Qing Fiction The mid-16th century to the 20th century, following the Ming Dynasty in China and later novels in the history of the creation and dissemination of a novel peak times. Many of the great novels of Ming outstanding have been reprinted at this time and more widespread opportunity. Qing dynasty writer also created a large number of great and good novels, Cao Xueqin's "Dream of Red Mansions", Wu Jingzi "Scholars" and Pu's "Strange Stories" is one of the outstanding representatives. Their emergence marked the ancient Chinese vernacular fiction and the art of the highest achievements Fiction. From the literary development history, the Qing Dynasty literature, and also the names of these three closely related works. Novel reflects the overall achievements of the Qing Dynasty a broader surface of life, from the feudal ruling figure, down and the bottom of the working people, have in the works debut. Story is often the scene of daily life to start by describing the style of the old rough outline consequent gradual evolution of the fine line. Such as "Dream of Red Mansions", can be said that the Encyclopedia of China's feudal society. It criticized the strokes almost feudal society and the whole superstructure of the feudal ruling class, the image, there are expected to reflect the inevitable decline of feudal society and the collapse of the trend. "Scholars" and "Strange", the unique choice of the intellectual perspective of the social strata, through their life experiences and spiritual realm of description, penetrating expose the abuses and crimes of the imperial examination system. Some works are the theme of the peasant uprising, reflect and praise the oppressed and exploited people's resistance struggle. And "Bureaucrats", etc., through the depiction of the image of feudal officials, most vividly attacked officialdom ugly defeat and darkness. Some work is manifested in the progress of democratic ideas, such as gender equality or women's liberation and the pursuit of the ideal vision, in that time are precious. Qing Dynasty made many excellent works of fiction and thoughtful reasons, in addition to the creation of a more serious attitude, but also, and artistic expression related. Focus on the life of their society, feudal society in the given representation of the art when the attitudes of both cool, but there are angry protest. Artistic contribution to the rich and colorful style of the Qing dynasty novel, with considerable development. Classical short stories, some work combines Tang Wei, Ghost Stories and Legends of the style and approach, some works to combine stories and arguments together, form a "Notes + novel pattern. Classical novel generation of is a novel new varieties in the garden. vernacular short stories has inherited the tradition of Song and Yuan Dynasties, by the "San Yan" effect, there are more special _set_. the field of vernacular novels, the original Some styles continue to be popular, but there is a new trend. "chopped Ghost" and "The Scholars" and other works of the spread, which means the establishment of satirical novels, especially "The Scholars" come out, such as Lu Xun, "Chinese Novels History, "said," that is before the Department have sufficient say in the book of satire. "Xihu satirical novel into the next downhill, gradually" Novels, "Inside Story of the turnover of the novel." Dream of Red Mansions "On the one hand to break Romances of the past thousand side, one thousand of the bars were a _set_ of framework; the other hand, in the description of family, love life, his writings full of poetic brilliance, washing the late Ming novels to the literary style brought all the filth, _set_ an example for the human novel. But at last inevitably human Evolution Mo Liu novel into a courtesan novel. The body of the novel, or how much land melted into the fantasy novel factors. In addition, the historical novel and the hero Tales blend, detective novels and confluence of chivalric novels, too, constitutes a novel feature of the Qing Dynasty. This is all evolution, transformation, both its own reasons, but also by age, social environment, all reflect the development of the literature The regularity. Continued to write famous books, a momentary trend, only the "Dream of Red Mansions," the Sequel, has reached more than thirty species. Range of historical novels has added a complete narrative history of the DPRK to do different generations gathered Till the dawn, the accumulation theme master of style has led to a number of works emerged, for example, "said Yue Fei," "QING", etc. So of the previous novel the same subject (even including opera works) the summary of the adaptation and creation. Create a number of the Qing dynasty novels Typical image, such as "Dream of Red Mansions" in Jia, Lin, Xue, Wang Xifeng, Tan Chun, Qingwen, very hot and so on, "The Scholars" in the Jin Fan, Kuang Chaoren , Ma Er, etc., "Strange Tales" in the Young Man Shek ("Ma Jiefu") and so on, "said Yue Fei" in the Niugao so, they included in the typical figure in the history of Chinese fiction gallery and there is no look of shame. And compared to the Ming Dynasty novel, these characters closer to a successful life, shortening the distance between the reader. They are mostly ordinary lives of ordinary people, anytime, anywhere around the reader around the encounter, which was amiable and trustworthy. The author describes, there is no deification of them, not to smear ink exaggerated. All aspects of the novel from the Qing Dynasty, regarded the development of ancient Chinese art of the novel a step forward to the Commissioner. The quality and quantity from the work point of view, especially from the perspective of total artistic achievements, the Qing Ming fiction and fiction can go hand in hand, and some even more than the Ming dynasty novel. And the Qing Dynasty in the entire novel Lord be examined in the literature, you can also find it far more than the achievements of the Qing Dynasty poetry, words, prose, drama and so on. Development stage of the development of the Qing Dynasty novel, can be divided into four stages: (a) Junji, Kangxi period (1644 ~ 1722); (b) Yongzheng, Qianlong period (1723 ~ 1795); (c) Jiaqing, Daoguang, Xianfeng, Tongzhi period (1796 ~ 1874); (d) dynasty, Xuantong period (1875 ~ 1911). Vernacular Novels, places of historical romance novels, fiction and Romances saga achievement is the highest. Achievements of the more prominent of them, the "Yue Fei" and "The Water Margin after the transfer" (Chen Chen and essays), "after the Outlaws of the Marsh" (Room Master Ching Lin essays) and "Orientation of" and so on. They inherited and developed the "Three Kingdoms" and "Water Margin" tradition. Historical Novel and Heroic Legends in two categories, who have been difficult to separate them will disappear. Uptake from the material, cut, and from the artistic expression of view, works on the history of the heroic deeds of legendary celebration of more than a historical account of events. "Yue Fei" and "The Orientation of" artistic achievements have been over the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties on the story of Yue Fei, a hero story tile Kong Village theme of novel and drama work. Human novel, substantial ownership "continued Jin Ping Mei", "Xingshi" and so on. Husband and wife who write the family discord, some fairly new. Such content, in the "Strange Tales" has also repeatedly appeared, some people had doubts, "Xingshi" is the author of Pu. And human novel different Romances in large numbers during this period. Since the Ming Dynasty it is an important branch of human novel. Its contents, probably in love at first sight before, interspersed with random allocation of villains from the compound, and finally a happy ending. The "Ho-kau" and "The Jen pear", "Ping Shan Leng Yan" and other works are more prominent achievements. Many of these works modeled on the "Golden Lotus" of the case, since the name of the main characters in the book out three or four words, a combination of the title. To the late Romantic Novels, the content tends gradually caught up by the simple, has a blend of some mythical novels, historical novels, detective fiction is written. Novels of the development of this period is nearing completion, the "Journey to the West after the", "Ji Gong Biography," "drunk Bodhi," and so on. From the content perspective, be more appropriate to call it a fantasy novel. Uprising in the Ming Dynasty 唐 赛 children as a theme "Nv Unofficial History" in the classification, historical fiction, fantasy both. In addition, the satire on the human world into the state of cynicism, only a "ghost cut Biography", the more prominent. It Chongzhen years from the "Goblin" to the Qianlong period of the "Scholars" between the bridges. Besides, since I inherited Wanli in Ming Dynasty style, has written or printed a lot of obscene novel. During this period, several prolific writers in literary fiction occupies an important position, and have some influence. Smallpox Tibetan master, Yan Shui San people are created or adapted a number of short stories and novels. Li Yu has "Liancheng Bi," "Twelve Towers", "meat futon" and other works; addition, he is a famous opera writer, theorist. Stone into gold "rain flower", "Heavenly Music", contains fifty-two short stories, the history in the vernacular, he was the first department in the works in the title of his real name. Vernacular novel harvest abundance. Wu Jingzi "The Scholars", and Cao Xueqin's "Dream of Red Mansions", two peaks appeared almost at the same time, this sense of the novel in the history of the early Ming state can be the "Three Kingdoms" and "Water Margin" before and after the match. "Scholars" of "public spirit satirical" (Lu Xun's "Brief History"), a satirical novel in the works. It is concentrated and reflected the imperial examination system described under the various intellectual attitude and activities. In the ideological content of the deep and wide, and has gone beyond the "Strange" and before all the subjects in this same literature. And "Scholars" compared to "Dream of Red Mansions" higher achievement, and future generations of that time is greater. From the ideological content of the depth and breadth of view, it is worthy of a feudal society of encyclopedia; from the skillful art of description of view, be regarded as the highest example of ancient Chinese novels. Cao Xueqin in the "Dream of Red Mansions," the first chapter in a timely manner to the proposed Romances fair criticism. From this period began, Romantic novels, the idea of general decline in artistic level, this category has lost its future development, representative of "A Short History in Spring Garden," "stone edge," "water stone edge," "snow on the plum "and so on. Historical fiction novel, "Dragon Biography," "said Hu Biography," "anti-Don Kingdoms Biography", "Tang said, after" and "The Biography of Zheng Xi Kingdoms", "anti-Don Kingdoms Biography" and other works absorbed elements of folklore, many left the historical facts, fiction saga is similar to the wording, style, bold, self-contained way. "Eastern Zhou Zhi", "Appreciative Kingdoms", "History of Northern Dynasties Kingdoms" and still follow the old tradition. Among them, CAI Yuan put the "Eastern Zhou Zhi" spread wider, a greater impact, at the time completely replaced the Ming Dynasty, "Biography of nations" in several different versions. "The Wizard of Oz" and "The flavor," is one of two excellent works. Shigetomi the content is difficult to put them into any one category alone. "The Wizard of Oz" by the "Scholars" effect, with sharp satire and bold exposed. Structurally, the story of several groups through different activities of the protagonist throughout the cold ice up, very unique. There Wenru Yu and Admiralty children's story, the description of the brothel life, detailed and true, clients, prostitutes and people hack the character of the two lively and vivid, lifelike human world state, the last novel in the performance has not been so successful. "The flavor of" large space, as many as one hundred fifty-four back; content widely, as it Legend said: "narrative reasoning, by the theory about the history of loyalty and filial piety advise, operational decision-making, Art of the soldiers, doctors considered poetry , feelings of emotions, Expository Preaching, evil spirits, said ... ... ", almost all-encompassing. On learning of fiction Guicang articles, and later the "Flowers in the Mirror" is exactly the same. "Gui Lin Dream" White Lotus peasant uprising in the background, Romantic novels, historical novels, fantasy novel three kinds of writing both. "Sworn Raft" is a human fiction category, but on film _set_s and clean government, and Luo Zhixia description of the effectiveness of disability under the command of the next stages of the detective novel, chivalric novels will undoubtedly have a direct or indirect influence by. The third stage, Jiaqing, Daoguang, Xianfeng, Tongzhi novels of the period, the decline into the creative period. Mainly as follows: do not create stir the hearts of the great masterpiece, read mostly in very shallow thinking and art, works of mediocrity; genre is not enough diversity; subject largely confined to the previous range, very few new ideas ; works reflect the social content of less a fact of life. Published and circulated in the novel, often rough form, and even bear to read what it naturally reflects the indirect novels recession. During this period, the most important works to be considered as a "Flowers in the Mirror." It has to show off knowledge of the side, similar to the previous period, "The flavor." But its success greatly exceeded the "flavor of." It represents the utopian ideals, in particular, showing respect for the democratic ideas of women. Ironically, it developed a means of artistic expression, through the fantasy world portrayed in the overseas, to expose and satirize the things in real life. Hundred and twenty back to the "Dream of Red Mansions" first published in fifty-six years of Qianlong (1791). A few years later began to appear on all sorts of reading and pastiche. Continued to make books and the emergence of imitation only proves that "Dream of Red Mansions" in the presence of significant impact to the original ideas and art, they can not hold a candle. "Blossoms House", "Fab Five Pingxi prequel", "Fab Five Pingnan after the transfer" and other works of historical figures as the main character, and "Yang diplomacy" is similar, folklore as to increase still retains Historical Novels shadow. "Green Peony", "pink makeup House" and other works have been transformed into chivalric novel. "Shi case, unheard-of" ("Shi Gong") and other works are completed the chivalric novels and detective fiction merge. There are several "Journey to the West" rating of the publication. Also accompanied by a fantasy novel published in the "Pagoda odd" and "The hope each Dream", "Flying stumble Biography," and so on. There are some articles to do to reverse the verdict of the novel. "Dream of Red Mansions," the book continued to make amends, change the tragic ending to a happy ending. "Dang," The intention is to stand on "Heroes," the antithesis to "Respecting the King off bandits" as the theme, is completely "Water Margin" reactionary mind_set_. It represents a novel creation was an adverse current. Then Tu Shen has written classical novel "Suo <worm Kyrgyzstan> Notes" (a "Hop inside and outside the Suo Yan" and "<worm Tan> History." Which up to twenty volumes, is the classical Chinese novel first appeared . Since then, similar works are Chen ball "Yanshan Unofficial History", all written by forty-six style. Overall, this novel seventy years of creative achievements is not high. The fourth stage, the dynasty, Xuantong novels of the period. This is a novel in the history of ancient China during the last finishing touches. Classical novel "Night Rain Autumn Light record," "Song Bin Man record," "Song Bin Suo words" as the representative. Their imitation "Strange" and make, but the focus of description is not fox ghost, but the fireworks Prostitute of things.
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Chinese History
清代小说 中国历史
Qingdai xiaoshuo China Qing Dynasty novel boom-bust classic novel to modern fiction, modern fiction transition period. Qing class conflicts and ethnic conflicts in the struggle against ideological and cultural fields, to give a profound influence novels. Qing rulers crushed the rebellion after the peasant uprising and the nation has taken some measures to ease the tense of the class conflicts and ethnic tensions that once war-torn economy to recover and develop. But, after all, has entered the late feudal society, the Ming Dynasty have been nurtured by capitalist elements still under development, the reactionary feudal and decadent nature of the gradual exposure of the Qing dynasty experienced Kangxi, Yongzheng and Qianlong "Golden Age", the recession will be down. In the ideological and cultural fields, due to the stimulation regime change, the requirements of historical progress on behalf of democratic ideas, in the early Qing Dynasty was flourishing while. This progressive trend and then was the cruel oppression of the feudal rulers, Kang, dry place again and again during the Inquisition, feudal cultural autocracy seriously fetter the development of thought. Writing in the Qing Dynasty by the constraints of the social environment, from the early Qing Dynasty to the Qianlong was the heyday of the novel, on behalf of the Democratic tendencies, the real work is the description of social reality, the mainstream novels of this period, "Dream of Red Mansions" is it the highest representative; Qianlong period before the Opium War is later, that Jiaqing, Daoguang period, from the reality, to promote the works of Norm and the proliferation of retribution, rendering Weidun novels, boring scene. [Miaoyu _select_ed from fifty-six years of the Qing Dynasty Emperor Qianlong of the process a "Dream of Red Mansions" Illustration] Qing Qianlong Dynasty (1644 ~ 1795) novels of this period both the quantity and quality of content and form, style and genre, Compared with the previous generation, there is greater development. Historical Romance and the saga is particularly prominent in the early Qing Dynasty, the important works include "After the Water Margin" and "The Orientation of", "Story of Yue Fei", "Nv Unofficial History", and so on, they describe the history and the history figures, but it was the social performance of the oppressed people and nations consciousness of resistance. Classical short story collection "Strange Stories" Six Dynasties and Tang inherited the fine tradition of the legendary, with skilled Conciseness of strokes, deep and multifaceted reflection of the social, in the dark, expose and indictment of society, includes the freedom, happiness and desire and the pursuit of light, which is the peak of the classical Chinese novel. Novel "The Scholars" to learn the ancient art of literature satire nutrition, a series of vividly described by the Imperial poisoning and philistine reader's soul, he argued, and through the description of these ugly category, launched a broad picture of social history It is the ancient Chinese classic works of satire. Novel "Dream of Red Mansions" describes the decline of an aristocratic family, describing the family of Jia, Lin and Xue's Love and Marriage, Love and Marriage and surround this group of young women in the tragedy. Dream tragedy when young men and women reflects the requirements of individual freedom and the feudal system of irreconcilable conflict. This work captures the most significant end of the feudal social issues, showing the initial democratic mind_set_. It is the greatest in ancient China a realistic novel. In addition, like the novel "Xingshi" "The Wizard of Oz," "cut ghost Biography", etc., then the novel "Stone awake drunk," "according to the World Cup", "bean shed gossip," "colored stone "," silent movie "," Twelve Towers ", etc., all to varying degrees, reflect real life. During this period, although there are some works to promote the fame and wealth, Norm thought for the purpose, such as the considerable and growing number of Romances to preaching the word of the novel, but they only occupied a secondary position, on behalf of the achievements of this period is the novel "Strange," "Scholars" and "Dream of Red Mansions." Jiaqing to Daoguang two decades (1796 ~ 1840) during this period, historical fiction, and an increasing failure saga, there are more substantial, "said Don Kingdoms Biography," "Blossoming F Yang Di Romance Package" and so on, but the ideological and artistic previous similar works are not, and continued during this period, "Dream of Red Mansions" was rampant in this culture originated in the late Qianlong to Jiaqing, Daoguang climax of these sequels are divided into two types: one connected to the "Dream of Red Mansions" after the 120 back such as "Dream of Red Mansions, after" (Xiao Yao Zi), "continued Dream" (Qinzi Chen), "Qi Heavy Dream House" (Lan Gao lay), "Red House Complex Dream" (Chen Shaohai), "continued Lou "(Sea nursery owners)," Red Round House "(Mengmeng Mr.)," fill the Dream of Red Mansions "and" Red added, "(Hill-chiu), etc.; a class connected to the" Dream of Red Mansions "97 Back If, after the "Dream up" (go hoe son), "Red dream" (flowers on idiot) and so on. They are all want to change the "Dream of Red Mansions," the tragic spirit, so yu and Lin to a big reunion. This continued to make large numbers of mink, reflecting the feudal tradition of literary trend of the "Dream of Red Mansions," the anti-dial, is a step backward. In addition, the banner of "Water Margin" the sequel to the sign, "Dang," its conception and the "Water Margin" On the contrary, the Liangshanpo hero killed or punish, sexually explicit demonstration of maintenance of the feudal rule of political position. During this period the works of good or innovative, the "Green Peony", "Pagoda Legend", "pink makeup House Biography", "Shuangfeng Romance" and "Flowers in the Mirror" and so on. "Flowers in the Mirror" is the most prominent. This work overseas through the fantasy world of the description and satire to expose the reality of darkness and injustice in society, with democratic ideas of factors to sustenance "Utopia"-style social ideal. The more outstanding of these novels, in the Qing, dynasty, during the non-dominant position, their own ideas and artistic achievements of the novel is not, and the early Qing Dynasty. Scholars in the Qing Dynasty novel is basically a creation, which determines its appearance and the Ming Dynasty novel significantly different. Ming Dynasty, long, such as "Three Kingdoms", "Water Margin", "Journey to the West", etc., there is a from the folk legends, drama, scheduled to speak to the evolution of scholars; short stories such as "Three Words" and so on, also compiled in the If people on the basis of amendments made in this "Golden Lotus" is an exception. Short stories generally retains the character of civil speech. Qing novels is different, even in the material on folklore, traditional drama and learn to speak and some unofficial notes, but the writer based on their own lives and experiences to their own thoughts and feelings, to _select_ion, to ideas, to describe, full expression in his works and ideals of the wishes of the individual. More novel are completely out of the old dependency Chen said, the writer drawn from real life, in the structure, narrative and description of various aspects of characters, also reaching a mature state. Li Yu's "silent drama", "Twelve Towers" is the vernacular short stories representative of artistic achievement. Early novels in addition to some historical fiction and saga also the case of hash, in general, the work has its own originality. "Dream of Red Mansions" completely break the traditional thinking and writing, the novel of this period the most outstanding representatives. Other works, such as "Scholars" Although the structure adopted in the "Water Margin" and other traces of the model works, and yet show its uniqueness to art style, it is the create a style of great The for. Even as the thought mediocre, full of articles raving scholars are sour the "flavor of" Off the beaten track of are also everywhere. He's the hero as the center of a Wenwuquancai constructed macro 152 back to the monumental masterpiece, its style is unique. Qing Dynasty was the golden age of ancient Chinese novels. An unprecedented number of the Qing Dynasty novel, genre variety, the most important is that it is very close to real life, not just the fallen heroes of the times and describing the legendary hero, it turned to secular society and ordinary people. History of the Ming Dynasty the development of novel came from the speakers, from the trunk and branch of historical fiction, legend and a hero of Ghost Stories, which are described extraordinary heroes. Only short vernacular fiction was Narrations daily social and family life, the actions described tone-like streets and marketplaces laity. CD "Golden Lotus" is an exception. "Golden Lotus" for the first time to short the traditional subject matter into the vernacular fiction novels, with a delicate brush strokes portray the realistic world of the laity, is the development of a novel large-scale development. "Golden Lotus" of innovation, to really get to carry forward the Qing Dynasty. The mainstream of the Qing Dynasty novel is the description of the ordinary life of the real world, such as "Xingshi", "The Scholars", "Qiludeng" "The Wizard of Oz," "Dream of Red Mansions", etc., are write real life person. Especially the "Dream of Red Mansions", which by the way life is portrayed life in order to show a rise and fall of a family's rise and fall of an era of class to the performance of a group of young men and women of the tragedy of the tragedy of a society of an era, the novel shows the performance of the full great real-life abilities and capacity. In the Qing Dynasty, although some development of poetry, and called ZTE, but the novel's success than the traditional style of poetry and other literature in the field of literature occupied the position of chief, as scholars involved in writing the novel, the novel gradually with the literati elegant. "Dream of Red Mansions" is the positive aspect of this trend is representative. This trend is on the other hand, it is the novel and the novel of Taoism infected more feudal habits of literati. With the evolution of history, which gradually developed into a major tendency of the novel. After the Opium War until the development of the novel has a new look. Shi Changyu
