Wang Jingwei (Wang Ching-wei; 4 May 1883 – 10 November 1944), born as Wang Zhaoming (Wang Chao-ming), but widely known by his pen name "Jingwei", was a Chinese politician. He was initially a member of the left wing of the Kuomintang (KMT), leading a government in Wuhan in opposition to the right winggovernment, but later became increasingly anti-communist after his efforts to collaborate with the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) ended in political failure. His political orientation veered sharply to the right later in his career after he collaborated with the Japanese.
Born in Sanshui, Guangdong, but of Zhejiang origin, Wang went to Japan as an international student sponsored by the Qing Dynasty government in 1903, and joined the Tongmenghui in 1905. As a young man, Wang came to blame the Qing dynasty for holding China back, and making it too weak to fight off exploitation by Western imperialist powers. While in Japan, Wang became a close confidant of Sun Yat-sen, and would later go on to become one of the most important members of the early Kuomintang. He was among the Chinese nationalists in Japan who were influenced by Russian anarchism, and published a number of articles in journals edited by Zhang Renjie, Wu Zhihui, and the group of Chinese anarchists in Paris.
Early career
In the years leading up to the Xinhai Revolution in 1911, Wang was active in opposing the Qing government. Wang gained prominence during this period as an excellent public speaker and a staunch advocate of Chinese nationalism. He was jailed for plotting an assassination of the regent, Prince Chun, and readily admitted his guilt at trial. He remained in jail from 1910 until the Wuchang Uprising the next year, and became something of a national hero upon his release.
During and after the Xinhai Revolution, Wang's political life was defined by his opposition to Western imperialism.[citation needed] In the early 1920s, he held several posts in Sun Yat-sen's Revolutionary Government in Guangzhou, and was the only member of Sun's inner circle to accompany him on trips outside of Kuomintang (KMT)-held territory in the months immediately preceding Sun's death. He is believed by many to have drafted Sun's will during the short period before Sun's death, in the winter of 1925. He was considered one of the main contenders to replace Sun as leader of the KMT, but eventually lost control of the party and army to Chiang Kai-shek. Wang had clearly lost control of the KMT by 1926, when, following the Zhongshan Warship Incident, Chiang successfully sent Wang and his family to vacation in Europe. It was important for Chiang to have Wang away from Guangdong while Chiang was in the process of expelling communists from the KMT because Wang was then the leader of the left wing of the KMT, notably sympathetic to communists and communism, and may have opposed Chiang if he had remained in China.
Rivalry with Chiang Kai-shek
Wang Jingwei and Chiang Kai-Shek in 1926
Leader of the Wuhan Government
During the Northern Expedition, Wang was the leading figure in the left-leaning faction of the KMT that called for continued cooperation with the Chinese Communist Party. Although Wang collaborated closely with Chinese communists in Wuhan, he was philosophically opposed to communism and regarded the KMT's Comintern advisors with suspicion. He did not believe that Communists could be true patriots or true Chinese nationalists.
In early 1927, shortly before Chiang captured Shanghai and moved the capital to Nanjing, Wang's faction declared the capital of the Republic to be Wuhan. While attempting to direct the government from Wuhan, Wang was notable for his close collaboration with leading communist figures, including Mao Zedong, Chen Duxiu, and Borodin, and for his faction's provocative land reform policies. Wang later blamed the failure of his Wuhan government on its excessive adoption of communist agendas. Wang's regime was opposed by Chiang Kai-shek, who was in the midst of a bloody purge of communists in Shanghai and was calling for a push farther north. The separation between the governments of Wang and Chiang are known as the "Ninghan Separation" (traditional Chinese: 寧漢分裂; simplified Chinese: 宁汉分裂; pinyin: Nínghàn Fenlìe).
Chiang Kai-shek occupied Shanghai in April 1927, and began a bloody suppression of suspected communists known as the "White Terror". Within several weeks of Chiang's suppression of communists in Shanghai, Wang's leftist government was attacked by a KMT-aligned warlord and promptly disintegrated, leaving Chiang as the sole legitimate leader of the Republic. KMT troops occupying territories formerly controlled by Wang conducted massacres of suspected Communists in many areas: around Changsha alone, over ten thousand people were killed in a single twenty-day period. Fearing retribution as a communist sympathizer, Wang publicly claimed allegiance to Chiang before fleeing to Europe.
Political activities in Chiang's government
Between 1929 and 1930, Wang collaborated with Feng Yuxiang and Yan Xishan to form a central government in opposition to the one headed by Chiang. Wang took part in a conference hosted by Yan to draft a new constitution, and was to serve as the Prime Minister under Yan, who would be President. Wang's attempts to aid Yan's government ended when Chiang defeated the alliance in the Central Plains War.
Wang Jingwei (second from left) and Chen Bijun (far left) in British Malaya, 1935.
In 1931, Wang joined another anti-Chiang government in Guangzhou. After Chiang defeated this regime, Wang reconciled with Chiang's Nanjing government and held prominent posts for most of the decade. Wang was appointed premier just as the Battle of Shanghai (1932) began. He had frequent disputes with Chiang and would resign in protest several times only to have his resignation rescinded. As a result of these power struggles within the KMT, Wang was forced to spend much of his time in exile. He traveled to Germany, and maintained some contact with Adolf Hitler. As the leader of the Kuomintang's left-wing faction and a man who had been closely associated with Dr. Sun, Chiang wanted Wang as premier both to protect the "progressive" reputation of his government which was waging a civil war with the Communists and a shield for protecting his government from widespread public criticism of Chiang's policy of "first internal pacification, then external resistance" (i.e. first defeat the Communists, then confront Japan). Despite the fact that Wang and Chiang disliked and distrusted each other, Chiang was prepared to make compromises to keep Wang on as premier.:214–215 In regards to Japan, Wang and Chiang differed in that Wang was extremely pessimistic about China's ability to win the coming war with Japan (which almost everyone in 1930s China regarded as inevitable) and was opposed to alliances with any foreign powers should the war come.:215
While being opposed to any effort at this time to subordinate China to Japan, Wang also saw the "white powers" like the Soviet Union, Britain and the United States as equal if not greater dangers to China, insisting that China had to defeat Japan solely by its own efforts if the Chinese were to hope to maintain their independence.:234–235 But at the same time, Wang's belief that China was too economically backward at present to win a war against a Japan which had been aggressively modernizing since the Meiji Restoration of 1867 made him the advocate of avoiding war with Japan at almost any cost and trying to negotiate some sort of an agreement with Japan which would preserve China's independence.:236 Chiang by contrast believed that if his modernization program was given enough time, China would win the coming war and that if the war came before his modernization plans were complete, he was willing to ally with any foreign power to defeat Japan, even including the Soviet Union, which was supporting the Chinese Communists in the civil war. Chiang was much more of a hardline anti-Communist than was Wang, but Chiang was also a self-proclaimed "realist" who was willing if necessary to have an alliance with the Soviet Union.:215 Though in the short-run, Wang and Chiang agreed on the policy of "first internal pacification, then external resistance", in the long-run they differed as Wang was more of an appeaser while Chiang just wanted to buy time to modernize China for the coming war.:237 The effectiveness of the KMT was constantly hindered by leadership and personal struggles, such as that between Wang and Chiang. In December 1935, Wang permanently left the premiership after being seriously wounded during an assassination attempt a month earlier.
In 1936, Wang clashed with Chiang over foreign policy. In an ironic role reversal, the left-wing "progressive" Wang argued for accepting the German-Japanese offer of having China sign the Anti-Comintern Pact while the right-wing "reactionary" Chiang wanted a rapprochement with the Soviet Union.:237–238 During the 1936 Xi'an Incident, in which Chiang was taken prisoner by his own general, Zhang Xueliang, Wang favored sending a "punitive expedition" to attack Zhang. He was apparently ready to march on Zhang, but Chiang's wife, Soong Mei-ling, and brother-in-law, T. V. Soong, feared that such an action would lead to Chiang's death and his replacement by Wang, so they successfully opposed this action.
Wang accompanied the government on its retreat to Chongqing during the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945). During this time, he organized some right-wing groups along European fascist lines inside the KMT. Wang was originally part of the pro-war group; but, after the Japanese were successful in occupying large areas of coastal China, Wang became known for his pessimistic view on China's chances in the war against Japan. He often voiced defeatist opinions in KMT staff meetings, and continued to express his view that Western imperialism was the greater danger to China, much to the chagrin of his associates. Wang believed that China needed to reach a negotiated settlement with Japan so that Asia could resist Western Powers.
Alliance with the Axis Powers
Wang receiving German diplomats while head of state in 1941
In late 1938, Wang left Chongqing for Hanoi, French Indochina, where he stayed for three months and announced his support for a negotiated settlement with the Japanese. During this time, he was wounded in an assassination attempt by KMT agents. Wang then flew to Shanghai, where he entered negotiations with Japanese authorities. The Japanese invasion had given him the opportunity he had long sought to establish a new government outside of Chiang Kai-shek's control.
On 30 March 1940, Wang became the head of state of what came to be known as the Wang Jingwei regime (formally "the Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China") based in Nanjing, serving as the President of the Executive Yuan and Chairman of the National Government (行政院長兼國民政府主席). In November 1940, Wang's government signed the "Sino-Japanese Treaty" with the Japanese, a document that has been compared with Japan's Twenty-one Demands for its broad political, military, and economic concessions. In June 1941, Wang gave a public radio address from Tokyo in which he praised Japan and affirmed China's submission to it while criticizing the Kuomintang government, and pledged to work with the Empire of Japan to resist Communism and Western imperialism. Wang continued to orchestrate politics within his regime in concert with Chiang's international relationship with foreign powers, seizing the French Concession and the International Settlement of Shanghai in 1943, after Western nations agreed by consensus to abolish extraterritoriality.
The Government of National Salvation of the collaborationist "Republic of China", which Wang headed, was established on the Three Principles of Pan-Asianism, anti-communism, and opposition to Chiang Kai-shek. Wang continued to maintain his contacts with German Nazis and Italian fascists he had established while in exile.
Chinese under the regime had greater access to coveted wartime luxuries, and the Japanese enjoyed things like matches, rice, tea, coffee, cigars, foods, and alcoholic drinks, all of which were scarce in Japan proper, but consumer goods became more scarce after Japan entered World War II. In Japan-occupied Chinese territories, the prices of basic necessities rose substantially, as Japan's war effort expanded. In Shanghai in 1941, they increased elevenfold.
Daily life was often difficult in the Nanjing Nationalist government-controlled Republic of China, and grew more so as the war turned against Japan (c. 1943). Local residents resorted to the black market to obtain needed items. The Japanese Kempeitai, Tokko, collaborationist Chinese police, and Chinese citizens in the service of the Japanese all worked to censor information, monitor any opposition, and torture enemies and dissenters. A "native" secret agency, the Tewu, was created with the aid of Japanese Army "advisors". The Japanese also established prisoner-of-war detention centers, concentration camps, and kamikaze training centers to indoctrinate pilots.
Since Wang's government held authority only over territories under Japanese military occupation, there was a limited amount that officials loyal to Wang could do to ease the suffering of Chinese under Japanese occupation. Wang himself became a focal point of anti-Japanese resistance. He was demonized and branded as an "arch-traitor" in both KMT and Communist propaganda. Wang and his government were deeply unpopular with the Chinese populace, who regarded them as traitors to both the Chinese state and Han Chinese identity. Wang’s rule was constantly undermined by resistance and sabotage.
The strategy of the local education system was to create a workforce suited for employment in factories and mines, and for manual labor in general. The Japanese also attempted to introduce their culture and dress to the Chinese. Complaints and agitation called for more meaningful Chinese educational development. Shinto temples and similar cultural centers were built in order to instill Japanese culture and values. These activities came to a halt at the end of the war.
Death
In March 1944, Wang left for Japan to undergo medical treatment for the wound left by an assassination attempt in 1939. He died in Nagoya on 10 November 1944, less than a year before Japan's surrender to the Allies, thus avoiding a trial for treason. Many of his senior followers who lived to see the end of the war were executed. His death was not reported in occupied China until the afternoon of November 12, after commemorative events for Sun Yat-sen's birth had concluded. Wang was buried in Nanjing near the Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum, in an elaborately constructed tomb. Soon after Japan's defeat, the Kuomintang government under Chiang Kai-shek moved its capital back to Nanjing, destroyed Wang's tomb, and burned the body. Today, the site is commemorated with a small pavilion that notes Wang as a traitor.[citation needed]
Legacy
For his role in the Pacific War, Wang has been considered a traitor by most post-World War II Chinese historians in both Taiwan and mainland China. His name has become a byword for "traitor" or "treason" in mainland China and Taiwan, similarly to "Quisling" in Europe, "Benedict Arnold" in the United States, or "Mir Jafar" in India and Bangladesh. The mainland's communist government despised Wang not only for his collaboration with the Japanese, but also for his anti-communism, while the KMT downplayed his anti-communism and emphasized his collaboration and betrayal of Chiang Kai-shek. The communists also used his ties with the KMT to demonstrate what they saw as the duplicitous, treasonous nature of the KMT. Both sides downplayed his earlier association with Sun Yat-sen because of his eventual collaboration.[need quotation to verify]
Despite the notoriety added to his name, academics continue to discuss whether or not he should be unequivocally condemned as a traitor because Wang also contributed greatly to the Xinhai Revolution and to the later mediation between the Communist Party and the Nationalist Party in post-imperial China. These revisionists argue that Wang collaborated with the Japanese because he believed that collaboration was the only hope for his desperate countrymen.
Personal life
Wang was married to Chen Bijun and had six children with her, five of whom survived into adulthood. Of those who survived into adulthood, Wang's eldest son, Wenjin, was born in France in 1913. Wang's eldest daughter, Wenxing, was born in France in 1915, after 1948 was a teacher in Hong Kong, retired to the US in 1984 and died in 2015. Wang's second daughter, Wang Wenbin, was born in 1920. Wang's third daughter, Wenxun, was born in Guangzhou in 1922, and died in 2002 in Hong Kong. Wang's second son, Wenti, was born in 1928, and was sentenced in 1946 to imprisonment for being a hanjian.
See also
Huang Yiguang, and his assassination attempt on Wang Jingwei
^Biographical Dictionary of Republican China. Eds. Howard L. Boorman and Richard C. Howard,(New York: Columbia University Press, 1970), p. 369-370.
^The Biographical Dictionary of Republican China. Eds. Howard L. Boorman and Richard C. Howard,(New York: Columbia University Press, 1970), pp. 370–371.
^Spence, Jonathan D. (1999) The Search for Modern China, W.W. Norton and Company. pp. 321–322. ISBN0-393-97351-4.
^Dongyoun Hwang. Wang Jingwei, The National Government, and the Problem of Collaboration. PhD Dissertation, Duke University. UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor Michigain. 2000, p. 118.
^Dongyoun Hwang. Wang Jingwei, The National Government, and the Problem of Collaboration. PhD Dissertation, Duke University. UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor Michigain. 2000, p. 148.
^Spence, Jonathan D. (1999) The Search for Modern China, W.W. Norton and Company. pp. 338–339. ISBN0-393-97351-4.
^Barnouin, Barbara and Yu Changgen. Zhou Enlai: A Political Life. Hong Kong: Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006. p.38. Retrieved 12 March 2011.
^ Jump up to:abcdefgSo, Wai Chor (April 2002). "The Making of the Guomindang's Japan Policy, 1932-1937: The Roles of Chiang Kai-Shek and Wang Jingwei". Modern China. 28 (2): 213–251. doi:10.1177/009770040202800203.
^Barnouin, Barbara and Yu Changgen. Zhou Enlai: A Political Life. Hong Kong: Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006. p.66. Retrieved 12 March 2011.
^ Jump up to:abcCheng, Pei-Kai, Michael Lestz, and Jonathan D. Spence (Eds.) The Search for Modern China: A Documentary Collection, W.W. Norton and Company. (1999) pp. 330–331. ISBN0-393-97372-7.
^Wang Jingwei. "Radio Address by Mr. Wang Jingwei, President of the Chinese Executive Yuan Broadcast on 24 June 1941" The Search for Modern China: A Documentary Collection. Cheng, Pei-Kai, Michael Lestz, and Jonathan D. Spence (Eds.). W.W. Norton and Company. (1999) pp. 330–331. ISBN0-393-97372-7.
^Spence, Jonathan D. (1999) The Search for Modern China, W.W. Norton and Company. p. 449. ISBN0-393-97351-4.
^Lifu Chen and Ramon Hawley Myers. The storm clouds clear over China: the memoir of Chʻen Li-fu, 1900–1993. p. 141. (1994)
^Frederic Wakeman, Jr. “Hanjian (Traitor) Collaboration and Retribution in Wartime Shanghai.” In Wen-hsin Yeh, ed. Becoming Chinese: Passages to Modernity and Beyond. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000), 322.
^Lifu Chen and Ramon Hawley Myers. The storm clouds clear over China: the memoir of Chʻen Li-fu, 1900–1993. p. 141. (1994)
^Taylor, Jeremy E. (2019). “From Traitor to Martyr: Drawing Lessons From the Death and Burial of Wang Jingwei, 1944.” Journal of Chinese History3, p. 146-153. https://doi.org/10.1017/jch.2017.43.
^Wang Ke-Wan, “Irreversible Verdict? Historical Assessments of Wang Jingwei in the People’s Republic and Taiwan.” Twentieth Century China. Vol. 28, No. 1. (November 2003), 59.
David P. Barrett and Larry N. Shyu, eds.; Chinese Collaboration with Japan, 1932–1945: The Limits of Accommodation Stanford University Press 2001.
Gerald Bunker, The Peace Conspiracy; Wang Ching-wei and the China war, 1937–1941 Harvard University Press, 1972.
James C. Hsiung and Steven I. Levine, eds. China's Bitter Victory: The War with Japan, 1937–1945 M. E. Sharpe, 1992.
Ch'i Hsi-sheng, Nationalist China at War: Military Defeats and Political Collapse, 1937–1945 University of Michigan Press, 1982.
Wen-Hsin Yeh, "Wartime Shanghai",Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005.
Rana Mitter, "Forgotten Ally: China's World War II. 1937-1945" Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2013. ISBN978-0618894253. Complete re-examination of the Chinese wars with Japan which argues that the memory of 'betrayals' by Britain, America, and Russia continues to influence China's worldview today.
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Basic information
Name: Wang, formerly known as Wang Zhaoming, the word the new season, No. Jingwei. Wife: Chen Bijun Student: May 4, 1883 Death: November 10, 1944, in Nagoya, Japan for "bone marrow swollen" died. Home Location: Fan Yuxian of Guangdong Province (now Guangzhou City) Hao Yin Street. Hometown: Sanshui County Department (now Sanshui District, Foshan City, Guangdong Province, mouth of the town.) Description: The former vice president of the Chinese Kuomintang, the pro-Japanese leader, after the traitor. Education: Provincial champion, Japan University of Political Science, Revolution is successful, then studied in France Family status: A total of nine brothers and sisters, 13-year-old mother died, father died aged 14 The two biggest risk in life: For the first time: the assassination of regent, should death, life imprisonment after the change, and finally released by the Yuan acquitted. The second time: less than Chiang Kai-shek's anti-Japanese national salvation idea to build puppet national government.
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Biography
1922 to 1923, Sun Yat-sen preparation for the restructuring of the Chinese Kuomintang, Wang joined the KMT against the Communists. January 1924, the Chinese Kuomintang held its first National Congress, Wang was elected Executive Committee and the Central Propaganda Department. Sun dying in March 1925, Wang took the drafting of wills. Sun Yat-sen passed away, the Guangdong government in July 1925 reorganization, Wang Ching-wei, were cited as the National Government and Military Committee Chairman, Standing Committee Chairman. Chiang Kai-shek launched the four hundred and twelve in Shanghai after the coup, Wang Ching-wei is also in the July 15 coup in the Wuhan launched seven hundred and fifteen, killing communists and the revolutionary masses. November 1928, Chen Gongbo such Reorganization in Shanghai, Wang was cited as a leader. 1930 United Feng Wang, Yan Xishan, Li Tsung-jen Chiang together. Failed, fled to Hong Kong. In 1931, Wang Jingwei Chiang factions gathered forces, a separate national government in Guangdong. Mukden Incident, the National People's unanimous demand of all political parties together against the Japanese. Chiang Kai-shek, Wang Jingwei together again. 1935 Wang was stabbed seriously injured. After the Xi'an Incident in 1936, ready to replace Chiang Kai-shek took the opportunity to head the government. Back to Nanjing after Chiang Kai-shek, Wang Jingwei, as the KMT's political committee. July 1937 Sino-Japanese War broke out, Wang was cited as the Supreme Council of Defense, vice chairman of the Kuomintang vice president, national politics long meeting, the party, under Chiang Kai-shek regime are in the potential. December fled Vietnam, published "Yan power" and openly surrendered to Japan. May 1939, Wang Jingwei Japan, and Japanese authorities directly traitorous deal. Home in August after a secret meeting in Shanghai Sixth Congress pseudo-KMT declared "anti-communist good neighbor" the basic policy. December, signed with the Japanese secret service, "a new relationship between China and Japan to adjust framework" to sell the State's territorial sovereignty at the cost of _set_ting up the puppet government of Japan for its support. March 1940, Wang Jingwei puppet national government was established in Nanjing, Wang Ren "Premier" and "The KMT government." November 1944, died in Nagoya, Japan.
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Teenage Years
Wang's father Wang province is unsuccessful fast reader, young or to Guangdong as chief of staff. Salaries are not high, foreign officialdom have to maintain people's dignity, life impoverished. Wang XIII-year-old, parents have see the back, only with the half-life brother Wang Yong Zhao, "food and clothing costs, are saith to the brother." Young Wang "clean cut fast, live young head" Loss of dependable young, this is a very sad thing, and "brother father and daughter-the mother," adds this sad life. Wang from later memories, we can see the sadness of his soul. "My mother mentioned it, really sad. I think her life is immersed in the 'fear of labor' in the word. Household's difficult, and within the family suffered Xianqi, and now also emerged in scene after scene of all times my eyes. " (Note: see "Wang readme", cited in Wen Shaohua, "Wang Biography", Jilin Literature and History Press, 1988 ed.) In 1922, Wang Wen Youju painted your "Autumn Court morning classes map" and to that end he plans to make the following questions: "Right Siu Ming is also a childhood shaped by motherhood. Siu Ming-year-old the time, Pingdan will copybooks in the atrium, the mother will be temporary, as the Japanese thought that the father often ... ... to a poor family, although old still for the passengers in the Luk ... ... sometimes see the mother of silence, sitting with tears, though sad astonishment restless heart, the heart is far from the beginning to understand reading mother is also suffering. mother cock, the father on paternity, the next ask all the weak, manage family, rice salt frivolous, indiscriminately is not fully nuclear, often sub-night insomnia ... ... see you Mother Wei Tan sound, search trunk was clothing, money market quality fruit dishes; and friends to, the urgent language Kuanqia, nothing to worry about ... like ... too much travail, no by the end of their natural life span, Bei Fu! " Wang Tong "classics", was the scholar, spoke with great attention to cover up the sentimental veil of sorrow and worries, to the above two paragraphs or so after the parents revealed the infinite melancholy. Memory of the mother's extreme statements, like from one side reflects the unhappy mother's death and hardship. Generally speaking, parents can be tolerated urchin; and younger brothers and sisters in the long in front of his brother Sao always feel bound, not so close, older siblings can only accommodate docile subservient siblings. Zhao Yong Wang Wang's older brother in North Lechang Travelling is a Daoist President, "look younger brother Jackie Chan" thinking very strong, very strict discipline of his brother, not slightly off-color word, so that Wang has a sense of being reproached. (Note: see Huang Mei-chen, "Puppet ten traitors," Shanghai People's Publishing House edition, p. 3.) Wang's family living in this constrained environment, the joyful atmosphere is minimal. This situation in a day two days, but on much older, plays the character of Wang casting role. So, Wang Ching-wei from an early age to develop a weak self-esteem, indecisive personality. Look at Jia-cultural atmosphere. Jia-though not rich or poor indeed, it is scholarly family brother. Wang Ting Man lifts his grandfather was, when over Suichang discipline; fast life when his father, Wang provincial chief of staff; Zhao Yong in the lifts of his older brother, worked as Lechang adviser. These families, Confucianism is more a strong cultural atmosphere. Wang childhood with his parents to study, to accept the traditional feudal education, "chapter in Mei Xuan Lechang County to learn from the science of the text Shijing Shi." They study a person down the old feudal times up the climb. March 1902 Wang was the first test the Guangzhou government scholar; the same family there Erxiong MB @ ① and a nephew, ranked second and third. Three generations a scholar, described as "Yufeng double show, bead tree, three flowers." (Note: knowledge Shaohua, "Wang Biography", p. 5.) Pursuit of fame, and has obtained, of course, the Confucian cultural atmosphere is very strong, very devout faith Kong Mengzi Road. Confucianism in both the "benevolence, wisdom, courage," Zi Lu as a "gentleman's death, the crown can not help" the strong factors; also "温良恭俭让", "width", "shu" and other factors. Wang's life experience and from the fame means of view, Wang more acceptable, "Christine", "shu" and ideology. Once again, Wang's life, a teaching museum through its great impact. The scholar, the Erxiong died, Wang family embarrassment tough, but go to Guangdong, Admiral Lee Jun belongings, "Mr. Master said." When Chambers in large bureaucratic home, the owner must be careful to behave; for students to be put on a _set_ of pious orthodox Confucian way. Teaching career hall is embarrassing, really "small class parents too lazy, work and more disciples Results rancor," such a life, docile personality hone was weak. Cast the above aspects of the Wang Jingwei's weak condition of inferiority, indecisive personality. The other is the high talent Wang Ching-wei, a child wise receptive and five years into the private school, eight years old "has been to develop good reading habits," "life Guoxue foundation was the profit for the multi-court training," study the text should be made, Mr. that "its majestic aspect Wen Qi, Wei Xu device for the rotation of heaven and earth" (Note: knowledge Shaohua, "Wang Biography", p. 5.), Gong Ming Lida beginning, in the scholar, admitted in 1904 in Japan government students, created in 1905 to participate in League activities, took the road of revolution, occupation, have the opportunity to embark on the elite. However, the childhood experience of family and personal imprint left by a dull pain in life always. So how to understand the Prince Regent Zai Feng Wang Mouci brave when mentality is this? League after the establishment of an armed uprising led by Sun Yat-sen many failures, the revolution suffered difficulties. Tao Chengzhang the same time within the revolutionary, Sun Yat-sen Zhang Binglin also produced contradictory division. Is an indomitable revolutionary Sun Yat-sen, the face of difficulties, commanding. February 1910 Long Beach Conference held in Los Angeles, Sun made a decision to suspend premature uprising, to thick build strength. (Note: see Wang prone people, "Dr Long Biography", Radio and Television Press edition, p. 470.) Tao, chapter expose their fallacy. Wang is not a correct view of the situation, but has about the outcome of the emotions, difficulties in the revolutionary, easy to go to the extreme in an attempt to resolve the issue through the assassination, so there Mouci Zai Feng action. This is actually a character from the weak characteristics of low self-esteem made ventured to the other extreme choice. Mouci Zai Feng incident, Wang Jingwei's weak character have developed inferiority complex. Not a result of Mouci Wang was arrested by the law when the death penalty, was later sentenced to life imprisonment. After the Wuchang Uprising, the Qing government was forced to release political prisoners, Wang also released. Poem written in prison: "generous Song Yan City, calmly doing Chu prisoners; cited knife into a fast, live young head." But Wanjiebubao, this poem has no one to memorize! Wang survived, fortunately been free from prison after the original personality was more strengthened. First, only one person's life, after all, only, survivor, inevitably cherish a second life, fear of losing, fear of death grows emotional love, the thought of arrest to a "Mo Yan _set_s to look back, Jingzhen shattered city of Han Yan, "the state of mind. Second is the inevitable Qing Shi Thanksgiving psychology. He said: save my life is that Prince Su, I remember this time every thing, always think of the late Qing Dynasty, the great statesman. (Note: quoted Wen Shaohua, "Wang Biography", p. 26.) Third, he is still a revolutionary, support Sun's original intention has not changed. So he plunged into a dilemma situation, there deep negative emotions of the poem to a "why bother even phase fried Dou Qi," the statement, resulting in a compromise psychology. In short, Mouci incident, Wang's weak self-esteem, indecisive character has evolved to become his future in the process of post-revolutionary force.
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Revolutionary Life
July 1905 audience with Sun Yat-sen, to join League, participate in drafting the League charter. August pushed the Ministry for the Alliance Review comments long. After "Jingwei" the pen name has in the "People Daily" published "national citizens" and "On the trend of the revolution", "divide that split the revolution can be called" a series of articles, publicity Three Principles of thought, denounced Kang, Liang fallacies such as the royalists, by the Sun's high praise. After graduating in June 1906 the Governor of Guangdong and Guangxi Cen Chunxuan refused the request so that it returned to service, Japanese translation, the monthly remuneration can get fifty or sixty million, not only meet their own lives, but also can fund friends. Early 1907, the Japanese government forced the Qing government pressure, with the Sun Alliance planning to _set_ up branch went to Southeast Asia, Nanyang any revolutionary party newspaper "Boom Times," one writer, and the royalists of the "South Pacific Allgemeine Zeitung," the debate. 1908 League _set_ to Myanmar Yangon Branch, March Wang met in Penang, Malaya, Chen Geng-based daughter of wealthy overseas Chinese Chen Bijun. Singapore planning to _set_ up and then participate in the South Pacific branch of the League, etc., and to raise funds revolution. October 1909 by the Southeast Asia to Japan, as the "People Daily" editor in chief, secretly reopened issue of "People Daily" 25-26. January 1910 arrived in Beijing and Huang Fu-sheng, etc., keep real studio _set_, secretly planning to assassinate Prince Regent Zai Feng, later arrested, sentenced to life imprisonment. At first determined to die in prison to serve the country, and write poetry, "a clean cut fast, live young head", and sometimes widely read man, then by the Prince Shan Qi Su soften mood is one of the changes. After the Wuchang Uprising, released by the Yuan acquitted, he was the chief representative of the South China military conferences and Counselor Wu Ting-fang, the intention of secretly adhering to the Yuan, and the constitutional monarchy partisan organizations such as Yang degree Masonic affairs, advocating revolution, constitutional factions jointly owned Yuan, North-South reunification. Li Shih-December and had _set_ up such groups in Tianjin, Beijing and security branch of the League, he was supporting ministers, revolutionaries staged an uprising in northern block. January 1912 on the eve of the Nanjing Provisional Government _set_ up by Sun asked on behalf of the drafting of the Universal Declaration of provisional presidential inauguration. To stay around after work in the Sun, urged to make way Sun Yuan and Yuan Ying north to participate in special missions. Wang put forward the "not official, will not do, Mr, no prostitution, no gambling, no concubinage, do not smoke opium," the "six non-ism" Chen Bijun held a marriage ceremony, in August went to France together to bring Chen Bijun study, the middle several times return, are detached from politics. After returning in 1917 to participate in law-enforcement campaign. Founded in Shanghai in 1919, "Building" magazine. 1921 chairman of Guangdong Revolutionary Government Higher consultancy, education, Association and other staff. The following year of the KMT's headquarters Services, to participate in the restructuring of the KMT. In January 1924 the KMT "a great" Sun been designated as a member of the Bureau of the Assembly, was elected to the Central Executive Committee, appointed after the Central Propaganda Department. November with the Sun north into the capital, he served as secretary. February 1925 Sun Sun dying when ordered to record the will. Sun to support the three major policy after the death of the "left" and Sun's followers emerged. June 26, Wang held by the KMT Central Committee held a political meeting at the Prime Minister's address to determine the KMT will never leave the Sun, the future use of the collective leadership of the KMT committee system. The meeting also decided to withdraw his lifetime of Generalissimo Sun Yat-sen House administration, the KMT's highest executive body was renamed the National Government. July 1, 1925, the National Government was established, Ren Guomin Government Armed Services Committee Chairman Standing Committee of the propaganda department and other staff. July 2, Wang Ching-wei in the 10 million soldiers and civilians to participate in the National Government in Guangzhou was established to celebrate the ceremony, solemnly announced: "National Government troops on the current priority is the Northern Expedition, unified China." January 1926 the KMT "two large" elected members of the Standing Committee of the Central Executive Committee. "中山舰事件" occurred, was forced to resign, leaving France. Wang Ching-wei in late February 1927 to leave France, the train returned by the Soviet Union. Wang Ching-wei way in Moscow, Stalin met with the dedicated left-wing leaders of the Kuomintang. April returned, Ren Wuhan National Government President, Chiang Kai-shek betrayed the revolution was carried out with the struggle for power struggle. April 5, Wang Chen and together they jointly published a "KMT leader Wang Zhaoming, Chen Joint Declaration," April 18, the establishment of the National Government in Nanjing, Chiang Kai-shek to invite a veteran anti-communist elements in the Kuomintang as the National Hu Chairman of the Government, the Central Military Commission and President Chiang Kai-shek himself appointed commander in chief of the National Revolutionary Army, the KMT openly split into "Han" "rather" two governments. July 15 in Wuhan, the implementation of "Split", and Jiang confluence, but then still has struggled with Jiang, Hu had been ousted Chiang Kai-shek and Wang Jingwei also in power step down Sept. 13, Dec. 16 published a retired politicians statement, and Chen Bijun went to France. After returning in 1929 to "Chinese Nationalist Party member of the second joint meeting of the Central Executive Supervisor" in the name of an order, on separate ways, "Care of the party Salvation Army" issued certificates of appointment and designation. Wang 1931 New Year's Day to step down in Tianjin issued a statement, under the auspices of the Wang Ching-wei, on May 28 established the Guangzhou National Government, denied the legitimacy of the Nationalist government in Nanjing. "Incident", completely changed the Chinese history. Chiang Kai-shek forced the situation, Hu will be released under house arrest and sent Cai, Wang Ching-wei Zhang carrying a personal letter he wrote to go to conferences and Guangzhou. Held in Nanjing, one-fourth plenary session, restructuring the national government, the Guangzhou government subsequently canceled. Former Kuomintang Central Special Committee members, members of the National Government, the Premier and Foreign Minister, Vice-President of the Supreme National Defense, the KMT vice president and other staff. In the early stages of democratic revolution, there is merit in the Wang Jingwei. League was established in 1905, he is the "People Daily" the main contributor, wrote the "nation's citizens" and other articles to refute the fallacy royalist Liang, large sheet of public opinion for the revolution. The second is the development of organization and fund-raising throughout Southeast Asia. Third Mouci Regent Zai Feng, a Qing court deter not small. Fourth, rejoin in 1920 after doing a lot of organization and propaganda work, to participate in the KMT, "a great" preparatory work, with Sun Yat-sen in 1925, north, and become Zhongshan "will" drafters. However, based on his character, Wang Ching-wei in the subsequent political activities in and out of the very serious compromise. This is his Achilles heel. March 1926, Chiang Kai-shek use "中山舰事件" anti-communist Chiang Wang ignored the President and Central Military Commission Chairman of the National Government's position, fait accompli, to Wang embarrassed. Wang realized: "I am President of the National Government, but also the Central Military Commission chairman, Kai-shek that move, advance notice is not me. This is not a rebel yet? The next day, Wang wanted to call Zhu Peide, Li Jishen detained Chiang Kai-shek, but the command does not move. perceived prestige of the damage afterwards. May, to "move to medical treatment" in the name of the secret Lisui. then joked, "responsible person in charge has not, so take the blame and resign." This is the incompetence of a political compromise on performance. In the subsequent political struggle, the character weakness, a lack of strength, a case of adverse Wang, traveling abroad frequently plead illness or hospitalization rest. Wang December 1927 in Guangzhou, the Communist Party launched by the timing, "the Guangzhou Uprising," Wang was accused of KMT factions, then announced to retire, quietly leave the country. July 1932 published on behalf of Wang to the premier power, the pressure into the soldiers Rehe Zhang, Zhang does not take orders. Wang and Zhang conflict intensified in October to take sick leave to Germany for medical treatment.
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Traitor years
"Incident", the Wang to find opportunities for cooperation with Chiang. January 28, 1932 assume office at the date of the Executive Yuan Wang, Shanghai broke the "one hundred twenty-eight" incident. Japanese imperialists provoked the incident, giving Wang played rough. Nineteenth to resist, the people unite, stand together. People available, morale was high. The Wang Jingwei was fear at the out_set_ of the siege of emotion. He was at God's mercy of overwhelming, only to see Japan's strong, and do not see China's large and moral support from many advantages, he said: "Know that the past few decades, the Chinese military and economic, in the material with a backward, solid not wait for the statement; the organization also naive imperfect. "(Note: see" Wang Biography ", p. 120.) he was afraid of war, to negotiate Introduction. May 1932 in Chiang and Wang with the consent of the National Government and Japan signed a humiliating "Songhu Armistice Agreement." May-June 1935, he approved the "Ho-Umezu Agreement", "Qin soil Agreement", the North hand over sovereignty, the public outcry, even his children were against him part-time foreign minister, in order to avoid "negative sole responsibility of treason" . Wang listened extremely sad, tears, said: "Now a wise man, when the foreign minister who will!" (Note: see "Puppet ten traitor", p. 54.) 1937 "July" Incident, full war broke out. Wang argument at first did not dare surrender publicity. In July 29 he's "last minute" speech are installed with the accent, talking about very heroic. In fact, his heart is very timid, and has hinted in private war doomed to failure. He said the war was "jumping the fire pit," the subtext is "no hope of salvation, had to jump the fire pit" only. (Note: Wong true "Wang Jingwei Group collaborators", Shanghai People's Publishing House, 1984 edition. P. 191.) About the psychological fear of Japan, the Wang Jingwei every effort to find "and" opportunities. October 1937 Trautman to mediate the Sino-Japanese relations, Wang middle of the play into the hands, the two "sections and talk," he finds that "peace is expected", the Japanese have no enthusiasm. December 1938, the Supreme Council on National Defense in Hankou, Wang 54th standing committee meeting presided over by the Japanese side to accept the conditions mentioned in the resolution referred to in Japan incitement Kung signed the armistice conditions. (Note: see "Wang Biography", p. 134.) October 1938, he met with the sea Newswire and Reuters reporters Shi Du and Biao Shi, "not closed the door to the Armistice," he _set_ the expense of vigorous resistance, obsessed owners. (Note: Wong true "Wang Jingwei Group collaborators", Shanghai People's Publishing House, 1984 edition. The first 189-190 pages.) Wang later recalled: "I find the views of peace, in the meeting said, I do not know how many times, lost in Guangzhou, Changsha burned, my views more strongly, more of its implementation." (Note: see "Wang Ching-wei Biography ", p. 146.) Owners and fear of Japan, in Wang's mind, the not 一日 two days, but a weak sense of inferiority caused by the personality, Rome was not built in a day. Zhou Fohai planning Gaozong Wu, Mei Siping and Japan Takeo Imai, dog health care _set_, "the Light Church treaty," Wang did not know at first. Wait until the week of May as "the Japanese peace movement recognized leader Wang Ching-wei," the secret to the Wang Ching-wei, Chen Bijun table work, Wang will be treasured, a clear conscience, that its resistance to death, not as good as the sum Gou deposit. Since then, he sold out the country to pro-enemy slips out of the abyss. Wang indecisive, be men, "pro-Japanese" molecular manipulation, the ultimate realization of supreme power within the KMT to win the individual wishes to achieve its "on the Japanese Peace" and "political opinion" to accelerate the pace of pro-enemy down day. Wang words and figures around the most important is Chenbi Jun and Zhou Fohai. Wang Chen Bijun not satisfied by living in under Chiang Kai-shek Chiang heart, of the Wang "Chiang seize power," the desire waves, strongly encouraged it, want to open another dough, operating independently, but ignorant of the righteousness. Qu Mei Chen to Japan, and even that "is not the five provinces of Northeast China's place", "Kill the dowry was originally brought by the Manchu, who now own dowry but it wants to take home." (Note: see "Wang Jingwei Group collaborators", p. 191.) In order to Wang Duli power, shamelessly said that giving up sovereignty over the territory northeast. October 1938 Mei Siping Wang was brought back to Chongqing confidential. Mei Wang is at home, feasting, when sending out the living room Chenbi Jun Mei Wang urged the determination to make up to the enemy, said: "Mr. Mei to go tomorrow, this time you want to make fixed idea, not go back!" Wang said repeatedly: "decided, decided! "(Note: see" Wang Jingwei Group collaborators ", p. 273.) December 1938 Mei Siping Wang from the Japanese side hoped that the conditions of Chongqing, the government brought another group of Chongqing, Wang mansion in the days of molecular capitulators "consultation times, can not reach a final decision, Chen Bijun insists is left." (Note: see "Wang Jingwei Group collaborators", p. 326.) Zhou Fohai have political ambition, not satisfied with the KMT and the attendant publicity, deputy director of minister of the post, the old would like one day, "the central government that is generated in the pen more than ten minutes in," so actively planned down day, to create "their own new world." June 1938 secretly instructed Gaozong Wu Zhou Fohai approached Japan, and then again in urging Mei Siping, (Note: see "Puppet ten traitor", p. 226.) Last week, Mei Wang to run for you, then by Gaozong Wu, Mei Siping around, Imperial Japan, Wang was recognized as a negotiating partner. Down at the sports week is the "initiator." October to November two months, weeks, done a lot of mobilization of Wang when Wang hesitation, the week is to persuade driving: "You and Foreign Minister, when dealing with the Japanese, but also said it successfully!" Week in my mind was strange, "Wang of the character, salty that no fixed idea", "No act, no decisive." But he also figured out the characteristics of Wang, "concluded that despite repeated, the result will remain as originally planned." (Note: see "Zhou Fohai Diary" Shanghai People's Publishing House version.) Wang has not yet left, carrying the banner have been playing week to go before the station. Hesitation, compromise and wavering among, but also Mei Siping, is Tao Xi-sheng, repeated persuasion, waves, Wang Jingwei's "drop ship" to this departure. Some say: "Mr. Wang could not be done without Bijun no Bijun things can not be defeated" (Note: see "Wang Jingwei Group collaborators", p. 461.). In a sense, Wang became a traitor, and bad in Chenbi Jun and Zhou Fohai hands. Weak self-esteem led to Wang's personality has been overwhelmed by the mercy of the Japanese, not dialectical view of the war, prospects do not see the victory of the Chinese nation; "fear of Japanese disease" to his Lord and surrender. Indecisive character, easily swayed by others, was lured to the traitorous Qiurong pushed way to go. December 18, 1938, Wang Jingwei away from Chongqing, December 29 Yan electrical response Sentinel published the third statement, in a step by step on the road selling out the country sliding into an abyss, the final ruin. In which the role of Wang's personality is naturally one of the factors can not be ignored. Anti-Japanese War in China, the most difficult period, the end of 1938 the Cabinet issued two Japanese Guards "Guards statement" of the Kuomintang government for political open Seductive. At this time, the KMT ruling clique there was a serious internal division, as vice president of the KMT's Wang Yan treason openly express power, said the response "Guards statement," a shameful betrayal onto the road. Message, the Wang put forward their own understanding of the war: "War more than a year, deeply stricken, if still able to peace together in the end of the war of justice, the state can guarantee the survival independent, that is the purpose of war has reached. " Not long before the Japanese government to issue aimed at destroying China's third "Guards statement," Chiang Kai-shek this Rage, "it is hidden essence, the mechanical cutting edge", "This is the enemy swallow the whole of China, to dominate the East, and then attempt to conquer the world The total of all delusional conspiracy confession; also the enemy of the death of my country, destroy our nation's total exposure to all the program content. " Wang Ching-wei was the message of this defense: "First the good-neighborly and friendly", "second total for the common defense", "third for economic guidance and help." Wang concluded by saying, "lay the basis for permanent peace between the two countries, this is I should be happy for the efforts of East Asia." As early as 1937, "Marco Polo Bridge Incident", the Japanese threw out the "three die in China," the raving, the Wang expressed a "People say the truth we have to responsible" speech, he said, "and it is will lose out to honest recognition of disadvantage, and to ask for a disadvantage, there have been so satisfaction, "" War does, it will defeat the "... ... According to records, a sub-Feng Wang had asked, we all shouted "War in the end", the "bottom" where? Feng said that hit, "Japan's unconditional surrender" is the end. Listen to the scholar in the Wang Jingwei, "This is simply the arrogance of a Qiuba ignorance." The wings and Wang Zhou Fohai war on Japan have "magic on": "China is not a match with Japan, if the war continue to expand and extend the Japanese naturally find it difficult, but when the Japanese feel the itch, China has pain not put up with! " Wang Ching-wei and the side in the "urgent and the school" who seems "doomed war, war certainly fail." They see the hard power in the gap between China and Japan, but then the Chinese and the Chinese people the tremendous potential and no understanding of stoic toughness. Wang on collusion, the Western countries have issued a statement, maintaining "the Nine Power Treaty"; the U.S. Congress passed shortly after the loans to China; Britain, France and other countries before the outbreak of war in Europe to deploy more troops in the Far East increased defense. War can be described as the early dawn. Zhou Enlai Chiang evaluation, may not be a good tactician, but called a good strategist. This strategist vision, but does not have to Wang Jingwei. Before the assassination of the Prince Regent in the early years, the revolutionary party within the meaning was that the assassination of the risk is too small, Wang Jingwei this essays, "kettle salary theory", that revolution is like cooking, take kettle and pay. Kettle who suffer long-term tempering fear fire and water; pay by imposing a time instant is brilliant. Wang himself is not the spirit of perseverance, willingness to pay. Chen Li-fu has commented that the lack of Wang Ching-wei is the most persistent tenacity, "the scholar too hard for big things"; and Wang Chen Gongbo diehard faction have been evaluated, "Mr. Wang will Chuwang distress, were kept together is substandard go "," has his own deal with a national responsibility, the responsibility of the mail, do not ask for cooperation or not, do not have to rely on people to stay without leaving. " The eight-year war is a challenge to the resilience of the whole country and nation. Wang Ching-wei was the victory the night before the despair, the loss of a due sense and conscience, can not turn back toward the road of treason. May 31, 1939, flew to Japan from Shanghai Wang negotiations. The beginning of negotiations, the Japanese terrestrial Wang Itagaki Seishiro to taunt, "I thought, to create a new China, a strong central government must strive to Chongqing and the army to respect the majority. You must have quite a grasp of this , if they can hear about the situation, in fact, honor. " Accordance with the "re-light a secret court," an attempt to win over Yunnan Yun Wang and Zhang Fakui announced from the central Guangdong, but the legislation was rejected. Wang Ching-wei no guns no land at this time, only a few "radical and send" follow you around and simply can not respond to Itagaki's taunts. Advantage of the opportunity for Japan's insatiable new secret, do not tell half of the word. Previously, Wang had been in Japan for a few months hanging back from the dead in Hanoi, Vietnam, when some of Wang Ching-wei had never felt lonely and scant support, but only "Poem and Wine amused." In this regard, Japan would like to draw without a heartbreaking success of the warlords Unite Wu theory, "public away from Chongqing, displaced to go by, such as the tiger out of the mountains into the box, no plan, and the value." Wang now has become a puppet, since Wang was again at a secret Gaozong Wu, Tao Xi-sheng exposure. KMT Central Standing Committee passed a resolution to expel Wang from the party forever. Wang Jingwei down on collaborators, the establishment of a puppet regime, and vigorously promote and implement from Japan's "East Asian Union" theory. His so-called "political independence, the military alliance, economic cooperation, cultural communication" and "Asian Union" four program acts as a whitewash of their traitorous collaborators theoretical basis in an attempt to ward off the world reviled as a shield, and as traitorous as the poisoning theory people in occupied areas of slavery, the collapse of the anti-Japanese camp ideological weapon. Wang tried using the "Asian Union" theory as a differentiation anti-Japanese camp, the important thinking of the will to destroy weapons of war. In his "Speaking to reporters in Tokyo Japan", in relation to the conduct of the union movement in East Asia the impact of the Nationalist government in Chongqing regarding response to a reporter's question, said: "I believe the development of East Asian union movement, the anti-Japanese elements will lead to turn natural Yu Fang awareness, participation in the peace movement. cover the theory of anti-Japanese faction absolutely can not coexist in China and Japan, East Asia, China and Japan alliance has not only proved the need for coexistence and the possible co-existing, there is evidence of this fact, the anti-Japanese faction of the theory, the natural elimination, and with the revival attributed China, the revival of the East Asian way. "Wang that the development of the" East Asian Union "movement attempted to seek the collapse of the anti-Japanese camp, was not as effective as he expected. For this, he later turned to attack said: "Yu-side soldiers who have been completely lost soul of the East Asian ... ... we were moved to Chongqing parties wishing to theory, so that awareness, to promote a comprehensive peace, and now know that this decision alone is not enough We must organize in the region since a peace comrades in front of East Asia, the Anglo-American running dog of the Soushi, we should do nothing of their harassment. " When the Japanese war of aggression has fallen into the plight of the retreat, in order to allow the Japanese puppet regime's aggression and take more "responsibility", Since 1943, the Japanese declared in words to give the Wang Jingwei puppet regime in a more and more "freedom." and Wang will take his own the words of the traitorous, by advocating the "coexistence and common prosperity", "through thick and thin", and further raised to clamor and Japanese "death to survive" with it, do not hesitate to fall areas of manpower and resources to throw the dumping of foreign wars of aggression to Japan. He clamored to "come up with all of your senses, on the 'decisive first above'" Wang Jingwei puppet regime after the American declaration of war, Wang in the "declaration of war bulletin," declared that "from today onwards, the Anglo-American is at war, as noted its best, and AIA Japan International Cooperation. " Also decided that even with Japan, "through thick and thin." If Wang really cheated before, really luck in Japan, when he is dead _set_ to do the running dogs of the Japanese. Wang also claims that Japan's war of aggression, "is the war of life and death, the will of all the high-spirited enough to battle prejudice, ② funeral was encouraging the national spirit, and must be destroyed and the clearance of eleven." Desperate loyalty to Wang that the Japanese masters slave face to be exposed during this period can be described as a. In line with the needs of the Japanese war of aggression, Wang tried to implement in the occupied areas enslavement domination and publicity, in order to achieve and master "with the total death" purposes. In the specific implementation of the process, Wang and others have taken the following measures: 1) develop a _set_ of enslaving propaganda framework for implementing the policy of national betrayal. Puppet regime has developed a series of promotional elements of the outline, dished out the "basic outline wartime policy of cultural propaganda," "Story on the national spirit," and other documents. In the "basic policy outline cultural propaganda war", the Wang Jingwei Group put forward the ideological and cultural fields in the various tasks: such as "carry forward the East Asian culture and consolidate the axis of East Asia to complete the mission of war"; remove the evils of Anglo-American aggression, Anglo-American doctrine of individual freedom to eliminate toxins, eliminate dependence of the mean Anglo-American psychology, American jingoism improving people down the enemy anger emotion ";" Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere-building effort a success "; 3) the use of newspapers, radio, film, exhibitions and various forms of commemoration, vigorously advocate and promote the East Asian Union, the theory of national betrayal. Wang Jingwei puppet regime's officials are also often used in the festival days of selling its newspapers and broadcast vigorously the idea of national betrayal, but also hold "peaceful nation-building literature exhibition," "Peace founding photography exhibition" the enslavement education and publicity. Puppet Group launched the "New National Movement", but also hard to meet the Japanese launched the "clean village campaign." Wang Ching-wei in the "second visit rural areas in Changshu people clear the General Assembly precepts," said: "Sports is like a clean town a patient medication adjustment, the new national movement that is sick to go after his strength training, so that the spirit of strong, compact build. "This sentence, gave away the Wang Jingwei Group to carry out these two sinister movement. Wang claimed that the "clean village to a pure heart," that is occupied by the people through ideological indoctrination of their betrayal to eliminate the Japanese people's awareness and the psychological conflict of the puppet regime. When the Japanese war of aggression has fallen into the plight of the retreat, in order to allow the Japanese puppet regime's aggression and take more "responsibility", Since 1943, the Japanese declared in words to give the Wang Jingwei puppet regime in a more and more "freedom." and Wang will take his own the words of the traitorous, by advocating the "coexistence and common prosperity", "through thick and thin", and further raised to clamor and Japanese "death to survive" with it, do not hesitate to fall areas of manpower and resources to throw the dumping of foreign wars of aggression to Japan. He clamored to "come up with all of your senses, on the 'decisive first above'" Wang Jingwei puppet regime after the American declaration of war, Wang in the "declaration of war bulletin," declared that "from today onwards, the Anglo-American is at war, as noted its best, and AIA Japan International Cooperation. " Also decided that even with Japan, "through thick and thin." If Wang really cheated before, really luck in Japan, when he is dead _set_ to do the running dogs of the Japanese. Wang also claims that Japan's war of aggression, "is the war of life and death, the will of all the high-spirited enough to battle prejudice, ② funeral was encouraging the national spirit, and must be destroyed and the clearance of eleven." Desperate loyalty to Wang that the Japanese masters slave face to be exposed during this period can be described as a. Wang changed from a revolutionary change traitor because of its several main reasons: (A) lack of national self-confidence Wang Jingwei Initial resistance, the Chinese military in the fight against Japanese invaders sharp fall under the vast land, people were mass killings, the army is annihilated by the organized or defeated. Must admit, when the Japanese economy, military, technology, education, war preparations in almost all areas a lot stronger than China. That is very strong in Japan since the Chinese looked down on, openly issued a "three die in China," the clamor. At the same time the international level, "vulnerable, soon yield" is the future powers for the Chinese war consensus. Wang fled before the war is pessimistic. He believes that "no win war, war certainly fail." He did not understand the huge potential of the Chinese people. The power of the people must not be ignored. India's independence movement after the war; the management of the Egyptian people for the recovery movement of the Suez Canal; Israel under siege in the face of the Arab world wars of survival, which is not a disparity in the balance of power, which does not reflect the power of the people. Wang pessimistic war in which stem from "the masses." Ultimately, defeatism into capitulation. This shows that Sun Yat-sen Wang is not a good student. (B) Wang Jingwei not recognize the nature and purpose of the Japanese invasion of China Wang fled to Hanoi after the power had been issued over the country (the brilliant electric). Wang Ching-wei in the power of that: "Japan to China has no territorial requirements, no compensation for military requirements." As for Japan in the end whether the ambitions of China, in the end is not our brothers of the state (at least at the time), we have to understand, not detailed. (C) Seductive Japan China's ambitions for Japan, almost all political forces in China have been under the Japanese martial arts. The most famous is the "plum job", that is, Seductive success of the Wang Jingwei. There are "white knowledge work", cause Doihara responsible, also known as "Doihara work." To work to work, work all the parties died. The view that Unite Wu would like to cooperate with the Japanese, but the price tag is too high. Some people say that Unite Wu do not want to cooperate with the Japanese, but not immune, only wild speculations. Anyway, Old Wu did not end when the traitor, and his death was kind enough doctors in Japan are related, so be saved later section. The "bully One" Seductive characters Chiang Kai-shek called "Tong work." After the Marco Polo Bridge Incident Itagaki Seishiro Kwantung Army systems as the Japanese terrestrial. Two men were generals Itagaki, one video Zuo Zhen Zhao; one is Takeo Imai. The two men Seductive political figures in China have very different ideas. Chen Chao-Ying Zuo go to support Wang's line; Imai Takeo is to talk directly with Chiang Kai-shek and. He said: From the Qing Dynasty started the war between China and Japan all the way to a final resolution or dispute is China's "compromises", now hit Japan to China is the largest in history, China is facing the biggest crisis. Mr Wang and the Japanese already have, if the Chinese leader Chiang Kai-shek National War also came to a turn around ... ... When Wang Jingwei in Nanjing and the Japanese "together the country is" when, "Tong work" is in Hong Kong. Chiang that take advantage of Japanese psychology, may wish to work with the Japanese work to combat Wang Jingwei in Nanjing for a "peace" movement, and second, the Japanese military's strategy has a understanding. Understand the intention of the Japanese army is tantamount to understanding the Japanese government's intentions. Because the Japanese "two hundred twenty-six" Incident, the government will by the Japanese Cabinet continental active officer. Regardless of who is going to form a cabinet, the armed forces as long as your sub-policy views, then do not recommend you dizzy continental cabinet who lack a 5-phase, you also how to form a government? So when the Japanese army on the political impact is important. The implementation of the work of Chiang Kai-shek was false took some effort. Have a negative impact on the war out of the consideration (if spread out, and that is not clear), decided to send those who are not government officials, but also in touch with the KMT on the high-level people. As all these people is true, but the face are all false. All "of the KMT" spies. There were false TL Soong, TL Soong this is Soong's brother, with Chiang Kai-shek were considered relatives. His photos have never been in the newspaper, people do not like excitement, many people have never seen. Japan is satisfied with such a person, felt the national government sent a such a figure, at least there are "sincerity". Devils do not know the real name of this TL Soong was wide. Representative is false, the negotiations naturally false. Japan talked about every substantive issue. Our representative who has fake "I want to consult to consult" "It is necessary to study research." Referrals to study, to bring the Japanese Dounong tired to suspect that the true representatives. Done a lot of surveys have not investigated the true identity of this person. Chiang negotiations still have a harvest, he will at least know the intention of the Japanese, the intent there is nothing new, the truce can be, but to recognize Manchukuo, in joint anti-Chinese garrison were so, it simply recognized that the things Wang. At the same time, Wang learned that the Japanese horse of a crowd during the "Tong work." Wang Ching-wei Zhou Fohai such disarray, according to Zhou Fohai said to myself, "none of sleep a night." Why are they random? Wang is not a claim to their cause is the "salvaging" of you, being so great, glorious, correct, Chiang Kai-shek chaos out what you what? "Just" cause more help is not it? Finally, the Japanese side through the door keyhole and took pictures of fake TL Soong, the photo after you get the Nanjing Soong worked with Wang Jingwei, who identified. Zhou Fohai saw photos exclamation about it: this is not Xiao Song! Then I understood the Japanese intentions in Chongqing area, "Tong work" spontaneous abortion. Japan, Hong Kong does not go by tube, it did not make life difficult for false Soong, and only let them back to China. This is a spy in the war the KMT as a silhouette, I do not know who has what is widely story back to China after it ... ... In short, Japan's Seductive Wang is painstaking. Made a strong noose, _set_ in the neck after Wang Jingwei Wang Jingwei can not help call the shots had. Little by little to tighten the noose, the last gasp Wang President to consult with Japan, a must. Japanese opening to the beginning of Wang's condition is very loose, from the "re-light Hall treaty"; to the "Japan-China relations to adjust to the new program," a qualitative change from the conditions, it is very telling. Wang Ching-wei in the devils "trap", the Japanese are a little face to not give Wang left. You orthodoxy itself the Republic of China President Wang, picking at the blue sky and white sun's surface you add a yellow stripe (a letter to "peaceful anti-communist National Salvation"). Your first Prime Minister of President Wang is proud of the faithful, but why not let you mention what "Three People's Principles." Chairman Wang pursuit of "national independence and self-determination", but why the Japanese puppet government at all levels within the school a lot of "consultants" ... ... Wang Ching-wei on November 10, 1944 in Nagoya, Japan died. Wang Meihua buried in the outskirts of Nanjing, Japanese War victory, in a voice of the people in the country, the tomb of Wang Jingwei in Nanjing people very unhappy stay in the Meihuashan, have asked eradication. Chiang Kai-shek in under the pressure of public opinion, sent Yingqin stripped the tomb. The coffin and the body was transported to Qingliangshan Crematorium completely incinerated. Wang Chen kneeling as made in October 1940. Wang knees as high 1.15 meters, bare torso, back engraved with "reverse Wang Jingwei." Chen Bijun knees as high 1.12 meters, bare torso, back engraved "Chen reverse Bijun." The same time there is a "reverse couple kneeling as Wang Zhi" monument, 1.27 m high, wide and 0.27 m, 0.05 m thick, and the inscriptions as: "He compared his wife, traitor to the particular, the public enemy, the whole country with hatred. Male name Jingwei, Jia-scum, women said Bi Jun, Chen demon door charm. recognized as a husband thief, prostitute Wonu. chop stone portrait, kneeling Zhudao way, everyone reviled, million class see the shame, foul smell when the world, sewage flow future generations. "
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Behind the evaluation
Wang anterior part of the life, filled with blood when young, to overthrow the corrupt Qing Dynasty for its own blog, to assassinate Prince Regent Zai Feng. After the death of Sun Yat-sen, Western Hills School trying to remove the Communist Party within the Kuomintang forces, and later Chiang Kai-shek Wu Liqing party, want to eradicate the Communists, Wang Ching-wei Sun's alliance with Russia insisted on a total capacity of the peace line, resulting in a Cunningham split. When the Communists began the occasion of the armed resistance, which is act decisively to combat Wang. By these acts, there are some who think that Wang had shown some kind of "peace yet, the overall situation," the thinking of philosophy; some people think that this shows that Wang's mercurial character. Heroes from the Revolution, become a notoriety of the traitor, the change is so great. It was to defend him, saying that he is a recognized wronged themselves, preserve the overall situation; more when the view is filled with young blood, can not guarantee that he will not sacrifice power for personal interests of the whole country. Positive feedback Wang Wang's positive assessment of President mainly from Linsi Yun, his "real Wang," a book made for Wang behind rehabilitated, but great controversy, the book that day in the occupied areas Wang rule, people's lives can be more stable, and that as representatives of the National Government and the Japanese Wang Sum, making no further large-scale attack on Japan in Chongqing and Yan'an, this is his contribution, and he stood on the Japanese side stand on the U.S. side Chiang Kai-shek, then the victory of the Allies after the war, whether or Axis victory, China is victorious, it would cede territory and pay indemnities to avoid the loss of a defeated country, preserving the continuity of Chinese culture, at least China can linger. Negative evaluation Wang Jingwei and the National Government of Japan's aggression in China played an active coordination role. In the military, luring a large number of military (nearly one million), particularly motley crew, the organization "puppet", repeatedly clear the town, making people's lives more difficult (in the view of Mr. Lin Siyun "Japanese people through the occupied areas there is no violation of the Japanese stable year for harassment. "occupied areas of the public on a" secure ", then people in other parts of the Wang Jingwei government's material support for the Japanese I am afraid the thorn.), and Qing Wang from the Township Committee Director of the underground fight against the anti-Japanese armed ruled areas (mainly Communist guerrillas), allowing the Japanese to withdraw for other battles. Economically, the Japanese National Government to assist in the plunder of the occupied areas. For example, in January 1943 forced the implementation of storage materials in Shanghai, the overall registration, and mandatory buy cotton yarn, for Japanese needs. In the ideological education, Wang Ching-wei day in the school to make peace with the idea to promote and beautify Japanese aggression, launched the "New National Movement" undermine the public from the ideological anti-Japanese sentiment. In addition, recognition of Manchukuo Wang, German king Inter Mongolia Autonomous Government and other Japanese puppet government, by most Chinese people believe that China's territory is unforgivable betrayal of serious crimes, it now appears that secession. Wang repeatedly lobbied the Japanese government, but Wang has never been much of government's autonomy. Wang Government has no power to influence the Japanese military actions in China, but Wang has not established a regime throughout a combat army. Wang negotiations with Japan in the late regime did gain some rights, but the more important reason is that Japan's weakened forces, not Wang political powers enhanced. Thus there is no political structure advocated by Wang Ching-wei appeal, also made by the "peaceful nation-building" off the get the job, and finally died in the Japanese turning a blind eye, once and young men, said to have no adult in the dying kind. And Wang Ching-wei as high, and his vote on China's Anti-Japanese War caused incalculable blow to the people the spirit of Sino-Japanese War caused a huge blow.
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Encyclopedia
Wang Jingwei Wang Ching-wei Democratic Party vice president, pro-Japanese leader, after the fall of Han □. Name Siu Ming, the word the new season. May 4, 1883 (nine Qing dynasty, March 28) was born in Sanshui in Guangdong. Wang child read four books, eighteen-year-old Fan Yuxian should try, in the scholar. 1903 Official Sponsor went to study in Japan, into the Tokyo Hosei University, studying the Constitution and political theory, anti-thought began to germinate. League in 1905 involved in the formation, were cited as a long council meeting, once editor of "People newspaper." 1905 to 1906, the bourgeois revolutionaries during the debate with the reformists, Wang has published a series of articles, information revolution, advocate, criticized the Qing government and the reformists, had a positive impact. Sun Yat-sen in 1907 went to Southeast Asia with the establishment of League branch, newspapers, collect donations. March 1910, seeking fried Regent Zai Feng Qing, things to vent arrested and sentenced to life imprisonment. October 1911 Wuchang Uprising, Wang was released from prison and meet Yuan. The instigation of the Yuan, and Yang Du organization "Masonic affairs," conferences and called for truce. December, as the South conferences and counselor, in north-south peace talks, Sun Yat-sen so that the right to claim, Yuan Shikai was elected provisional president. To study in France during the reign of Yuan Shikai. In 1919, after returning under the leadership of Sun Yat-sen, founder of Shanghai-based "building" magazine. 1921 Sun became a great president in Guangzhou, Wang chairman of Guangdong Provincial Department of Education president, the Guangdong government adviser, Senate chief the following year. 1922 to 1923, Sun Yat-sen preparation for the restructuring of the Chinese Kuomintang, the three major policy formulation. Wang said the initial support, but opposition party members joined the KMT. January 1924, the first time the KMT National Congress held in Guangzhou, Wang was elected Executive Committee and the Central Propaganda Department. November, with the Sun north in an attempt to convene the National Assembly, the warlords against the dictatorship. Sun dying in March 1925, Wang took the drafting of wills. Sun Yat-sen passed away, the Guangdong government in July 1925 reorganization, Wang, were cited as the National Government and Military Committee Chairman, Standing Committee Chairman. March 1926, 中山舰事件 later, Wang resigned to go to Europe. Early April 1927 to return home. He once chaired the face of the KMT left Wuhan National Government. Chiang Kai-shek launched the "four hundred and twelve" coup, Wang is also in the July 15 coup, killing communists and the revolutionary masses, and the confluence of the Nanjing Government. November 1928, Chen Gongbo such Reorganization in Shanghai, Wang was cited as a leader. 1930 United Feng Wang, Yan Xishan, Li Tsung-jen Chiang together. Failed, fled to Hong Kong. In 1931, Wang Chiang factions gathered forces, a separate national government in Guangdong. "Incident", the national agreement requires parties to the common people against the Japanese. Jiang, Wang worked together again in November 1935 the Kuomintang held in the Sixth Plenary Session fourth, Wang was stabbed seriously injured, seek medical treatment abroad. December 1936, returning after the outbreak of the Xi'an Incident, ready to replace Chiang Kai-shek took the opportunity to head the government. Chiang back to Nanjing, Wang served as Chairman of the Political Committee of the Kuomintang. July 1937 Sino-Japanese War broke out, Wang was cited as the Supreme Council of Defense, vice chairman of the Kuomintang vice president, national politics long meeting, the party, under Chiang Kai-shek regime are in the potential. Wang had gathered around in a group ready to surrender to the scum of the nation of Japan, the surrender of their propaganda war no win proposition. October 1938, Guangzhou, Wuhan have been occupied, Wang succumbed to the Japanese aggressors's military offensive and political Seductive, fled Vietnam in December, issued a "Yan electricity", open the Japanese invaders surrendered. May 1939, Wang Jingwei Japan, and Japanese authorities directly traitorous deal. Home in August after a secret meeting in Shanghai Sixth Congress pseudo-KMT declared "anti-communist good neighbor" the basic policy. December, signed with the Japanese secret service, "a new relationship between China and Japan to adjust framework" to sell the State's territorial sovereignty at the cost of _set_ting up the puppet government of Japan for its support. March 1940, Wang puppet "National Government" was established in Nanjing, Wang Yuan and Chairman of the National Government of any President. His brutal killing of domestic patriotic people, plundered the flesh and blood; external support for Japan's war of aggression, and to follow Japan's participation in Germany, Italy, Japan, "International anti-total agreement" for Japan to establish a "Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere" effect. November 1944, died in Nagoya, Japan. Huang Mei-chen, bibliography: "Wang Jingwei Group collaborators", Shanghai People's Publishing House, 1984. Thunder: "Mr. Wang Jingwei Biography", political Monthly Press, Shanghai, 1943. (Dingxian Jun)
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English Expression
n.: Wang Ching-wei, the Chinese quisling during the Sino-Japanese War of 1937-45, Wang Jingwei
