sulfur-volt Fire, with sulfur, saltpeter, and research into powder, plus saponins child (including carbon). Emperor Xian Zong Yuan and three years (808 years) and hit like fire Cephas, Shaolian together with saltpeter, sulfur and aristolochic (including carbon). Both formulations are expected to combine three drugs, has begun to have ingredients contained gunpowder. Gunpowder was not originally used in the military, but in the Song Dynasty armies acrobatic circus performances, puppet shows and fireworks in acrobatics - drug hair puppet performances in Song "hold gong" and "hard ghost", "dumb arts drama" etc. acrobatic show, are just the rise of the use of gunpowder products "explosive battle" and "spit fire", etc., in order to create a mysterious atmosphere. Song also performing magic with gunpowder, fireworks spray mist to escape as people change, etc., in order to close the magical blur effect! Chinese invented gunpowder first used in the manufacture of pyrotechnics (It is worth mentioning that many people actually believe that China is no scientific argument, what system will be used to make fireworks and gunpowder, the compass with the point of view of feng shui), shortly after its military use, and invented the world's first rocket and cannon and musket root especially in the Song Dynasty Chinese gunpowder for military use is already quite mature, making China's technological lead in the world.
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Composed of gunpowder
Gunpowder mixture of sulfur, saltpeter, charcoal is made. Long ago, our ancestors on the three substances have a certain understanding. As early as the Neolithic people knew at the time of firing pottery charcoal, put it as fuel. Shang and Zhou dynasties, the widespread use of charcoal in metallurgy. Ash less than wood charcoal, high intensity, is better than wood fuel. Sulfur naturally occurring, people will exploit it early. In the life and production often come into contact with sulfur, such as hot springs will release the smell of sulfur, metal smelting, pungent smell of sulfur dioxide to escape, these will impress. The earliest ancient master nitrate, may be the root of soil nitrate under house corner and chemical properties of saltpeter very lively occurring substances can react with a lot of its color and some other salts little difference in the use of easy to mistake in practice People got some recognition in saltpeter approach. Hongjing the Northern and Southern Dynasties "Annotations of vegetation" on the said:. "To fire, the smoke from the purple cloud is also saltpeter" This flame reaction and identification of potassium Modern methods similar to (the main ingredient is potassium nitrate saltpeter ). Saltpeter and sulfur as an important medicine once in the Han Dynasty, "Shen Nong's Herbal Classic", saltpeter was listed as the top grade in sixth place, believe it cure 20 kinds of diseases. Sulfur is listed as the third drug in goods, but also can cure 10 kinds of diseases. Such studies people saltpeter and sulfur even more attention. Although people of saltpeter, sulfur, charcoal nature have a certain understanding, but saltpeter, sulfur, charcoal together by a certain percentage on credit made gunpowder or alchemy home. Gunpowder principle: S +2 KNO3 +3 C = K2S +3 CO2 ↑ + N2 ↑
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Requirements
Gunpowder should meet the following requirements: ① enough energy to ensure projectiles and rockets, missiles. ② good combustion stability and regularity to ensure that the launch projectiles and rockets, ballistic missiles with good performance and shooting accuracy. ③ sufficient mechanical strength to ensure the emission of combustion will not affect the regularity of the drug to produce rupture. ④ good toughness, chemical stability, in order to ensure long-term storage of gunpowder without deterioration. ⑤ impact, friction, and mechanical sensitivity to small to ensure that the use, production, storage, transportation safety.
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History of gunpowder
China is now seen in the book's first mention of gunpowder formula, approximately in the eight or nine centuries. The book says, "to sulfur, realgar and saltpeter together and burned secret", "flame on, the fire burned face and hands to make houses" phenomenon will occur. Here's the "secret" should be honey "honey." Honey can become heated charcoal. Sulfur, saltpeter mixed with charcoal, which is gunpowder formula. The invention of gunpowder is the long-alchemy, pharmacy practice results, has been a thousand years of history. Tang Dynasty, gunpowder had been used for military. Tang Zhaozong God Bless the first year (904 years) Yu Zhang Yang Xingmi army siege, the Ministry Zheng (to his troops flying hair dryer fire, burning dragon Salmonella, leading warrior sudden fire be logged city, anxious to be the body) <nine Chi. Cheng Chuan>. Mentioned here (flying fire) is (artillery), (rocket) and the like. (Artillery) is a powder made from the ring, to hang out with a line throwing lit Trebuchet; (rocket) is tied beneath the ball arrowheads gunpowder, ignited after the hanging wire shot with a bow. In the Song Dynasty, war after another, to promote the accelerated development of gunpowder weapons. North is not the government established a gunpowder mill, has made gunpowder arrows, guns and other weapons to the combustion performance-based and (thunderbolt cannon), (Zhentian Lei) and other explosive stronger weapons. South not to create a giant bamboo tube, built gunpowder (spears) in 1259. Yuan appeared to bronze fire system, called (copper generals). These are the driving force of an explosive gunpowder weapons, showing an unprecedented power in the war. Below the South and the North are not spears not gunpowder arrows. In the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, gunpowder incoming first Arab country, and then spread to Greece and all over Europe and the world. Progress of a civilized human society, the economy and the development of science and culture, played a role. American and French States until the mid-fourteenth century, have documented the application of gunpowder and firearms.
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From alchemy
Alchemy early origins, recorded "Warring States" is already immortal alchemist to Jing Wang Xian drugs. Emperor Wu also delusional "A long life", to seek immortality folk wide, recruitment alchemist, alchemy and personally. Since then, the alchemy become the norm, has become popular. Ages appear alchemy alchemist, also known as alchemists. The purpose is to find immortality alchemists of the drug, so it is impossible to achieve the aim. Alchemy popular for a thousand years, but finally nothing. However, some of the specific methods used in alchemy still has merit, and it shows the original form of chemistry. Alchemy is a very important way is to "Fire alchemy." It is directly associated with the invention of gunpowder. The so-called "Fire alchemy" is about a method of heating anhydrous, Jin Ge Hong in "Bao Pu" in the Fire has been recorded, fire method generally includes: calcined (heated to high temperatures for a long time), refining (dry heating substances), moxibustion (partial baking), melting (melting), pumping (distillation), fly (also known as L, is the sublimation), gifted (heating substances degeneration). These methods are the most basic chemical methods, which is alchemy of this ignorance can produce professional basis invention. Find elixir piety and frustration alchemists, making alchemists have repeated the experiment and find new ways. This will create the conditions for the invention of gunpowder. Before the invention of gunpowder, alchemy has got some man-made chemicals, such as mercury sulfide. This is probably one of the earliest human use chemical synthesis into products. Alchemy fire awareness and enlightenment invented gunpowder.
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The invention of gunpowder
Although alchemists mastered certain chemical methods, but their direction is seeking elixir, so the invention of gunpowder has some chance. Alchemists for sulfur, arsenic and other toxic stone with a fierce drug before using commonly used approach of burning "V" look, "V" is the yield meaning. So that the loss or reduction of toxicity, this procedure is called "Volt fire." Early Tang Sun Ssu doctors and alchemists in the "Dan was the underlying sulfur Law" in mind are: sulfur, saltpeter twenty-two, and research into powder, put off the silver pot or Shaguan yard. Dig a pit, put the pot in the pit and the horizon, all four sides with soil infill. The moth had not been competing for one o'clock the three soap, then clip into the pot, the sulfur and saltpeter from burning fireworks. Can not afford to wait until the burning fireworks, and then let the charcoal to fry, Scoop charcoal eliminate third, on annealing, while not cooling, taking into mixture, which Volt fire. There is a mid-Tang Dynasty Qingxudong son named in the "V fire alum Act" proposed a Volt fire recipe:. "Sulfur twenty-two, twenty-two nitrate, aristolochic the right half of the money for the end of three, mix . dig pits, medicine in the tank and the horizon would fire a piece of cooked, large marbles, the decentralization, the smoke gradually since. "He replaced the Sun Ssu aristolochic prescription in saponins, instead of the two substances from the combustion of carbon role The. Volt fire recipe contains carbon and sulfur to add saltpeter volt, volts saltpeter to add sulfur. This shows that the alchemists intends to make drug-induced combustion, to remove their venom. Although the alchemists knew occur sulfur, nitrate, carbon ignition occurs intense mixed reactions, and to take measures to control the reaction rate, but the fire caused by the drug-volt Dan room fire accident. "Taiping" There is a story that is the Sui Dynasty, there was a man named Du Chunzi alchemy to visit an old man. That night there. Du Chunzai awakened at midnight, saw alchemy furnace has a "wear purple smoke on the house", suddenly the house burn. This may be caused by the negligence of fire alchemists configuration flammable drugs. There is also a book called "real dollars Miaodao Chamber" alchemy book also comes with sulfur, saltpeter, realgar and honey together alchemy of fire thing, people torches burned face and hands, but also straight into the roof, the house is burning a. The book warned alchemy to prevent such accidents. This shows that the Tang Dynasty who has mastered the alchemy is a very important experience is sulfur, NOx, carbon three substances may constitute a highly flammable drugs, the drug is called "fire medicine" that gunpowder. Since the invention of gunpowder made from Dan dispensing process, after the invention of gunpowder, had been used as drug class. "Compendium of Materia Medica" on the mentioned powder can cure ringworm sores, insect, monarch moisture, plague. Gunpowder can not solve the problem of immortality, and easy to fire, for he is not interested in alchemists. Gunpowder formula by the alchemists go hand strategist, has become one of the four ancient Chinese gunpowder invention.
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Application of gunpowder
Gunpowder during the Tang Dynasty Before the invention of gunpowder, fire attack is commonly used as a means of attack strategist, when the fire attack, use a weapon called the rocket, which is tied to things like oil, rosin, sulfur and the like on the arrow flammable substances, lit with a bow shot went to burn the enemy's positions. If you use powder instead of general combustibles, works much better. Before the invention of gunpowder, used a trebuchet siege defenders throwing stones and oils fireball to destroy the enemy. After the invention of gunpowder, the use of gunpowder package trebuchets throwing stones and grease instead of fireballs. According to the Song Lu Zhen "Nine States" records, Tang Ai time (tenth century), Zheng Wang Yu Zhang Fan army attack (now Nanchang), "hair dryer flying fire" burned the city dragon Salmonella. This may be the earliest reference to gunpowder siege. When gunpowder Song Song Dynasty to the rapid development of gunpowder weapons. According to the "History of the Song soldiers" records: 970 AD Hyobu Lingshi von Following up into the rocket method, this method is tied gunpowder barrel in front of the shaft, the use of gunpowder combustion gas emitted backward reaction ignited after the arrow bunch injection, which is the world's first jet firearms. AD 1000, a former soldier of God Tang Fu captain of the guard gave him the Song court made rockets, fireballs, fire, thistles and other firearms. 1002, Jizhou militia Stone & Poor's also made a rocket, a fireball and other firearms, and made a show. Gunpowder weapons appeared on the battlefield, military history will herald a series of changes. The transition from stage to use cold weapons use firearms stage. Gunpowder weapons used in the original form, mainly using gunpowder combustion performance. "General Military" recorded in the early gunpowder weapons, yet away from the traditional areas of arson in fire attack weapons. With the development of gunpowder and gunpowder weapons, explosive performance gradual transition to the use of gunpowder. Potassium nitrate, sulfur, charcoal powder mixture of black powder gunpowder is called or called brown powder. This mixture is highly flammable and burn up quite intense. If the gunpowder burning in a closed container will explode. Can produce large amounts of gas (nitrogen, carbon dioxide) and the heat of combustion of gunpowder. The original small volume of solid powder, a sudden expansion of the volume, soared to thousands of times, then the container will explode. This is the explosive performance of gunpowder. The performance of the combustion and explosion of gunpowder can create a wide variety of firearms. Different to those used in the Northern Song Dynasty uses gunpowder weapons are using the principle of burning black powder explosion manufacture. Tribulus fireball, poison smoke ball is explosive power of a relatively small firearms. Northern Song Dynasty to the explosive power of large firearms to "Charlie Cannon," "Zhentian Lei" also appeared. Such firearms are mainly used in tackling or defenders. AD 1126, when Li Gang keep opening, is back with a bang Kinbyo shelling siege. Kim Song Dynasty makes artillery and war further improved, Zhentian Lei is an iron firearm, explosive weapons like steel. Nanjing Jin Yuan army attack when (now Kaifeng) when Kinbyo defenders on the use of such weapons. "Golden History" on Zhentian Lei has this description: "Gunpowder attack, sound like Lei Chen, heat up over half an acre, people are broken and there is no trace of leather, iron armor were thoroughly." Such a description may be a bit exaggerated, but it is a true portrayal of the power of gunpowder. Depends on the development of gunpowder firearms research and production. "General Military" in the records of the three powder formulations. Tang Dynasty gunpowder sulfur, nitrate content is the same, is 1 to 1, the Song of 1 to 2, or even close to one to three. And later had three-quarters of black powder in the recipe similar to nitrate. Add a small amount of gunpowder auxiliary ingredients, in order to achieve flammable, explosive, poison and create a smokescreen and other effects. Gunpowder is continuous improvement in the manufacturing and use and development. 1044 was the public light editor of the "General Military," a book introduces three powder formulations with different materials to achieve the flammable, explosive, poison and create a smokescreen for a different purpose. As the war continued in the Song Dynasty, the increasing demand for firearms, Ancestor Arsenal when _set_ting up monitoring, unified management of the country's manufacturing Arsenal. Arsenal prison workers hired 40,000 people, under the supervision of ten workshops, production of gunpowder and gunpowder weapons each a workshop, and occupies a very important position. Historical records on the time scale of production: "Sunrise crossbow with arrows seven thousand branches gunpowder, gunpowder bow arrows ten thousand, three thousand thistles artillery support, leather artillery twenty thousand." These have contributed to the development of gunpowder and gunpowder weapons. Southern Song Dynasty appeared tubular firearm, AD 1132 stereotypes invented guns. Guns are made from long bamboo poles, bamboo poles installed in the first gunpowder ignited gunpowder sprayed enemy combat. When Andrea on the use of stereotypes to keep the "long bamboo pole guns than twenty." AD 1259, someone made a sudden Shouchun region guns, spears are made with a thick bamboo, this tube is different firearms and guns, guns only jet flame burning man, and spears built with "child nest" , have a strong gas pressure after the gunpowder ignited, the "sub-nest" shoot it out. "Child nest" is the original bullet. Spears to create a tubular firearm projectile launch harbinger. Modern guns is a tubular firearm gradually developed. Therefore, the invention of the tubular firearm weapons is another big leap in history. Spears, also known as sudden fire extinguishers, maybe it was derived from the name of bamboo manufacture. "Yongle Dadian" cited "march Notice," a book that the defenders had used fire extinguisher at the Song for killing an enemy city boarded the head. To the Yuan and Ming, which made the original bamboo tube with firearms instead of copper or iron, cast cannon, called "handguns." 1332 copper handguns, is the world's earliest extant inscription tubular firearm kind. Ming Dynasty Ming Dynasty in combat firearms, invented a variety of "multiple rocket", such as simultaneous launch 10 arrows "fire crossbow arrows meteor"; launch 32 arrows in the "rush"; maximum emission of 100 arrows "Hundred Tiger Qi Ben Arrow "and so on. Yan Ming Zhu Di (later Emperor Ming) and Wen Jian war on the White River, had used the "rush." This is the world's first multiple-launch rocket, called the originator of the modern multi-barrel rocket launchers. Especially worth mentioning is that, when used in a water war called "water dragon" of firearms. According to the "armament" records, such firearms from the surface of the water can be three or four feet high flying, as far as two or three miles. This rocket is made with wood in the shape of a dragon enclosure tied four big "fire", abdominal possession of a small number of branches rockets, big "fire" lit push the rocket body flying, "such as the dragon out of the water." After igniting gunpowder burn abdominal small rocket shot from Longkou. Allow the enemy to hit the target, "the boat all burn." This is the world's first two rockets. In addition, the book also describes a "surefire crow flies" and has a prototype missile explosion and combustion properties. "Surefire crow flies' tissue paper tied with a thin bamboo strips paste into a crow-shaped, built gunpowder by four rocket-propelled, it is the world's first multi-cylinder parallel gunpowder rockets, it bundled with today's large-scale rocket works is similar. Development of rockets, gives rise to the desire of the use of the rocket's thrust into the sky. According to historical records of the 14th century, a brave Ming sitting is equipped with 47 million was the largest rocket chair, his hands each holding a big kite, trying to help the rocket thrust and lift the kite to realize the dream of flying . Although this is a failed attempt, but the use of the first person households known as the rocket flight. To commemorate million, a ring on the moon named after the mountain to households.
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History spread outside
As early as eight or nine centuries, and knowledge of medicine, alchemy together, nitrate also spread from China to Arabia. At that time the Arabs call it "Chinese snow", while the Persians call it "China salt." They only know to treat nitrate, Metallurgy and make glass. 13th century gunpowder is made by Indian businessman incoming Arab countries. Greek books translated by the Arabs know gunpowder. Gunpowder weapons of war spread through the Arab countries, the footsteps of Genghis Khan, the Mongol army used gunpowder weapons. AD 1260 Kublai Khan's army was defeated in war with Syria, the Arabs seized rockets, poison cupping, artillery, etc. Zhentian Lei gunpowder weapons, thus capturing the manufacture and use of gunpowder weapons. Arab and some European countries for a long war, the war the Arabs used gunpowder weapons, such as when the Arabs attack on Spain's eight shacheng used gunpowder weapons. In the war with the Arab countries, Europeans gradually mastered the manufacture of gunpowder and gunpowder weapons technology. Gunpowder and gunpowder weapons spread to Europe, "is not only a method of warfare itself, but also for the political relations of domination and slavery played a role change." "Previously cannon bullets people have been unassailable castle stone walls give way and aristocratic citizens penetrate the armor of the knight. Aristocratic rule with wearing armor die a noble cavalry With the development of capitalism, the new elite artillery manufactured in factories in Europe, equipped with powerful fleet, sailing voyage to conquer new colonies ....... "
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The origin of modern gunpowder
Modern powder originated in 1771, the United Kingdom P. Wolfe picric acid synthesis, which is a yellow crystalline substance was originally used as a yellow dye (note that this explanation does not affect which generates so-called "black powder "accidental discovery, which is the origin of the name of a yellow powder), and later found its explosive capabilities, the nineteenth century has been widely used in military, for filling shells. It is an explosive. 1779, British chemist E. Howard invented the mercury fulminate, also known as mercury fulminate. It is a primary explosive, fire hats for the preparation of drugs and acupuncture medicine firing, but also for filling blasting detonators. In 1807, the Scots invented the first drug in the firing of potassium chlorate, sulfur, carbon steel. In 1838, TJ Pei Luzi first discovered after the explosion of cotton can be immersed in nitric acid. 1845 German chemist CF Schon bein the cotton soaked in a mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid, the excess acid wash, the invention of nitrocellulose. In 1860, the Prussian army Maj. E. Scholz made Kuai nitrocellulose gun propellant shells. Commonly known as cotton gunpowder. So far nitrocellulose gunpowder replaced black powder as a propellant. 1846, the Italian chemist A. 索布雷 the instillation of a half parts of glycerin mixture of concentrated nitric and sulfuric acid and two first obtained nitroglycerin, nitroglycerine is a potent liquid explosives, slight vibrations that are violent explosions, dangerous, not production. In 1862, Nobel AB, Sweden developed a method of using safe production "warm Law" manufacturing nitroglycerin, to enable mass production of safer ground. 1863, J. 威尔勃兰德 invented the TNT (TNT). Chemical composition of TNT TNT, which is a very powerful and quite safe explosive bullets even breakdown initiation and generally do not burn. It began in the early 20th century and is widely used in a variety of ammunition carried explosive loading, gradually replaced the picric acid. 1866, AB Nobel absorb nitroglycerin using diatomaceous earth, invented the Dana explosives. Commonly known as yellow powder. In 1872, the Nobel joined in the nitrocellulose nitroglycerine, invented a kind of gum gum gum ─ ─ dynamite Dynamite, which is the world's first dual-based explosives. In 1884, French chemist, engineer P. Wei Aili invented smokeless powder. This invention has a very important meaning, to create the conditions ammunition for heavy machine gun Maxim invented, because there are fireworks before relying on drugs, produce too many impurities will cause obstruction, is not used to machine gun bullets fired. So far there pyrotechnic been replaced, smokeless powder propellant become widely used. In 1887, the Nobel replaced with nitroglycerine ether and ethanol, also made a similar smokeless powder. He will also join Dana ammonium nitrate explosives, instead of part of nitroglycerine, made safer and cheaper "special Dynamite", also known as "exceptionally strong yellow powder." In 1899, German Henning invented the RDX, it is a greater power than TNT explosives. It is second only to nuclear weapons, the most powerful explosives. Can be clearly seen from the above clues, yellow powder system is a step by step how to independently develop and lead to a significant change in the modern military. In this process, the black powder has been gradually phased out. Black powder in Europe have long been used for fireworks and arson purposes, has also been used as a propellant guns, but only applies to a limited kind of power in the Middle Ages primitive firearms, such as handguns rifle musket gun, unsuitable As a breech rifles, machine guns and other use of modern guns, firearms and medieval with the modern concept of the two guns are completely in nature, in principle, technically, the manufacturing process are completely different, they should not be a Some similar points on the shape of the confused. Its power is limited, in many cases, modern Western war still rely mainly on cavalry charge as a means of winning until the machine gun was invented before the end of this case, not before early muskets loaded crossbow power much larger than, and long-term coexist with bows and use. We should not be misled describe those exaggerated. As a black powder propellant used in the nineteenth century has basically been eliminated, with the advent of smokeless powder, double-base gunpowder, detonators, TNT, etc., only to produce a military revolution in the true sense, only our modern Guns sense, rockets, bombs, missiles. Gunpowder for military, beginning from China: People invented gunpowder, and soon the military has played its role. Before the invention of gunpowder, the ancient military strategist Huogong this tactic used to defeat the enemy. Often used in the fire attack "rocket" that attached flammable oil, rosin, sulfur on the arrows, shooting at the enemy lit. But because of this little fire burning, easily extinguished, so the emergence of gunpowder, people with gunpowder instead of the combustible, combustion rocket made it more violent. Sometimes plus Croton, arsenic and other toxic substances in the powder, the smoke generated by the combustion of scattering, the equivalent of "gas bombs." But these are just the combustion performance of gunpowder. With the development of gunpowder weapons, a gradual transition to the use of gunpowder explosions performance. Northern Song repel Jinbing for so-called "bang gun", the "Zhentian Lei," etc., is to a steel casing, the strength ratio of paper, cloth, leather larger, to make the gas pressure after ignition within the gun increases to a certain extent and then an explosion, so powerful and strong, lethal large. From the use of gunpowder combustion performance to take advantage of the performance of gunpowder explosion, which marks the arrival of the gunpowder used in transforming the mature stage. Cai and his introduction of gunpowder language Cai Guo-Qiang was born in 1957 in Quanzhou City, Fujian Province, China. He graduated from Shanghai Theatre Academy Stage Art Department. The mid-1980s began using gunpowder creations Chinese invention. 1986-1995 lived in Japan, along with the development of artistic activities, large-scale outdoor blasting plan to expand across the globe. Cai 1994 to participate in Hiroshima Museum of Contemporary Art's "Asian creativity" exhibition, "Earth also has a black hole" in the title, in Central Park, Hiroshima blast produced a massive plan, the 900-meter-long fuse and gunpowder bombs point burst device floating in the air on a large balloon. 1995 moved to New York, more active around the world, in addition to the use of gunpowder, also traditional Chinese medicine culture, such as the introduction of feng shui works, such as the "cultural mixed bathing" in the title of audience participation-type work, is to invite the audience while bathing together together to complete. 1999 won the Golden Lion Award at the Venice Biennale international, highly praised by the international. 2001 held in Shanghai at the APEC (Asia Pacific Economic Conference) firework total landscape design, currently serving as the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games opening and closing ceremonies of the core members of the creative arts and the visual effects overall design. Cai's its unique Chinese cosmology and philosophy of the foundation, and explore common problems of mankind in general, as a point of view different from Western Europe, Asia, modern artists speak much attention.
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Modern gunpowder brief
現代火藥簡述
現代火藥簡述
explosive Inspired by some external impulse effect, can cause self-sustaining detonation substances. Phenomenon of explosive detonation explosive chemical reaction zone propagation velocity greater than the speed of sound when explosives are explosive release of energy in the form of a typical. Due to explosive chemical reaction is very fast, high-temperature high-pressure gas formed in an instant. With extremely high power (per kg explosive detonation instantaneous output power of up to 5 × 107 kW) for power on the outside, so that the surrounding medium to strong impact, compression and deformation or fragmentation. Explosives can be used as artillery shells, aerial bombs, missiles, mines, torpedoes, grenades and other ammunition in the military explosive charge, can also be used to detonate nuclear bombs and military blasting devices. Widely used in the industry of mining, road construction, water conservancy, blasting, metal processing, is also widely used in seismic exploration and other science and technology fields. Due to the explosive energy to the surrounding media as violent destruction power, often also called explosive. Explosive commonly used by the monomer composition can be divided into two classes of explosives and explosive mix. Another type of high sensitivity of explosives, detonation from combustion into a very short period of time, usually not directly used for the destruction of power, but to ignite or detonate other explosives, called the primary explosive. Explosive performance is mainly represented by dynamite explosion heat, explosive content, detonation velocity and pressure. Critical heat under certain conditions, the unit mass of explosive release of heat, depending on the composition of the elements of explosives, chemical structure and explosive reaction conditions. Chemical methods can be used to calculate the heat can also be measured. Crit capacity is the amount of gas (expressed in volume under the standard state) generated when the unit mass of explosive, typically 0.7 to 1.0 m 3 / kg. Detonation velocity is detonation (shock wave accompanied by chemical reactions) in the propagation velocity of explosives. Explosive under certain charge density detonation velocity can be accurately determined. Existing explosives detonation velocity is generally from 1000 to 8500 m / s, with little more than 9000 m / sec or more. Burst pressure is the pressure when the explosive detonation, the available experimental methods indirectly measured, and its value is generally 10 to 40 GPa.
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Gunpowder 1985 Soviet film
电影 火药 1985 苏联
Foreign names Porokh Pornographer: Gunpowder ..... (undefined) Porokh Directed by: Viktor Aristov Screenplay: Viktor Aristov .... writer Artur Makarov .... writer Starring: Yuri Belyayev Svetlana Bragarnik Lyubov Kalyuzhnaya Vadim Makarovsky Nozheri Chonishvili Vladimir Varentsov Konstantin Sarynin Dzheikhun Kerimov Wei Ketuo · Sizuo Fu Viktor Sukhorukov .... (unconfirmed) Original Music Original Music: Arkadi Gagulashvili Photography Cinematography: Yuri Vorontsov Art Director Production Designer: Vladimir Bannykh Genre: Drama / War Running time: 92 min Country / Region: USSR Language: Russian Color: Color Release date: June 24, 2003, Russia Production Company: Lenfilm Studio Plot In the Great Patriotic War of Leningrad deliveries of weapons and ammunition by Kronstadt, thus ensuring the Red Army in the Soviet city of Leningrad by Nazi Germany successfully stop the attack.
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Encyclopedia
huoyao Gunpowder propellant, powder A class of explosives, is a low explosive. By ignition detonation or explosion can be in the form of burning propellant power. Gunpowder past and present different meaning of the word, before the 1950s, in China, even in Japan at present, refers gunpowder explosives. The concept of modern gunpowder usually include two types: one is used for gunpowder launch projectiles, called propellant. This gunpowder in the gun, gun bore burning, high temperature, high pressure gas, pushing the projectile acceleration (Fig. 1 gun, gun charge emission signal). Another is used to launch a rocket or missile gunpowder, called propellant. Gunpowder rocket engine combustion chamber for burning, high-speed airflow generated by the nozzle, according to their reaction to promote the rocket or missile movement (Fig. 2 rocket launch schematic). History The earliest gunpowder was black powder, is one of the four great inventions of ancient China, human civilization has made outstanding contributions. The nature of the third century AD found burning gunpowder, 10th century military, after the emergence of a variety of Chinese gunpowder weapons. Incoming Arab and European 13th century, and has been widely used, not only as guns, artillery propellant pellets, also used as filling shells with explosives and blasting. Until the late 19th century, it is the only species of explosives. 1884 P. Vieille France gelled good use nitrocellulose, invented the single-base gunpowder. Because of its great power than smokeless and black powder combustion, thus replacing the black powder as a propellant status. A few years later, Sweden and the UK has invented a double-base gunpowder, adding new varieties of smokeless powder. With the advent and development of rocket weapons, in 1940, the United States has created a series of complex and composite double-base gunpowder gunpowder. Department of gunpowder typically nitrocellulose or nitrocellulose - called smokeless gunpowder and nitroglycerine Department. Manufacturing and production of various types of gunpowder, but also by the gradual development workshops for hand intermittent, continuous and automated industrial production. Classified by composition and morphology of the powder can be divided into homogeneous and heterogeneous gunpowder gunpowder into two categories: homogeneous explosives and gunpowder is the use of polymer solvents, plasticizers and compaction molding by dissolving made basic single-phase objects. It consists of a single base powder, double-base gunpowder categories (see propellant). Gunpowder is composed of a variety of heterogeneous components together. There crushing good oxidants (such as ammonium perchlorate), inert or reactive adhesives (such as polybutadiene, sulfur, double-base gunpowder glue, etc.), molecular metal powder additives (such as aluminum) and other components to maintain different contact relationship, form the heterogeneous objects. Including heterogeneous mix of gunpowder gunpowder (see black powder), composite powder, composite double-base gunpowder, three groups of gunpowder (see propellant, propellant). Gunpowder requirements should meet the following requirements: ① enough energy to ensure projectiles and rockets, missiles. ② good combustion stability and regularity to ensure that the launch projectiles and rockets, ballistic missiles with good performance and shooting accuracy. ③ sufficient mechanical strength to ensure the emission of combustion will not affect the regularity of the drug to produce rupture. ④ good toughness, chemical stability, in order to ensure long-term storage of gunpowder without deterioration. ⑤ impact, friction, and mechanical sensitivity to small to ensure that the use, production, storage, transportation safety. Gunpowder production both chemical processes, but also the physical process, the nature of varieties to choose their development process conditions and equipment on the same production. Ensure safety is the primary condition, for which the use of advanced technologies to achieve a continuous production process, automation, isolated or remote operation. (Zhao Zili)
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English Expression
: Gun powder, Black powder
n.: gunpowder, powder, propellant, explosive powder used in guns, fireworks, blasting, etc
