Recently or frequently to emit lava, pyroclastics, or a volcanic gas
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经常或周期性喷发的火山
Regular or periodic volcanic eruptions.
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火山
In human history, often or periodically during the eruption of the volcano.
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No. 4
Lhasa City Tour volcano complaint telephone complaints Tel :0891-66508080891 -6324691 Tibet tourism complaints Tel :0891 -6,834,193 State Tourism Tel :010-65275315 Complaint In 1990, the Hoh Xil region officially launched comprehensive scientific investigation. In order to ensure to find "active volcano", we heard before departure Professor Li Bingyuan introduction, carefully review the relevant information, prepared a detailed topographic map, and decided to expand the survey area and the distribution of Cenozoic volcanic rocks in the region note that all the volcanic body. In particular, north of Lake Le oblique Wudan Cenozoic volcanic rocks are concentrated in the Hoh Xil area, is the focus of our search for active volcanoes. However, the harsh natural and geographical conditions, severe hypoxia and changeable mountain plateau climate action to search for active volcanoes created difficulties one after another. July 17, the expedition team to the Caribbean slope from Lake Wu Dan Xijir Ulan Hubei transfer. The first run very smoothly, although the team in the barren desert in the winding stone forward more slowly, fortunately most of the day without incident. Who would have thought just crossed the watershed, upstream to Lake Le oblique Wudan he ran unexpected trouble. The upper reaches of the lake a few kilometers wide, sandy beach, dozens of large and small, silver-white diffuse the water flow from west to east flow of the Great Lakes over white sand. Marked on the map only in the winter season road access, pre-check when the last car left India long ago have vanished. Had no choice but to distance, while advancing exploration side of the road, insist forcing white sandy beaches! However, when walking in the front of a geological group of four vehicles were stuck unable to move, everyone was deeply felt terrible the white sand beach! There is only water and white sand, the wheels of a switch, water and sand left behind to go, the car took the opportunity to the _set_tlement, and mixed, the whole car got into the sand. We dug out and sunk a car, tossing nearly 3 hours and about 500 meters away from the other side, when everyone is exhausted. Other side of the camp is planned, seeing the sun goes down, silver shiny yellow gradually darken the white sandy beach, we can do nothing but wait for reinforcements. Fortunately, the back of the vehicle to change course, from the further upstream touched the white sand beach. When we pulled the tent to see the card pulled out of the baggage of white sandy beaches, to move forward towards the camp, I feel relieved bursts; to see the inspection vehicles have gone through head-off a few more open to us, my heart feel warm more . 14 brawny in front with a rope pull, lift a few people at the back even with a push, all of you hard, he just came up with the white sand beach the car! It appears that only through the test of white sandy beaches, to _set_ foot on the road to find an active volcano. Sure enough, near Lake Le oblique Wudan many volcanic rocks. In the double-headed mountains, volcanic layer was isolated mountain side, Eagle's Nest-shaped, like the hat worn on top, but did not find any signs of volcanic activity. Hump in the vicinity of the black, volcanic rock was being shaped distribution, the top layer of the lava hundreds of meters also saw a near-circular mound, the Red vesicular trachyandesite and volcanic slag composition, highlighting the ground ten meters, is a small lava vents. The first is a black mark against the isolated hill a few hundred meters in diameter. The roots of the volcanic hills to see the variegated breccia - rock that, mounds of lava flow structures are developed, at the top of the main block for the black lava. In the top center has a nearly circular depression in the middle filled with good crystalline andesitic porphyry, the external ten-meter-wide rock for baking into a red, brown, black and other colors. Bear the blame for all of the evidence that the head is a small, ancient crater, but not we hope that the "volcano." Search continues eastward to the Hoh Xil Mountain, Hill and five peaks along Malan. Although for many days to find the old saw that a number of variegated volcanic lava and pumice, occasionally see a small black-brown scoria and more or less reduced the enthusiasm we found active volcanoes, but the south bank of the survey in the flood made us excited. August 6, when we come to the Regional Geological Survey Team of Qinghai Three units had served as the resident of a small hill, and found there was actually a volcanic body. At first glance, I saw the hillside development have not only black and gray lava flow structure of the pores, but there are some very development of yellowish gray pumice pores, from the rock characteristics can be determined basically they are the product of the late volcanic eruption. Together with its topographic features not only more like a half remaining on the volcano, and its location is relatively close to the latitude and longitude of the foreign reports, we hope so much this is the dream of the "volcano" Yeah. However, after careful investigation, we have once again disappointed. The "broken" is too small crater, only about ten meters in diameter, surrounded not retain any evidence of the recent eruption of volcanic material, and here apparently have experienced a long period of weathering and erosion, rocks, including those who have already taken place in pumice alteration, they will never be more than a dozen years ago, before the formation of volcanic eruptions. Although we very much hope that through my work the youngest of the "volcano", even though we are willing to continue looking, but we then had to make this conclusion: there has not been the Hoh Xil 1973 volcanic eruption. First of all, we did not find any new product of volcanic activity, regardless of the product of volcanic landforms such as volcanic eruptions or does not exist; Secondly, the ground no signs of volcanism, both see the geothermal anomaly, snow on top of the formation of the ice cap, Small glaciers did not melt or reduced; Third, in the years 1971-1974, the district is being ground plotting aerial photographs, from the officially published on the use of topographic maps or from the year in the report were not record of volcanic activity. Finally, we propose a bold assumption: whether groups Xinqingfeng Feiquan be mistaken for a volcanic eruption? Sun Lake is located about 15 km east, latitude 35 ° 38.0 'N 92 ° 52.5' Qingfeng Feiquan new group exposed at an altitude of 5000 meters of the Piedmont, an area of nearly 3,000 square kilometers, more than 100 holes around the clock spring steaming ground spraying to form a column of smoke up to twelve meters. According to our investigation and analysis, the group rarely seen Feiquan Tufa, but in 1972 plotting topographic maps are not marked out on the typical landscape of this very spot, it may be inferred Feiquan groups in recent decades During the year, and appears to form. If this inference, correct, taking into account the early twentieth century, 70 to limit or satellite positioning technology, the calculation of possible errors is very likely the Jets will Feiquan mistaken for volcanic eruption column formed a pillar of smoke. In that case, look for Hoh Xil "volcano" should come to an end the work.
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No. 5
Active volcanoes (active volcano) Generally, only active volcano eruption will occur. Is expected to be re-eruption and eruption of volcanoes, of course, can be called an active volcano. Those dormant volcano, is a living, but even if not now necessary to eruption, and again in the future may also be known as the volcanic eruption of an active volcano. Its last eruption that has been very long ago, and proved in the foreseeable future volcanic eruption does not occur, or the extinct volcano called off. The criteria to judge a volcano "dead" or "live" so far not a strict and scientific standards. Experience will have had the history or tradition or history of eruption volcanic eruption recorded as active volcanoes, but this has 534 volcanoes in the world. However, history or history of every country and region can be very different, some only three or four years, while others are up to three or four years or longer. In those hermit deep in the remote areas, even the active volcano eruption in modern times, it may not be known or no history. For example, 40km west of the Golden Dragon Jingyu top sub volcano, dating back some 1,600 years ago in the once explosive eruption occurred, but has found no historical records. Obviously, based on historical records or historical definition of an active volcano is far from complete and not realistic. So some volcanologists Huohuo Shan Penfa based on a large number of intervals and the last one out of the volcanic eruption of the statistics, to propose a certain time constraints, improved the definition of active volcanoes, namely those in the past 10,000 years, 5,000 years or 2000 years had a volcanic eruption, known as active volcanoes. What is the use of 10,000 years, in 5000 or 2000, will allow based on different countries and different regions of the specific circumstances. Improved definition of the active volcano, is still allowed to have exceptions, and requires a specific evaluation of an active volcano, can provide the existence of volcanic activity underground magma chamber evidence of systematic evidence. But the volcano's "dead" or "living" is still relative. There are some 10,000 years or more in a long time since the eruption did not happen "dead" volcano, also may be due to deep tectonic or magmatic activity led to revived the eruption. For example, China Wudalianchi volcanoes, most of the volcanic eruption in the 100,000 years ago, but one of the volcanoes and the burning volcanic eruptions is the formation of AD 1719-1721 eruption. Based on the above, we can get on the general concept of an active volcano: that is erupting or historical period and there have been nearly 10,000 years as an active volcano erupting volcano. When there is volcanic activity below the magma chamber or magma system, this volcanic eruption is considered dangerous, should be placed in the modern volcano monitoring systems. First, the process of volcanic eruption The process of the surface before the volcano summarized into three stages: the initial rising phase of magma, magma chamber stage and left the stage of magma to the surface. 1. Magmatic stage of the formation and initial rise The generation of magma must have two processes: partial melting and melt separation and the parent rock. Both processes are unlikely to actually independent of each other, the separation of melt and rock began to arise in the melt may have a. Partial melting of the liquid (ie, magmatic) and solid (crystal) coexistence state, temperature, pressure drop and lower the solidus partial melting can be generated. When the partial melting of the material with the mantle plume, in the flow will produce liquid and solid separation, resulting in fluid movement and even the gathering, known as segregation. 2. Magmatic sac stage Magma chamber is filling with magma beneath the volcano region, the crust or upper mantle rocks relatively enriched medium, where the magma. Generally regarded as a similar reservoir rock pores (or cracks) in the high-temperature fluids, generally considered within the plume of magma only 5% of the total volume of -30%. From the local perspective, can be regarded as a collection of internal relative flow of liquid. Magma by magma melt, volatiles, and the mixture of crystals. 3. From the magma to the surface phase Magma from the magma source region until the rise near the surface of the channel, and the excess magma pressure, channel and through the formation and crystallization of magma rising, degassing processes. Local shell tensile or tensile - shear stress is greater than the local rock failure strength, they may form sheets or sheets - shear rupture, should these cracks interconnected to the eruption as magma channels. Second, the volcanic eruption conditions Three types of volcanic eruption Looking at the world type of volcanic eruption, its determinants First magma composition, volatile content, temperature and viscosity, such as the composition of basaltic magma with sio2 low, with relatively little volatile, high temperature, low viscosity, so the magma mobility, volcanic eruptions are relatively quiet, mostly magma eruption, the lava can form large terraces and shield volcanoes; rhyolitic and andesitic magma and volatile-rich sio2, the temperature is low, viscous , liquidity is poor, so violent volcanic eruptions, huge explosions, a large number of volcanic ash, volcanic bombs ejected, often tall volcanic cone formation, accompanied by pyroclastic flows and light cloud phenomenon, often resulting in worst-hit. Second, the determinants of the characteristics of magma rising channel, if the magma chamber of magma along the fault line emission from the surface longer, that the formation of fissure eruption; If formed along the two faults cross-channel tubular Bay, in the magma under pressure, can generate violent central eruption. Third, the determinants of the tectonic environment of magma erupted, to see on land or underwater; is the ridge or in the plate; or in island arc collision zone and so on. Volcano tectonic environment in which different types of volcanic features are also very different. 1. Basalt eruption of the Pan-flow The eruption of the Deccan Plateau, such as India, North America, the Columbia Plateau. They are the direction of magma along a major fault (fracture) or increased fracture group, spray the surface, and some long narrow channel from the full spray; some volcanic eruptions, respectively, were arranged in a shape, but is connected to a wall down shaped channel, so called "fissure eruption." Mainly basalt eruption, the flow direction nearly parallel, the thickness and composition is more stable, production-like flat to lava is more common, and often form a lava plateau. Mobility because of basalt lava emit a large amount of rare outbreak phase, similar in terrain is flat at the flood, overflowing everywhere, distribution, wide area, so called "pan-flow basalt eruption." 1783 volcanic eruption of Laki in Iceland, 25km from the long crack in the lava and ejected about 12km3 spit of volcanic debris 3km3 material, covering an area of 565km2. William Arizona valley valley, 120m wide cracks from the one-time outflow of lava, forming 14 × 22km2 of the plateau, the maximum thickness of up to 240m. China Guizhou, Yunnan, Sichuan, Permian basalt (260000km2) and Hebei Hannuoba (1700km2) are also pan-flow basalt eruption. 2. Hawaiian eruption (hawaiian eruption) 3. Stone Boley type (strombolian eruption) 4. Wu Er Kanuo type of eruption (vulcanian eruption) 5. Pei-lei eruption (peléan eruption) Name originated in the West Indies, Martinique, Pei-lei volcanic eruption of 1902, when the destroyed city of Saint-Pierre, the death toll over 30,000. This high-viscosity magma eruption, outbreak particularly strong, the most obvious feature is to produce hot ash cloud, which is a high-heat the gas, all hot ash particles, as emulsion activity, density, When it moves down along the hill, sufficient to produce the same effect as the hurricane. In Pei-lei eruption, the upward escape of the gas often blocked by volcanic lava mouth, the pressure increases when the explosion occurred just as the cork under the spray from a burst of horizontal wind. High ash content of the lava was driven out of the gas flow, but in addition to the mouth from the fire, thick lava flow, other places there is no lava outflow phenomenon. The history of the volcanic eruption occurred Pei-lei more: 1835 Forsythe Guyana that, Krakatau 1883, the Soufriere Hills in 1902, 1912 Katmai, 1951 Lamington volcano ,1955-1956 Do not Zimi Yang, 1968 and 1982 Aierqiqiong Mayon volcano are of this type. 6. Pliny eruption (plinian eruption) 7. Chao Wu Er Kanuo-type eruption And water vapor as the outbreak is almost non-explosive eruption of magma. Some said the super-volcano (Mount Bandai in Japan)-type outbreak. As no lava eruption eruptions only, so eruptions eruption in the cooling mode, and occasionally in the hot state emitted. It features a large number of basement volcanic debris, sometimes up to 75% -100%. Wu Er Kanuo type of eruption over the volume of material changes in the size of large rocks to volcanic ash from a mega-have. Debris is usually angular and sharp angular, non-volcanic bombs and slag. 8. Sute Se eruption 1963-1967, the southern coast of Iceland's volcanic eruptions keep a Su Tese volcanic island. During the first half of volcanic activity, in a shallow submarine volcano in eruption characterized by recurrent bursts, when contact with basaltic magma and seawater Shiyou explosion, producing a large number of fine material (ash), which by the magma - water vapor , water vapor - the type of magma eruption and the eruption on land not the same type of Stone Boley. Above classification is not the most perfect, the actual survey revealed that even the same type of eruption may also occur in different types of volcanism in a volcano while the same process in their own activities may also produce different types of eruption, or even In the same eruption also sometimes there are different forms of volcanic activity. Such as the Stone of Stone named Boley Boley type volcano-type eruption occurred a few Wu Er Kanuo; named Hawaiian eruption of Kilauea and Mauna Loa, are observed in different periods from the Stone Boley Wu Er Kanuo type to the super-type eruption. Fourth, volcanic eruptions Index Volcanic eruptions are most at risk of explosive eruptions, the largest of which is the eruption column disasters, so get used to the total mass of ejecta and eruption column height to measure, often called a volcanic eruption Index vei (volcanic explosivity index). Volcano eruption and the energy index vei e (erg) the relationship (s de la cruz-reyna, 1996) as: lg e = 0.78 mvei + 21.02 Vei = 7 last eruption was in 1815 tambora, like this eruption (vei = 7) approximately one thousand years. Changbai 1199 eruption, ash 2-5 cm in Hokkaido, Japan, estimated eruption volume 120km3, vei = 7, equivalent to a 9.8 earthquake. Vei = 6 of the last eruption was in June 1991 Pena Figure stroke eruption, dvi volcanic dust screen index reached 1000. Vei = 6 and then the last eruption was in 1883, krakatoa, eruption roughly like this once in a century. vei = 5, such as Mount Vesuvius eruption in 79 AD eruption (vei = 5) ten - three years once. vei = 4 of the 1991 eruption eruption clouds Xianyue (vei = 4) 3-5 years once. Changbai Mountain 140 km outside the 1668-1702 eruption of volcanic ash 3-5 cm, estimated eruption volume 1km3, strength vei = 4 ~ 5, equivalent to a 8.5 earthquake. vei = 3 ruiz eruption such as the 1985 eruption. Heilongjiang under the debris volume / total eruption volume, estimated the outbreak index vei = 4 Laoheishan Huoshaoshan vei = 3 eruptions eruption column height of 1-2 km, the intensity vei = 2, the energy equivalent to a seven earthquake. vei = 2 such as the 1991 eruption of Mount Unzen eruption. vei = 1 stromboli eruption such as the 1996 eruption. vei described the eruption volume km3 eruption column height km erg of energy equivalent to magnitude 1 micro 10-5-10-3 0.1-1 6.6 6.3 * 1021 2 small 0.001-0.01 1-5 1022 7.2 3.8 * 3, 3-15 0.01-0.1 7.7 6.3 * 1023 4 Large 0.1-1 10-25 8.2 1.4 * 1024 Top 5 1-1025-45 8.7 8.3 * 1024 Great 10-10030-50 6 1025 9.3 5.0 * Great 100-100035-55 7 1026 9.8 3.0 * 8 large> 100045-55 10.3 1.8 * 1027 Fifth, active volcano Generally, only active volcano eruption will occur. Is expected to be re-eruption and eruption of volcanoes, of course, can be called an active volcano. Those dormant volcano, is a living, but even if not now necessary to eruption, and again in the future may also be known as the volcanic eruption of an active volcano. Its last eruption that has been very long ago, and proved in the foreseeable future volcanic eruption does not occur, or the extinct volcano called off. The criteria to judge a volcano "dead" or "live" so far not a strict and scientific standards. Experience will have had the history or tradition or history of eruption volcanic eruption recorded as active volcanoes, but this has 534 volcanoes in the world. However, history or history of every country and region can be very different, some only three or four years, while others are up to three or four years or longer. In those hermit deep in the remote areas, even the active volcano eruption in modern times, it may not be known or no history. For example, 40km west of the Golden Dragon Jingyu top sub volcano, dating back some 1,600 years ago in the once explosive eruption occurred, but has found no historical records. Obviously, based on historical records or historical definition of an active volcano is far from complete and not realistic. So some volcanologists active volcano eruption intervals based on the large and extinct volcanoes of the last eruption of statistics, presented a certain period of time constraints, improved the definition of active volcanoes, namely those in the past 10,000 years, 5,000 years or 2000 years had a volcanic eruption, known as active volcanoes. What is the use of 10,000 years, in 5000 or 2000, will allow based on different countries and different regions of the specific circumstances. Improved definition of the active volcano, is still allowed to have exceptions, and requires a specific evaluation of an active volcano, can provide the existence of volcanic activity underground magma chamber system of evidence. But the volcano's "dead" or "living" is still relative. There are some 10,000 years or more in a long time since the eruption did not happen "dead" volcano, also may be due to deep tectonic or magmatic activity led to revived the eruption. For example, China Wudalianchi volcanoes, most of the volcanic eruption in the 100,000 years ago, but one of the volcanoes and the burning volcanic eruptions is the formation of AD 1719-1721 eruption. Based on the above, we can get on the general concept of an active volcano: that is erupting or historical period and there have been nearly 10,000 years as an active volcano erupting volcano. When there is volcanic activity below the magma chamber or magma system, this volcanic eruption is considered dangerous, should be placed in the modern volcano monitoring systems.
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No. 6
Active volcanoes (active volcano) Generally, only active volcano eruption will occur. Is expected to be re-eruption and eruption of volcanoes, of course, can be called an active volcano. Those dormant volcano, is a living, but even if not now necessary to eruption, and again in the future may also be known as the volcanic eruption of an active volcano. Its last eruption that has been very long ago, and proved in the foreseeable future volcanic eruption does not occur, or the extinct volcano called off. The criteria to judge a volcano "dead" or "live" so far not a strict and scientific standards. Experience will have had the history or tradition or history of eruption volcanic eruption recorded as active volcanoes, but this has 534 volcanoes in the world. However, history or history of every country and region can be very different, some only three or four years, while others are up to three or four years or longer. In those hermit deep in the remote areas, even the active volcano eruption in modern times, it may not be known or no history. For example, 40km west of the Golden Dragon Jingyu top sub volcano, dating back some 1,600 years ago in the once explosive eruption occurred, but has found no historical records. Obviously, based on historical records or historical definition of an active volcano is far from complete and not realistic. So some volcanologists active volcano eruption intervals based on the large and extinct volcanoes of the last eruption of statistics, presented a certain period of time constraints, improved the definition of active volcanoes, namely those in the past 10,000 years, 5,000 years or 2000 years had a volcanic eruption, known as active volcanoes. What is the use of 10,000 years, in 5000 or 2000, will allow based on different countries and different regions of the specific circumstances. Improved definition of the active volcano, is still allowed to have exceptions, and requires a specific evaluation of an active volcano, can provide the existence of volcanic activity underground magma chamber evidence of systematic evidence. But the volcano's "dead" or "living" is still relative. There are some 10,000 years or more in a long time since the eruption did not happen "dead" volcano, also may be due to deep tectonic or magmatic activity led to revived the eruption. For example, China Wudalianchi volcanoes, most of the volcanic eruption in the 100,000 years ago, but one of the volcanoes and the burning volcanic eruptions is the formation of AD 1719-1721 eruption. Based on the above, we can get on the general concept of an active volcano: that is erupting or historical period and there have been nearly 10,000 years as an active volcano erupting volcano. When there is volcanic activity below the magma chamber or magma system, this volcanic eruption is considered dangerous, should be placed in the modern volcano monitoring systems. First, the process of volcanic eruption The process of the surface before the volcano summarized into three stages: the initial rising phase of magma, magma chamber stage and left the stage of magma to the surface. 1. Magmatic stage of the formation and initial rise The generation of magma must have two processes: partial melting and melt separation and the parent rock. Both processes are unlikely to actually independent of each other, the separation of melt and rock began to arise in the melt may have a. Partial melting of the liquid (ie, magmatic) and solid (crystal) coexistence state, temperature, pressure drop and lower the solidus partial melting can be generated. When the partial melting of the material with the mantle plume, in the flow will produce liquid and solid separation, resulting in fluid movement and even the gathering, known as segregation. 2. Magmatic sac stage Magma chamber is filling with magma beneath the volcano region, the crust or upper mantle rocks relatively enriched medium, where the magma. Generally regarded as a similar reservoir rock pores (or cracks) in the high-temperature fluids, generally considered within the plume of magma only 5% of the total volume of -30%. From the local perspective, can be regarded as a collection of internal relative flow of liquid. Magma by magma melt, volatiles, and the mixture of crystals. 3. From the magma to the surface phase Magma from the magma source region until the rise near the surface of the channel, and the excess magma pressure, channel and through the formation and crystallization of magma rising, degassing processes. Local shell tensile or tensile - shear stress is greater than the local rock failure strength, they may form sheets or sheets - shear rupture, should these cracks interconnected to the eruption as magma channels. Second, the volcanic eruption conditions Three types of volcanic eruption Looking at the world type of volcanic eruption, its determinants First magma composition, volatile content, temperature and viscosity, such as basaltic composition with low SiO2, with relatively little volatile, high temperature, low viscosity, so the magma mobility, volcanic eruptions are relatively quiet, mostly magma eruption, the lava can form large terraces and shield volcanoes; rhyolitic and andesitic magma and volatile-rich SiO2, the temperature is low, viscous , liquidity is poor, so violent volcanic eruptions, huge explosions, a large number of volcanic ash, volcanic bombs ejected, often tall volcanic cone formation, accompanied by pyroclastic flows and light cloud phenomenon, often resulting in worst-hit. Second, the determinants of the characteristics of magma rising channel, if the magma chamber of magma along the fault line emission from the surface longer, that the formation of fissure eruption; If formed along the two faults cross-channel tubular Bay, in the magma under pressure, can generate violent central eruption. Third, the determinants of the tectonic environment of magma erupted, to see on land or underwater; is the ridge or in the plate; or in island arc collision zone and so on. Volcano tectonic environment in which different types of volcanic features are also very different. 1. Basalt eruption of the Pan-flow The eruption of the Deccan Plateau, such as India, North America, the Columbia Plateau. They are the direction of magma along a major fault (fracture) or increased fracture group, spray the surface, and some long narrow channel from the full spray; some volcanic eruptions, respectively, were arranged in a shape, but is connected to a wall down shaped channel, so called "fissure eruption." Mainly basalt eruption, the flow direction nearly parallel, the thickness and composition is more stable, production-like flat to lava is more common, and often form a lava plateau. Mobility because of basalt lava emit a large amount of rare outbreak phase, similar in terrain is flat at the flood, overflowing everywhere, distribution, wide area, so called "pan-flow basalt eruption." 1783 volcanic eruption of Laki in Iceland, 25km from the long crack in the lava and ejected about 12km3 3km3 spit of volcanic debris objects, covering an area of 565km2. William Arizona valley valley, 120m wide cracks from the one-time outflow of lava, forming 14 × 22km2 of the plateau, the maximum thickness of up to 240m. China Guizhou, Yunnan, Sichuan, Permian basalt (260000km2) and Hebei Hannuoba (1700km2) are also pan-flow basalt eruption. 2. Hawaiian eruption (Hawaiian eruption) 3. Stone Boley type (Strombolian eruption) 4. Wu Er Kanuo type of eruption (Vulcanian eruption) 5. Pei-lei eruption (Peléan eruption) Name originated in the West Indies, Martinique, Pei-lei volcanic eruption of 1902, when the destroyed city of Saint-Pierre, the death toll over 30,000. This high-viscosity magma eruption, outbreak particularly strong, the most obvious feature is to produce hot ash cloud, which is a high-heat the gas, all hot ash particles, as emulsion activity, density, When it moves down along the hill, sufficient to produce the same effect as the hurricane. In Pei-lei eruption, the upward escape of the gas often blocked by volcanic lava mouth, the pressure increases when the explosion occurred just as the cork under the spray from a burst of horizontal wind. High ash content of the lava was driven out of the gas flow, but in addition to the mouth from the fire, thick lava flow, other places there is no lava outflow phenomenon. The history of the volcanic eruption occurred Pei-lei more: 1835 Forsythe Guyana that, Krakatau 1883, the Soufriere Hills in 1902, 1912 Katmai, 1951 Lamington volcano ,1955-1956 Do not Zimi Yang, 1968 and 1982 Aierqiqiong Mayon volcano are of this type. 6. Pliny eruption (Plinian eruption) 7. Chao Wu Er Kanuo-type eruption And water vapor as the outbreak is almost non-explosive eruption of magma. Some said the super-volcano (Mount Bandai in Japan)-type outbreak. As no lava eruption eruptions only, so eruptions eruption in the cooling mode, and occasionally in the hot state emitted. It features a large number of basement volcanic debris, sometimes up to 75% -100%. Wu Er Kanuo type of eruption over the volume of material changes in the size of large rocks to volcanic ash from a mega-have. Debris is usually angular and sharp angular, non-volcanic bombs and slag. 8. Sute Se eruption 1963-1967, the southern coast of Iceland's volcanic eruptions keep a Su Tese volcanic island. During the first half of volcanic activity, in a shallow submarine volcano in eruption characterized by recurrent bursts, when contact with basaltic magma and seawater Shiyou explosion, producing a large number of fine material (ash), which by the magma - water vapor , water vapor - the type of magma eruption and the eruption on land not the same type of Stone Boley. The classification above is not the most perfect, the actual survey revealed that even the same type of eruption may also occur in different types of volcanism, while with a volcano in the course of its activities may also produce different types of eruption, or even In the same eruption also sometimes there are different forms of volcanic activity. Such as the Stone of Stone named Boley Boley type volcano-type eruption occurred a few Wu Er Kanuo; named Hawaiian eruption of Kilauea and Mauna Loa, are observed in different periods from the Stone Boley Wu Er Kanuo type to the super-type eruption. Fourth, volcanic eruptions Index Volcanic eruptions are most at risk of explosive eruptions, the largest of which is the eruption column disasters, so get used to the total mass of ejecta and eruption column height to measure, often called a volcanic eruption Index VEI (Volcanic Explosivity Index). Index VEI volcano erupted with energy E (erg) the relationship (S De la Cruz-Reyna, 1996) as: lg E = 0.78 MVEI + 21.02 The last eruption of VEI = 7 in 1815, Tambora, like this eruption (VEI = 7) approximately one thousand years. Changbai 1199 eruption, ash 2-5 cm in Hokkaido, Japan, estimated eruption volume 120km3, VEI = 7, equivalent to a 9.8 earthquake. The last eruption of VEI = 6 is the June 1991 eruption of Pina Figure stroke, DVI volcanic dust screen index reached 1000. VEI = 6 and then the last eruption was in 1883, Krakatoa, eruption roughly like this once in a century. VEI = 5, such as the eruption of Vesuvius in 79 AD eruption (VEI = 5) ten - three years once. VEI = 4 eruptions eruption cloud Xianyue 1991 (VEI = 4) 3-5 years once. Changbai Mountain 140 km outside the 1668-1702 volcanic eruption of 3-5 cm, estimated eruption volume 1km3, strength of VEI = 4 ~ 5, equivalent to a 8.5 earthquake. VEI = 3 eruptions such as the Ruiz eruption in 1985. Heilongjiang under the debris volume / total eruption volume, estimated the outbreak index VEI = 4 eruptions Huoshaoshan VEI = 3 eruptions eruption column height of 1-2 km, the intensity VEI = 2, the energy equivalent to a seven earthquake. VEI = 2 such as the 1991 eruption of Mount Unzen eruption. VEI = 1 of the 1996 Stromboli eruption such as the eruption. VEI described the eruption volume km3 eruption column height km erg of energy equivalent to magnitude 1 micro 10-5-10-3 0.1-1 6.6 6.3 * 1021 2 small 0.001-0.01 1-5 1022 7.2 3.8 * 3, 3-15 0.01-0.1 7.7 6.3 * 1023 4 Large 0.1-1 10-25 8.2 1.4 * 1024 Top 5 1-1025-45 8.7 8.3 * 1024 Great 10-10030-50 6 1025 9.3 5.0 * Great 100-100035-55 7 1026 9.8 3.0 * 8 large> 100045-55 10.3 1.8 * 1027
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English Expression
: burning volcano
n.: an active volcano, active volcano
adj.: an active volcano, ie one that erupts occasionally