Scientific name: rhinopithecus bieti English name: yunnan sunb-nose monkey; black snub-nose monkey Alias: black snub-nosed monkey, black Snub-nosed monkey, snow monkey, monkey flower, Daqing monkey, white monkey, flying monkeys, Tibetan called "knowledge solutions", Lisu language known as "rolling close Puza," Bai referred to as "dispensing" (Note: Bai baip hhod, meaning the white monkey.) The vast majority of living primates are known as plants and animals living in the Kingdom of the tropical rain forest. Where the climate is warm, food rich in nature for their survival provided an excellent habitat. Therefore, whether ordinary people or experts, a reference to primates, always the focus of attention on the evergreen tropical rain forest. However, in the snow-capped mountains of Yunnan at the junction of the alpine mountains of the forest in Britain, but living a kind of rare and little-known primates. This is the world's rare endemic to China - Yunnan snub-nosed monkey. They have one most like the human face, pet rosy face, matched with contemporary women, who made the pursuit of its beautiful red lips, called the world's most beautiful animals. In addition, it is the biggest monkey on the planet, up to about thirty kilograms of body weight, and the ecological behavior is very special, year-round living in the mountains near the glacier snow line among the coniferous forest belt, even in the depth of winter, not down to the lower altitudes to escape the extreme cold and food shortages and other harsh natural environment, always on the crop, "Qiuhaowufan", which is the primate species in one of the most interesting. In animal systematics, it belongs to primates, monkey families, the golden monkey is. The case is extremely compelling of living primates as a group. It is phylogenetically between the Old World monkeys and apes the special category status. Therefore, for the golden monkey of awareness and understanding of the evolution of mankind itself has special significance, which has a very high academic value. Four species of golden monkey in the genus (including: Sichuan golden monkey, the Guizhou golden monkey, golden monkey and the Yunnan snub-nosed monkey in Vietnam), have been listed among the world's Red List of endangered species. One Yunnan golden monkey, golden monkey Guizhou golden monkey, and Vietnam are the world's most endangered species, 25 species of primate. In addition to Vietnam, the four golden monkey golden monkey, which is only distributed in northern Vietnam, the other three species are endemic to our continent. Therefore, should be regarded as China's "national treasures." Yunnan snub-nosed monkey related research can be traced back to a century ago. In 1871, a Frenchman named David reported on hearsay scientific name of this animal had not yet exist. 1890 winter, two French people that Solly and Bier Te Deqin county organizations in the local hunters to capture seven different age and sex of Yunnan golden monkey, skulls and hides it to Paris museums. French zoologist Milne - Edwards in 1897 and 1898 two of its scientific description of this species is given, and formally named. But since then, no investigation of this mysterious animal news, people thought it was already extinct too! Yunnan snub-nosed monkey on our scientists study was started after 1960, when collected in Deqin County, Yunnan snub-nosed monkey skin was 8 confirmed its existence. But the real field of scientific investigation it began in the late seventies the twentieth century, was the first time that three complete specimens, which opened its mysterious veil. Since then, the Yunnan golden monkey protection attracted great attention of our government in 1983 established the first protected area of Yunnan snub-nosed monkey - Baima Snow Mountain National Nature Reserve in Yunnan Province, which opened on the protection of rare and endangered animals, a prelude to action . Have recently been _set_ up for the red pull-Mountain Nature Reserve in Tibet and Yunnan Provincial Nature Reserve Yunling. These actions greatly promoted the protection of Yunnan golden monkey, plus one after the last two decades the research efforts of our scientists and the various media of publicity, its global significance of biodiversity conservation has been recognized by the world. It is particularly worth mentioning is: Since 1999 it has become the mascot of Kunming International Horticultural Exposition, the Yunnan golden monkey, a sharp rise in popularity. Now, the Chinese government has the "Golden Monkey Protection Project" in its fifteen of wild animals and plants of special protection project.
cites endangerment: Appendix i s entry into force: 1997 iucn endangerment: Endangered force's: 1996 iucn endangerment: Effective Year: 2003 Level of state protection: a force Age: 1989 China Red Data Book of Endangered Animals Rating: Endangered's entry into force: 1996
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Shape features
Although they are called "Golden Monkey", not the actual golden hair. Body slightly larger than the Sichuan snub-nosed monkey, body length 740-830mm, tail relatively short, slightly equal length, about 510-720mm, but it is rather coarse. Body back, side, lateral limbs, hands, feet, and tail are dark gray. Gray on the back and has sparse long hairs. Sides of neck, belly, buttocks and legs are white inside.
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Distribution
Lancang River and Jinsha River located in the mountains between the main peak of both sides of the mountains Yunling valley area, an area of about 20,000 km2, extending northward over the tranquility of the mountains in Tibet, including in Deqin County, Weixi County, Lijiang, Jianchuan County Lanping, Yunlong County and other counties, as well as Markam County of Tibet.
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Habits
Habitat of about 3,300-4,100 m in altitude alpine dark coniferous forest. Is the highest found in living primates. Yunnan golden monkey little monkeys, mostly 20-60 only, not yet found a large group of more than 150. Multi-male multi-female mixed groups, there are community level behavior. No obvious seasonal vertical migration phenomenon. Scope of activities and monkeys are different sizes, about 20-133.4 km2, the average density of 1.12-2.5 only / km2. Staple food of conifers wintering flower buds and young leaves and buds bud, but also food Usnea and birch buds and young leaves shoots 5-July also eat bamboo shoots and tender bamboo leaves bamboo. In mid-November to the monkeys observed in almost all adult females have cubs, and size are relatively neat, according to its shape, is estimated mostly born in July-August. Because of their high altitude habitat Bichuanjinsi monkey, so litter size as late as 2-3 months.
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Population Status
Kunming Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences, according to investigative reporting (Li Zhixiang, etc., 1979; MA Shi-lai, etc. ,1984-1985 year; Yang Dehua, etc., 1981; Baishou Chang, 1988; Wang Ying, etc. 1985 to-1988), the Yunnan golden monkey only found in Northwest, north of Tibet Mangkang, Yunlong south a narrow mountain valley areas, the small number of monkeys, generally only 20-60 only rarely more than 100 large group, estimated the total population is only 1,000 in Yunnan insurmountable ( Baishou Chang, 1988); Tibet Mangkang about 1,000 only (Yin Ping Gao, Liu Wulin, 1993).
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To risk factors
Indiscriminate hunting is mainly used for making fur. According to Xia, if in the area Deqin County investigation. 70 less than the area estimated 1,000 Yunnan golden monkey, but the 1971-1981 hunting statistics for up to 430 years were only about 200 left now is only just (Baishou Chang, 1987). 1978-1981 in the first half, only a small area east slope of Baima Snow Mountain, a total of three and a half hours shooting 139, and other production areas of Yunnan golden monkey, the situation is much the same (such as wood Wen-wei, 1982). Also been logging the forests, deforestation and grazing, severe damage to their habitats caused by community divided, some small communities have been eroded final extinction.
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Science
Yunnan snub-nosed monkey in the type specimen collected in 1871 in the cloud Nandeqina baidunzi, is collection of Museum of Natural History in Paris, France. 1897 by Miller, Edward (milne-edwards) designation. The earliest record of the Yunnan snub-nosed monkey is the scientific French missionary Bier Te (monseigneur biet), in his 1890 White Horse Snow Mountain in northwest China's Yunnan province to carry out hunting, hunting to the Yunnan golden monkey, and conducted an autopsy. After nearly a century in time, the scientific community no longer any information on this species, the ecological habits of this species do not have any understanding. Yunnan snub-nosed monkey in the type specimen collected from the clouds South Chamba United States, now at the Paris Museum of Natural History. The summer of 1992, the CAS Kunming Institute of Zoology, researchers LONG Yong and the University of California 博士柯瑞戈 (craig kirkpatrick) deep in the Baima Snow Mountain, a place called the collapse of heat Gonggar camp established on the Yunnan golden monkey for a 3-year field study . May 1993, photographer Xi Zhinong survey team followed the activities of its in-depth area of Yunnan snub-nosed monkey, the Yunnan golden monkey, a large range of activities, filming in the best of hardship, finally after 3 months waiting to opportunities in the 200 meters , the shot to the Yunnan golden monkey, which is the first image data of Yunnan snub-nosed monkey.
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Protection measures
As the understanding of Yunnan snub-nosed monkey late, the education of local people is imminent. In a variety of protective measures, the use of imaging mission in national legislation and the significance of the protection of wild animals into focus. On the other hand, the protection of their habitat to prohibit commercial logging as the basis for ex situ conservation solutions to human and monkey fight to the problem. Since the protective measures are implemented, according to recent statistics, the Yunnan golden monkey population has increased. But the survival of Yunnan snub-nosed monkey and the challenges still facing the following issues: 1. Have not yet worked out the general significance of the "Yunnan Golden Monkey Conservation Action Plan", so coordinating the activities for the protection of the species and its related resources for unified deployment. 2. Some monkeys "spillover" of protected areas is serious. That only the protection of the main activities within the original, but now the main activities in protected areas, it is difficult to protected areas, the implementation of effective management. 3, the management and protection of the monkeys is also very extensive, and its distribution area most popular areas for hunting tradition. Therefore, the better the lives of monkeys has not been fully guaranteed. 4, the last century's sharp rise in the local population to agricultural land and pasture growth in demand significantly, resulting in severe fragmentation of their habitat. Leading to the demise of many monkeys. 5, the Yunnan golden monkey, too little investment in scientific research, a far cry from its demand for the bottom line. So, although hard work over the past two decades of scientific research, Yunnan snub-nosed monkey is now on food, shelter, basic needs are still poorly understood, it is difficult to provide a variety of its protective action decision-making related to scientific basis. According to the current presence of these specific issues, especially the following countermeasures: 1. Organizations, including experts and a senior management team, develop a cross-century Yunnan Golden Monkey Conservation Strategy Action Plan. 2. Related to protected areas and strengthening the management of local forestry wildlife management capacity building, and from the financial resources and management mechanisms to ensure and implementation. 3. The establishment and expansion of existing protected areas related to the area, so that all groups of Yunnan snub-nosed monkey and the importance of existing habitat and ecological corridors to spread can be effectively protected and managed. 4, explore the local village community participatory social construction of nature reserve management mode and management mode, the complete elimination of a variety of hunting activities and to help people become prosperous local communities to address alternative energy, alternative building materials and alternative livelihoods such as the actual production and living problems. 5. Yunnan snub-nosed monkey to increase research investment, so that scientists can really down to earth understanding of the ecological behavior of this species, and conservation biology problem, and provide scientific basis for conservation action.
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Yunnan snub-nosed monkey's home: the White Horse Snow Mountain
There is no better world than the endless time, and will only be allocated to each individual's time is always miserable life. It is only the face of the mountain, facing the Himalayan uplift in the form of layers of fissile wrinkle Kai, through time and space to produce a feeling of, savor the short time compared to others, what is eternal and immortal. Baima Snow Mountain is located in the middle of cross-sectional. From the northwest to the mid-to sub-block village of Ben Deqin County, already came to its feet. Upward, and he looked like jagged peaks of the spider wide open as a roar, stormy seas off a mountain. Year-round snow on the peaks in the sun shine, like wearing Yinkui, wearing robes of the warrior element. Zara bird Nepal peak in the clouds and disappeared now, like a horse neighing of the horses head, Baima Snow Mountain, hence the name. Baima Snow Mountain Nature Reserve in the high mountain valleys of longitudinal sections, Jinsha, Lancang and Nu narrowest Three Parallel Rivers in protected areas, straight-line distance is only 74 km. Zara altitude of 5640 meters from the Nepalese peak-to-bird's Xia 2080 m above sea level if the village, a distance of less than 40 km elevation 3480 meters, showing a dry-hot valley grassland with sparse shrubs, Yunnan pine, mountain pine forests with , conifer zone, sub-alpine dark coniferous forest, alpine shrub meadow, scree cold touch with sparse vegetation, high mountains with snow and other biological three-dimensional climate vertical 7 band, equivalent to the range of thousands of kilometers north and south horizontal distribution of plants. Protected areas is the original mountain coniferous forests and rare species and vibrant place, but also wild flowers of the world, only there are more than 50 varieties of azaleas. Here is Cordyceps, Tianma, matsutake, morel mushroom and other herbs and hundreds of major producers. The vertical band complex offers a variety of animal habitats, vertical canyon is a good parallel to the relative isolation of the environment is conducive to animal breeding division. Mountains and rivers north to south, so that the seasonal migration of animals in the short-range and short cycle. Abundant animal species in protected areas, there is snow leopard, clouded leopard, black bear, red panda, Yunnan snub-nosed monkey and other mammals, 47 species of Cangma chicken, golden eagles and other birds, 45 species, is remarkable low latitude and high altitude species gene pool is relatively complete preservation of the natural complex. Northwest has four beautiful and famous mountains, southeast and northwest from the arrangement, which in turn is the altitude of 5595 meters of the Yulong Snow Mountain, elevation 5396 meters of the Haba Snow Mountain, elevation 5640 meters of altitude of 6740 meters Baima Snow Mountain and the Meili Snow Mountain. The four mountains are sufficient relative height, from an altitude of 2,000 meters below the subtropical dry-hot valley high uprooted, the temperate, cold temperate and boreal vegetation change in succession, until about 5000 meters above sea level of the modern snow glaciers, clear mountain vegetation vertical distribution in the small space within the focus of the complex biological diversity, rare in the world. In addition to Meili Snow Mountain, the remaining three snow-capped mountains have established nature reserves. Little worry is that before the establishment of protected areas, their forests and wildlife resources are in varying degrees of damage. Yulong Snow Mountain at an altitude of 2800 meters the following almost "naked." Altitude of 2900 meters below the mountain pine forests of Yunnan pine and destroyed after the formation of a low mountain pine scrub; altitude of 2900-3750 meters back into the forest is destroyed arrow bamboo. Zoning area of only 26,000 hectares of protected areas, the proportion of natural forests has been less than 30%. Claims to have 800 kinds of herbal "medicine Kingdom", due to predatory excavation, rare medicinal herbs on the verge of depletion. In the Haba Snow Mountain, due to human activities between altitude of 3,700 meters below the large forests have been cut down, burned and reduced pasture and mixed shrub. Due to overgrazing, degradation and poor quality of the grass. Currently, 657 ha spruce forest Jinyu, fir forests are also being eroded. Haba Snow Mountain area of nearly 22,000 hectares of natural forest the proportion of only 35.9%, slightly higher than the Yulong Snow Mountain. Yulong Snow Mountain and Haba Snow Mountain in the two protected areas are seriously damaged, the Northwest regional biodiversity conservation burden naturally falls on the shoulders of Baima Snow Mountain Reserve. Baima Snow Mountain Nature Reserve, established in 1983, the existing area of 19 million hectares, its main protection objective is to protect animals at the national level Yunnan golden monkey, mountain range mountains and canyons of the typical mountain vertical vegetation zones and the upper reaches of the Jinsha River in the soil and water . Existing in the world, nearly 200 kinds of primates, the distribution of more than 2000 meters above sea level very few, but the Yunnan golden monkey was able to live in the area above 4,000 meters above sea level, is the golden monkey of the most special of a subspecies. According to historical records, in ancient China Yunnan Golden Monkey wide distribution area, due to human activities, and eventually back to the corner of the junction of Yunnan and Tibet, year-round living in the glacier snow line near the alpine coniferous forest belt. Here cliff deep, geographical and climatic conditions are very poor. Yunnan snub-nosed monkey has now identified the only remaining natural population of 13, about 1000-1500, in the Jinsha River and Lancang their activities Jiazhi Yunling mountains, the administrative divisions of Tibet's Mangkang, Yunnan Deqin, Weixi, Lan Five flat and Lijiang County, "has been extremely fragmented among alpine fir forest", the distribution area of about two million square kilometers. The natural population in the state separated from each other, showing island-like distribution of genes between groups can not communicate. This also added to people's concerns. Indeed, the Yunnan golden monkey has come to the brink of extinction. Conservation Biology that there is a species called "keystone species", which plays a leading role in the ecosystem. Rise and fall of key species directly affect the system rise and fall of other species. Key species in the ecosystem is often the plants. For example, a key species in the mountains is Yunling spruce and fir, it is related to the survival of countless species in the forest, including the Yunnan golden monkey. Therefore, once these two species destruction, will inevitably lead to disintegration of the entire forest ecosystem. There is also a species called "flagship species." Fanzhu flagship species of species destruction, of course, the whole ecosystem have an adverse effect, but will not lead to its collapse. The role of flagship species is its strong appeal of human society. Such as giant panda charmingly naive, to provoke into love. Has now become the symbol of the WWF, so the majority of Giant Panda Protection and easy access to the warm public response and support to this flagship species by protecting their survival to keep the entire ecological system, keep all of the biological diversity of ecosystems. Yunnan snub-nosed monkey is in addition to the only people outside the red lips of primates, it grows small upturned nose, Alice, looks funny, adorable, known as the "second national treasures." Therefore, the Yunnan golden monkey is also worthy of the flagship species of social appeal of the title. Yunnan snub-nosed monkey, but also the characteristics of key species. Because it is a parasitic food fir trees dark gray Usnea. Inhibiting the growth of fir Usnea, Usnea more, even the fir "asphyxia" death, but if Usnea less, would cause the food shortage of Yunnan snub-nosed monkey. In the long evolutionary process, the Yunnan golden monkey Usnea seems to know how to control the growth, so they are wandering within a wide area in order to ensure both adequate food Usnea, Usnea and can control over the spread of forest health to prevent harm. Yunnan snub-nosed monkey fir to provide food and shelter, for the fir clear Yunnan snub-nosed monkey "vampires." Fir - Usnea - Yunnan snub-nosed monkey among the symbiotic relationship between the formation of a subtle, role in the disappearance of any one of them, will affect the ecological balance of the system. Conservation Biology is more concerned with the distribution of the entire ecosystem and all the endangered species. Therefore, by calling people to protect the flagship species to preserve the forest system, to keep the upper reaches of major rivers, the green fortress, but also to keep the basis of human survival and development. Thus, both a flagship species of Yunnan golden monkey, and is the key species. Early 60's our government put the distribution of the three golden monkey in our country are listed as national first class protected animals, indicating that research has long recognized the significance of monkey and endangered severity. Unfortunately, our measures and actions, but significantly lags behind our understanding, but also significantly delay the development of our laws and regulations. The late 80s to early 90s, Kunming Institute of Zoology Associate LONG Yong, Ke Ruige and American scholars in cooperation Baima Snow Mountain Nature Reserve in Yunnan Golden Monkey Conservation Biology, is the history of the species people most in-depth into the deposit a field trip. The study of information in a small amount of previously accumulated material, based on the geographical distribution of the Yunnan snub-nosed monkey and the population size one by one to verify, correct and supplement the same time, on the east slope of Baima Snow Mountain, a monkey for as long as 4 years old observational study, in the Yunnan snub-nosed monkey in the field of ecological behavior, made a breakthrough. The results show that the scope of the existing distribution of Yunnan golden monkey, the west is the Lancang River, the east is the Jinsha River, the most northern group of Markam County in Tibet Qamdo, the most southern of the group in Yunnan Lanping County and the county at the junction of the Malone Yunlong Mountain . The sub-urban area of about 2 million square kilometers. Deqin County is a county of Yunnan golden monkey, the main distribution, a total of 6 groups of about 700. Half of the total. Baima Snow Mountain in the regional activities in protected areas and adjacent Yunnan golden monkey population of 4, meaning that only Cika through groups and full range of activities with the group in protected areas, and the group Velvet What about 200-250, mostly in protected areas outside; Another my teeth good dental group activity areas, half of the half in protected areas outside protected areas. The remaining 9 are in the Yunnan snub-nosed monkey natural populations outside protected areas, the distribution is roughly this: There are 2 groups in Tibet Mangkang about 350; after Deqin County, US-Pakistani mountain village in the vicinity of a card base of about l 50; A East River with a group of about 50; Weixi County, Juan Antonio fruit and Deqin County, the forest What Velvet, Baima Snow Mountain dam and facilities jointly owned by a group of protected areas; Lanping County and Lanping, Yunlong junction A total of 3 groups, 2 groups of Lijiang County. Total of 13 natural populations, as of 1994, a total of about 1,500 Yunnan golden monkey. Each group of Yunnan snub-nosed monkey, are important. Because each group are in the island state, which is a gene pool for each group. In the tracking study of 4 years, they found tracks of my good teeth teeth decreasing the number of groups, in November 1990 with 300 to July 1994 only 200, less than 4 years decreased by 1 competition / 3. Should be said that the conservation status of the monkey is still relatively good, and therefore not difficult to imagine outside protected areas the fate of the other nine monkeys, no more than good teeth are more optimistic about my teeth. When the ferocious predators Yunling mountains have time to extinction and endangered species, Yunnan snub-nosed monkey's natural enemy, then only the most dangerous and horrible "people" of the. As forests continue to be cut down, Yunnan snub-nosed monkey habitat is accelerating the destruction of large contiguous old forest has been cut to pieces, showing the island arc distribution. 13 natural populations of Yunnan snub-nosed monkey isolated, the monkeys can not be carried out between the gene flow caused inbreeding, population degradation. Yunnan snub-nosed monkey and the distribution of local residents are Tibetan, Lisu, Yi, Naxi, Bai and Pumi, and many other minorities, they are more accustomed to the traditional hunting, especially in the hunting Lisu customs staggering. The Yunnan golden monkey of the endangered species, a very small tolerance for the hunt. Experts believe that the Yunnan golden monkey and the gibbon, similar to one hundred per year in a loss of not more than one individual and one juvenile female in order to ensure the development of the population, which poachers is the greatest threat to its survival . Brazil and the U.S. is a forest island, only 40 square kilometers, surrounded by all barren ridge. Yunnan snub-nosed monkey Palestinian group the United States of habitat around the steel wire clasp. Hunter was intended to cover gonna take musk, but strangled a lot of monkeys. So far no one to bar the United States to protect this group of Yunnan golden monkey, to stop poaching, and therefore lead to dramatic decrease. A few years ago with 270, now less than 50, the number of years the population has been negative, Yunnan snub-nosed monkey protection of the United States has been pressing Pakistan. Indeed, not only outside protected areas by the Yunnan Golden Monkey only "slogans protection", that is, Baima Snow Mountain Nature Reserve, there are also many hidden dangers. Baima Snow Mountain area of 190,000 hectares of protected areas, areas outside the seven townships, the area dry and more residents in 9 but only 40 staff, the tasks are arduous and the shortage of funds, protection and management of struggling. May 1992, Long Yong Cheng and Ke Ruige in the east slope of Baima Snow Mountain, poachers to meet a group of them were watching the shooting of Yunnan snub-nosed monkey. Later, LONG Yong-cave in the woods next to the finder of the skull of a fresh Yunnan golden monkey, the monkey has been proved that there was shooting. The purpose of the Yunnan golden monkey is hunted meat, not for trading transactions, and therefore these more difficult cases of poaching David cracked. Connect Northwest forests in the past into a film, Yunnan snub-nosed monkey is easy to force people to escape arrest; and today the island arc into the distribution of the forest, a monkey in a hunting easily be wiped out. In this case, planning and construction of natural reserves is particularly important. LONG Yong-that, according to the distribution and the Yunnan golden monkey population range, need to adjust and expand the Baima Snow Mountain Nature Reserve in the zoning area, and the establishment of new protected areas, the protection station. The good news is, with the State Forestry Administration launched a nationwide natural forest protection project, Yunnan Province, has been the first step, more than 500 million hectares of forests will be included into the project. Deqin county government has decided since 1998, the county to stop commercial logging, and in all of the Yunnan snub-nosed monkey habitat are classified nature reserve. 1982 Paris Declaration that we may be a global protection of natural areas to impose the last generation. I hope our generation, fail in their mission.
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Explore the mystery of existence of Yunnan golden monkey
Yunnan golden monkey, also known as "black and white Snub-nosed Monkey", are rare and endangered animals worldwide attention, is the snub-nosed monkey is one of the most specialized species, the Yunnan snub-nosed monkey is only distributed in the mountains of the Himalayas, southern margin of the cross-sectional Yunling mountains, the Jinsha, Lancang area of about 20,000 square kilometers between the regions, according to preliminary investigations, the 13 surviving species of Yunnan golden monkey, about 2000, very rare, Snow Mountain National Nature Reserve is the distribution of key areas of Yunnan snub-nosed monkey, 8 population, about 1000-1200, accounting for more than half of Yunnan golden monkey population. World Conservation Union, the Yunnan golden monkey as a primate research focuses on Asia, the International Wildlife Fund, Japan, Primate Research Institute and other international institutions, the research on the Yunnan snub-nosed monkey given high priority. China's government agencies have also recognized the special significance of monkey and endangered of the seriousness of the State in 1977, put the golden monkey as a protected species, after following the giant panda, golden monkey is listed as the second national treasure. After decades of hard protection, although the number of Yunnan golden monkey population growth to a certain extent, but has yet to get rid of extinction risk. Altitude distribution of Yunnan golden monkey, food is rather special, and the stock less, to a certain extent, affected the growth of its population. Since the establishment of protected areas, although the domestic and foreign research institutes of the Yunnan snub-nosed monkey ecology, biology done a special study, but not for the food and feeding habits of Yunnan golden monkeys make special studies. Can not effectively control the Yunnan golden monkey species and distribution of the food situation, to a certain extent, affected the Yunnan snub-nosed monkey and its habitat protection and management. To find out the type of food Yunnan golden monkey, the distribution of food structure, and in May 2007, the Global Environment Facility (gef) with the support of a protected area by the Baima Snow Mountain, researchers and animal and plant experts Kecha team, in-depth survival in the heart of Yunnan snub-nosed monkey of scientific investigation. The expedition was mainly affected in the Baima Snow Mountain, the ancient Qing protected areas, Yunnan snub-nosed monkey cells of both Qing habitat range of species, survey and research the type of food Yunnan golden monkey, the distribution of food at different altitudes in different seasons of food structure , Yunnan snub-nosed monkey use of plant roots, stems, buds, flowers, fruit of the situation, but also on the local community on food Yunnan snub-nosed monkey to investigate the utilization of tree species. Through investigation, Yunnan snub-nosed monkey and the proposed effective habitat protection measures and measures. Our first camp is that the local Lisu tribe known as the House of meters, there is a log cabin, once a few years ago there was a PhD doing research CAS often places to stay, the locals dubbed his name is called "Ding shack", and now the cabin has become a research and monitoring of patrol officers and camp staff. For our team this investigation more than a dozen people, this cabin is too small, can only meet our fire to cook, but fortunately, we are prepared to spend all of the seven tents, and lined up a ride in the squares on the ground. It was getting dark, the wizard came back from the mountain than the old, he gave us some good news recently, there is a population in the Yunnan Golden Monkey with a radius of about 50 square kilometers in search of food, but monkeys large events, to see the monkey is not easy. We hired a guide Yu Jianhua, is a downright Lisu man, although over fifty, it still seems to be particularly spiritual, he was always smiling, giving a sense of intimacy, as the patrol protected areas staff, more than a decade, he has been engaged in the protection of Yunnan golden monkey, has a wealth of experience and a strong field patrol field recognition, he not only Yunnan golden monkey population in the region range of activities, habits and food are very familiar with established with the Yunnan golden monkey, and deep feelings, he had risked his life rescuing a wounded Grand Duke had two abandoned monkeys and infant monkeys, which are keen to Yunnan golden monkey, the local protection of the Lisu people elected " Care monkey captain, "is because of his help, we were able to successfully carry out inspection activities. According to providing important information than the old, while tracking the expedition decided to use monkeys, the Yunnan golden monkey, while the food survey, even so, we can not to the green space part of the two journalists can be taken to ensure the Yunnan golden monkey. May 16, the second day of investigation into the mountains, still under heavy rain had kept, quiet in the mountains and mist-shrouded valley among the region add to the mystery. Listen more than talk about the old, in with the mountain forests in the animals often appear some time before there is a village in the mountains when the herbs are black bear scratches, will break from time to time bamboo viper, more terror, in this The rainy weather, leeches are extremely active cattle often have fresh bloody bite them, do not want the villagers into the mountains in this weather. Old and I listen to such a talk, as the leader of the expedition group, I immediately canceled the survey plan, I think we together have a better take care of. After breakfast, put on dry food, we started an investigation along a valley. The study of the route from 2500-4000 m, high mountain steep slope, elevation span large segments to be investigated at different altitudes in Yunnan golden monkey species and distribution of food. Shortly after the investigation began, we found several species of Yunnan snub-nosed monkey food, this time it is the flowering season of many plants, for us to identify the plant species provided for convenience. Yunnan snub-nosed monkey of each kind of food that we have the characteristics of the species, the preference degree of Yunnan golden monkey, and community utilization of these species recorded in detail, take pictures, coordinate with gps positioning, and collecting plant specimens. We found that with increasing elevation changes and vegetation types, the type of food Yunnan golden monkey, a great change in the 2500-2700 m in the valley, mainly semi-humid evergreen broad-leaved forest, although this forest type Baima Snow Mountain Reserve in the area of distribution of small, but it is the most abundant food of Yunnan golden monkeys in areas of the spring season, when snow cover at high altitudes or when under the Yunnan golden monkey will feed into the valley of the broad-leaved forests, some of the roses Branch, maple, Ranunculaceae, Caprifoliaceae and other hardwood buds, leaves and flowers of Yunnan snub-nosed monkey has become the main food, but we do not worry they will destroy this piece of wood, as long as food is abundant, they will retain enough foliage and flowers to ensure plant growth and maintain the ecological balance here. Although prior to departure, in order to prevent leech bites, we have taken stringent precautions to walk carefully, but still failed to escape the invasion of leech. Investigation team members are moving the edge of a stream when he suddenly heard the plant experts Pan Fasheng screaming, everyone around him in the past, do not know when a leech got into his shoes and socks, is taking the greedy His blood, I quickly threw herself with a small branch down chop, but it rolled back desperately, which is more than arrived when the old wizard, a lot of experience of what to leech away, but blood still flows through the non-stop. We are wondering when the Pan Fasheng tell you, leeches have two special functions, one which will release anesthetic, resulting in no evident bitten pain is often not aware of one o'clock; Second, it will release hemolytic agent Once bitten by leeches, it will flow of blood. Heard him say this, we have checked, only to find everyone's shoes have to climb two or three leeches, but fortunately found in time, it did not succeed, we refused to take a fatigue, almost running through the terror leech area. That day, the monkeys from our distance, the expedition found no trace of the activities of Yunnan golden monkey, and into the mountains the road was steep rock barrier, the expedition team had to backtrack camp. The third day expedition along the ridge to investigate, in the 2700-3000 m above sea level segment, vegetation type is mainly mixed coniferous, bamboo shoots germination of every season, Yunnan snub-nosed monkey all day looking for just sprouting bamboo shoots, of course, They will not miss under the oak trees and other delicious mushrooms, adjust adjust their food structure. In the study tours, in addition to the Yunnan snub-nosed monkey to investigate the type of food, we also carried out different types of forest vegetation in the plant sample investigation, the purpose is to understand the environment in the habitat quality and different types of vegetation in Yunnan golden monkey food stock. About eleven o'clock, when the expedition team to the altitude of 3,000 meters on the lot, the wizard I found a pile of old fresh Yunnan golden monkey droppings on the ground is full of monkeys split off the branch section, with more than the old judge, last night monkey group may have been here overnight, this morning before leaving. We suddenly to the spirit, the two journalists of green space is gearing up to check and debug camera equipment, good preparation for filming. I followed the old wizard, the expedition team to accelerate the speed of the road and continue upward climb. 3000-3800 m above sea level the area, mainly spruce, fir tree-based cold temperate coniferous forest, which is the main area of activity of Yunnan snub-nosed monkey, the food is very sleepy in the winter, in the clouds, fir trees, epiphytes The Usnea (locally known as "tree beard") has become the main food of Yunnan snub-nosed monkey, in addition to Yunnan golden monkey, but so far we did not find there are other animals for food to Usnea, Usnea as very low nutritional value, Yunnan a large number of golden monkeys need to eat every day, Usnea, matsutake unusually slow growth rate, so the hundreds of square kilometers of the cloud, a fir forest to meet the survival needs of Yunnan golden monkey population. In fact, the Yunnan golden monkey and the clouds, fir trees have a special relationship between students mutually reinforcing, the survival of Yunnan golden monkey can not do without clouds, fir trees, the same cloud, fir trees are inseparable from the Yunnan golden monkey, and if too many trees Usnea , there will be too Yin Songluo trees absorb nutrients and lead to the cloud, the phenomenon of the death of fir trees, this time just as the Yunnan Golden Monkey "scavenger" role, Usnea removed the tree to ensure that the spruce, the normal growth of fir trees. Thus, Baima Snow Mountain Reserve and the surrounding areas of the original life of subalpine coniferous forests of the Yunnan snub-nosed monkey in here how important it is. Six hours later, search for traces of the activities of Yunnan snub-nosed monkey, we came to an altitude of 3890 meters of the Highlands, the expedition team decided to rest here a little, add the necessary energy to continue to follow after the monkeys. Then we met with the park ranger who is the two patrol officers, one of which is more than a small old son saw him, I think of old had more than once told me, his youngest son has been in junior high school working outside, the hotel's security to do a 3 years old and I always worried about this last year, he just called him back, with him as a monkey, a care team members, for which more than the old date on his wife heart. Tell us little more than an hour before they saw the monkeys from the other rivers go, we refused to take more rest, the direction toward the monkeys continued to track the activities. And five o'clock in the track 10 hours after the monkeys in a jungle in the distance, came the cry of Yunnan golden monkey, although still not see the monkeys, but more than old monkeys is estimated that only 1 km away from us so. But this time, it appears tired of the appearance of the expedition, especially the green space part of a journalist in a serious altitude sickness. After several days of back and forth, although each inspection team are eager to see the Yunnan golden monkey, when in order to prevent accidents, the expedition team had to give up this excellent opportunity to withdraw the camp. A few days later, the press not to follow the expedition to the Yunnan golden monkey shooting, we're in a hurry, but the old wizard, more than worried. To be able to track as soon as possible to the monkeys, more than the old patrol by radio contact with the two, ask them the night at an altitude of nearly 4,000 meters a shack live for the next morning to discover traces of monkeys. More than under the old proposal, the fourth day we all got up early morning, seven o'clock, and _set_ off. Less than an hour, patrol the mountains from the news staff, they have found monkeys, but our road speed, estimated that it takes four hours to reach the monkeys activities take place. Expedition to suspend the food survey, more than in the old under the guidance of the wizard, straight to the direction of the activities of climbing monkeys. At noon time, we are under a big tree at ease a moment, the occasion to eat dry food, suddenly, very alert older than wait around to stand up, then he whispered softly to tell you, he heard the voice of monkeys activities , everyone was silent, crouched standing still. After about ten minutes, we heard the sound of leaves, brush, monkeys climbing down a ravine down. I followed all the old, groping toward the direction where the monkeys go, when monkeys are feeding on broadleaf Mizobe. Yunnan snub-nosed monkey to see the dream, we have pulled out camera, video camera filming, green space, two journalists have already forgotten the tired, racing against time to put the shooting. In the wild to see so many of Yunnan snub-nosed monkey, are people shocked, because too excited, I actually forgot to turn on the camera lens cover. Through observation, we found that this group of about 200 only Yunnan snub-nosed monkey, monkeys of around 16 families, each family 7-14, adult males from 1 ,2-3 ,2-4 adult females only the number of sub-adult monkeys and infant monkeys composition. According to the old I say, we see these monkeys usually have more than 300 rats were divided into two groups these days, and they will flock a few days. Distributed in the affected populations of the ancient Qing this is the habitat of the entire population within the most monkeys, field trips and research here is the best place Yunnan golden monkey. Today, we are particularly fortunate, perhaps there is more than the old "Monkey King" accompanied by the reason, activity and feeding monkeys in the trees for nearly twenty minutes. Monkeys sudden burst of agitation, we are surprised when, with the rushing sound of the leaves burst, saw the monkey in the interval between the leap in the trees a few meters away, disappeared an instant, the whole valley of silence, Big will, after inspection team members was just the excitement gradually from the pressure of cross God. Aesthetic ideas on an ordinary person, the Yunnan golden monkey is undoubtedly the world's most beautiful animals. Who witnessed the lives of the people will their "beauty" by the dumping, amazed. It has a "kind of people who die" in the face, without any slightest bit of "Mao face Thunder" monkey like, dressed in black and white two-color "fur coat", it is extremely elegant, rich state; most remarkable is its beautiful red lips, is simply that many modern women deliberately pursue the kind of exciting lips. But so far, have the opportunity to see it, few have, the vast majority of today's world, people still can not imagine what is Yunnan golden monkey, what kind of animals and even the scientists know it is also very limited time, this species on the verge of extinction. Indeed, the Yunnan golden monkey is in addition to the highest elevations outside human primates, are four golden monkeys in the highest degree of specialization of the species, but also in the Asian species of colobus subfamily of the most special. Behavior caused by the ecological world is very unique and little is known about this, so, of Yunnan snub-nosed monkey primates for understanding the differentiation and evolution in Asia is of great significance and high academic value. We believe that with research work on the Yunnan golden monkey, the deepening of the "plateau Wizard," the mystery will be gradually known to the world.
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Introduction
Scientific name: Rhinopithecus bieti English name: Yunnan snub-nose monkey; Black Snub-nose monkey Alias: black snub-nosed monkey, black Snub-nosed monkey, snow monkey, monkey flower, Daqing monkey, white monkey, flying monkeys, black and white Snub-nosed monkeys, Tibetan called "knowledge solutions", Lisu language known as "Jamie "Bai called" dispensing "(Note: Bai baip hhod, meaning the white monkey.) Yunnan silk monkeys by human and scientific records have been officially named a full one hundred years of history. French zoologist Edward Milne (Milne-Edwards) 1897 years this species is given a complete scientific description, and formally established in accordance with the Linnean binomial nomenclature, known as: Rhinopithecusbieti. Since then, this species will be in the library of species on Earth has its own place. The vast majority of living primates are known as plants and animals living in the Kingdom of the tropical rain forest. Where the climate is warm, food rich in nature for their survival provided an excellent habitat. Therefore, whether ordinary people or experts, a reference to primates, always the focus of attention on the evergreen tropical rain forest. However, in the snow-capped mountains of Yunnan at the junction of the alpine mountains of the forest in Britain, but living a kind of rare and little-known primates. This is the world's rare endemic to China - Yunnan snub-nosed monkey. They have one most like the human face, pet rosy face, matched with contemporary women, who made the pursuit of its beautiful red lips, called the world's most beautiful animals. In addition, it is the biggest monkey on the planet, up to about thirty kilograms of body weight, and the ecological behavior is very special, year-round living in the mountains near the glacier snow line among the coniferous forest belt, even in the depth of winter, not down to the lower altitudes to escape the extreme cold and food shortages and other harsh natural environment, always on the crop, "Qiuhaowufan", which is the primate species in one of the most interesting. In animal systematics, it belongs to primates, monkey families, the golden monkey is. The case is extremely compelling of living primates as a group. It is phylogenetically between the Old World monkeys and apes the special category status. Therefore, for the golden monkey of awareness and understanding of the evolution of mankind itself has special significance, which has a very high academic value. Four species of golden monkey in the genus (including: Sichuan golden monkey, the Guizhou golden monkey, golden monkey and the Yunnan snub-nosed monkey in Vietnam), have been listed among the world's Red List of endangered species. One Yunnan golden monkey, golden monkey Guizhou golden monkey, and Vietnam are the world's most endangered species, 25 species of primate. In addition to Vietnam, the four golden monkey golden monkey, which is only distributed in northern Vietnam, the other three species are endemic to our continent. Therefore, should be regarded as China's "national treasures." Yunnan snub-nosed monkey related research can be traced back to a century ago. In 1871, a Frenchman named David reported on hearsay scientific name of this animal had not yet exist. 1890 winter, two French people that Solly and Bier Te Deqin county organizations in the local hunters to capture seven different age and sex of Yunnan golden monkey, skulls and hides it to Paris museums. French zoologist Milne - Edwards in 1897 and 1898 two of its scientific description of this species is given, and formally named. But since then, no investigation of this mysterious animal news, people thought it was already extinct too! Yunnan snub-nosed monkey on our scientists study was started after 1960, when collected in Deqin County, Yunnan snub-nosed monkey skin was 8 confirmed its existence. But the real field of scientific investigation it began in the late seventies the twentieth century, was the first time that three complete specimens, which opened its mysterious veil. Since then, the Yunnan golden monkey protection attracted great attention of our government in 1983 established the first protected area of Yunnan snub-nosed monkey - Baima Snow Mountain National Nature Reserve in Yunnan Province, which opened on the protection of rare and endangered animals, a prelude to action . Have recently been _set_ up for the red pull-Mountain Nature Reserve in Tibet and Yunnan Provincial Nature Reserve Yunling. These actions greatly promoted the protection of Yunnan golden monkey, plus one after the last two decades the research efforts of our scientists and the various media of publicity, its global significance of biodiversity conservation has been recognized by the world. It is particularly worth mentioning is: Since 1999 it has become the mascot of Kunming International Horticultural Exposition, the Yunnan golden monkey, a sharp rise in popularity. Now, the Chinese government has the "Golden Monkey Protection Project" in its fifteen of wild animals and plants of special protection project.